A Comparison and Review of Chu Hsi’s and Wang Yang-ming’s Theories of “Ko-wu” By Cheng Wing Kin A Thesis Presented to The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Humanities Hong Kong, August 1999 Copyright by Cheng Wing Kin 1999 Gepyright by Hong Kong University of Sclence & Technology and the DISTRIBUTION PROHIBITE!Authorization I hereby declare that I am the sole author of the thesis. I authorize the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research I further authorize the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology to reproduce the thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the present request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research rh WU dCA Comparison and Review of Chu Hsi’s and ” Wang Yang-ming’s Theories of “Ko-w By Cheng Wing Kin Approved — Wen Aw DR.Y. M. FUNG, SUPERVISOR 2 : _ Ge DR. CHARLES W. H. CHAN, CHAIR OF THESIS COMMITTEE _pcbep Morr DR. SIMON M. H. WONG, MEMBER OF THESIS COMMITTEE ? Ca t~ _ PROFESSOR SAMUEL H. N. CHEUNG, HEAD OF THE DIVISION OF HUMANITIES Division of Humanities 30° August 1999 iiiTABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page (English) Authorization Page (English) Signature Page (English) Table of Contents (English) Abstract (English) Title Page (Chinese) Authorization Page (Chinese) Signature Page (Chinese) Table of Contents (Chinese) Abstract (Chinese) 1. Introduction 2.Chu Hsi’s Interpretation of “Ko-wu” (Investigation of Things): 2.1 The Meanings of “Wu” and “Ko” 2.2 “Li” as Moral Principle 2.3 “Li” as Laws of Objective Things 2.4 Question 1 How to Justify the Principle of ‘Should Be"? 2.5 Question 2 Is it Possible to Reach the Limit? 2.5.1 The Meaning of ‘the Principle is One but Its Manifestations are Many’ 2.5.2 The Criterion of ‘Concerning Our Own Moral Life’ 2.6 A Brief Concluding Remark The Relation Between “Ko-wu” and “Chih-chih” 3.Wang Yang-ming’s Interpretation of “Ko-wu” (Rectifying Things): 3.1 “Li” is not Laws of Objective Things 3.2 ‘The Mind is Principle’ Principle is not Out of the Mind 13 17 21 23 32 35 38 39 4l3.3 ‘The Mind is Principle’ the Original Mind is Principle 3.4 Explanation of the Order of Cultivation 3.5 The Relation Between ‘Chih Liang-chih’ and ‘Unity of Knowledge and Action’ 3.6 A Brief Concluding Remark 3.7 Question 1 The Problem on the Order of Ta-hsueh 3.8 Question 2 Nothing external to the Mind? 3.9 Question 3 All thing, as one body, have Liang-chih? 4, Conclusion 5. Bibliography 43 47 53 56 37 58 61 64 69A Comparison and Review of Chu Hsi’s and Wang Yang-ming’s Theories of “Ko-wu” By Cheng Wing Kin ABSTRACT This thesis intended to be a comparison and an examination of the differences between Chu Hsi and Wang Yang-ming in their interpretations of the concept “ko-wu” (44h) in the Ta-hsueh ( (K#)) , the Great Learning). As is well-known, Chu plays a significant role not only in reaffirming the importance of the Ta-hsueh as the basis curriculum for self-cultivation, but also in adding a supplement to the text, claiming that it embodies the original meaning of the lost chapter on “ko-wu”. In this supplement, Chu maintains that to “ko-wu” means to “chiung-li” (4522), that is, to investigate the principles inherent in things. Quite to the contrary, in the conviction that “chih liang-chih” (5 42), that is, to extend the innate knowledge of the good, is the most crucial in the learning process, Wang defines “ko-wu” as “cheng-shih” (£3), which means to rectifying things. This thesis wil illustrate the following points: (1) “li” ( 32, the principle) in Chu’s system actually represents both the principle of morality and the laws according to which things run. (2) This very fact will inevitably cause theoretical problems to Chu’s moral philosophy. (3) In an attempt to solve these problems, Wang confines the meaning of “Ii” to moral principle. (4) In so doing, Wang, however, has actually reverted the order of the learning process originally outlined in the Ta-hsueh. (5) In viadditions, Wang’s action will deceptively lead people to considering him a proponent of subjective idealism. This thesis will conclude that as strong advocates of the significance of self- cultivation as they are, their theories of “ko-wu” entail special ontological commitments, the validity of which is, nevertheless, difficult to prove or disprove, without mentioning the detrimental effects they may cause to their moral philosophies.RE EBA" BH 1 HHKKRRRH SRARAF AXPRRE WX RB -AAKFAA WAR BOR HE 1999Rts Rab SARE A ME tee RY BE OK Be ot ok a 3c Gh KO RRMA RS AR 2A e LW, y Hh oh > RR ME GE A BRE fl A ME Be BE RR Me ABR + DAG GM ae SE fh 7 ML Be ae 3c BO eS fe SB ie WE Ze of ieRE EGA BM, ROKR BA mk # wie: s q we wr 4 5 EAB att 3H Ba) BRR BATE (an 3 A OE) Hay RMB (MNEAREA) Pe 3H =f Se Be BEE BHR (A 3 SA SE fE) ABB —-AANE AA HAes (B®) Ree (RK) BBA Ce) B &k (&) i CE) i al Ch) Ree (+H) RRA CH) B & CH) i CF) 1. 3S at EX 2. FEN Ro, a 21°, Ro Hs WR 2.2 1F iM 8 A A 2 2377 RA i Hy MS 2.4 2.5 AWM: BR me RZ HE? 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BR: B-HRUR— BERR BE RAMA EN MR BWA B EW HRKKBH CREM? RENAME: LL HROLR ZT H-BAAEEE EHF REAR ESKER THN ES HR: BRERA TRRE MAT A EBM DH 2B: USM Ret Ro BH (re- enchantment of the world) > B& # WJ fE ok 7 HE + ARR PR ROR TH PRB E ZA RBRDARS UGH GH BETR RES PH-BRM: LH EDT EHR RAK - LHW MR A + Mh Bohn Newman) ft) — B a& fF i SE: AS MR > BHR HH RR HT Tho SAFER EA NR- FT RR e ALERGAH SAFER MH MRAR AH2ZTT AFH? RKERA HRER \ SAM SUEOTARR » AATAMMRMRLE > SHIRT ERE AAR PEROTERRT * PUPS » MERIAL AASak ER ites Sabre RT Rte eo 18 SR eHPELAS John Newman, Essay in Aid of a Grammer of Assent, 1870, pp.92 + #431 E/E 7 2 CIRC AGROB RENE ) » RS CCH + CP RRIBRELEEL) SS SBE: SBR + 1988) > UBbA-a FAL ERM bt, SLR MR FEB 5. BE _ BARB: EB OK. RA RS + i RE i a HR: CE BAS) (CE WG: Ee oH A A ME» :1995)> Ee + RR Me CE OR ED (48: BA Bm 1992) AWM MHB CKBSOM + HAM) (bw: MHA Bi ML > 1998) ° RMB CBRE) (Gd AR AL ED TF 1996) ° RRB MRE. RARE COE KRMRARB) (BA: Ke Bi > 1985)° RRB ROC: SMH AMAR RR FBR) (RY: SMB 1997)- RR RRR EAM RCH BR) CR: By > 1981) ° 2 RE HE KB. POAT RED (EWG : OR HE A HHL» 1992) © MRAMB EMR CW BR) GER: ha Hm > 1985) + ANBAR we: PRLE RSE eM CPR REA S Be) Ct 7 PRA BS Bb Mi > 1997) ° SCRE RUARRU) (AB: SeeSAS ERG baths Lares + HOON Fj > 1983) ° Awe mR CAB A BRM) (at: WB 1983)° BRE CHRSREMM MEARE Ke GS) ke! BSH 1994) MC oe eA BE AE) MR CH: fA) BR eC b ws = BF 1988) ° MUP RTH KAA SSR SBR): RR CRRRPM RK) (bw HRB 1989) ° Be CMB me) CE AR ik > 1994) > WR CKREREGS) GK: PHBH 1983) ° We: CT RZ BEY Clb A RH RRL > :1991)° Mie: CR RE) Cb Mit Ae tH WR ik > 1987) ° BRR CRM) (HM: BHAA 1991) ¢ BAM CPR Se eM) BAM CER EA BR HH AR at > 1995) ° we A RA AR AE RO Bl 4): RAR CMM BH) B 20M (Gd: BH HL » 1998 6A)? SCR MAR) MR OY 89 me: (HARARE SRRARR) (Gi: PRR fr» 1993) °FS ERA Hh, WEA «TOR RR CMSB eB) MR AR eit 1984) ° BRS RR HDR HW Wee) HRRPRARKE® SHAS POD CP BD WB) 1998 HR 12 We RCM (BW SWRABHR) RAR CRAB SHR MR) (Gi RAXLKRRRBARA ease REM CPM RRB) OPE WR tk > 1993) ° RAC RF BS Hw BM RA fh OE ALO NOR) BS CR GA BE SS RE aR) CG dE: Bw se te HO WG AR A A 1983) ° BEA RE ARE, RSM TR Say BZ Ee we) > MRS COR be ae RD (Git: ARR KKS SH RH > 1994)- A.S, Cua, The Unity of Knowledge and Action, Hawaii: the HON oh ae University Press of Hawaii, 1982. Karl Popper, The Poverty of Historicism, New York: Routledge ARK Paperbacks, 1989. 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