WAN Technology: S WAN Connection Physical

‫‪Republic of Iraq‬‬ ‫جمهوريت العراق‬
‫‪Ministry of Higher Education and‬‬ ‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

‫‪Scientific Research‬‬ ‫جامع ــتباب ــل‬
‫‪University of Babylon‬‬ ‫كلي ـ ــتجكنولوجيااملعلوماث‬
‫‪College of Information Technology‬‬ ‫قسم شبكاث املعلوماث‬
‫‪Department of Information Network‬‬ ‫التقريرالنهائي‬
‫التقريرالنهائي‬
‫للعام الدراس ي ‪ 9191-9102‬الفصل الدراس ي (الاول ‪ /‬الثاني)‬
‫جقريربعنوان‬
‫‪Physical WAN Connections‬‬
‫اعداد الطالب‬
‫حيدرابراهيم حسين السبيدي‬
‫املادة ‪WAN Technology-:‬‬
‫املرحلت ‪ -:‬الرابعت‬
‫الدراست ‪ -:‬املسائي‬
‫باشراف الاستاذ‬
‫عالء حمود‬
‫‪Page 1 of 14‬‬
Republic of Iraq ‫جمهوريت العراق‬
Ministry of Higher Education and ‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬
Scientific Research ‫جامع ــتباب ــل‬
University of Babylon ‫كلي ـ ــتجكنولوجيااملعلوماث‬
College of Information Technology ‫قسم شبكاث املعلوماث‬
Department of Information Network ‫التقريرالنهائي‬
Abstract
A WAN uses data links provided by carrier services to access the
Internet and connect different locations of an organization to each other.
The physical layer of a WAN describes the physical connections between
the company network and the service provider network.
 What are WAN connection?
A wide area network (WAN) connection allows devices to connect over a wide
geographic area without utilising public internet. Without a WAN, information
can only travel within the local area network (LAN), such as in one office. For
businesses wanting to collaborate across multiple locations, a WAN is essential.
 How does WAN connection work?
WANs are either point-to-point, involving a direct connection between two
sites, or operate across packet-switched networks, in which data is transmitted
in packets over shared circuits. Depending on the service, WANs can be used
for almost any data sharing purpose for which LANs can be used.
 What is WAN example?
The best example of a Wide Area Network is th Internet itself. ... A school
network is usually a LAN. LANs are often connected to WANs, for example, a
school network could be connected to the Internet. WANs can be connected
together using the Internet, leased lines or satellite links.
Types of WAN technologies
 TCP/IP protocol suite.
TCP/IP is a protocol suite of foundational communication protocols used
to interconnect network devices on today's Internet and other
computer/device networks. ...
 RouterOverlay network. ...
 Packet over SONET/SDH (PoS)
 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
 ATM
 Frame Relay.
Page 2 of 14
Introduction
WAN Technology
So far, we talked about some physical layer terminology and different methods
to forward data on a network. Let’s look now at some actual WAN technologies
that we use or used in the past.
Leased Lines
Leased lines are one of the older WAN options. Imagine we have a LAN in
New York and another LAN in Miami. Somehow, we need to connect these two
networks. A leased line is a point-to-point link that we exclusively use, often
offered by a phone company. Leased lines have been out there for awhile so
there are a bunch of other names we use for this:
 T1 / T3 / E1 / E3
 Point-to-point link
 Serial link
 Leased circuit
This point to point link will only be used by the customer that is paying for it,
which makes it an expensive option. From the customer’s perspective, it looks
like this:
Page 3 of 14
There are a number of different bandwidth options for leased lines. Here are
some examples
Type Speed Region
64
DS0 USA
Kbps
T1 1.54
USA
(DS1) Mbps
T3 43.736
USA
(DS3) Mbps
64
E0 Europe
Kbps
2.048
E1 Europe
Mbps
34.368
E3 Europe
Mbps
In the USA, we have DS (Digital Signal) 1, 2 and 3. The DS1 option are
24 multiplexed DS0 lines, called T1. The DS3 line are 28 multiplexed
DS1 lines The E0, E1 and E3 lines are the European equivalents
Page 4 of 14
Let’s take a closer look what the connection of a leased line looks like:
Above we see that the WAN service provider (phone company) offers a two
pair cable to the customer, which terminates in an RJ48 socket. This socket is
connected with a patch cable to the CSU/DSU. The CSU/DSU is connected to
the router with a serial cable to a serial interface.
Let’s look at some pictures of these items/devices. Here’s a serial interface of a

Cisco router
Page 5 of 14
These serial interfaces are WIC modules that you can insert in some of the
Cisco router models. Here’s an example of a CSU/DSU, the DC1200
by Metrodata:
Above you can see DTE port that has to be connected to the router. On the right side
there’s the connector for the E1 line. To connect the router to this device, we can use the
following cable:
Page 6 of 14
If you want to practice with leased lines in your own lab, then there is no need
to buy a CSU/DSU. It is possible to connect two Cisco routers “back to back”
with a serial cable:
Above you can see that one connector is labeled as DCE, the other as DTE. To
make a back to back serial link work, you will have to do one thing that
normally the CSU/DSU does for you and that is clocking which defines the
speed of the link. A Cisco router can configure clocking on the interface, which
has to be done on the DCE interface.
On the data link layer, there are two protocols we can use on leased
lines: PPP and HDLC
Frame-relay
Frame-relay is also an older WAN technology that was an alternative to leased
lines. With a leased line, you are the only one using the link so it’s quite an
expensive option. Frame-relay offers point-to-point and point-to-multipoint
circuits with a shared network, which is cheaper than a dedicated line.
Page 7 of 14
DSL
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) became a very popular option for high-speed
Internet access since it uses the analog phone cables that pretty much every
home or building has. The speed that you get depends on the distance between
your home and the phone company.
Here’s what DSL looks like:
At the customer, we have a splitter that is connected to the phone line that the
phone company offers. One RJ11 (phone cable) goes to your analog phones, the
other one is connected to a DSL modem. The DSL modem has an Ethernet
connection to your router. Nowadays, the DSL modem is often integrated in the
router. The phone company uses a device called a DSLAM (DSL access
multiplexer) which splits the data traffic and voice traffic from each other. Data
traffic is forwarded to a router, voice traffic to a voice switch.
Most DSL providers offer asymmetric speeds; the downstream bandwidth is

higher than the upstream bandwidth. There are many flavors of DSL like
ADSL, SDSL, HDSL and VDSL.
Page 8 of 14
Cable
Cable Internet is similar to DSL, it also became popular since most homes and
buildings have a cable connection. Cable Internet uses the DOCSIS (Data Over
Cable Service Interface Specification) standard to transport data over a coaxial
cable.Coaxial cables offer a wider frequency range than the two pair phone
cables we use for DSL, allowing higher throughput. Some cable providers offer
~ 300 Mbit connections.
Cable internet often offers higher bandwidth but this can depend on the number
of subscribers on the network. Here’s an illustration:
The picture above is similar to the DSL picture, except we now have coaxial
cables and a cable modem. On the cable company side, we have to split the
video and data traffic.
Page 9 of 14
Ethernet
Ethernet has also made its way to the WAN. The 1000BASE-ZX standard, for
example, supports a distance of ~40 miles over single-mode fiber
connections. From the customer’s perspective, it looks similar to the leased
line:
On each customer site, we have a router with a fiber connection to the Ethernet
WAN provider. The connection at the service provider side is called the POP
(Point of Presence). Many providers call this an Ethernet private line. It’s also
possible to have more than two sites, creating a multi-access network.
Ethernet is also used with different “underlying” WAN technologies like

EoMPLS (Ethernet over MPLS).
 Design options
The textbook definition of a WAN is a computer network spanning regions,
countries, or even the world. However, in terms of the application of
computer networking protocols and concepts, it may be best to view WANs as
computer networking technologies used to transmit data over long distances,
and between different LANs, MANs and other localised computer networking
architectures. This distinction stems from the fact that common LAN
technologies operating at lower layers of the OSI model (such as the forms
of Ethernet or Wi-Fi) are often designed for physically proximal networks, and
thus cannot transmit data over tens, hundreds, or even thousands of miles or
kilometres.
WANs do not just necessarily connect physically disparate LANs. A CAN, for
example, may have a localized backbone of a WAN technology, which connects
Page 10 of 14
different LANs within a campus. This could be to facilitate

higher bandwidth applications or provide better functionality for users in the
CAN.
WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together so that
users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers
in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are
private. Others, built by Internet service providers provide connections from an
organization's LAN to the Internet. WANs are often built using leased lines. At
each end of the leased line, a router connects the LAN on one side with a
second router within the LAN on the other. Leased lines can be very expensive.
Instead of using leased lines, WANs can also be built using less costly circuit
switching or packet switching methods. Network protocols including TCP/IP
deliver transport and addressing functions. Protocols including Packet over
SONET/SDH, Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM) and Frame Relay are often used by service providers to deliver
the links that are used in WANs. X.25 was an important early WAN protocol,
and is often considered to be the "grandfather" of Frame Relay as many of the
underlying protocols and functions of X.25 are still in use today (with upgrades)
by Frame Relay.
Academic research into wide area networks can be broken down into three
areas: mathematical models, network emulation, and network simulation.
Performance improvements are sometimes delivered via wide area file
services or WAN optimization.
 Private networks
Of the approximately four billion addresses defined in IPv4, about 18 million
addresses in three ranges are reserved for use in private networks Packets
addresses in these ranges are not routable in the public Internet; they are ignored
by all public routers. Therefore, private hosts cannot directly communicate with
public networks, but require network address translation at a routing gateway
for this purpose.
Page 11 of 14
Reserved private IPv4 network ranges[6]
Number of
Name CIDR block Address range Classful description
addresses
24-bit 10.0.0.0 –
10.0.0.0/8 16777216 Single Class A.
block 10.255.255.255
20-bit 172.16.0.0 – Contiguous range of 16

172.16.0.0/12 1048576
block 172.31.255.255 Class B blocks.
16-bit 192.168.0.0 – Contiguous range of 256

192.168.0.0/16 65536
block 192.168.255.255 Class C blocks.
Since two private networks, e.g., two branch offices, cannot directly
interoperate via the public Internet, the two networks must be bridged across the
Internet via a virtual private network (VPN) or an IP tunnel,
which encapsulates packets, including their headers containing the private
addresses, in a protocol layer during transmission across the public network.
Additionally, encapsulated packets may be encrypted for the transmission
across public networks to secure the data.
Page 12 of 14
 Connection technology
Many technologies are available for wide area network links. Examples
include circuit-switched telephone lines, radio wave transmission, and optical
fiber. New developments in technologies have successively increased
transmission rates. In ca. 1960, a 110 bit/s (bits per second) line was normal on
the edge of the WAN, while core links of 56 kbit/s to 64 kbit/s were considered
fast. As of 2014, households are connected to the Internet with dial-
up, asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable, WiMAX 4G or fiber. The
speeds that people can currently use range from 28.8 kbit/s through a
28K modem over a telephone connection to speeds as high as 100 Gbit/s
using 100 Gigabit Ethernet
The following communication and networking technologies have been used to
implement WANs.
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode

 Cable modem
 Dial-up internet
 Digital subscriber line
 Fiber-optic communication
 Frame Relay
 ISDN
 Leased line
 SD-WAN
 Synchronous optical networking
 X.25
 400-gigabit Ethernet
AT&T conducted trials in 2017 for business use of 400-gigabit
Ethernet Researchers Robert Maher, Alex Alvarado, Domaniç Lavery, and
Polina Bayvel of University College London were able to increase
networking speeds to 1.125 terabits per second. Christos Santis, graduate
student Scott Steger, Amnon Yariv, Martin and Eileen Summerfield
developed a new laser that potentially quadruples transfer speeds with
fiber optics.
Page 13 of 14
 References
1. ^ "A WAN Is a Wide Area Network. Here's How They

Work". Lifewire. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
2. ^ Groth, David and Skandler, Toby (2005). Network+ Study
Guide, Fourth Edition. Sybex, Inc. ISBN 0-7821-4406-3.
3. ^ Forouzan, Behrouz (2012-02-17). Data Communications and
Networking. McGraw-Hill. p. 14. ISBN 9780073376226.
4. ^ "Campus Area Networks (CAN). Computer and Network
Examples". conceptdraw.com.
5. ^ "Frame relay". techtarget.com.
6. ^ Y. Rekhter; B. Moskowitz; D. Karrenberg; G. J. de Groot; E.
Lear (February 1996). Address Allocation for Private Internets.
Network Working Group IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC1918. BCP
5. RFC 1918.
7. ^ "Welcome to the GitHub API Development and Support
Board!". github.community. 2018-11-07. Retrieved 2019-07-26.
8. ^ "AT&T Completes Industry-Leading 400 Gb Ethernet Testing,
Establishing A Future Network Blueprint for Service Providers
and Businesses". www.att.com. September 8, 2017.
9. ^ Maher, Robert; Alvarado, Alex; Lavery, Domaniç; Bayvel,
Polina (11 February 2016). "Increasing the information rates of
optical communications via coded modulation: a study of
transceiver performance". Scientific Reports. 6 (1):
21278. doi:10.1038/srep21278. PMC 4750034. PMID
26864633
10. ^ "A New Laser for a Faster Internet - Caltec". Cal Tech.
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‫‪Republic of Iraq‬‬ ‫جمهوريت العراق‬

‫‪Ministry of Higher Education and‬‬ ‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

Type Speed Region

Let’s look at some pictures of these items/devices. Here’s a serial interface of a

Here’s what DSL looks like:

Most DSL providers offer asymmetric speeds; the downstream bandwidth is

Ethernet is also used with different “underlying” WAN technologies like

different LANs within a campus. This could be to facilitate

Reserved private IPv4 network ranges[6]

20-bit 172.16.0.0 – Contiguous range of 16

16-bit 192.168.0.0 – Contiguous range of 256

 Asynchronous Transfer Mode

1. ^ "A WAN Is a Wide Area Network. Here's How They

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