FORMATION EVALUATION

PETE 663

NET SAND/PAY, RESOURCES, AND RESERVES

Summer 2010

Notes by J. Jensen, W. Ayers, D. Schechter

 DEFINING NET PAY
• What is “net pay”?
• Several definitions; sometimes confusing
• How we determine reserves depends on
objectives and data available
– Static: resource and reserve calculations; what is there and
estimated recoverable?
– Dynamic: what will flow?
• Data used
– Logs
– Core
– Well tests
– Production
– Seismic
NET SAND / PAY, RESOURCE AND
RESERVE DETERMINATIONS
Methods
• Volumetric (Static)

• Dynamic

• Production History

• Analogy
 DETERMINING HYDROCARBONS
IN-PLACE
• Static Definition
OOIP = 7758 Ah φ(1 - Sw)/Boi

• Assumes net properties

• Evaluating net
– Identify any area without HC’s
– Logs: apply series of criteria
• (Sw > cutoff) AND (Vsh > cutoff) AND (φ < cutoff) etc…
• Compare with core, if available
• Calibrate to seismic?
Fluid Distribution
INPUTS TO VOLUMETRIC RESERVES
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200

Calculate φ, Sw
10700

10800

• Vshale
• Thickness
• Porosity

10900

Modfoed from NExT, 1999

NET OIL PAY ISOPACH MAP

Dry Hole #2
2’

Well #2
45’
Well #4
Well #5 49’
64’
60 Well #3
Well #1 50 55’
21’
40 Dry Hole #1
20 0’
0
NExT, 1999
SOME TERMINOLOGY
 MORE TERMINOLOGY

Also, called
True Stratigraphic
Thickness (TST)

Measured Thickness (MT)

CORRELATION
TECHNIQUES

DATUM

Marker beds

Log patterns
WELL-LOG CORRELATION

Stratigraphic Cross Section

STRUCTURAL CROSS SECTION

DATUM

B Marker
RESERVOIR DETERMINATION
 DEFINING NET PAY
100
Common alternatives
for net pay definition
10
– Use static criteria

Permeability, mD
• (Sw > cutoff) AND (Vsh >
cutoff) AND (φ < cutoff)
1
etc…
– Try to correlate k with
log measurements 0.1
• Use core data

0.01
0 5 10 15 20
Porosity, %
 DEFINING NET PAY
Core data & logs for 100
net pay determination
– Define k cutoff e.g., 1mD
10
– Define φ value e.g. φ = 10%

Permeability, mD
– Apply net pay using log φ 1
value φ > 10%
– Note errors arise
• k > 1 AND φ < 10% 0.1
– 11 of 86
– Prob(k > 1 AND φ < 10) = 13%
0.01
• k < 1 AND φ > 10% 0 5 10 15 20
– 2 of 86 Porosity, %
– Prob(k < 1 AND φ > 10) = 2%
• Prob(k > 1 | φ < 10%) = 24%
 DEFINING NET PAY
100

Deciding on predictor 10
log(s)

Permeability, mD
– What controls perm?
1
– Carbonates
• Grain size and sorting less
effect
0.1
• Diagenesis more important
• Critical thresholds often seen
– Below φ = 10, k variable
0.01
– Above φ = 10, k systematic 0 5 10 15 20
Porosity, %
RESERVOIR DETERMINATION
Net-to-Gross Determination
Defining Gross Thickness, Net Sand,
and Net Pay

Measure thickness (MT) of (Transitional)

Well 1 < MT of Well 2
 Net Pay Map Determination
A)
B)

C)

Combination Trap:
Faulted Anticline and
Stratigraphic Pinch-Out
Structure Map and Cross Section
 Summary

• OOIP = 7758 Ah φ(1 - Sw)/Boi

• Oil reserves = OOIP x R.F.
• OGIP = 43,560 Ah φ(1 - Sw)/Bgi
• Gas reserves = OGIP x R.F.
• Remaining reserves = Reserves at
original conditions - cumulative
production
Modfoed from NExT, 1999