ME8505 Thermal Engineering I Mechanical Engineering Refrigeration. Refrigeration is the branch of science which deals with the transfer of heat from a low temperature region to a high temperature region, to maintain a space or region at a temperature lower than that of surroundings. Tonne of Refrigeration. One tonne of refrigeration is the amount of refrigerating effect (heat removed) produced by melting 1 tonne (1000 kg) of ice at 0°C in 24 hours.1 TR =210kimin = = 3.5 kw ive the properties of a good refrigerant. The saturation pressure of the refrigerant (at low temperature) should be above or equal to the atmospheric pressure. ‘© The latent heat of evaporation (at low temperature) should be as high as possible. ‘* The specific volume of the refrigerant should be low to reduce compressor size. Refrigerating effect: The amount of heat extracted from a space or region in a given time is known as refrigerating effect. Name any four commonly used refrigerants. Commonly used refrigerants are air, water, carbon-di-oxide, ammonia, Freon-12(R12) and Freon-22(R22) COP ofa refrigerator. The performance of a refrigerator is expressed in terms of coefficient of performance (COP), which is defined as the ratio of refrigerating (cooling) effect to the work input required to achieve that cooling effect. Air-conditioning. Air conditioning is the process of treating air in an internal environment to achieve and maintain required standards of temperature, humidity, motion and cleanliness of air regardless of surrounding conditions. Saturated air and degree of saturation, Saturated air is the moist air which contains maximum possible water vapour Degree of saturation is defined as the ratio of actual humidity ratio to the humidity ratio of saturated air at the same temperature and total pressure.ME8S9S Thermal Engincering I Mechanical Engineering Humidity and absolute humidity? Humidity or moist is the amount of water vapour in air. Absolute humidity is the ratio of the mass of water vapour (m.) in a given volume to the mass of dry air in a given volume (m,). Relative humidity of air. Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of actual mass of water vapour (ms) to the mass of saturated vapour (m,) produced in a mixture of air and water vapour at the same temperature and pressure (or) Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of partial pressure of water vapour (Px) in a mixture to the saturation pressure (p,) of pure water at the same temperature of mixture. DBT and WBT. Dry BulbTemperature (DBT) of the mixture is the temperature measured by an ordinary thermometer placed in the air-vapour mixture. Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT) is the temperature measured by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a thoroughly wetted cotton wick. Dew point temperature and dew point depression. Dew Point Temperature (DPT) of an air-vapour mixtue is a temperature at which the vapour starts to condense, when the mixture is cooled at constant pressure. Dew Point Depression (DPD) is the difference between dry bulb temperature (DBT) and dew point temperature (DPT) of air vapour mixture Sensible heat factor and RSHF. The Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) is the ratio between total sensible heat to total heat (sum of total sensible heat and total latent heat). RSHF is defined as the sensible heat load in the room divided by the total heat load in room. ERSHF? Effective room sensible heat factor = ERSHF =ERSHL/(ERSHL+ERLHL) Effective room sensible heat load = ERSHL. Effective room Latent heat load = ERLHL Significance of RSHF in summer air conditioning? Since their inception, air conditioners have provided a great service. Not only do they cool your home’s interior air and create a comfortable environment, but they alsoME8S95 Thermal Engineering I improve the air quality inside your house. Modern units are equipped with washable or disposable filter media that discourage allergens and pollutants from circulating throughout your interior spaces. For more information on air conditioners, air conditioning history, and air conditioner maintenance and service, talk to your local HVAC specialist. Gross sensible heat factor and effective sensible heat factor. Gross sensible heat factor is defined as the gross sensible heat to the gross total heat. Effective sensible heat factor is defined as the effective room sensible heat to the effective room total heat How does humidity affect human comfort? Humidity plays an important role in maintaining the human comfort. At high humidity levels the real feel of the temperature becomes high and at low levels water loss from the body increases. Maintaining an optimum level of humidity (40% to 60%) ensures a better human comfort. REFRIGERATION: Part -B 1. Explain the Construction and working principle of vapour compression refrigeration cycle with neat sketch, ‘Vapour compression refrigeration system uses a liquefiable vapour as the refrigerant In this system, the main parts are Compressor, Condenser, Receiver, Throttle valve or Expansion valve, Evaporator. Insulated cold ‘chamber I | Pressupe cae Expansion ao= Condens High pressane Tiquia Compressor receiver High fresa Y Vapour compression refrigeration system uses a liquefiable vapour as the reftigerant.In this system, the main parts are Compressor, Condenser, Receiver, Throttle valve or Expansion valve, Evaporator Y The Compressor in the system increases the temperature and pressure and changes the phase of the working fluid which is the input power to the system. The working fluid is then passes ‘ME8S95 Thermal Engineering I Mechanical Engineering through the condenser which transfers the fluid heat to the surrounding keeping pressure constant, The high pressure fluid is collected in the receiver The fluid is expanded using throttle valve which reduces the pressure of the fluid, immediately the fluid passes through evaporator The evaporator is part which absorbs the heat from the surrounding to make the fluid boil which phase changes back the fluid to initial condition The vapour compression refrigeration cycle consist of four process. Process 1-2: Isentropic compression of saturated vapour in the compressor Process 2-3: Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser Process 3-4: Throttling of refrigerant in the expansion device Process 4-1: Constant pressure heat absorption in the evaporator V The refrigerant enters the compressor at the stage 1, as dry and saturated vapour where it is compressed to a relatively high pressure and temperature to a stage 2. Y The refrigerant in the superheated state 2, enters the condenser and leaves as a saturated liquid at state 3 as a result of heat rejection to the surrounding Y The saturated liquid refrigerant at state 3 is throttled to a evaporator pressure by passing through expansion value or a capillary tube Y The temperature of refrigerant at the state 4 drops below the temperature of the refrigerated space Y At the state 4 the refrigerant as wet mixture and passes through an evaporator at constant pressure Y The refrigerant is completely evaporated by absorbing its latent heat from the cold temperature space Y The heat absorbed during the evaporation of refrigerant is the latent heat and its magnitude is higher at low pressure ¥ The only throttling process 3-4 is an irreversible process. The remaining three process or considered reversible therefore the vapour compression cycle is not a reversible cycle. Advantages: > VCR system has high value of COP. > Tapproaches reversed Camot cycle except for expansion of refrigerant in expansion device. > The size of refrigeration system per tonne of reftigeration is smaller. % Ithas less running cost. \dvantages: > Ithas high initial cost. > Leakage of refrigerant may cause harmful effect. > The production of some refrigerant may be hazardous to the refrigerant. 2. Explain the construction and working of vapour absorption refrigeration system. In a compression refiigeration cycle, the temperature of saturated vapour leaving the evaporator is increased by compression process since the specific volume of vapour is relatively large therefore the input work to the compressor is also large. The input work to the compressor can be reduced significantly if the reftigerant is compressed at liquid state. The absorption reftigeration system is based on this approach, The vapour absorption system operates with a condenser, a throttle valve and an evaporator in the same way as vapour compression system but the compressor replaced by absorber, pump and generator units.ME8S95 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering Xeag Evaporator a Rotigersted costes V The low pressure refrigerant leaving the evaporator is absorbed by a second substance called as absorbent to form a strong liquid solution, Y This liquid solution then pumped at high pressure to the generator. Y The specific volume of the liquid solution is much less than that of a refrigerant vapour and the significant less work is required in the pump. Y The heat is supplied in the generator where the reftigerant vaporizes from the solution and leaves the week solution in the generator. Y The refrigerant vapour enters the condenser and week solution is again send back to the absorber through a pressure relief valve. ‘The coefficient vapour absorption refrigeration system can be expressed as (CoP)q = Hest obsorbed in evaporator Heat input in generator + pump work 3. Ammonia-Water absorption refrigeration system The fig shows a schematic arrangement of ammonia- water vapour absorption system using the solar energy for generator heating. Y The ammonia is used as refrigerant and waster is used as absorbent. ¥ Inthe absorber the ammonia vapour coming out the evaporator at the state 1 is absorbed by water, Y The formation of this liquid solution is exothermic thus heat is released. The solvency of ammonia in water decreases as temperature increases. liquidME8S95 Thermal Engineering I Y Thus the cooling is required in the absorber to absorb energy realize due to absorption of ammonia and water. Y The strong ammonia and water solution is pumped to the generator through a heat exchanger where itis pre-heated with the help of hot weak solution return to the absorbed, thereby, reducing the heat supplied in the generator. Y In the generator heat transfer from the source(solar energy) drives the ammonia vapour out of the solution (endothermic process), leaving weak ammonia water solution in the generator. Y The ammonia vapour liberated passes to the condenser at state 2 through a rectifier. The rectifier removes the traces of water from the refrigerant if any, before it enters the condenser. Y It avoids the formation of ice in the system the remaining weak solution return back to the absorbent through heat exchanger and valve. The condensed ammonia is expanded through an expansion valve and then enter an evaporator where is absorbs heat from the low temperature region. Advantages: 4 As there is no moving part in the system, the operation is quiet and there is very little wearing, 4 The maintenance cost is low 4. The system does not depend upon electric power. 4 Itean be builtin capacities well above 1000 TR. 4 Absorption reffigeration system can operate at reduced evaporator temperature by increasing the steam which is supplied to generator with litle decrease in capacity Disadvantages: 4. The COP ofthe system is poor since it uses low grade energy. + The lowest temperature attained is above 0°C, since water is used as the refrigerant, Explain the working principle of vapour absorption refrigeration cycle with neat sketch. Lithium Bromide water based vapour absorption system Evaporator: Water as a Refrigerant enters the evaporator at very low pressure and temperature. Since very low pressure is maintained inside the evaporator the water exists in the partial liquid state and partial vapor state. This water refrigerant absorbs the heat from the substance to be chilled and gets fully evaporated. It then enters the absorber. Absorber: In the absorber concentrated solution of lithium bromide is already available, Since water is highly soluble in lithium bromide, solution of water- fhium bromide is formed. This solution is pumped by the pump to the generator. Generator: The heat is supplied to the refrigerant water and absorbent lithium bromide solution in the generator from the steam or hot water. Due to heating water gets vaporized and it moves to the condenser, where it gets cooled. As water reftigerant moves further in the refrigeration piping and though nozzles, it pressure reduces and so also the temperature. This water refrigerant then enters the evaporator where it produces the cooling effect. This cycle is repeated continuously. Lithium bromide on the other hand, leaves the generator and reenters the absorber for absorbing water refrigerant,ME8S95 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering ‘The condenser water is used to cool the water refrigerant in the condenser and the water-Li Br solution in the absorber. Steam is used for heating water-Li Br solution in the generator. To change the capacity of this water-Li Br absorption refrigeration system the concentration of Li Br can be changed. 5. Explain the desirable thermodynamics properties and environmental safety aspects of alternative refrigerants. Desirable thermodynamics properties: ‘The saturated pressure of the refrigerant at a desired low temperature should be above all equal to the atmospheric pressure in order to avoid leakage in the evaporator. The pressure at the condenser must not be excessively high for the same reasons. The latent heat of evaporation at the low temperature should be as high as possible to give a reasonable low mass flow rate of refrigerant for a given reftigerant capacity. The size of the compressor depends on the specific volume of the refrigerant at evaporator pressure, Thus, the specific volume of the refrigerant at the compressor section should not be high in order to avoid large compressor for the required mass flow rate. The refrigerant should be chemically stable and should not react with lubricant used in reciprocating compressor and should be in should be miscible with oil. Should not be non-flammable and non-explosive. It should be non-toxic , if oxic gentle a limit that is below the acceptable level. It should have low specific heat of liquid for better heat transfer in condenser ‘The reftigerant should give high value of COP with low power input per ton of refrigeration. ‘The reftigerant should have good thermal conductivity for better heat transfer in the condenser and evaporator. The reftigerant must have freezing point temperature well below the lowest temperature in the cycle.ME8S95 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering 11. Chemical stability, non-corrosiveness, low cost and overall eco-friendliness Environmental safety aspects of alternative refrigerants The refrigerant that are friendly to the ozone layer in the atmosphere that protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays are called eco-friendly refrigerant. For example R-134a is a chlorine free refrigerant since it is an eco-friendly refrigerant Y The chlorine refrigerants react with the ozone layer and try to destroy the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere by continues chain reaction. Y Hydrocarbons (HCs) and hydro fluorocarbon groups provide an alternative to chlorinated reftigerant. < They contain no chlorine atom and therefore it as zero ozone depletion potential Y Two common refrigerant Freon-I1 and Freon-12 are highly chlorinated and are very harmful for ozone depletion. Y Freon-I1 is replaced by HCFC-123 which has 98% less ozone depletion potential ¥ Freon-12 is replaced by R-134a with zero ODP. ‘The viable solution includes halocarbons refrigerants. For CFC-12 (R-12) used in automobile air conditioning and household reftigerator; HFC-134a (R- 134a) is permanent substitute (ODP=0) For CFC-11 (R-L1) used in centrifugal compressor, an interior substitute is HCFC-123 until this group is phased out. HCFC-22 (R-22) used in window and commercial air-conditioning and refrigeration; possible substitute is HFC mixture R-407¢ and R-410a, 6. Difference between Vapor compression and absorption Refrigeration system. Absorption system ‘Compression System a) Uses low grade energy like heat. Therefore, | a) Using high-grade energy like mechanical may be worked on exhaust systems from ILC | work. engines, ete. ') Moving parts are only in the pump, which is |b) Moving parts are in the compressor. a small element of the system. Hence operation | Therefore, more wear, tear and noise. is smooth, ©) The system can work on lower evaporator | ¢) The COP decreases considerably with pressures also without affecting the COP. decrease in evaporator pressure 4) No effect of reducing the load on @ Performance is adversely affected at performance. partial loads. &) Liquid traces of refrigerant present in @) Liquid traces in suction Tine may piping at the exit of evaporator constitute no | damage the compressor. danger. 1) Automatic operation for controlling 1) Itis difficult. the capacity is easyME8S95 Thermal Engineering I 7. The temperature limits of an ammonia refrigeration system are 25° C and -10°C. If the gas is dry at the end of compression. Calculate the COP assuming no-under cooling of the system. The properties of ammonia are given below. Temperature | Liquid heat (ki/kg) | Latent heat (ki/kg) | Liquid entropy (ki/kgK) CO) 25 298.90 1166.94 1.2420 “10 135.37 1297.68 0.5443 Given Data: T, = 25°C, T; = —10°C From Refrigerant Table, at T, = —10°C hy = 135374, tng, = 1297.68 5, = 0.5403 i = 135.377 igs = ig = ik’ Where, sy = Sp From Refrigerant Table at T; = 25°C hy = 298.94) hy, = 1166.94 4, 5,, = 1.24201, ie kg kgk’ hy = hy + hygo = 298.9 + 1166.9 = 1465.84 For isentropic compression s1 = Sz From equation, Sp =8;=sy + x en +e 0.5443 + x, 22S = 1.2420 + Hee x1 = 0.935 hy = ha + Xahyps = 298.9 + 0.935 x 1166.94 —=> hy = 139,998 Where hy = 298. og =hy = hy The theoretical COP cop =" => cop = 128292289 —> cop = 14.38 465 84-138999 8. An ammonia refrigerator operates between evaporating and condensing temperature of - 16°C and 50°C respectively. The vapour is dry saturated at the compressor inlet, the compression process is isentropic and there is no under cooling of the condensate calculate the refrigeration effect per kg, the mass flow and power input per kW of refrigeration and the cop. Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapour of R717, Ammonia, NH3: (Source : Google) Enthalpy (Ki/kg) | Entropy (kW/kg K) | Specific heat (ki/kg K) Temperature (°C) Liquid | Vapor | Liquid | Vapor | Liquid Vapor t he hy sr Se Cp Cog 7ME8S95 Thermal Engineering I ~16 126,74 | 1442.91 | 0.7248 | 5.8433 50 [-aai.is | 1491.09 | 1.8009 | 5.0497 hi=he@ ~16 °C = 1442.91 kJ/kg (Dry saturated vapor at Compressor inlet - Given) si=S_@-16°C = 5.8433 ki/kg K=s2 (Compression process is isentropic - Given) Also, 82= 832+ [Cpv In (Tsup/Tsat)] (@ 50°C) 5.8433 = 5.0497 + [3.832 In (Tup'323)] ==> Twp = 397.32K Now, h2=hy + [Cv (Tap ~ Tas)] = 1491.09 + [3.832 (397.32-323)] = 1775.89 ki/kg hy =hy =hr@ 50°C = 441.18 kg (No under cooling of condensate - Given) (i Refrigerating effect per kg Refiigerating effect per kg = hi ~hu= 1442.91 ~ 441.18 = 001.73 ki/kg (ii) Mass flow rate and power input per kW of refrigeration 1 Toou73 Power input = 1h (ho—hi) = 9.98 x 104 (1775.89 - 1442.91) = 0.332 kW cop 9.98 x 10- kg/s = 3.59 kg/h Refrigerating effect _hy-hy __144291~443.10 cop = “ee = Work input injhy ~ 177589144291 = 3.008 Note: Some data book gives the Cp value for vapor Ammonia refrigerant in the following format. Specific heat of superheated vapor Saturated Cw ‘Temperature kuikgK ‘sat Degree of superheat “C 10°C 50°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 30 3518 3.145 3.087 2.993 2.924 2.872 Since degree of superheat is not given any Cyy value taken may be considered, Even for the lower value of Cyv from the table, (i) No change in refrigerating effect, (Gi) No change in mass flow rate Then, Tay =425.8K ==> hz 1786.33 ki/kg ==> Power input = 0.332 to 0.342 kW (ii) COP = 2.92 to 3.008 9. An ammonia refrigerator produces 30 tons of ice at 0°C in a day of 24 hours. The temperature range in the compressor is from 25° C to -15°C. The vapour is dry saturated at the end of compression. Assume a COP of 60 % of theoretical value. Find power required to drive compressor. Assume latent heat of ice is 335 kJ/kg. For properties of ammonia refer table below: (AU May 2013) uME8S95 Thermal Engineering II ‘Temperature (°C) he(ki/kg) hy (ki/kg) Se(kWkgK) Se (kek) 25 298.9 1465.8 1.124 5.039 “15 1123 1426.5 1.4572 5.549 Vapour is dry saturated at the end of compression hy = hy @ 25 °C = 1465.8 kikg compression s2 = ss tro} $+ 32 (S42-S2) = 543 22 = 0.875 hy=he +x2(hy— hp) = 1262.23 kivkg, hy=hi=hy = 298.9 ki/kg. ho hg ho ‘Theoretical C.OP. = COP corte = 4.73 COP sua = 4.73 x0.6=2.84 Refrigeration effect = C.O.P scmai x work done = 2.84 x (hs-ha) = 578.13 ki/kg Refrigeration capacity = 30 x 1000 x 335 kJ/per day = 10050000 / (24 x 60 x 60) kI/s = 116.32 kI/s Mass flow rate of refrigerant = Refrigeration capacity / Refrigeration effect = 0.2 ky/s Power required to drive the compressor = Mass flow rate of reftigerant x work done = 40 Kw 10.28 tonnes of ice from and at 0°C is produced per day in an ammonia refrigerator. The temperature range in the compressor is from 25°C to — 15°C. The vapour is dry and saturated at the end of compression and an expansion valve is used. Assuming a co-efficient of performance of 62% of the theoretical, calculate the power required to drive the compressor. Theoretical C.0.P, = 2=/4. fig hy hig = 1819.22 kSMkg 5 iy = hy tie, hy) = 100.04 keg hy = hig + xy Nhjgy = = 1196.23 kJ/kg. _ 1196.23 ~ 100.04 \cheoretil) “319,22 - 1196.28, COP. = 8.91 COP. = 0.62 x 8.91 = 5.52 factual) Actual refrigerating effect per kg = COP, x work done = 678.9 kJ/kg “ctual)MES39S Thermal Engineering H Mechanical Engineering Total work done by the compressor per second = 0.1599 x (lig — fg) = 19.67 kJ/s 11. A refrigeration machine is required to produce i.e., at 0°C from water at 20°C. The machine has a condenser temperature of 298 K while the evaporator temperature is 268 K. The relative efficiency of the machine is 50% and 6 kg of Freon-12 refrigerant is circulated through the system per minute. The refrigerant enters the compressor with a dryness fraction of 0.6. Specific heat of water is 4.187 ki/kg K and the latent heat of ice is 335 ki/kg, Calculate the amount of ice produced on 24 hours. The table of properties of Freon-12 is given below : Temperature Liquid heat Latent heat Entropy of liquid ®) (kik) (iikg) (arkgk) 298 59.7 138.0 0.2232 268 314 154.0 0.1251 128.8 kJ/kg eae Ts SR + Xs hig = ig, + xq hig, = 59.7 + 0.5825 x 138 = 138.2 kg hy = hy, = 59.7 klk R, ‘Theoretical cop.= ™ = = = 682 W 7 hgh, 1982-1288 Actual COP. = Nutive * (C-O-Pnereiat = 0.8 * 6.82 Migg 418.74 = 941 = Pa(etual _ COP eat Wo > mtg —ha) Mice = 0.661 tonne. 12, Explain various types of. con joning systems with neat sketch. There are two main type of air conditioning system (i) Summer Air-Conditioning System(ii) Winter Air Conditioning System a) Summer Air Conditioning System In this there two types according to the ambient conditions i) For Hot-Wet weather For Hot-Dry Weather Hot-Dry Weather: ‘When the air is hot and wet, since the water vapour content is high it has to be reduced by dehumidification BME8S95 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering Wd ‘Oran or Hot-Wet Weather: ‘When the air is hot and dry, humidification process has to be carried out Sketch Adaatic OO — aefter mises Water eiminators Airto Grdiioned space Air dampors | - | Compensating Winter Air Conditioning System In winter condition the ai hhas to be heated up, so air has to pass through condenser coil Sketch: 7 Fuss 13. Explain various psychrometric processes with the help of psychrometric chart. The important Psychrometric process are 1. Mixing of air streams 2. Sensible heating 3. Sensible cooling 4. Cooling and dehumidification 5. Cooling and humidification 6, Heating and debumidification _7. Heating and humidification Mixing of air streams “ME8S95 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering Mixing of streams is very frequently used in air conditioning, with addition or rejection of either heat or moisture ea es ace Sensible heating: When the air is passed over a surface with the temperature greater than air dry bulb temperature, it undergoes sensible heating. It is achieved by passing the air over heater coils or resistance coils, Sensible colin; ‘oat —> When the air is passed over a surface with the temperature less than air dry bulb temperature, it undergoes sensible cooling. I is achieved by passing the air over evaporator coils. 1sME8S95 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering ification Whenever air is made to pass over a surface through a spray of water that is a temperature Jess than dew point temperature of the air, condensation of some of the water vapour in air will occur simultaneously with the sensible cooling process. | Coating Zou pet—> Cooling and humidification: If unsaturated air is passed through a spray of continuously recirculated water. The specific humidity will increase while the dry bulb temperature decreases. This is the process of adiabatic saturation or evaporative cooling. ee ber Heating and dehumi If ai cati passed over a solid absorbent surface or through @ liquid absorbent spray ultaneous heating and dehumidification is accompanied. 6ME8S95 Thermal Engineering I Mechanical Engineering 14, Heating and humidification: If air is passed through a humidifier which has heated water sprays instead of simply recirculated spray, the air is humidified and maybe heated or cooled. in such process the air increases in specific humidity, enthalpy and dry bulb temperature will increase or decrease according to the initial temperature of air and that of spray. An office is to be air- conditioned for 50 staff when the outdoor conditions are 30° C DBT and 75% RH if the quantity of air supplied is 0.4 m’/ min / person, find the following: (i) Capac the cooling coil in tones of refrigeration, (ii) Capacity of the heating coil in kW, (iii) Amount of water vapour removed per hour. Assume that required inlet conditions are 20° C DBT and 60% RH. Air is first conditioned by cooling and dehumidifying and then by heating. From psychometric chart @ 30°C DBT and 75% RH hy = 82.5 ki/kg of dry air vor = 0.89 m'vkg of dry air @ dew point temperature 12° C hz = 34 ki/kg of dry air @20° C DBT and 60% RH hy = 43 Ki/kg of dry air capacity = 50 staff V1 =0.4m*/min/person = 20 m’/min Mass of air supplied = V1 /Vs1_ = 22.47 kg/minMESS9S Thermal Engineering Mechanical Engineering (i) capacity of cooling coil = ms (hi ~ hz) = 1089.8 ki/min = 5.19 tons of refrigeration (ii) capacity of heating coil = ms (hs — ha) = 3.37 KW (ii) amount of water vapour removed = ms(w1-Wa) x 60 = 16.18 kg/hr 15, Describe the factors that affect human comfort. The comfort of the human body depends primarily on three factors: the(dry-bulb) temperature, relative humidity, and air motion .The temperature of the environment is the single most important index of comfort. Most people feel comfortable when the environment temperature is between 22 and 27°C (72 and 80°F). The relative humidity also has a considerable effect on comfort since it affects the amount of heat a body can dissipate through evaporation. Relative humidity is a measure of air’s ability to absorb more moisture. High relative humidity slows down heat rejection by evaporation, and low relative humidity speeds it up. Most people prefer a relative humidity of 40 to 60 %. Air motion also plays an important role in human comfort. It removes the warm, moist air that builds up around the body and replaces it with fresh air. Therefore, air motion improves heat rejection by both convection and evaporation. Air motion should be strong enough to remove heat and moisture from the vicinity of the body, but gentle enough to be unnoticed. Most people feel comfortable at an airspeed of about 15 m/min, Very-high-speed air motion causes discomfort instead of comfort. 16, Saturated air leaving the cooling section of an air conditioning system at 14°C at the rate of 50 m3/ min is mixed adiabatically with the outside air at 32°C and 60% RH at the rate of 20 m3/ min. assuming that the mixing process occurs at a pressure of I atm, determine the specific humidity, the relative humi ity, the dry bulb temperature and volume flow rate of the mixture. The properties of each inlet stream determined from the psychrometric chart are hy = 39.4 ki/kg of dry air = 0.010 kg of H:O/kg of dry air vi =0.826 m'/kg of dry air 9.0kUkgofdry air 2 = 0.0182 kg of HaO/kg of dry air 889 m'/kg of dry air isME8S95 Thermal Engineering II Mechanical Engineering The mass flow rates of dry air in each stream are, 4 2 Soni = 60.5 kg/min 1 0826 eoraryair tngg = 2 = om = 22.5 kg/min Ye 0889 orarvait From the mass balance of dry air, thay = tha: + titgy = 60.5 + 22.5 = 83 kg/min The specific humidity and the enthalpy of the mixture can be determined from erro _ haehs Mge @s-@1 y= 605 _ 0.0182-w; _ 790-hy 225 ~ ws-0.010 — by394 >= 0.0122 kg of H2O/kg of dry air hy =50.1 ki/kg of dry air ‘These two properties fix the state of the mixture. Other properties of the mixture are determined from the psychrometric chart. 89 19°C vB 0.844 m’/kg of dry air ‘The volume flow rate of the mixture = V3 = thagv3 =83 x 0.844 = 70.1 m/min 17. The sling psychrometer in a laboratory test recorded the following readings : Dry bulb temperature = 35°C Wet bulb temperature = 25°CAtmospheric pressure = 1.0132 barCalculate, (i) Specific humidity, (ii) Relative humidity, (iii) Vapour density in air, (iv) Dew point temperature and (v) Enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air (2, = (sp wo) tay ~ too? 1527.4 - 13 tug = 0.0252 bar. Py = Prous ~ Specific humidity, PART, = 0.0177 kg/m’. Vapour density : Dew point temperature, ty, : 212°C. Enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air, h: hes cyty + Wh, 6.27 ksMkg of dry air.MES39S Thermal Engineering H Mechanical Engineering 18, An air-water vapour mixture enters an air-conditioning unit at a pressure of 1.0 bar. 38°C DBT, and a relative humidity of 75%. The mass of dry air entering is 1 kg/s. The air-vapour mixture leaves the air-conditioning unit at 1.0 bar, 18°C, 85% relative humidity. The moisture condensed leaves at 18°C. Determine the heat transfer rate for the process. fas, = 88°C, RH, $, = 75% te, 18°C, RH, 6, = 85% Py = 0% Pyg = 0.75 x 0.0663 = 0.0497 bar W, = 0.0825 ke/kg of dry air W, = 0.01108 ke/kg of dry air Heat transfer rate, Wah = Wilts.) +6, Ua ~fap,) + W,-W) le, = 73.94 kllkg of dry air. 19, Saturated air at 3°C is required to be supplied to a room where the temperature must be held at 22°C with a relative humidity of 55%. The air is heated and then water at 10°C is sprayed to give the required humidity. Determine, (i) The mass of spray water required per m! of air at room conditions. Mass of spray water required W, = 0.00904 ke/kg of dry air W, = 0.0047 kg/kg of dry air vp = Pals Pa = 0.847 m/kg of dry air ©) Hes ® ® = spray waer = 22% 9095124 hg moisture? ‘Temperature to which the air must be heated tay, w hy + (Wy - Wy) hy = hy (ephaiby + WP, ] + OW, — Wh, = phd, + Wa, vapour (2) vapour (2) cpl lady — fab, ) + Wah = (W,- Wyk, = 0 vapour (3) ~ Walt vapour 2 tan, = 32.7°C. 20.A small-size cooling tower is designed to cool 5.5 litres of water per second, the inlet he motor-driven fan induces 9 m*/s of air through the tower and temperature of which is 44°C. the power absorbed is 4.75 kW. The entering the tower is at 18°C, and has a relat »MES39S Thermal Engineering H Mechanical Engineering humidity of 60%. The air leaving the tower can be assumed to be saturated and its temperature is 26°C. Calculate, (i) The amount of cooling water (make-up) required per second. (ii) The final temperature of the water. Assume that the pressure remains constant throughout the tower at 1.013 bar. 2 © P,, = 0.01236 bar The = 10.78 kg/s ry, = 0.0828 kg/s rh, 0.28 kg/s make-up water required 0.23 ~ 0,0828 11472 gs. Wy Fig, Iho, * tay Tay Hi, My, = Igy Ney + HHyy Py + 2, May final temperature of water = 26.7% a