Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SIZES 40 - 260A
MANUAL
Version History
Version 1.0 (original) December 2006
© 2006 by s. No portion of this document may be reproduced either mechanically or electronically without the prior consent of s LD-A
Reference Documents
Always refer to the latest archived revision
Table of Contents
Safety Precautions and Warnings.................................................................................... v
Chapter 1: Cell Overview ..............................................................................................1-1
Introduction ..........................................................................................................1-1
Features ................................................................................................................1-3
Cell Racking System .....................................................................................1-3
Rear Blind-Mate Power Connections............................................................1-3
Snubberless design ........................................................................................1-4
Fusing............................................................................................................1-4
Cell Control Board ........................................................................................1-4
Gate Clamp Board.........................................................................................1-4
Overload........................................................................................................1-4
Heat Sink Design...........................................................................................1-5
Enclosure.......................................................................................................1-5
Increased input voltage rating .......................................................................1-5
Multiple Sources ...........................................................................................1-5
Simple Design ...............................................................................................1-5
Electrolytic Capacitors with Plastic Mounting Tray.....................................1-5
Chapter 2: Physical Description ...................................................................................2-1
Mechanical Specifications....................................................................................2-1
Connections 40-260A...........................................................................................2-2
Environmental Specifications...............................................................................2-2
40-140A Outline...................................................................................................2-4
200-260A Outline.................................................................................................2-5
Access and Connections.......................................................................................2-6
Indicators and Labels............................................................................................2-7
Key Components ..................................................................................................2-8
Bill of Material Structure ...................................................................................2-11
Assembly Notes..................................................................................................2-13
Heat Sink Thermal Compound....................................................................2-13
Semiconductor Torque Specifications ........................................................2-14
Capacitors....................................................................................................2-15
Multiple Sources .........................................................................................2-16
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In all cases the cell must pass all specified testing before re-using .............. 8-3
Chapter 9: Application Notes........................................................................................ 9-1
External Wiring.................................................................................................... 9-1
Fusing................................................................................................................... 9-1
Device Model Parameters .................................................................................... 9-2
40-140A Rectifier Modules .......................................................................... 9-2
200-260A Rectifier Modules ........................................................................ 9-3
IGBT Modules - Primary Sources ................................................................ 9-4
General Information ............................................................................................. 9-5
Cell Loss Calculations.......................................................................................... 9-6
Rectifier Losses vs Output Current............................................................... 9-6
Total IGBT/FWD Cell Losses vs Output Current ........................................ 9-7
Individual IGBT Losses vs Output Current .................................................. 9-8
Capacitor Losses vs Output Current ............................................................. 9-9
Total Cell Losses......................................................................................... 9-10
Heat Sink Temperature Monitor ........................................................................ 9-11
Exiting Air Temperature .................................................................................... 9-14
Capacitors........................................................................................................... 9-14
Flammability ............................................................................................... 9-14
Shelf Life and Reforming ........................................................................... 9-14
Failure Modes ............................................................................................. 9-15
Useful Life Calculations ............................................................................. 9-15
Disposal....................................................................................................... 9-16
Output Voltage Capability ................................................................................. 9-16
Normal Operation ....................................................................................... 9-16
Output Voltage capability after bypass....................................................... 9-17
Example of calculating Drive Output Voltage capability........................... 9-17
Output Current Capability.................................................................................. 9-17
Output frequency and switching frequency ....................................................... 9-17
MicroHarmony Volt Map .................................................................................. 9-18
Chapter 10: Drive Calc Express ................................................................................. 10-1
Chapter 11: Communication Protocol ....................................................................... 11-1
Operating Modes................................................................................................ 11-1
Reference Documents ........................................................................................ 11-1
Fiber Optic Message Protocol............................................................................ 11-1
Error Handling ................................................................................................... 11-2
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Warning!
• Always comply with local codes and requirements if disposal of failed components is
necessary (for example, CPU battery, capacitors, etc.).
• Always ensure the use of an even and flat truck bed to transport the WCIII drive system. Before
unloading, be sure that the concrete pad is level for storage and permanent positioning.
• Always confirm proper tonnage ratings of cranes, cables, and hooks when lifting the
drive system. Dropping the cabinet or lowering it too quickly could damage the unit.
• Never disconnect control power while medium voltage is energized. This could cause
severe system overheating and/or damage.
• Never store flammable material in, on, or near the cell. This includes equipment drawings and manuals.
• Never use fork trucks to lift cabinets that are not equipped with lifting tubes. Be sure
that the fork truck tines fit the lifting tubes properly and are the appropriate length.
• Never run the cell with the chassis lid off or cell control board panel removed unless open area is prop-
erly covered and sealed off. This ensures personal safety and proper air flow.
• Do not energize the cell without air flow. Although the cell may not be loaded, the bleeder resistor will
dissipate heat during no load. This will stress the resistor and possible melt wires. Always have ade-
quate air flow before energizing.
• Always use the recommended fuses. Fuses were specifically selected to coordinate all known types of
faults, overloads, and inrush current. Improper fuse selection can cause nuisance trips or high imped-
ance arcing faults that do not clear which could result in a catastrophic fire.
• When lifting with cranes, be sure the crane, cables, and hooks have proper tonnage rating. Be careful
not to drop the cabinet or lower it too quickly. This could damage the unit.
• When transporting the drive system, the truck bed must be even and flat. Before unloading, be sure that
the concrete pad is level for storage as well as permanent positioning.
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Warning!
• Never exceed the specified terminal torque on semiconductors and capacitors. Excessive force will
damage the part.
• Use caution when inserting or extracting the gate leads on an IGBT. Excessive force can break or
stress the device.
• Dropping the cell or lowering it too quickly could damage the unit and/or be harmful to personal
safety.
• Be sure power plugs are properly aligned with the input/output bus before operating. Do not exceed
a 50 pound insertion force as this may damage the connectors. Never disconnect the cell while the
main is energized or while the cell is operating.
• Always adhere to the recommended thermal compound and thickness. Excessive or inadequate
compound application may cause an insufficient thermal connection between base plate and heat
sink that may damage the cell.
• Electrolytic capacitors are polarized. Installing a capacitor with the incorrect polarity will damage
the cell.
• If cell sits idle for 6 months or more, the capacitor bank requires reforming. Failure to follow
reforming procedures and guidelines may result in cell damage.
• The cell should be energized with a harmony transformer. The cell may be operated without a har-
mony transformer; however, it is important that the cell is pre-charged to at least 850vdc bus before
operating.
• Never substitute with non-approved components; never parallel or series non-identical manufac-
turer's (or Siemens MDIT numbers) for IGBTs or capacitors in the same power cell.
• Never use halogen type cleaning agents when cleaning a power cell. Use pressurized dry air, iso-
propyl alcohol, or water based solvent cleaning agents.
• Always comply with local codes and requirements if disposal of failed components is necessary (for
example, control boards, capacitors, etc.). Some components may contain lead.
Additional safety precautions and warnings appear throughout this manual. These important messages should be
followed to reduce the risk of personal injury or equipment damage.
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CHAPTER
1
1 Cell Overview
1.1 Introduction
The MicroHarmony series power cells are designed to replace GEN 3 (NBH) cell sizes 70-260A.
The latest air cooled power cells are available in 6 frames: 40A, 70A, 100A, 140A, 200A, and 260A. All cells in the
40-140A frame have an identical footprint and internal design. Only the number of parallel capacitors and IGBT kit
part numbers change from one cell to the next. The same applies to the 200-260A frame.
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1.2 Features
1.2.1 Cell Racking System 1
No hardware is required for mounting the cells in place within the drive.
The MicroHarmony cell is designed to be mounted on polyethylene coated mounting rails. The cell is equipped with
two locking latches on each side that latch into the mounting rail. The latches provide rear power plug alignment and
cell mounting. The latches are then rotated clockwise to pull the cell into place. Once the latches are in the vertical
position, the cell is properly aligned and locked into place. To remove, the latches are pulled back down to the
horizontal position.
High temperature foam forms an air tight seal between the cell chassis and backplane at the rear of the cell (not
shown).
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1 A simple, low stray inductance bus, coupled with low self inductance capacitors and nomex insulation, eliminates the
need for snubber capacitors at the IGBT power terminals. This reduces parts count, reduces complexity, and
increases IGBT switching performance.
1.2.4 Fusing
Only 2 phases of each cell input are fused. These fuses are mounted externally to the cell in one easy-to-access
location. This reduces the complexity of the cell and allows the fuses to operate properly.
1.2.7 Overload
The MicroHarmony cells have built-in output overload current capability. Standard ratings at 110% 1 min/10 min,
150% 1 min/10 min, and 200% 3 sec/10 min are given.
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1.2.9 Enclosure
The cell is enclosed in a solid hot-dipped galvanized steel chassis. In the event of a catastrophic failure, the damage
is contained to the faulted cell, protecting adjacent cells from any collateral damage. The top of the cell can be
removed for heat sink and capacitor access. The bottom of the cell houses the cell control board and can be easily
removed.
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CHAPTER
2 Physical Description
2
2.1 Mechanical Specifications
Table 2-1: 40-140A Mechanical Specifications
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2
Bottom mount rails with polyethylene coated slider brackets. Front
Mounting accessible self-locking latches. No hardware required. See Access/
Connections section for more details.
Rear blind connection to nickel plated copper bus bars via cell
Electrical
mounted power plugs. No hardware required. See Access/Connec-
Connections
tions section for more details.
Control
Front access fiber optic
Connections
Maximum Elevation 3300 FASL (1006 masl) without de-rating, 6563 FASL (200masl) MAX
40-140A Cell Minimum Air 180CFM (84.5 L/sec, 400 yd^3/hr) at 45 °C ambient.
Flow Typical air flow is 225-250CFM (105.6-117.36L/sec)
200-260A Cell Minimum Air 300CFM (141.58 L/sec, 667 yd^3/hr) at 45 °C ambient.
Flow Typical air flow is 300-350CFM (141.58-165.18L/sec)
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40-140A 200-260A
2
0.90
R=8.1E-6 R=5.39E-
0.80
0.70
Pressure drop, inH2O
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
Air Flow , ft^3/m in
200-
CFM 40-140A
260A
50 0.02 0.01
75 0.05 0.03
100 0.08 0.05
125 0.13 0.08
150 0.18 0.12
175 0.25 0.17
200 0.32 0.22
225 0.41 0.27
250 0.51 0.34
275 0.61 0.41
300 0.73 0.49
325 0.86 0.57
350 0.99 0.66
375 1.14 0.76
400 1.30 0.86
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Removable
top lid
(not shown)
T1 Fiber
L3
Optic
L2
L1
T2
Figure 2-3: Power Input/output Terminals and Fiber Optic Control Terminals
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OOOOOO
Optic (>50VDC)
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3S x 1P 3S x 2P 3S x 3P 3S x 4P
Capacitance qty 3 qty 6 qty 9 qty 12
1867μF, 1350VDC 3733μF, 1350VDC 5600μF, 1350VDC 7467μF, 1350VDC
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Cge - -
CCB 10000424.72 10000424.72
3S x 3P 3S x 4P
Capacitance qty 9 Qty 12
10,000μF, 1350VDC 13,333μF, 1350VDC
10,000μF, 450V electrolytic
227mm (8.94in) high x 78mm(3.07in) OD
Capacitors
Jianghai: ECG2WPC103M P/N 099997
UCC: E36L451CSN103MEM9N P/N 0100786
BHC: ALS30C1049NT P/N 0100785
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2 Heat Sink
0.31" base plate, 3.41" fins
R-Theta: 11004896.00
ERM: 11004896.00
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10000424.140
Capacitor Vendor #1 12
Capacitor Vendor #2 0
Capacitor Vendor #3 0
Chassis/Bus Kit 1
Glastic Kit 1
Hardware Kit 1
Misc Parts
Schematic
Outline
Assembly
Manual
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2 0031 10000428.05
0032 097067
05
99
PCA GATE CLAMP BRD W/RESISTOR 2
DUAL IGBT MODULE, 200A 1700V 2
0052 10000432.71 05 PCA 630/690/750V CELL CONTROL 1
0053 12001673.00 05 LABEL,2X3,B/S IGBT INSTALL 1
The suffix in the kit part number is as follows: “I” stands for IGBT. “E” stands for Eupec. There can be other
vendors, such as “P” for Powerex, “F” for Fuji, “S” for Semikron, etc.; “200A” stands for 200A module. This is the
nameplate current rating of the IGBT device.
Note that the IGBT kit includes the gate clamp board, cell control board, IGBT module, and label. The gate resistors
change from one vendor to the next, which requires the correct board-IGBT combinations. A label is placed on the
cell chassis to identify what components are installed for replacement purposes.
Important Points:
NEVER SUBSTITUTE WITH NON APPROVED COMPONENTS. ALWAYS ADHERE TO THE
LATEST APPROVED BOM.
NEVER USE NON-IDENTICAL MANUFACTURER'S (OR SIEMENS MDIT NUMBERS) FOR
IGBTS OR CAPACITORS IN THE SAME POWER CELL.
Each capacitor vendor has its own MDIT number.
Each IGBT vendor has its own MDIT number and its own IGBT kit number.
Each rectifier vendor has its own MDIT number. Non-identical manufacturer's (or Siemens MDIT
numbers) can be installed in the same power cell, although this is not recommended.
When additional sources are approved, these are added to the BOM at qty 0. Purchasing then has the
ability to buy from any of the approved sources on the BOM, regardless of the quantity shown on the
bill.
This is a manual purchasing method that is outside the current MRP system, but if used correctly
takes full cost and delivery advantage of multiple sources.
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2.10.3 Capacitors
Electrolytic capacitors are polarized. Check the polarity of the capacitor before energizing. Reverse voltage results
in capacitor destruction!
2
Do not over tighten the mounting bolts. Excessive torque will strip the threads. Should this occur, the capacitor
should not be used.
Always follow the assembly drawing for capacitor locations. This is not an issue on the 140A cell where all slots are
filled, but is a factor on smaller frames. The bus must have rear support and the second row from the front must be
occupied. Bus inductance is influenced by the distance between the capacitors and the IGBTs. Incorrect capacitor
location can cause IGBT stress.
The assembly drawing identifies the proper location and orientation. Some cells require a front bus support bracket.
+ BUS
+ 2/3 BUS
+ + 1/3 BUS
+ + + - BUS
+ + +
+ +
+ 100A 140A
140A 260A
70A 200A
40A 100A 260A
70A 140A
100A 200A
140A 260A
200A
260A
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2
same power cell.
For any given cell, all electrolytic power capacitors must be from the same vendor with identical MDIT and
manufacturer's part numbers. Mixing capacitors can cause voltage imbalance and damage the cell.
IGBTs must be from the same vendor with identical MDIT and manufacturer's part numbers. Make sure to use the
correct IGBT kit label on the outside of the cell chassis. Always use the correct gate clamp and cell control board.
Mixing IGBTs or using incorrect control boards can result in cell damage.
Rectifiers should be from the same vendor with identical MDIT and manufacturer's part numbers; however this is not
required.
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CHAPTER
3 Installation
3.1 Packaging Requirements
The 40-260A MicroHarmony cells are designed to be shipped within the drive. For spare parts shipment, the cell
should be packaged as shown below:
3
Fill bottom of box with Place cell into box on top of Fill sides and top with Instapak
Instapak sealed air foam in foam. Be sure that the sealed air foam packaging
bag packaging material. locking latches are pointed material. Before cooling, close
up. box lid to form top. Check for air
pockets and fill as needed.
Seal box and ship.
The cell is designed to meet general shipping vibration as specified by Mil-Std-810, Method 514.3, category 1-basic
transportation, provided that the above procedure is met.
Keep the cell close to your body and lift with the legs, not the back. Avoid twisting your back. Carry the cell close to
your body, not on extended arms.
When installing cells in the system, always have someone help.
Never carry the cell by the locking latches. They are not designed to support the weight of the cell. Always lift the
cell from the bottom. Do not lift the cell from the lid or the front grill.
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The cell is installed by first placing the cell with the power plugs facing the rear of the drive on the mounting rails.
The locking latches should point towards the front of the drive. The cell is then pushed along the rails until the
locking latches can be rotated upwards 90 degrees, and latch into the mounting rail slot. Be sure that the latches slide
through the mounting rail slots. As the latches are rotated simultaneously, the cell will self-align and insert the blind
mate power plugs into the system I/O bus at the rear of the enclosure. The latches are locked in place when both
latches are pointing upward.
The cell is removed by simultaneously pulling down on the locking latches. As the latches are pulled down, the cell
will pull away from the rear I/O bus. Once the latches are pointing toward the front of the drive, the cell can be pulled
out of the drive by sliding the cell along the mounting rails.
When the cell is removed, check the condition of the back plane foam tape and replace if needed.
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CHAPTER
4 Electrical Description
4.1 Ratings and Performance
All ratings at Tamb ≤40 °C at 180CFM, 0.95 output power factor for the 40-140A cells.
All ratings at Tamb ≤40 °C at 300CFM, 0.95 output power factor for the 200-260A cells.
Rated Output Current Rating1 40Arms 70Arms 100Arms 140Arms 200Arms 260Arms
Bleed down time, minutes11 0.84 1.68 2.53 3.37 4.51 6.02
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6. Base volt-ampere output rating of the cell. With 5% over modulation, maximum output voltage of cell is
750 x 1.78 x 1.05 / sqrt(3) = 809Vrms. VA = rated output current rating x 809Vrms
7. Amount of no load and load losses of the cell at rated output power. Watts and % of base VA given.
%Losses = Cell losses / (Base VA + cell losses) x 100%
8. Iin,cell = Iout,cell x 0.687, typical at rated input voltage and rated output power. Cell input current is
typically 2/3rd of output current.
9. Life expectancy of capacitors at a 40°C ambient, rated air flow, rated input voltage, rated output current,
neglecting over loads. Once the life is exceeded, the ESR doubles and the capacitance is reduced by 50%.
The capacitors should be replaced prior to end of life.
4 10. Life expectancy of capacitors at a 40°C ambient, rated air flow, 110% rated input voltage, rated output
current, neglecting over loads. Once the life is exceeded, the ESR doubles and the capacitance is reduced by
50%. The capacitors should be replaced prior to end of life.
11. Typical time, in minutes, for dc bus voltage to decay from rated dc bus to 50VDC after input power is
removed. The cell must not be touched, removed, or accessed until after this time.
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4.2 De-ratings
In some cases the cell maximum output current capability must be de-rated in order to keep the maximum junction
temperature below the manufacturer's maximum rating. The following general de-ratings should be applied to all
cells sizes:
fc ≥ 600Hz Fo ≤ 10Hz
Base Current Rating x (1-((fc - 600) / 600) x 0.20) Iout (fo) = Base Current Rating x (0.5 + Fo / 20)
Note: Tamb applies to the inlet air temperature of the cell. Note: FASL = Feet above sea level
This can be higher than the actual room ambient depend- Maximum elevation is 6,563 FASL due to creep and
ing on site conditions. strike voltage limits. At max elevation, de-rate current
5%
Note: In the event that de-rating factors apply (i.e. 50 °C ambient and fc=1200Hz), calculate the de-rated
output current for each case and select the lowest current rating.
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CHAPTER
DC BUS
INDICATOR
CN8 CN7
Link ON
FAULT
Q1
Q2
8in Q3
CN9 Q4
WARNING
High Voltage
P/N, S/N, REV,
Date Code, etc
CN10
12.9in
Mating
Connector Function Pins
Connector
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Mating
Connector Function Pins
Connector
Altera Byte
CN9 Programming port 10
Blaster
G4 - E4 Ch 4 Gate-Emitter Voltage
The above voltages are tested per TSI-131. The +5VDC (VCC) is regulated. The other power supplies are regulated
through their transformer secondary turns ratios. This provides a well regulated power supply with multiple isolated
auxiliary voltages.
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P1, C1, and E1 connects to a blocking test circuit used for verifying IGBT operation at start up.
P1 and N1 connect to the isolated +28VDC gate drive power supply.
OOS1 is an isolated OOS signal that connects to the EPLD.
PC5 connects to a start-up hold off circuit which prevents firing until the SMPS is fully operational.
Q1 is the gate drive signal derived from the EPLD.
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CCB Board
Cell Protection Description and Thresholds
Ref. Signal
DC voltage between Plus-Minus bus has exceeded the upper limit of its
allowable range. This is set by a solder blob (SB) jumper on the CCB.
VDCHIL is active low when Vbus exceeds:
Over Voltage1 VDCHIL
630V: 1096 ± 30 vdc
690V: 1200 ± 30 vdc
750V: 1300 ± 30vdc 5
DC voltage between Plus-Minus bus has decreased below the lower limit
1 VDCLOWL of its allowable range. VDCLOWL is active low when Vbus drops below
Under Voltage
475 ± 24vdc
Control Power DC voltage between Plus-Minus bus is valid for control circuits. This does
POWEROK not necessarily mean that DC power is available for driving load.
Fault1 POWEROK is active high when Vbus exceeds 300 ± 30vdc
Voltage across power capacitors is all less than specified upper limit. This
is set by scaling resistors for either 400 or 450V capacitors. VCAPOK is
Cap-Share Fault1 VCAPOK active high when individual capacitor voltages are less than:
400V: 430 ± 10vdc
450V: 485 ± 10vdc
Voltage between collector and emitter of an IGBT has exceeded its upper
OOS1L to limit due to de-saturation with gate signal applied. This implies the IGBT
Out of Saturation1 OOS4L may have encountered a short circuit condition. OOS1L to OOS4L are
active low.
A PTC thermistor on the heat sink is used to monitor the critical tempera-
Cell Over ture between the IGBTs. Circuits on the CCB modulate the signal from this
OVERTMP thermistor to a PWM weighted bit, which is transmitted by the CCB on
Temperature2 every down packet. Refer to “Heat Sink Temperature Monitor”
section for more details. Trips at ~80°C.
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CCB Board
Cell Protection Description and Thresholds
Ref. Signal
Notes:
1. These conditions generate a Cell Fault which disables all output IGBTs and is annunciated by Down Bit 2 in
5 Mode 00
2. These conditions do not generate a Cell Fault and can only be monitored by Down Bit packet in Mode 00
3. These conditions can only be monitored in the Non Run Mode 11 and are for cell diagnostic purposes only.
5.6 Communication
The cell control board communicates to the Perfect Harmony control system via a duplex fiber optic cable on a
proprietary communication protocol. See Chapter 11, Communication Protocol, for details.
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CHAPTER
A 1550V nominal voltage turn on threshold is generated by connecting four transorbs in series; one 350V and three
400V devices, from collector to gate. An 18V transorb is connected from gate to emitter to protect the IGBT from
short circuit by clamping the gate to emitter voltage to 18V.
The transorb devices are intended for intermittent operation during out-of-saturation turn off where peak voltages can
exceed the 1700V device rating.
A gate resistor and gate emitter capacitor can be installed on this board, with options for through-hole or surface
mount components. If the resistor is not required, a zero ohm resistor or jumper must be installed to allow for proper
gate drive operation. If the capacitor is not required, it can be omitted.
The gate resistor conducts during the on and off switching pulses. This resistor serves two main purposes:
supplement the cell control board's turn on and turn off resistors to reduce the number of cell control board part
number variations, and decouple parallel IGBTs from a common gate drive.
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The gate resistor is connected in series with the cell control board's turn on resistor during turn on, and connected in
series with the cell control board's turn off resistor during turn off. The effective RgON is the sum of the cell control
board RgON and the gate clamp board resistor. Likewise, the effective RgOFF is the sum of the cell control board
RgOFF and the gate clamp board resistor.
The gate emitter capacitor allows independent control of the IGBT's dIc/dt without significantly increasing switching
losses and using a smaller value gate resistor. Cge increases switching losses by nearly 25% but reduces repetitive
turn on current by about 20%, reduces peak repetitive FWD turn off current by about 53%, reduces IGBT turn off
overshoot voltage by about 30%, and reduces IGBT OOS overshoot voltage by about 53%.
6 Typical Schematic.
Always refer to the latest archived
drawing.
Component Values
P/N D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
10000428.01 Not Installed Not Installed Not Installed Not Installed Jumper 1.5KE350CA 1.5KE400CA
Not Installed
10000428.02 1.5KE350CA 1.5KE400CA 1.5KE400CA 1.5KE400CA 1.5KE1BCA Not Installed
Component Values
P/N D8 D9 D10 R1, SR1 R2, SR2 C1, SC1 C2, SC2
10000428.00 1.5KE400CA 1.5KE400CA 1.5KE1BCA Jumper Jumper Not Installed Not Installed
10000428.01 1.5KE400CA 1.5KE400CA 1.5KE1BCA Jumper Jumper Not Installed Not Installed
10000428.02 Not Installed Not Installed Jumper Jumper Jumper Not Installed Not Installed
10000428.03 1.5KE400CA 1.5KE400CA 1.5KE1BCA 5.1 Ohms 5.1 Ohms 0.022 μF 0.022 μF
10000428.05 1.5KE400CA 1.5KE400CA 1.5KE1BCA 15 Ohms 15 Ohms Not Installed Not Installed
∇ ∇ ∇
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CHAPTER
7 Testing
7.1 Documents for Testing Cells
The following ISO documents should be used for testing cells:
• TSI-062 must be followed for testing.
• TSI-063 must be followed for repair testing.
• TSF-058 includes cell ratings and test parameters.
• QSI-013, section 4.3.4 includes instructions for product identification and traceability.
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19001467: Version 1.0 7-1
Testing MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
10000494 10000494
10000424. 040 070 100 140
.200 .260
3 Minute Input Rectifier Test1 34Arms 58Arms 84Arms 117Arms 265Arms 265Arms
1. This test must be done if the input rectifiers are replaced. It requires, however, the ability to generate full
power through the cell in order to thermally stress the rectifiers. An alternative is to short circuit the DC bus
and use a suitable step-down transformer along with a variac to generate the required rectifier current.
7 Airflow through the heat sink should be at least 180CFM (300CFM for 200-260A cells).
2. This test verifies the immunity of the IGBTs and Out of Saturation sense circuit on the cell control board to
nuisance OOS faults. This test should be applied for no more than 10 seconds. Air flow through the heat
sink should be at least 180CFM (300CFM for 200-260A cells).
3. This test verifies that the over temperature sense circuit is properly communicating at the hub control. 75%
of rated output current is applied with no air flow through the heat sink until the over temperature bit starts to
modulate. Once modulation is achieved, the output current is raised to the 100% base rating until the cell
tester disables the cell on over temperature.
4. This test ensures adequate isolation between the power electronics, control, and the cell chassis. The cell
must be disconnected from the 1/3 common bus. All components on the cell are shorted together, and a
potential is applied between the power electronics, control, and cell chassis. During the test, the cell is
checked for any flash over to ground (or excessive leakage current).
∇ ∇ ∇
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7-2 19001467: Version 1.0
MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual Repair Hints
CHAPTER
8 Repair Hints
8.1 Reporting Failures
Cell failures or component failures must be reported to both the quality group and product development.
3.
subassembly) without formal approval from the Product Development Group.
Never change an input power fuse(s) without first determining the root cause for the fuse operation. Fuses
8
are not designed to protect components in the power cell against overload. If a fuse(s) open, there is usually
a component failure within the cell. Re-application of rated power may cause catastrophic damage.
4. In cases where the archived BOM specifies obsolete components that can no longer be procured, and the
substitution of an alternative cell(s) is not available or commercially not feasible, contact the Product
Development Group for assistance. In such events, Product Development may suggest alternative
components only after sufficient technical review and verification. In these instances, it will be Product
Development's responsibility to generate the required ECR and obsolescence information. It will be the
repair department’s responsibility to make the required label changes and notify Application Engineering
and Field Service of the part number revision.
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Repair Hints MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
7. An IGBT failure is usually also a result of an over voltage. Failures due to over current are rare since the
cell and system is much more capable of protecting itself from this condition. There are two types of IGBT
failures, catastrophic and non-catastrophic.
In non-catastrophic failures (those which do not result in case rupture), the root cause can often be found
by Product Development or the device manufacturer. Failures of this type during cell testing or early in the
commissioning cycle are often the result of infant mortality failures. These devices must be returned to
Product Development since they may be a result of insufficient process quality. In most cases, gate drive
and cell control circuits are left unaffected and can be presumed functional.
In catastrophic failures (those which result in case rupture), the root cause is more difficult to determine.
Failures of this type usually result in collateral damage to adjacent IGBTs, especially those IGBTs in the
same pole (for instance Q1/Q2 or Q3/Q4). These failures almost always cause damage to any connected
gate drive or gate circuit.
8 1.
2.
Device passes a 3400VDC (for 1700V devices) HIPOT, all terminals to baseplate.
Device passes A-K check.
3. Device passes all specified in-circuit cell tests.
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8-2 19001467: Version 1.0
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8.5.4 In all cases the cell must pass all specified testing before re-using 8
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8-4 19001467: Version 1.0
MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual Application Notes
CHAPTER
9 Application Notes
9.1 External Wiring
The table below identifies the approved input and output power wiring for use with MicroHarmony Cells. Always
refer to approved assembly drawing, MFI-014 Workmanship standard for wiring, QSI-011 Wiring Practices for
Products Requiring Third Party Approval, and MFI-025 Instructions for Fiber Optic Assembly.
All wire must be UL style 3499, 7500Vrms, 150°C or equivalent.
9.2 Fusing
Fuses are external to the cell. The following fuses have been approved:
P/N 099717
P/N 099718 P/N 099719 P/N 099720
1021CPURB27.60Q100D
Ferraz 1000C4URC160LD80 1000C4URC200LD80 1000C4URC250LD80
80
1000V 160A 1000V 200A 1000V 250A
1000V 100A
0100501 0100504
Siba 2076632.450 2076632.500
1250V 450A 1100V 500A
Note: Approved fuses have similar fuse curves. Although not recommended, non-identical
manufacturer's and Siemens part numbers may be used with a cell and/or within a system. However,
this may cause confusion with the customer and should be avoided.
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Application Notes MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
Mounting Torque 4 5 Nm
Terminal Torque 4 3 Nm
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MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual Application Notes
Mounting Torque 6 5 Nm
Terminal Torque 6 5 Nm
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Application Notes MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
Baseplate Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu
RgOFF 25 20 20 20 20 Ohm
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9-4 19001467: Version 1.0
MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual Application Notes
1 Measured at nominal dc bus voltage, rated output current. Includes capacitor self inductance, bus inductance, and
IGBT module inductance.
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Application Notes MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0.85 motor power factor, 0.95 motor efficiency, 105% modulation, Iin=0.7 x Iout, and DD106N1800 or
DD171N1800 dual rectifier modules are assumed.
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9-6 19001467: Version 1.0
MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual Application Notes
Losses, Watts
1750
250 1518.0 1074.0 1029.0
275 1761.0 1229.0 1163.0 1500
300 2021.0 1391.5 1302.0
1250
325 1562.8 1448.0
350 1742.6 1598.0 1000
375 1931.0 1755.0
750
400 2128.0 1916.5
500
9
425 2333.0 2084.0
450 2547.0 2257.0
250
475 2770.0 2436.0
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Output Current, Arms
* The data above assumes 0.85 motor power factor, 0.95 motor efficiency, 105% modulation, 600Hz switching
frequency, 60Hz output frequency, Eupec IGBTs, and a 1015VDC bus.
Alternatively, total cell IGBT/FWD losses can be estimated as follows:
40/70Acell: Pigbt = 0.02828 x Iout ^2 + 3.23561 x Iout + 0.39
100A cell: Pigbt = 0.01908 x Iout ^2 + 3.55781 x Iout + 0.07857
140A cell: Pigbt = 0.01326 x Iout ^2 + 2.758 x Iout + 0.14545
200A cell: Pigbt = 0.00682 x Iout ^2 + 2.59283 x Iout + 0.11734
260A cell: Pigbt = 0.0045 x Iout ^2 + 2.99225 x Iout + 0.04933
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Application Notes MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
9
300 468.0 320.0 301.0 150
0
375 446.0 406.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
400 492.0 444.0 Output Current, Arms
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9-8 19001467: Version 1.0
MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual Application Notes
Iout 40A 70A 100A 140A 200A 260A Losses vs Output Current
25 10.3 5.1 3.4 2.6 6.5 4.8 40A 70A 100A 140A 200A 260A
900
50 41.1 20.5 13.7 10.3 25.9 19.4
500
175 125.8 316.7 237.6
9
300
325 819.3 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Output Current, Arms
The data above assumes 0.85 motor power factor, 0.95 motor efficiency, 600Hz switching frequency, 60Hz output
frequency, 9mohm ESR (17mohm ESR for 200/260A cell), and Icap=Iout x 0.78. For individual capacitor losses,
divide the total given by the number of capacitors within the cell.
Alternatively, capacitor bank losses can be estimated as follows:
40A cell: Pcaps = 0.0164 x Iout ^2 + 0.002 x Iout - 2.13E-14
70A cell: Pcaps = 0.0082 x Iout ^2 + 0.0018 x Iout - 0.075
100A cell: Pcaps = 0.0055 x Iout ^2 + 0.002 x Iout - 0.07
140A cell: Pcaps = 0.0041 x Iout ^2 - 0.0004 x Iout + 0.0429
200A cell: Pcaps = 0.0103 x Iout ^2 - 0.0012 x Iout + 0.782
260A cell: Pcaps = 0.0078 x Iout ^2 + 0.0007 x Iout - 0.0503
For individual capacitor losses, divide the above results by:
40A cell: 3
70A cell: 6
100A cell: 9
140A cell: 12
200A cell: 9
260A cell: 12
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19001467: Version 1.0 9-9
Application Notes MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
Losses, Watts
1750
175 1,783 1,421 1,371 1,294
9
300 3,090 2,960 2,646
500
325 3,348 2,970
250
350 3,760 3,310 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
Output Current, Arms
375 4,196 3,668
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9-10 19001467: Version 1.0
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19001467: Version 1.0 9-11
Application Notes MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
The following circuitry resides on the cell control board, and handles the heat sink temperature monitoring.
Sync signal from EPLD resets and synchronizes the 600Hz ramp generator U100 circuit. Ramp at TP34 starts at
4.88V and ramps up linearly to 8.8Vpk. At 8.8V, the ramp decays quickly back down to 4.88V and repeats. Period
of waveform is 1.667msec. The thermodisc resistance varies with temperature. The non inverting amplifier U3:B
circuit converts this variable resistance into a dc voltage which is compared to the ramp. U2 comparator generates a
PWM output at TP35. The PWM signal connects to the EPLD which sends this data over the fiber optic link to the
main controller. The CCB does not shut the cell down in the event of an over temperature condition.
Thermodisc
(installed on HS)
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9-12 19001467: Version 1.0
MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual Application Notes
The control trips the cell when the thermodisc temperature reaches approximately 80°C.
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19001467: Version 1.0 9-13
Application Notes MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
9.8 Capacitors
9.8.1 Flammability
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors contain materials which can catch fire and support combustion when contacted by
flames. Flammable parts include plastic parts, insulating sleeves, paper, and the electrolytes. Most capacitors will
pass the needle-flame test requirements of UL 94V-O and not support combustion to the requirements of Category B
or C. In rare cases the capacitor may self-ignite from heavy overload or capacitor defect. Hydrogen in the capacitor
can ignite if sparking occurs during capacitor failure.
9 Capacitors should not be stored in an ambient less than 85°C and above -55°C. It is recommended
that capacitors be stored at room temperature in a dry environment free of halogen gasses like
. chlorine and fluorine that can corrode aluminum. Keep out of direct sunlight.
When an aluminum electrolytic capacitor is stored under no load conditions for a long period of time, its leakage
current tends to increase. If the storage temperature is high, the leakage current will increase substantially. This is
due to a drop in the withstand voltage of the dielectric caused by the reaction of the anode oxide layer with the
electrolyte. At this point the capacitor should not be subjected to full voltage until the leakage current returns to its
initial level, which can be done by reforming the electrolyte. Reforming can be done by applying a voltage that is
slowly increased to maximum over a period of several hours, with current limited to rated leakage current.
If capacitors have been out of service for more than 6 months, they must be reformed.
The capacitors can be reformed with the cell in or out of the drive. If reformed out of the drive, then one cell must be
formed at a time. If reformed in the drive, then all the cells can be formed at the same time.
Follow all safety guidelines. The chassis of the Power cell is electrically hot. Isolate the Power cell when performed
outside the VFD. The chassis can be grounded if the cell is connected to an input isolation transformer.
Reforming Recommendations
It is advisable to use a three-phase variable voltage source capable of producing up to the 10% high line rating of the
cell (750V x 1.1 = 825Vrms). This can be generated with a 480V Variac connected to a step up transformer. If not
available, at least a 480V variac should be used, although this will only partially reform the capacitors and could be
damaged when rated voltage is applied.
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9-14 19001467: Version 1.0
MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual Application Notes
If reforming is performed with the cells connected in the drive, connect the variable voltage source to a cell who's
output is connected to the wye output connection of the drive (i.e., cell C1). Connect the leads to the cell's three
phase input terminals or to its transformer secondary.
Caution: Reforming the cells connected in the drive will back feed the main input transformer;
medium voltage will be present and the transformer will be energized. Exercise extreme caution.
Remember that the cell chassis are floating (not grounded).
If reforming is performed with the cell out of the drive, connect the variable voltage source to the three phase input of
the cell. Exercise extreme caution- unless an input isolation transformer is used and the chassis is wired to ground,
the voltage is present from the cell to ground.
1. Hook a voltmeter up to the variable voltage source, across two phases.
2. Slowly raise the voltage to 100Vrms. Hold for 15 minutes.
3. Slowly raise the voltage in 100Vrms increments, holding each for 15 minutes.
4. Once 825Vrms is reached, hold for 15 minutes and shut down.
5. Allow the cell bus voltage to bleed down completely before removing the variable voltage source.
Energize the drive by turning on the medium voltage input and leave power on for at least 1 hour before operating the
drive.
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19001467: Version 1.0 9-15
Application Notes MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
ΔTO: Actual ΔT from Application (°C) = ΔTx x (Ix /Io)2 = ΔTx x (Ix /Io)2
k: Acceleration Factor = 10 = 10
Vo: Rated Voltage (V) = 450 = 450
Vx: Actual Applied Nominal Voltage (V) = Vcell x 1.35/3+12 = Vcell x 1.35/3+13
Io: Rated Ripple current = 21.4 = 34.7
Ix: Actual Ripple Current = 0.89 x Iout / Np = 0.89 x Iout / Np
Note: If Vo/Vx > 1.25, then use Vo/Vx = 1.25, otherwise use Vo/Vx
9
As an example, consider the 140A cell operating at rated output current with nominal input voltage in a 45°C
ambient:
TO = 45 °C
Vx = 1015 / 3=338 + 12V ripple = 350VDC
Ix =140A x 0.89 / 4 caps in parallel = 31.15Arms
ΔTO =5 x (31.15/21.4) = 7.28. (A safety factor of 6°C can be added to this)
Vo/Vx = 450 / 350 = 1.286 > 1.25, therefore = 1.25
LX = 5000 x 2 (85 - 45) / 10 x 2 (5 - 7.28 ) / 10 x (1.25) 4.4
= 5000 x 16 x 0.8538 x 2.67 = 182,330 hours (20.8 years)
9.8.5 Disposal
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolyte principally include high-purity aluminum foils, capacitor
paper, electrolyte, aluminum case, cover and sealing parts (phenolic, thermoplastic, rubber and phenolic board),
insulating sleeve (polypropylene, polyester or polyvinyl chloride) and, perhaps, safety-vent plugs made of synthetic
rubber. If incinerated, be certain that the temperature is more than 1200 °C. Disposal is permitted in appropriate
landfills.
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9-16 19001467: Version 1.0
MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual Application Notes
where,
N = number of ranks in the drive (or the total number of cells = 3*N),
Vcell = 750,
Tap = 1.00 (for 0% tap), 0.95 (for +5% tap) or 1.05 (for -5% tap)
Vin = actual input line voltage,
Vin,rated = rated drive input voltage
M = 1.00 min (unity) to 1.08 max (over modulation)
9.9.2 Output Voltage capability after bypass
Vout_bypass = Vout * (2N - X) / 2N,
where,
Vout = maximum output voltage with all cells operating
X = largest number of cells in bypass in two of the three phases
N = number of cells connected in series
9.9.3 Example of calculating Drive Output Voltage capability
Consider a drive with 9 cells each rated for 750V.
The maximum output voltage that this drive can deliver on the 0% tap with rated line voltage and 4% over
modulation
(N = 3, Vcell = 750, Tap = 1.00, M = 1.04) is:
Vout = 1.78 x 3 x 750 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.04 = 4.165 kV.
Now, if after cell bypass, the drive has 3 cells operational in phase A, 2 cells in phase B, and 1 cell in phase C, then
the maximum voltage that the drive can produce with neutral shift from the above formula is (with X = 1 + 2 = 3,
because 1 cell in phase B and 2 cells in phase C are bypassed),
9
Vout_bypass = 4165 x (2 x 3 - 3) / (2 x 3) = 2.082 kV
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19001467: Version 1.0 9-17
Application Notes MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
Note: 1PU = maximum cell DC bus voltage (MicroHarmony = 1200Vpk). For RMS, divide by 1.414.
∇ ∇ ∇
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CHAPTER
10
∇ ∇ ∇
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Drive Calc Express MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
10
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10-2 19001467: Version 1.0
MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual Communication Protocol
CHAPTER
11 Communication Protocol
This section summarizes the Siemens Harmony VFD message protocol and data handling between the Host and Cell
Control Boards (CCB). The scope of this document includes a detailed description of the actual message contents and
the CCB's implementation.
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19001467: Version 1.0 11-1
Communication Protocol MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
Indicates that data on pins Q0-7 is valid (data from Master Link)
Input for CCB 'ACTIVITY' circuit that verifies message activity from Master Link
QVALID Generates CCB Communication fault (COMFLT) if ‘ACTIVITY’ fault exceeds
approximately 15 microseconds
‘ACTIVITY’ is validated for every message by the 890485.02 GAL
Generates Acknowledge Signal from CCB to Master Link IMS C011 that Q0-7 data
QACK
was read
Indicates that data on I0-7 is valid
Initiates transmission of CCB response to Master Link message approximately 1.2
IVALID
μsec after QVALID received
Used as Latch Enable signal for CCB response data
Indicates that Acknowledge signal received from Master Link IMS C011 in
IACK
response to CCB transmission.
RESET Reset circuit enabled 1.2 msec after a CCB Communication failure (COMFLT)
11.5 Parity
The most significant data bit (bit 7) for each Modulator/CCB command/response message is used as an ODD parity
bit (i.e., 7 data bits + 1 parity bit result in an 8 bit data word with ODD parity).
The CCB parity check circuit generates a communication failure (COMFLT) if the parity is incorrect for more than
approximately 22 microseconds (i.e., 3 or more messages). Note that the 890485.02 GAL (U31) equations validate
parity for each received message.
11
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11-2 19001467: Version 1.0
MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual Communication Protocol
‘Up’ Bits Mode ‘00’ Mode ‘01’ Mode ‘10’ Mode ‘11’
0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
2 Enable Output Fault Reset Fault Reset Test Enable
3 Enable Left Pole 0 0 Device Test A
4 Enable Right Pole 0 0 Device Test B
5 Bypass Request 0 0 Not Test Enable
Temperature Sync Temperature Sync Temperature Sync Temperature Sync
6
Reference Reference Reference Reference
7 Parity Parity Parity Parity
‘Down’ Bits Mode ‘00’ Mode ‘01’ Mode ‘10’ Mode ‘11’
0 0 1 0 1
1
2
0
Cell Fault
0
OOS Fault
1
Q1 OOS OK
1
Q1 Blocking
11
Not Over Voltage
3 Low DC Bus Voltage Q2 OOS OK Q2 Blocking
Fault
Cell Temperature Not Under Voltage
4 Q3 OOS OK Q3 Blocking
Feedback Signal Fault
5 Control PWR OK Not Cap Sharing Fault Q4 OOS OK Q4 Blocking
CCB Communication Bypass Option
6 Bypass Acknowledge Output Fuse OK
OK Available
7 Parity Parity Parity Parity
Note that the CCB is responsible for latching all CCB initiated fault conditions so that the Perfect Harmony CPU can
properly determine the cause of any CCB faults when cell diagnostics are performed. These CCB faults must remain
latched until a Cell Fault Reset is received by the CCB (bit 2 of Mode ‘01’ or ‘10’). The parity bit is “stripped off” at
the FOLA before getting to the Modulator cell data registers, and replaced with the OR’ed value of the parity fault
and the link fault (CommFault).
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Communication Protocol MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
Bit Description
0 0 -> Mode definition bit 0
1 0 -> Mode definition bit 1
2 Enable Output
3 Left Pole
4 Right Pole
5 Enable Cell Bypass
6 600 Hz Sync Pulse for Cell Temperature Circuit
7 Odd Parity Bit
11
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11-4 19001467: Version 1.0
MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual Communication Protocol
Bit Description
0 0 -> Mode definition bit 0
1 0 -> Mode definition bit 1
2 Cell Fault detected by CCB
3 Cell DC Bus Voltage Low (Warning)
Cell Temperature Feedback (pwm at 600 Hz car-
4
rier)
5 Cell Control Input Power Valid
6 Cell Bypass Enabled
7 Odd Parity Bit
Note: All current Harmony Drives use the Cell Bypass Enabled Indicator (bit 6) to determine proper
settings of the Voltage Regulator circuit on the Power Interface board.
11
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Communication Protocol MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
Bit Description
0 1 -> Mode definition bit
1 0 -> Mode definition bit 1
2 Cell Fault Reset
3 0 (not used)
4 0 (not used)
5 0 (not used)
6 Sync pulse for temperature engine
7 Odd Parity Bit
Bit Description
0 1 -> Mode definition bit 0
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11-6 19001467: Version 1.0
MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual Communication Protocol
Bit Description
0 0 -> Mode definition bit
1 1 -> Mode definition bit 1
2 Cell Fault Reset
3 0 (not used)
4 0 (not used)
5 0 (not used)
6 Sync pulse for temperature engine
7 Odd Parity Bit
Bit Description
0 0 -> Mode definition bit 0
1 1 -> Mode definition bit 1
2 Not Q1 Out of Saturation (OOS) Fault 11
3 Not Q2 Out of Saturation (OOS) Fault
4 Not Q3 Out of Saturation (OOS) Fault
5 Not Q4 Out of Saturation (OOS) Fault
6 Cell Output Fuse (OK)
7 Odd Parity Bit
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Communication Protocol MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual
Bit Description
0 1 -> Mode definition bit
1 1 -> Mode definition bit 1
2 Enable Device Testing
3 Device Test A (Least Significant Bit)
4 Device Test B (Most Significant Bit)
5 Not Device Test Enable
6 Sync pulse for temperature engine
7 Odd Parity Bit
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11-8 19001467: Version 1.0
MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual Communication Protocol
Bit Description
0 1 -> Mode definition bit 0
1 1 -> Mode definition bit 1
2 Q1 Blocking Indicator (Blocking = 1)
3 Q2 Blocking Indicator (Blocking = 1)
4 Q3 Blocking Indicator (Blocking = 1)
5 Q4 Blocking Indicator (Blocking = 1)
6 Cell Bypass Option Available
7 Odd Parity Bit
∇ ∇ ∇
11
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19001467: Version 1.0 11-9
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11
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11-10 19001467: Version 1.0
MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual NOTES
NOTES
N-2
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MicroHarmony Cell Sizes 40 - 260A Manual NOTES
∇ ∇ ∇
N-4
s 19001467: Version 1.0