Solutions to LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics Volume II Waves . Optics . Modern Physics Second Edition ABHAY KUMAR SINGH Abhay’s J.T. Physics Teaching Centre Patna-6 CBS PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS 4596/1A, 11 DARYAGANW, NEW DELHI - 110 002 (INDIA)ISBN : 81-239-0486-X First Edition : 1996 Reprint: 1997 Second Edition : 1998 Reprint : 2000 Reprint : 2002 Reprint : 2004 Copyright © Author & Publisher Ail rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical. including photocopying, recording. or any information storage and retrieval system without permission, in writing, from the publisher. Published by S.K. Jain for CBS Publishers & Distributors, 4596/1A, 11 Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002 (India). Printed at : J.S. Offset Printers, Delhi - 110 051In the memory of Late Shri Arvind Kumar (Ex-Director, The Premier institute, Patna) The man who taught me how to teach.FOREWORD Science, in general, and physics, in particular, have evolved out of man’s quest to know beyond unknowns. Matter, radiation and their mutual interactions are basically studied in physics. Essentially, this is an experimental science. By observing appropriate phenomena in nature one arrives at a set of rules which goes to establish some basic fundamental concepts. Entire physics rests on them. Mere knowledge of them is however not enough. Ability to apply them to real day-to-day problems is required. Prof. Irodov’s book contains one such set of numerical exercises spread over a wide spectrum of physical disciplines. Some of the problems of the book long appeared to be notorious to pose serious challenges to students as well as to their teachers. This book by Prof. Singh on the solutions of problems of Irodav’s book, at the outset, seems to remove the sense of awe which at one time prevailed. Traditionally a difficult exercise to solve continues to draw the attention of concerned persons over a sufficiently long time. Once a logical solution for it becomes available, the difficulties associated with its solutions are forgotten very soon. This statement is not only valid for the solutions of simple physical problems but also to various physical phenomena. Nevertheless, Prof. Singh’s attempt to write a book of this magnitude deserves an all out praise. His ways of solving problems are elegant, straight forward, simple and direct. By writing this book he has definitely contributed to the cause of physics education. A word of advice to its users is hovever necessary. The solution to a particular problem as given in this book is never to be consulted unless an all out effort in solving it independently has been already made. Only by such judicious uses of this book one would be able to reap better benefits out of it. As a teacher who has taught physics and who has been in touch with physics curricula at LLT., Delhi for over thirty years, I earnestly feel that this book will certainly be of benefit to younger students in their formative years. Dr. Dilip Kumar Roy Professor of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi New Delhi-110016.FOREWORD A proper understanding of the physical laws and principles that govern nature require solutions of related problems which exemplify the principle in question and leads to a better grasp of the principles involved. It is only through experiments or through solutions of multifarious problem-oriented questions can a student master the intricacies and fall outs of a physical law. According to Ira M. Freeman, professor of physics of the state university of new Jersy at Rutgers and author of ‘“physic--principles and Insights’” -- “In certain situations mathematical formulation actually promotes intuitive understand- ing....... Sometimes a mathematical formulation is not feasible, so that ordinary language must take the place of mathematics in both roles. However, Mathematics is far more rigorous and its concepts more precise than those of language. Any science that is able to make extensive use of mathematical symbolism and procedures is justly called an exact science”. I.E. Irodov’s problems in General Physics fulfills such a need. This book originally published in Russia contains about 1900 problems on mechanics, thermody- namics, molecular physics, electrodynamics, waves and oscillations, optics, atomic and nuclear physics. The book has survived the test of class room for many years as is evident from its number of reprint editions, which have appeared since the first English edition of 1981, including an Indian Edition at affordable price for Indian students. Abhay Kumar Singh’s present book containing solutions to Dr. LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics is a welcome attempt to develop a student’s problem solving skills. The book should be very useful for the students studying a general course in physics and also in developing their skills to answer questions normally encountered in national level entrance examinations conducted each year by various bodies for admissions to profes- sional colleges in science and technology. B.P. PAL Professor of Physics LLT., DelhiPreface to the Second Edition Perhaps nothing could be more gratifying for an author than seeing his ‘brainchild’ attain wide acclaim. Fortunately, it happes so with ‘Solutions to I. E. Trodov’s Problems in General Physics (Volume-II) authored by me. Since inception, it showed signs of excellence amidst its ‘peer-group’, so much so that it fell victim to Piracy-syndrome. The reported on rush of spurious copies of this volume in the market accelerated the pace of our contemplation for this second edition. Taking advantage of this occassion the book has almost been comptelely vetted to cater to the needs of aspiring students. My heart felt thanks are due to all those who have directly or indirectly engineered the cause of its existing status in the book-world. Paina June 1997 Abhay Kumar SinghPreface the second volume of my “Solutions to LE. Irodov’s Problems in General It contains solutions to the last three chapters of the problem book ‘‘Problems in General Physics’’. As in the first volume, in this second one also only standard methods have been used to solve the problems, befitting the standard of the problems solved. Nothing succeeds like success, they say. From the way my earlier books have been received by physics loving people all over the country, I can only hope that my present attempt too will be appreciated and made use of at a large scale by the physics fraternity. My special thanks are due to my teacher Dr. (Prof.) J. Thakur, Department of Physics, Patna University, who has been my source of energy and inspiration throughout the preparation of this book. I am also thankful to computer operator Mr. S. Shahab Ahmad and artist Rajeshwar Prasad of my institute (Abhay’s LIT. Physics Teaching Centre, Mahendru, Patna-6) for their pains-taking efforts. I am also thantful to all my well-wishers, friends and family members for their emotional support. Abhay Kumar Singh Patna July, 1996Preface 4.1 4.2 4.3 44 5.1 5.2 5.3 54 5.5 5.7 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 CONTENTS PART FOUR OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES Mechanical Oscillations Electric Oscillations . . os Elastic Waves. Acoustics ..... . Electromagnetic Waves. Radiation . PART FIVE OPTICS Photometry and Geometrical Optics 1s Interference of Light - 149 Diffraction of Light . 162 Polarization of Light Dispersion and Absorption of Light Optics of Moving Sources Thermal Radiation. Quantum Nature of Light . PART SIX ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS Scattering of Particles. Rutherford-Bohr Atom ........ Wave Properties of Particles. Schrédinger Equation Properties of Atoms. Spectra Molecules and Crystals Radioactivity... .......5 Nuclear Reactions . Elementary ParticlesPART FOUR OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES 4.1 MECHANICAL OSCILLATIONS 41 (a) Given, x = acos (+-3) : . x 7 x So, v, =x = -awsin{ of-2) and w, = x = - a0? cos{ wt-= a ) On-the basis of obtained expressions plots x(t), v(t) and w,(t) can be drawn as shown in the answershect, (of the problem book ). (b) From Eqn (1) v= ~aesin(or-Z) So, = aatsn? (1-3) Q) But from the law x = acos(wt-1/4), so,x” = a’ cos*(wt-2/4) or, cos*(wt-n/4) = x*/a? or sin?(wt-x/4) = 1-8 @) Using (3) in (2), te ee#(1-5] or vz = w*(a’-x*) @ Again from Eqn (4), w, = - 4.07 cos(wt-1/4) = -w?x [=r] 4.2 (a) From the motion law of the particle x = asin’ (wt-2/4) = a_a x a. 4. or, x-$ = ~Gom(201-F) = -Feindor = Fsin@aren) ; ala, ie. x-5 sin (20142). @ Now compairing this equation with the general equation of harmonic oscillations : X = Asin (apt+a) 2 Amplitude, A = 5 and angular frequency, @) = 20. Thus the period of one full oscillation, T= 2a, z 0(b) Differentiating Eqn (1) w.rt. time Vy = aw cos (2 t+) oF vena? 0? cos? 2.0 t+) =a? a? [1 —sin? (201 +2)] (2) 2 2 From Eqn (1) (=-5) = Gsin? (2or+n) ) x Se1- a or, a =sin?(2wt+2) oF 1s? @orenya“E(1-2) 8 From Eqns (2) and (3), v_=a? oF . 3] =407x(a-x) Plot of v,(x) is as shown in the answersheet. 4.3 Let the general equation of S.H.M. be x = acos(wt+a) w So, Vv, = -awsin(wt+a) Q) Let us assume that att = 0 , x = x9 and Vx = Vay Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) for = 0, x) = acosa, and v, = - awsina y, v Therefore tana=-—* and a= V + ( Oxo ) = 35.35 cm o Under our assumption Eqns (1) and (2) give the sought x and v, if 2 =240s,a=V B+(4/0) and a = tan~! (-33 0 Putting all the given numerical values, we get : x=- 29cm and v, =~ 81om/s t ala 44 From the Equ, v= @7(a-x?) (see Eqn. 4 of 4.1) vi= @*(a?-x}) and v3 = w?(a?-23) Solving these Eqns simultaneously, we get @ = V (4-¥9)/09-9) , a= V (ud-vixd) /(d-v3) 4.5 (a) When a particle starts from an extreme position, it is useful to write the motion law as x = acoswt @ (However x is the displacement from the equlibrium position) It 1 be the time to cover the distence @/2 then from (1) a a 1 x a- F=f aeoswh or coswe = 5 = cos (as 4< 7/4) x x r thus 4" 30" 3QnT) 76As X= acoswt, so, Vv, = -ausinat Thus vely|=-v¥, = aesinws, forts 1 = 1/6 Hence sought mean velocity fu Sara = fa(2a/Nsinorat/ 7/6 = 32-05 m/s () In this case, it is easier to write the motion law in the form : x= asinot ® If f be the time to cover the distance a/2, then from Eqn (2) . 20 2x 1 a/2 = asin“ or sin 7 297 sin (as) = "tanfs SF 00s Peds = SP = m/s 46 (a) Asx = asinot S80, Vv, = awcoswt 3 at Ja@cos(2x/T)tdt 0 2V2ao(. 2x Thus =fv_dt/fat= i; oh (wine 7 = =) 8 (b) In accordance with the problem v= vi so, |< vd] =|| 2V2a0|_ 2V2a0 3x “3x Hence, using part (a), || = | (6) We have got, v, = awcos wt So, v = |v,] = awcoswt, for ts T/4 =-awcoswt, for T/4sts arwm”! 31/8 fag Lawersordees —awens ord Hence, = 7 fa 37/8 Using w = 2%/T, and on evaluating the integral we get 2(4-V2)aw 3x 4.7 From the motion law, x = a.cos wf, it is obvious that the time taken to cover the distance equal to the amplitude (a), starting from extreme position equals 7/4, Now one can write T T fa nGtto, [where to <7 and n= As the particle moves according to the law, x = acos wf, so at n= 1,3,5 .... or for odd 7 values it passes through the mean positon and for even numbers of # it comes to an extreme position (if f = 0). Case (1) when n is an odd number : In this case, from the equation x = x asinwz, if the t is counted from 7/4 and the distance covered in the time interval i : T : nn to becomes,s, = asinw fo = asinw|r—n Z| = asin{ wr — 5 Thus the sought distance covered for odd n is i nn . nn s = nats, = natasin( or-"*) = al n+sin{ or-2% (01-3) -e[rre(er- 3] Case (2), when 7 is even, In this case from the equation X = acos wt, the distance covered (s2) in the interval fo, is given by T x 1-5, ecwoy = aase(s-n2) » aca (o1-n5} or, 5) = a} 1-cos{ wr- 2% ; a= > Hence the sought distance for n is even nx nx se nats a nara[t—cos(os-%8)| = a[net-cos(or-%*)| In general w[net ec (wr- 8] ] sa wee x . moc ee a) msin [or je is odd4.8 Obviously the motion law is of the from, x = asinwt, and vy = @acos wt. Comparing v, = @acos wt with v, = 35 cos xt, we get oon, a= thus T= 2222 and 7/4 = 05s ™ o Now we can write t= 28s= 5x7+03 (vier z. oss) As n= 5 is odd, like (4-7), we have to basically find the distance covered by the particle starting from the extreme position in the time interval 0-3 s. Thus from the Eqn. x= acsot= 3 cos n(03) 35 35 35 goat 008 x (03) or s, = = [1-08 03 x} Hence the sought distance 5 = 5x 38,35 x 3 (1-cos03.x} - 2 (6 - cos 03.4} = 32x76 -c0854*) 60m 4.9 As the motion is periodic the particle repeatedly passes through any given region in the range -a@s xs a, The probability that it lies in the range (x,x+d-x) is defined as the fraction at (as t—> ©) where A t is the time that the particle lies in the range (x, x + d.x) out of the total time £. Because of periodicity this is dt | 2dx T" vr where the factor 2 is needed to take account of the fact that the particle is in the range (x, x+dx) during both up and down phases of its motion. Now in a harmonic oscillator. v=i=wacosot= oVa-x Thus since » T = 2x(T is the time period) CPs dP= at - aP 1 ‘We get dP = 7dr 5 Note that S ae dx=1 so6 4.10 411 (2) We take a graph paper and choose an axis (X - axis) and an origin. Draw a vector of magnitude 3 inclined at an angle 5 with the X-axis. Draw another vector Als \ of magnitude 8 inclined at an angle -F (Since sin (w t+ x/6) = cos (wt x/3)) with the X= axis. The magnitude of the resultant of both these vectors (drawn from the origin) obtained using paral- lelogram law is the resultant, amplitude. < Clearly R32 + 87+ 238-005 2% 9+64-48x 4 = 73-24 = 49 Thus R = 7 units (b) One can follow the same graphical method here but the result can be obtained more quickly by breaking into sines and cosines and adding : Resultant += (30 Fpleare(6- Fe] mes = Acos (wt+a) sy sy Th A? = [3+] +{6-7— - ( #) ( 7) = 70-152 = 70-212 So, A = 6985 = 7 units Note- In using graphical method convert all oscillations to either sines or cosines but do not use both. Given, x; = acosw@t and x7 = acos2wt so, the net displacement, X =X, 4+2x) = a{coswt+cos2wt} = a{coswt+2cos*wt-1} and vy =k = a{-osin@t-4wcoswtsinot} For x to be maximum, ¥ = aa cos@t- 4407 cos’ wt+4ae'sin’ot = 0 or, 8 cos? wt + cos @t-4 = 0, which is a quadratic equation for cos wt. Solving for acceptable value cos wt = 0-644 thus sin wt = 0-765 | = +a [0-765 + 4 x 0-765 x 0-644] = +273 aw and4.12 We write : a acos2-1tcos50-0t = 3 {cos 52-1 1+ cos 47-9 r} Thus the angular frequencies of constituent oscillations are 521871 and 479s"* To get the beat period note that the variable amplitude acos2-1¢ becomes maximum (positive or negative), when 21r=nn Thus the interval between two maxima is i ay 7 15s nearly. 4.13 If the frequency of A with respect to K’ is vo and K’ oscillates with frequency ¥ with respect to K, the beat frequency of the point A in the K-frame will be v when ¥ = vev In the present case ¥ = 20 or 24, This means vo = 22. &v=2 Thus beats of 2v = 4 will be heard when V = 26 or 18. 414 (a) () From the Eqn: x = asinwt sin?@t = 7/a? or cos’ wr = 1-3 (a) @ And from the equation : y = boos wt cos?t = y°/b? Q From Eqns (1) and (2), we get : 2 2 2 1-5 eX on Be Hn a BF ae which is the standard equation of the ellipse shown in the figure. we observe that, at 1=0,x=0 and y=b x and at t=75, e240 and y=0 Thus we observe that at ¢ = 0, the point is at point 1 (Fig.) and at the following moments, the co-ordinate y diminishes and x becomes positive. Consequently the motion is clock- wise. Asx = asinwt and y = bcoswt So we may write 7°"= asinwt i+ bcoswtj” Tus r= Wa- 074.15 (a) From the Eqn. : x = asin, we have 4.16 coswt = V1 - (x2/a”) and from the Eqn. :y = asin2¢ 2 y = 2asinwt coswt= 2xV1-(x27/a?) or y= 4x7 (1-3) a (b) From the Eqn. : x = asinos sin’ wt = x°/a? Fromy = acos 2 2 y = a(1-2sin2or) = «(1-25] a For the plots see the plots of answersheet of the problem book. As U(x) = Up(1-cosax) So, = 42» ~Uyasinax @) or, - Uyaax (because for small angle of oscillations sin ax = ax) or, F, = - Usa"x @ But we know F, = - max, for small oscillation Thus og - gn Oe or oyna VO Hence the sought time period 7-28. 2am anV a then the equilibrium position is x = x9 when U' (xo) = 2a b 2a or 85 oy = 8. x b Now write : x =Xty b 1 : Then U(x) = -24 (x- m9) U (aa) +5 (2-H) U" (20) x %o But U" (a) = 94-25 - (2a/by? (35-2) = b/80° x XD \ ‘ So finally : U(x) = U(y)+5 alsa)"4.18 419 2 ‘We neglect remaining terms for small oscillations and compare with the PE. for a harmonic, oscillator : eae ond eb B prot 5 = |7, 0 w= 8a Veom v8 3 Thus Ta 2x Note : Equilibrium position is generally a minimum of the potential energy. Then U' (xp) = 0, U" (x9) > 0. The equilibrium position can in principle be a maximum but then U" (x) < O and the frequency of oscillations about this equilibrium position will be imaginary. The answer given in the book is incorrect both numerically and dimensionally. Let us locate and depict the forces acting on the ball at the position when it is at a distance x down from the undeformed position of the string. At this position, the unbalanced downward force on the ball = mg-2FsinO By Newton’s law, mi’ = mg -2F sin 0 = mg-2F0 (when Ois small ) = mg-2F = mg-4F 1 1* veg fF yo SF (mal Thus 4 = 8-Ty* nif" iF) putting x’ = x — mat , we get Fe * mi Thus T= 1 =.02s F Let us depict the forces acting on the oscillating ball at an arbitraty angular position 8. (Fig.), relative to equilibrium position where Fy is the force of buoyancy. For the ball from the equation : Nz = Iz, (where we have taken the positive sense of Z axis in the direction of angular velocity ie. © of the ball and passes through the point of suspension of the pendulum O ), we get : -mglsin@+F, sin = mP6 Using m = taro, Fe 7 fartp and sin @ = @ for small 6, in Eqn (1), we get :10 4.2 4.2: 0 8 é --F{1-8)e Thus the sought time period 1 T = 2x ————— = 20 Te V e(1-2 aa (2 $) ” Hence T=2aV —2 ois g(n-1) Obviously for small B the ball execute part of S.H.M. Due to the perfectly elastic collision the velocity of ball simply reversed. As the ball is in SH.M. (]0| < a on the left)its motion law in differential from can be written as 6 = - £0 ~~ «ho qa) If we assume that the ball is released from the extreme position, 0 = B att = 0, the solution of differential equation would be taken in the form 0 = Bos wot = Boos ¥ @ If £’ be the time taken by the ball to go from the extreme position 0 = B to the wall ic. © = - a, then Eqn. (2) can be rewritten as -a=pon Ee e vo VE ow (2) = VE (s-o'8) 8 8 Thus the sought time T= 2¢' = 2 a (=-«"'5} 1 (me, -1a aon -1 =2V + (Z4sin-32), [vecause sin~!x+cos~!x = n/2 vi (3 5) t 1 Tet the downward acceleration of the elevator car has continued for time ¢', then the sought time t= V 24 46°, where obviously 2h is the time of upward acceleration of the clevator. One should Hote that if the point of suspension of a mathematical pendulum moves with an acceleration W’, then the time period of the pendulum becomes (see 430) lg-w| In this problem the time period of the pendulum while it is moving upward with acceleration w becomes4.2; 8 i 2axnV u and its time period while the elevator moves downward with the same Btw 2 V magnitude of acceleration becomes g-w As the time of upward acceleration equals VV 2h , the total number of oscillations during this time equals V 2h/w 2nV1/(g+w) Thus the indicated time = Vaile — V7 =V2h/w V(g+w)/¢ xV 1/(g+w) Similarly the indicated time for the time interval! = ——— = 2nVifg = t' V(g-w)/g nV iAg-w) we demand that V2h/w V(g+w)/e +t'V(g-w)/e = V2h/w +t! Vinw Vetm ~Ve Ve or, = V2h/w Hence the sought time ee ~ ‘gtw-Ngow If the hydromoter were in equlibrium or floating, its weight will be balanced by the buoyancy force acting on it by the fluid. During its small oscillation, Jet us locate the hydrometer when it is at a vertically downward distance x from its equilibrium position. Obviously the net unbalanced force on the hycrometer is the excess buoyancy force directed upward and equals mr’x pg. Hence for the hydrometer. CL or, xen Hence the sought time period12 4.23 4.24 At first let us calculate the stiffness x, and x2 of both the parts of the spring. If we subject the original spring of stiffness x having the natural length /p (say), under the deforming forces F -F (say) to elongate the spring by the amount x, then ~ Fexx (Q) Therefore the elongation per unit length of the spring is x/lp . Now let us subject one of the parts of the spring of natural length 1 Jy under the same deforming forces F - F. Then the elongation of the spring will be Enh = nx 4 Thus F = «; (nx) Q) Hence from Eqns (1) and (2) K = 1K, oF Ky) = K/n @) ‘ni K Similarly m7 The position of the block m when both the parts of the spring are non-deformed, is its equilibrium position O. Let us displace the block m towards right or in positive x axis by the small distance x. Let us depict the forces acting on the block when it is at a distance x from its equilibrium position (Fig.). From the second law of motion in projection form i.e. F, = mw, wk eokge = me Kk. k e m= VF If the mercury mises in the left arm by x it must fall by a slanting length equal to x in the other arm. Total pressure difference in the two arms will then be pex+pexcosd = pgx(1+cos0) This will give rise to a restoring force = pgSx(1+co0s0) This must equal mass times acceleration which can be obtained from work energy principle.14 4.28 The KE. of the mercury in the tube is clearly : So mass times acceleration must be : mx’ Hence mx +pgS(1+cos0)x =.0 This is S.H.M. with a time period To 20 oy5(i +0080) In the equilibrium position the C.M. of the rod lies nid way between the two rotating wheels. Let us displace the rod horizontally by some small distance and then release it. Let us depict the forces acting on the rod when its CM. is at distance x from its equilibrium position (Fig,). Since there is no net vertical force acting on the rod, Newton’s second law gives : Lp—>4e—lp—> Cc N,+Nz = mg (i) For the translational motion of the rod from the Eqn. : F, = m Wey KN,-KNy = mx @ As the rod experiences no net torque about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the Fig. through the C.M. of the rod. l+ l- mi(4$*} = (5*) ® Solving Eqns. (1), (2) and (3) simultaneously we get ve eBy Hence the sought time period a/ I af 2! T=2n 7h g« ol15 4.29 (a) The only force acting on the ball is the gravitational force F, of magnitude y tn pmr, © (©) where y is the gravitational constant p, the density of the Earth and r is the distance of the body from the centre of the Earth, But, g=7 43 R, so the expression for F can be written as, F =~ mg, here R is the radius of the Earth and the equation of motion in projection form has the form, or, mi'+ "Ex = 0 The equation, obtained above has the form of an equation of S.H.M. having the time period, T=2x vz Hence the body will reach the other end of the shaft in the time, rete nVk 2 8g From the conditions of S.H.M., the speed of the body at the centre of the Earth will be maximum, having the magnitude, v= Rw =RVg/R = VBR = 7-9km/s. = 42 min. 4.30 In the frame of point of suspension the mathematical pendulum of mass m (say) will oscillate. In this frame, the body m will experience the ertial force m(~ W) in addition to the real forces during its oscillations. Therefore in equilibrium position m is deviated by some angle say a. In equilibrium position Tycosa = mg+mweos(x-B) and Tosina = mwsin(x-B) So, from these two Eqns tan a= Sa W088 wsinB a) and cos a=16 43) 4.32 Let us displace the bob m from its equilibrium position by some small angle and then release it. Now locate the ball at an angular position (ct + 0) from vertical as shown in the figure. From the Eqn. : Nee = 1B, - mg sin (a + 0) - mw cos (x - B) I sin (a. + 0) + mwsin (x - B) [cos (a + 0) =m 170 or, g (sin a cos 0 + cos asin 8) - w cos (x - B) (sin a. cos 0 + cos asin 0) + w sin B (cos a cos 0 - sin a sin 0) =160 But for small 0, sinO = 0 cosO = 1 So, = g (sin a + cos « 8) - w cos (x ~ B) (sin a + cos ot 8) + wsin B (cos co - sin « 6) =10 or, (tan 0+ 8) (w 008 B—g)+wsin B(1-tan 0) = 6° Q) Solving Eqns (1) and (2) simultaneously we get ~(g°-2ZwecosB+w?)O= 1V g?+w-2wecosB 6 Thus 6 -- ri ® . : Qn 7 Hence the sought time period T= “2 = 2” VW aoe py lg-w| Obviously the sleeve performs small oscillations in the frame of rotating rod. In the rod’s frame let us depict the forces acting on the sleeve along the length of the rod while the sleeve is at a small distance x towards right from its equilibrium position. The free body diagram of block does not contain Coriolis force, because it is perpendicualr to the length of the rod. From F, = mw, for the sleeve in the frame of rod -Kxtmorx = me 2 a o, = -(E-0?)x a A Keg mw Xp Thus the sought time period 2x T= 0-7s m It is obvious from Eqn (1) that the sleeve will not perform small oscillations if wzV * 1010d/s. m When the bar is about to start sliding along the plank, it experiences the maximum restoring force which is being provided by the limiting friction, Thus kN = moja or, kmg = moja7 2 2 oa a(2n or, ka a S[ H%) 2 4s. 8 (7) 4.33 The natural angular frequency of a mathematical pendulum equals w) = V g/I (a) We have the solution of S.H.M. equation in angular form : @ = 0,,cos (ot + a) If at the initial moment ic. att = 0, 0 = 6, than a = 0. Thus the above equation takes the form © = 0,, COS Wt = Vs © cos yf 28 8,,c0s VF FD Thus 0 = 3°cos3-5 (b) The S.H.M. equation in angular form : © = 0,,sin (wy t+a) If at the initial moment : = 0, 6 = 0, then & = 0.Then the above equation takes the form 8 = 6,,sin Wot Let vp be the velocity of the lower end of pendulam at 0 = 0, then from conserved of mechanical energy of oscillaton Emean = Eeareme % Tyean = Uectrem or, Fy} = mgi(1—c0s9_) Thus 0, « cos"? {1 -=¥-) @ cos-?{ 1-00-22" gs se 7 Ze1 2x9-8x0-8| ~ ‘Yuus the sought equation becomes 0 = 0,,sin wot = 45° sin3-5t (©) Let Qp and vo be the angular deviation and linear velocity at t = 0. As the mechanical energy of oscillation of the mathematical pendulum is conservation $ mvj mg (1 ~c05 0) = mg! (1-005 Om) 2 Yo or, J = 81( C08 0p ~ C05 0, ) 2 “1 YO | © cost oL Thus @,, = cos {os00- 34; cos {oss18 Then from @ = 5.4° sin (3.5 + a), we see that sin a. = a and cos a < 0 because the velovity is directed towards the centre. Thus a = i + 1.0 radians and we get the answer. 4.34 While the body A is at its upper extreme position, the spring is obviously elongated by the amount a m8 K If we indicate y-axis in vertically downward direction, Newton’s second law of motion in projection form ic. F, = mw, for body A gives : mare(e-ME) mate ope(a- ME) « miuta-s) ® (Because at any extreme position the magnitude of acceleration of an oscillating body equals 7a and is restoring in nature.) I£N be the normal force exerted by the floor on the body B, while the body A is at its upper extreme position, from Newton’s second law for body B Wee(e- TE) «me fF mg 2 + or, N= mg-x(a-— =| = mg-m,(w?a—g) ( using Eqn. 1) HenceN = (m, +m) g- moa When the body A is at its lower extreme position, the spring is compresed by the distance (e mE From Newton’s second law in projeciton forin ic. F, = mw, for body A at this state: mana(er TE = m(~ 07a) ot, «| ay 8 =m (grata) @) In this case if N second law be the normal force exerted by the floor on the body B, From Newton’s for body B we get: N’ = (a+ mE) ome = m,(g+0%a) + mg ( using Eqn. 3 ) Hence N' = (m+ m)g+mo7a From Newton’s third law the magnitude of sought forces are N' and N, respectively. 4.35 (a) For the block from Newton’s second law in projection form Fy = mw, N-mg=my @) But from y = a(1-coswt)19 ‘We get ¥ = ow acoswt Q From Eqns (1) and (2) 2 Neamg 142 eosor Q) From Newtons’s third law the force by which the body m exerts on the block is directed i" ; vertically downward and equls_N = m a(t + sos © ‘) (0) When the body m starts, falling behind the plank of loosing contact, N = 0, (because the normal reaction is the contact force). Thus from Eqn. (3) 2 mg(1+8 tomer) = 0 for some ¢. Hence Quy = g/0" « Bem. (©) We observe that the motion takes place about the mean position y = a. At the initial instant y = 0. As shown in (b) the normal reaction vanishes at a height (g/w*) above the position of equilibrium and the body flies off as a free body. The speed of the body at a distance (g/w*) from the equilibrium position is w V a?-(g/w’)", so that the condition of the problem gives [oVa?-(e/w' PP 28 Hence solving the resulting quadratic equation and taking the positive roof, am 2 eV AAE ow 00m. o’ o +Saaah o 4.36 (2) Let y(t) = displacement of the body from the end of the unstreched position of the This equation has the solution of the form y =A+Boos(mr+a) if - mo Bcos(wt+ta) = -K[A+Bcos(wt+a))+mg Then w= * and A= 78 m K we have y=0 and y=O0 at ¢=0.S0 -oBsina = 0 A+Bcosa = 0 Since B >0 and A> 0 we must have a = = BuA=™E «20 and y= "£(1-coswr) (b) Tension in the spring is T= xy = mg(1-coswt) so Trax = 2M, Tin = 0 4.37 In accordance with the problem = _, Fe-am7r So, m(ETR YP) = - am(xiF yj) Thus ¥ =-ax and y=-ay Hence the solution of the differential equation X= -ax becomes x = acos(wt+5), where wp = a So, E = - aapsin(wpt+a) From the initial conditions of the problem, v, = 0 and x = 7g at t= 0 So from Eqn. (2) a = 0, and Eqn takes the form X = TyCOSWyt SO, COS Wy t = X/To One of the solution of the other differential Eqn y' = - ay, becomes y = a'sin(at+8'), where op = o From the initial condition, y = 0 at t= 0, so 8 = 0 and Eqn (4) becomes : y = a’ sin wo 1(5) Differentiating w.r.t. time we get Y = a’ Wp COS yt But from the initial condition of the problem, ¥ = vo at = 0, So, from Eqn (6) Vo = a'@) Of, a’ = Vo/ty Using it in Eqn (5), we get y= 2sineyt or sinat = 2% @% ONG Squaring and adding Eqns (3) and (7) we get : iF 2 sin? ag t+ cos? ae 0 0 R 2 2 or, (7) +o(z) = (as a, = ab) @) Q G) @ © a” 4.38 (a) As the elevator car is a translating non-inertial frame, therefore the body m will experience an inertial force mw directed downward in frame, From the Newton’s second law in projection form F, = mw, for the body in the frame of elevator car: =o REvy)smeemn = my ion to the real forces in the elevator’s A)@) 21 ( Because the initial elongation in the spring is mg/x ) oe ( m o Pocono 2. mw or, aa(?- MY @ Eqn. (1) shows that the motion of the body m is S.H.M. and its solution becomes y- BY = asa VE rsa} (2) Differentiating Eqn (2) wart. time 52eVE (VE vee] a Using the initial condition y(0) = 0 in Eqn (2), we get : . mw asina = -—— and using the other initial condition (0) = 0 in Eqn (3) we get aV ~ csa=0 Thus a= -0/2 and a= ™™ Hence using these values in Eqn (2), we get Wt oe & yn’ (: os Vn ) Proceed up to Eqn.(1). The solution of this differential Eqn be of the form : oe asa('V = eva] K m or, -SE asa(VE 143} 2 >" k/m m or, y- “fe asin (wot +8) (vse o=V =| (4) @ From the initial condition that att= 0, y(0)= 0,500 =asind or 5=0 Thus Eqn.(4) takes the from :y- 4 = asin wot () “> Differentiating Eqn. (5) we get: y-- = awcos wt (6) “22 4.39 4.40 But from the other initial condition (0) = 0 at ¢ = 0. So, from Eqn.(6) ~S = a0 of a=-a/p 0 Putting the value ofa in Eqn. (5), we get the sought y(t). ie. a. a , = -—Zsin@ot or y = —7(Wpt-sin wot) o = a 9 There is an important difference between a rubber cord or steel coire and a spring. A spring can be pulled or compressed and in both cases, obey’s Hooke’s law. But a rubber cord becomes lodse when one tries to compress it and does not then obey Hooke’s law. Thus if we suspend a*body by a rubber cord it stretches by a distance mg/x in reaching the equilibrium configuration. If we further strech it by a distance Ah it will execute harmonic oscillations when released if Ah s mg/x because only in this case will the cord remain taut and obey Hooke’s law. Thus A Pax =m 8/K ‘The energy of oscillation in this case is 2 2 FEM haa P= 5 As the pan is of negligible mass, there is no loss of kinetic energy even though the collision is inelastic. The mechanical energy of the body m in the field generated by the joint action of both the gravity force and the elastic force is conserved ic. AE = 0. During the motion of the body m from the initial to the final (position of maximum compression of the spring) position AT = 0, and therefore AU = AU,,+AU,, = 0 a =mg(hex)+ine = 0 On solving the quadratic equation : or K ‘As minus sign is not acceptable +-ME VME, 2mah : If the body m were at rest on the spring, the corresponding position of m will be its equilibrium position and at this position the resultant force on the body m will be zero. Therefore the equilibrium compression A x (say) due to the body m will be given by KAx = mg or Ax = mg/x Therefore seperation between the equilibrium position and one of the extreme position i.e. the sought amplitude44) 23 The mechanical energy of oscillation which is conserved equals E = Ucureme because at the extreme position kinetic energy becomes zero. Although the weight of body m is a conservative force , it is not restoring in this problem, hence Ucireme is only concerned with the spring force. Therefore mee 2 P= mgh+ E = Unome * gra Unlike the previous (4.40) problem the kinetic energy of body m decreases due to the perfectly inelastic collision with the pan.Obviously the body m comes to strike the pan with velocity vo = V2gh If v be the common velocity of the " body m+ pan " system due to the collision then from the conservation of linear momentum. mvy = (M+m)v mvy__ mV2gh (M+m) ~ (M+m) At the moment the body m strikes the pan, the spring is compressed due to the weight af “he pan by the amount M g/« . If! be the further compression of the spring due to the \ cwcity acquired by the "pan - body m " system, then from the conservation of mechanical energy of the said system in the ficld generatad by the joint action of both the gravity and spring forces or ve 1) 2 Somemy? +(Mam)gl= dx a -$r Mey aad K a _ m2gh Mey 3 : an : ot, 5 (M+ m) TE + (M+) = 5 (o +hePomgt-Zn (48) Using») Pen or, saPe mgl- aa eras mas V mig? s SEEM Thus le = K As minus sign is not acceptable - mel 2,2, 2Km>gh beet m8 + (Mem) If the oscillating “pan + body m” system were at rest it correspond to their equilbrjum position i.e. the spring were compressed by Creme therefore the amplitude of oscillation mg mgy/,, 2h KOK ms a=l-24 44 8 The mechanical energy of oscillation which is only conserved with the restoring forces becomes E = U, = xa? (Because spring force is the only restoring force not the jeareme = weight of the body) Altemately E= Tran = 5 (M +m Ja? 0? : ai 2 K a1 yg? thus Ea piMema (Ze Ka We have F = a( ji ij) on m(ETEST) = a(pTZa7) So, Bey ee From the initial conditionat t = 0, x = 0 and y = 0 So, integrating Eqnymx' = ay : a we get say or im Ty Using Eqn (2) in the Eqn mi = -ax, we get 2 2 my =-Hy oy =-(=)y m one of the solution of differential Eqn (3) is y =A sin(@pt+a), where @ = a/m. As att = 0, y = 0, so the solution takes the form y = A sin wot On differentiating w.rt. time y = A wo cos wot From the initial condition of the problem, at t =.0, 9 = vo So, Vo = Aa or A = Vo/ay Thus Y = (Vo/ao ) sin Wo t Thus from (2) x = vo sin wot so integrating B- ~2 t x= B-~2 cos mw On usi Oatr=0,B = ~2 musi x-Oatr=0,B = ng = Yo Hence finally ¥ = (1 c0s opt) Hence from Eqns (4) and (6) we get [x= (vo/a) P+ y? = (v0/e9)? a) Q) (4) (6) ©) which is the equation of a circle of radius (vo/wo) with the centre at the point Xo = Vo/@o, Yo = 04.43 444 zo If water has frozen, the system consisting of the light rod and the frozen water in the hollow sphere constitute a compound (physical) pendulum to a very good approximation because we can take the whole system to be rigid. For such systems the time period is given by aD T,=22V a 1 “a where k? = zr? is the radius of gyration of the sphere. The situation is different when water is unfrozen. When dissipative forces (viscosity) are neglected, we are dealing with ideal fluids. Such fluids instantaneously respond to (unbalanced) internal stresses. Suppose the sphere with liquid water actually executes small rigid oscillations. Then the portion of the fluid above the centre of the sphere will have a greater acceleration than the portion below the centre because the linear acceleration of any clement is in this case, equal to angular acceleration of the element multiplied by the distance of the element from the centre of suspension (Recall that we are considering small oscillations). Then, as is obvious in a frame moving with the centre of mass, there will appear an unbalanced couple (not negated by any pseudoforces) which will cause the fluid to move rotationally so as to destroy differences in acceleration. Thus for this case of ideal tluids the pendulum must move in.such a way that the elements of the fluid all undergo the same acceleration. This implies that we have a simple (mathematical) pendulum with the time period : 7 Dl : g Thus a ) (One expects that a liquid with very small viscosity will have a time period close Ty while one with high viscosity will have a time period closer to T;.) Let us locate the rod at the position when it makes an angle © from the vertical. In this problem both, the gravity and spring forces are restoring conservative forces, thus from the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation of the oscillating system : aml? 23 Differentiating w.r. time, we get : mE ot emes (1-cos 0) + Se(ioy = constant LP oa é + Mel sinod+ Le 1?200 =0 Thus for very small 0 Hence, oo V3e(e 8).26 4.45 (a) Let us locate the system when the threads are deviated through an angle a’ 217 200 + mglsina’a’ = 0 Lise . So, 7708 + gla’a’ = 0( forsmalla’, sina’ = a’) Q) But from the Fig. L i ae 7° = la! or a’ 8 21 L: So, a = 56 Puiting these values of a’ and a in Eqn. (2) we get 2 £0 __ 389 at? L 720V5, Thus the sought time period T () The sought oscillation energy E = Usaeme = mgl(1-cosa) = mg l2sin? > 2 2 = mgi2©- = £12” (pecause for small angle sin « © ) 4.46 The <6. of the disc is 3 hig? = 2( )e- gmat The torsional potential energy is hee Thus the total energy is : imR +5 deg - LmR? aed ead By definition of the amplitude @,, @ = 0 when @ = Gq Thus total energy is27 a 2 V mk or m= mV 1+ Po kql = jmR gba tka 2 4.47 Moment of inertia of the rod equals a about its one end and perpendicular to its length 3 6 when the rod is displaced by an angle @ its C.G. goes up by a distance 2). 2 Thus rotational kinetic energy of the rod = 2 "r)@- ml 1 18 7 (1 cos ©) “7 for small 8. Thus the PE. becomes : mgt As the mechanical energy of oscillation of the rod is conserved. 2 (3 )Pa("E le Constant on differentiating w.rt. time and for the simplifies we get : = ~ 3£0 for smal 0. we see that the angular frequency w is = V3g/21 we write the general solution of the angular oscillation as : 0 = Acoswr+Bsinwt But 0 =O a r=0, soA =O and 6 = 0) at ¢= 0,50 B= 0/o 6 Thus 8 = cos 1+ sin wt Thus the KE. of the rod ee rem g = [-@ Opsin wf + Oy cos wt mi? R = 75 [5 cos? wt + 0? OF sin? w 1 2.6 09 0p sin oF c08 wt] On averaging over one time period the ~—‘dast’ «term — vanishes and < sin? @ > = < cos? w t> = 1/2, Thus = FP Grim? G5 (where w= 3 g/2)4.48 Let I = distance between the C.G. (C) of the pendulum and, its point of suspension O Originally the pendulum is in inverted position and its C.G. is above O. When it falls to th normal (stable) position of equilibrium its C.G. has fallen by a distance 2 J. In the equilibriun position the total energy is equal to KE. = dre and we have from energy conservation : 1g? = a glo? = mg2l or r= ABE Angular frequency of oscillation for a physical pendulum is given by w% = mg 1/I 2 Thus Te2nV— won V Smell _ dn mgl mgl 3 4.49 Let, moment of inertia of the pendulum, about the axis, concerned is J, then writing N, = IB, for the pendulum, -mgxsinaO=10 ot, o--"E 6 or small 0) which is the required equation for S.H.M. So, the frequency of oscillation, a= VME og, re ygVoar a Now, when the mass m is attached to the pendulum, at a distance / below the oscillating axis, 29 ~M gxsin0!-mglsin0’ = Um yoy 2 or, - eUMxe ml) gy 2 (For smatt 0 ) (I+ml?) dt which is again the equation of S.H.M., So, the new frequency, Vv g(Mx+ml) Q) (tml?) V g(U/eoi+ml) o, - ¥ eee (i+ml’) 2 Toitmgl * O° Tame @) = Solving Eqns. (1) and (2), or, 1 (3-07) = mgl-ma3zl? and hence, I= mI? (03 - g/l) /(@{- 03) = 0-8g-m?29 480 When the two pendulums are joined rigidly and set to oscillate, each exert wrques on the other, these torques are equal and opposite. We write the law of motion for the two pendulums as 16 = -030+6 6 =-0h0-G where + G is the torque of mutual interactions. We have written the restoring forces on each pendulum in the absence of the other as - 7,0 and - w3 Jy 0 respectively. Then fn Bolt body | hth 5 4/ of + ho a a hth 1 -078 4.51 Let us locate the rod when it is at small angular position @ relative to its equilibrium position. If a be the sought distance, then from the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation mga(1-cos®)+ 1 hoo: (0) = constant Differentiating wnt, time we get : mgasin00+ } oo 206 =0 2 But Too = + ma? and for small 0, sin = 0, we get a --(—f4-)o te Hence the time period of one full osscillation becomes e 2 pea talela T=2n mie T=" elite ag 2 For Tran » Obviously alia ‘ =0 vr So, -—t1=0 12a Hence Try = 2230 4.52 Consider ihe moment of inertia of the triangular plate about AB. I= [frrdm = ff pdxdy A B ne On using the area of the triangle AABC = —= andm = pA. : . v3 a A Thus KE. = me @ Nir 2 PE. = mgt (1-cos0) = Lmgh& Here 0 is the angle that the instantaneous plane of the plate makes with the equilibrium position which is vertical. (The plate rotates as a rigid body) 1 mi? 2 1 mgh Thus ba t+ Ee 2 Hence o? = 22. mgh / mk Ve ua 24 So Taam V ge nV. and teat = h/2- Let us go to the rotating frame, in which the disc is stationary. In this frame the rod is subjected to coriolis and centrifugal forces, Fey and F.s, where Foor = f 2am (vx @) and Fey = f amodr, where r is the position of an elemental mass of the rod (Fig.) with respect to point © (disc’s centre) and vede at As r= OP = OA+AP FF , So, Ge a (as OA is constant) As the rod is vibrating transversely, so v' is directed perpendicular to the length of the rod. Hence 2 dim ( v’ x @) for each elemental mass of the rod is directed along PA. Therefore the net torque of coriolis about A becomes zero. The not torque of centrifulgal force about point A: Now, Zw = f arx dmotr = f arx (7) #h(oa+ar)31 = f arx (Fa)ahoa = f Fas fsasino(—K) ‘ 7 2 a si at. 7 asin O(-K)f sds = masa7sind(—k) So, Tee = Zyyy "k= -moadsind According to the equation of rotational dynamics : t4 ) = 1, atz 2, or, -mogatsind - ar 8 2 5 3008. or, 6 = 38% sing Thus, for small ©, &u-3 24 : : 220 fa ee 30a This implies that the frequency i of oscillation is w» = V 29> The physical system consists with a pulley and the block. Choosing an intertial frame, let us direct the x-axis as shown in the figure. x Initially the system 1s in equilibrium position. Now from the condition of translation equilibrium for the block Ty= mg @ Similarly for the rotational equilibrium of the pulley KA/R= TR or. To= x Al (2)32 4.55 from Eqns. (1) and (2) Al= = @) Now let us disturb the equilibrium of the system no matter in which way to analyse its motion. At an arbitrary position shown in the figure, from Newton’s second law of motion for the block F,= mw, mg-T= mw= mi @ Similarly for the pulley N,= IB, TR-xK(Al+x)R= 10 6) But w=BR or ¥=RO © from (5) and (6) TR-K(Al+)R= LE Oy Solving (4) and (7) using the initial condition of the problem 1). nenee (nn eB . Kk or, v~-(—S>|e mea Toe Hence the sought time period, T= a. 2n mae Note : we may solve this problem by using the conservation of mechanical energy also At the equilbrium position, N,, = 0 (Net torque about 0) So, mgR-mgRsina = 0 or m= msina @) From the equation of rotational dynamics of a solid body about the stationary axis (say z-axis) of rotation ie. from N, = 1B, when the pulley is rotated by the small angular displacement 0 in clockwise sense relative to the equilibrium position (Fig,), we get : mgR-mgRsin(a+0) [MR - + mR7+ ma? @ Using Eqn. (1) mag sina - mg(sinacos 0+ cos asin @) . {ue amCiesne) ej 2 Aly33 But for small 6, we may write cos@ = 1 and sin® «= 6 Thus we have : : {MR+2m(1+ sina)R} mgsina-mg(sina+cosa®) = 2 8 2mgcosa ~ [MR+ 2m(i+ sin) RI° Hence the sought angular frequency a» = V7 WRT Paes} Let us locate solid cylinder when it is displaced from its stable equilibrium position by the small angle @ during its oscillations (Fig.). If'v, be the instantaneous speed of the CM. (C) of the solid cylinder which is in pure rolling, then its angular velocity about its own centre C is @ =V,/r @ Since C moves in a circle of radius (R - r), the speed of C at the same moment can be written as Hence, 6 = ve = O(R-r) Q) Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) @ = o(R=7) @) r As the mechanical energy of oscillation of the solid cylinder is conserved, ie. E = T+U = constant So, imveed 11,07 +mg(R-r) (1-cos 0) = constant (Where m is the mass of solid cylinder and J, is the moment of inertia of the solid cylinder about an axis passing through its C.M. (C) and perpendicular to the plane of Fig. of solid cylinder) 2 or, fmut +L BE ute mg(R—r)(1-cos0)= constant (using Eqn (1) and I= mrs) 32g Ra +g(R-r)(1~cos@) = constant, (using Eqn. 3) Differentiating w.r time 3(R-r)266 + gsin06 = 0 @ .-—28_ i So, O = ~ 57 REO (because fer small 0, sin Om 0) Thus oy = V —28— 3(R-r)34 457 4.58 Hence the sought time period 2x Te 728 2g Let x, and x, be the spring constant of left and right sides springs. As the rolling of th solid cylinder is pure its lowest point becomes the instantencous centre of rotation. If 0 bt the small angular displacement of its upper most point relative to its equilibrium position, the deformation of cach spring becomes (2R @). Since the mechanical energy of oscillation of the solid cylinder is conserved, E = T+U = constant a 1 6\242 aed 2 ie. 54 (8)+3n,(2R0)? +3x2(2R 0)? = constant Differentianting wart. time $1,266 +3(x, +02)4R?206 = 0 ( 5 oma’) eanieo -0 mR? 5 + mR?) (Because Ip = Ic + mR? = Hence 6 --8%o 3m 8x — Thus «9 = 5 and sought time period 2x afm Vf im Tmo 72a ~*V 2x In the C.M. frame (which is rigidly attached with the centre of mass of the two cubes) the cubes oscillates. We know that the kinetic energy of two body system equals juve , where pis the reduced mass and v,q is the modulus of velocity of any one body particle relative to other. From the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation : 2 i ee Sevedy gar] constant Here |y is the natural length of the spring. Differenting the above equation w.rt time, we get : 1, ed oe d(h+x) , pe2ie}u2ie = 0 [becomes ae Thusi’ = HF (wie eo ) m, +m, mm, Hence the natural frequency of oscillation : wy = YW & where w = mare a35 459 Suppose the balls 1 & 2 are displaced by x,,x, from their initial position. Then the energy is: B= dm. + mi? + Lk - 2 = im Also total momentum .is : my; + mz, = mV; Define Then Hence So myx, + mx, Xe Ee me X+—™_y, ype x- m+ m m, +m, 1 pope Lemans ee E gm + me te te ™ V1 m, + m, 1mm 2 lpali, 2 i mvt ol mm 2 Dm, +m? + 2h "2-2 ne my 2m, em” (2) From the above equation VE - VES - ox mm 2 We see o ; 7 Go, when w= So 5 ie () The energy of oscillation is 1mm pela) ae ee lmrm 3 5 * (0.12) = 48 x 10% = 48 mJ We have x = asin (wt + a) Initially x=Oatt=0s0a=0 Then x =a sin wt. Also x =v, at f= 0. So v Cr Cr : 4.60 Suppose the disc 1 rotates by angle 0, and the disc 2 by angle @, in the opposite sense. Then total torsion of the rod = 0, + 0) : 1 2. ind tor I PE. = =K (0; +6, and torsional xK( 1 + 82) ” i) The KE. of the system (neglecting the moment of inertia of the rod) is 1,n2,1,; zhi+ she So total energy of the rod us Ew eee ene 1,0} +h G+ 5 (0,40) ‘We can put the total angular momentum of the rod equal to zero since the frequency associated with the rigid rotation of the whole system must be zero (and is known).461 : 6 +h _ Nhe © TE Tn” Tiel, So i= Ae Geb) ad = pe ed) Lhh oo ayyl 2 and E 3 Teoh (814 8) +5 «(01 +O) ‘The angular oscillation, frequency corresponding to this is wo = «/ A = w/t and T- aaVE » where J’ = qt, Lh heh In the first mode the carbon atom remains fixed and the oxygen atoms move in equal & opposite steps. Then total energy is ® 0 ¢ oO x ) % = (-Bapsinwt+waycoswt)e7*! = 04.68 469 when the displacement is an extremum. Then o tanwt = > B or ore tan Fenn, m= 0,1,2 Given 9 = qe *'coswt we have @ = -BQ-aqye*'sinwt @ = - PE+Pwgoe *'sinwt-w2 qe"! cos wt =P p+2Bpoge 'sinwt-w'p so (®) (@)0 = -B a0, (F Jo = (B= 0) G (>) @ = -qoe7*!(Bcoswr+msin ws) becomes maximum (or minimum) when @ = go(B2- we coswt+2Pugoe *'sinwt = 0 2g? or tant = 2p pe and thet] tant 2=B yan], n= 0,1,2,... To 2po We write x = age"! cos(wr+a). I (a) x(0) = 05 ane toxreF aye"* ‘sin ot £(0) = (4),29 = ¥ Way Since ay is + ve, we must choose the upper sign if ¢(0) <0 and the lower sign if x(0)>0. Thus ag = 12601 and a= [+2 if 3(0)<0 -F it z(0)>0 (b) we write x = Re A e7FIt#! 4 = ay el Then x =v, = Re (-Bt+iw)Ae Prtiv! From v,(0) = 0 we get Re (-B+iw)A = 0 This implies A = + i(8+iw)B where B is real and positive. Also Xp = ReA =F OB X Thus B= ol with + signin A if x9<04.70 471 41 - signinA if xy>0 So Aw 2 PEO gl (Fis = Pcl © o Finall; = B nally a (3) Ixol mao af, a= mn(2) ois in the 4 quadrant (-30 and ois in the 2 quadrant (<< *) if x)<0. x = age ®'cos(wt+a) Then (4), 0 = —Baycosa-wapsina = 0 or tna = - & ® a Also (x)r-0 = aycosa = > seca = n°, tna = -V7?-1 Thus B-oVry-1 (We have taken the amplitude at t = 0 to be ay). We write x = aye~*! cos(wt+a) = Re Ae Pt! 4 ow ag ei® X= Re A(-Btiw)ePrtiot Velocity amplitude as a function of time is defined in the following manner. Put t= fo +t, then x = Re Ae Plat) giolart) m Re Ae P% eit arior, Roa e Poeiot 1 7 fort<< * This means that the displacement amplitude around the time fo is age Bo and we can say that the displacement amplitude at time ¢ is ag e~*', Similarly for the velocity amplitude. Clearly (a) Velocity amplitude at time t = ay VB? +07 e7 F* Since A(-B+io) = age'*(-Bt+io)= aV B+ where y is anotner constant. () x(0)=0=ReA=0 or A= # idg where dg is real and positive. Also v, (0) = Xo = Re # iay(-B+io) = F way Thus ay = ol and we take - (+) sign if xo is negative (positive). Finally the velocity amplitude is obtained as 4.72 The first oscillation decays faster in time. But if one takes the natural time scale, the period T for each oscillation, the second oscillation attenuates faster during that period. 4.73, By definition of the logarithemic decrement (* -8 =) we get for the original dectement do 2anB = d finally A = ho and finally Vane a ra a Now = or - 2 gl 2m @ 9 - B Vv, (23) so Hence For critical damping 4.74 The Eqn of the dead weight is43 mi +2Pmitmogx = mg so axed ot oe &, 2 a Thus 7 Vi1+(3:) Voip 2x xnVSzV (35) = V AX (gn2422) = 0.70 sec. 8 2a 8 4.75 The displacement amplitude decrease 7 times every n oscillations, Thus 2: Leen 7 or 2278 inn or Ba BO o o” 2xn* © an °° O25 7 inn” 4.76 From x = aye~*' cos (wt+&), we get using (x4).0 = 1 = agcosa 0 = (£),20 = ~Baycosa-waysina tS FTC o Tar Vt and pe ueeeboe ows os mn" $) ate 1Var+B? gy “18 x=0 nea [naege fan Total distancé travelled in the first kp. sl To get the maximum displacement in the second lap we note that xe [Beas (or—tn16)-cosin( rua") MotB ote o =0 when wt= nn, 2n,3n,... etc.Thus Xmax = —09e77° cosa, = - Le7* for t = n/w so, distance traversed in the 2! lap = 2/e7*F/@ Continuing total distance traversed = 1+21e~*°4216e72*P/4 21e"*he 21 =p x/o lta eve 1-e -1 peeme st | ised? ef _y evt_1 alt Bro where 0 = 2ah is the logarithemic decrement. Substitution gives 2 metres. 4.77 For an undamped oscillator the mechanical energy E = ini? + mabe is conserved. For a damped oscillator. x = age*'cos(wtt+a), o = V af? and E(t) = hmP+h moh? = 5m dem? [BF 00s? 1+ 0) +28 wcos (atta) x sin (w+) +0" sin? (or + a)] +imadoge _ dm djae ?¥' +} mag pen? cos (2m1+20) +imdBoe - 2B! cos? (wt+a) 2B! sin (2mt+2a) If B<<«, then the average of the last two terms over many oscillations about the time ¢ will vanish and ~2BF mE) imaoge and this is the relevant mechanical energy. In time + this decreases by a factor is wed oe eo BD. n 2 Ing Derr: and 28 —- since wf = & “Voa-p? oer Vimy, ®% re a Hin? y 1 and Q-=_= 485-1 «130 X x 2 un?45 4.78 The restoring couple is -mgRsing « -mgRQ The moment of inertia is N p_ 3mR 2 Thus for undamped oscillations oaks @+mgRy=0 i) 2 4 0, ate : 3R img. Also = 288.208 @o - B’ Hence e-k or Toe Vey w-p? 2* V a - B° Hence finally the period. T of small oscillation comes to ie Via (2) | 0 Vap-B 28 -V a (aan) = 0.90 sec. Let us calculate the moment G; of all the resistive forces on the disc. When the disc rotates an element (7 dr d@ ) with coordinates (7, @) has a velocity r @, where is the instantaneous angle of rotation from the equilibrium position and r is measured from the centre. Then 2x OR Gi = fof drr-(Fyx r) of 475 3 a 4 = fnrgPdyx2n = ask» 0 mR Also moment of inertia = 2 Thus ae oR page o o ork + a0 - 0 a oa ey = R? Hence of = 25 and 8 a480 and angular frequency o- V ( 2 ) ( mR?) Note :- normally by frequency we mean aa . From the law of viscosity, force per unit area = 1 & so when the disc executes torsional oscillations the resistive couple on it is R 4 = fn-2m. Ter dr x2< ask, 0 (factor 2 for the two sides of the disc; see the figure EME a the bar will come back. ry (If.x 2A the tendency of the rod will now be to move to the right .(if A < xp < 2A the rod will stay put now ) Now the equation for rightward motion becomes" mx = -Kx-kmg (the friction force has reversed). We notice that the rod will move to the right only if K(x%p-24)>kmg ite. x>3A In this case the solution is x = -A+(x-3.A) cos Since r= 2A-x and i= Oat teya=n/Ve. The rod will next come to rest at tena2al YE and at that instant x = x, = x9 - 4A. However the' rod will stay put unless x9 >5 A. Thus (@) time period of one full oscillation = 2% / E. (0) There is no oscillation if 01 subject to x(0) = x(0) = 0 where F is constant. The solution of this equation will be sought in the form xs EAcos(ootta), Ostst x = Boos (mo (t-t)+B), t>t A and a will be determined from the boundary condition at ¢ = 0. O- Ey Acosa 0 = -wAsina ‘Thus, a=Oanda=-£ and x= £(1- coset) Ost o- 2 e (who) ung Thus 6 a : Hence @ = VK/m = 2087. and (a) the quality factor ae voces 2 1 4a? a ; O9 ae V ee r B 6 (09 - 07 tan? p (b) work done is A = a Fosinp = ama@V (ww +4 fw sing = xma’x2Bo = nma’(w- ow) tang = 6mJ. 4.91 Here as usual tang = bor where @ is the phase lag of the displacement 0} - @ Fo 1 x = acos(wt-9),a=— we ™ V(ab-w)?s4p or (a) Mean power developed by the force over one oscillation period xFoasin® 1p aos “ 7 = 7Foawsing ba Bor . Fb 1 ™ (ww) +4por m a 2 @o 2 —-w| +4 as 6 (b) Mean power < P > is maximum when ® = 0o (for the denominator is then minimum Also Fo

= —_,—_ ™ 7 (2 } 0 ow o53 At displacement resonance w = V we - 2B? ~ fi, Fon 2 4ymo A CE w-2 while

a ~

max W-1 oan y, t 493 The equation of the disc is © +2Bo+apq = Ot Then as before ® = mCos (wt-a) Nn 2po where = tana = ee Tce a TRE aaa om Tago Fao] ww (®) Work performed by frictional forces r = -fN.do where N, = -216@ = ~f 2BIg?d = -22pwlg, ° = - n1gA( (9-07) +4 Bw? |? (0) The quality factor V2 xx Vo-B oVog- Ft (aes a sin @ = - Np Qq Sin XBT" 2B" (@2-o*)tana 2tna | (mw) (we-w) n a XN, ris | Seare since 0) = a? + 7 cos 2 " 2sina NE 1 [40° Poe (2 Ng cosa 2 “seme |e (@ +7 | tioete } 1 [tee ae Tm 2 2 (vez ) | tet eco] - Nm fe ap = | Atm gs, AL oP c05 a+ costa-1| = sina Nn Zsin a54 4.2 ELECTRIC OSCILLATIONS 4.94 4.95 If the electron (charge of each electron = ~¢ ) are shifted by a simau distance x, a net +ve charge density (per unit area) is induced on the surface. This will result in an electric field E = nex/eg in the direction of x and a restoring force on an electron of . néx fo ° 2 Thus me = -2E* fo or getf2 00 meo This gives @, = = 1.645 x 10° st. as the plasma frequency for the problem. Since there are no sources of emf in the circuit, Ohm’s 1 law reads q_,_,u c a dt where q = change on the capacitor, J = “4 = current through the coil. Then fq dt? The solution fo this equation is F = GmC0S (Wott a) 1 +0pq = 0, o = 75. From the problem V, = & . Then I = -09C Vp sin (wot +a) and V = V,,C08 ( Wg f ~ a) Pr 2 vee = V, ago” po or vet =V2. By energy conservation Lee = constant When the P.D. across the capacitor takes its maximum value V,,, the current J must be zero. Thus "constant" = pov, Hence V? = V2 once again. a Cc5B 496 After the switch was closed, the circuit satisfies aia Lac or £4 408g = 0-9 9 = CVqcosapt where we have used the fact that when the switch is closed we must have vedavy t= Baoarno. Thus (a) 1 = Fh CV qc sin a9 t VE «i =-V, T sin aot (b) The electrical energy of the capacitor is £ 1.008" wp t and of the inductor is dL Pasin® wot. The two are equal when x wt =| At that instant the emf of the of inductance is oto = Ve c0s gt = V/V 2 497 In the oscillating circuit, let = Gm COS Mt be the change on the condenser where o -jom C is the instantaneous capacity of the.condenser (S eS area of plates) y = distance between the plates, Since the oscillation frequency increases 1 fold, the quantity 2. or OSL changes 17 fold and so does y ic. changes from yo initially to 1” yo finally. Now the PD. across the condenser is Im Ym Ve Csr = 9S cos @ t and hence the electric field between the plates is Gm E= m5 SOFThus, the charge on the plate being q,, cos w f, the force on the plate is Im cog? F _ cos’ wt Since this force is always positive and the plate is pulled slowly we can use the average force te Poss ; Gayo and work done is A = F(1?y¥0-y0) = (? “90s -— But eS 7 26,7 W the inital stored energy. Thus- A= (1-1). The equations of the L - C circuit are CV-fidt QV Sha sop eee a LE Gith= : Differentiating again RRA ga -- de 1 2 a C2 Then Die C=C che cre Iehth so L(C,+C,)14=0 or I= Iysin(at+a) I, ‘Sw C Tt G where og = 1 TCG aey (Pata) 2x (Hence T = * = 0.7 ms) At t=0,J=0soa=0 I= Ipsinaot The peak value of the current is Jy and it is related to the voltage V by the first equation LI=V-~ f ldtC,+C2) ‘ 1 ; or +L Ip cos Wot = V- ; +6; f fosineot dt (The PD. across the inductance is V at t = ° 1 crc: emit) fare Hence TCC) oc Vie == = Ss L87 499 Initially q, = CVo and q> = 0. After the switch is closed change flows and we get N+ = CVo GGG =o ) Also I = 4) = ~ 4, Thus I Livteao Hence F+of=0 of = 2, th 7 cathe The soloution of this equation subject to -4, “4 T=O0att=0 Sw is I= Ipsinagt . . to Integrating gq, = A-— cos Wot ® B+ t = B+— cos, n @ 0 Finally substituting in (1) a oy AGB - Peon yt +L Io pcos pt = 0 cy, Thus A= B= —*and CV. bo 2 ta? cy, so 41 = "(1 +08 09) cy, 42 = (1-608 wt) 4.100 The flux in the coil is @(1)-[% ¢<0 0 1>0 i : dI_% The equation of the current is. -L 9 = 9 () 2 This mean that uefa +1=0 t or with = pe 1 = Ipsin(wot+ a)58 4.101 4.102 I Putting in (1) -L Ig Wo cos (wgt+a) = - Gow [eos (wot +a) — cos a] 0 This implies cosa = 0 +. J = * Iycos wot . From Faraday’s law do al ae or integrating from t= - € to - where ¢ + 0 ® = Lip with + sign in I So, tae cs t 5 TL 008 Wot - Given V = V, e7** coswt (a) The phrase ‘peak values’ is not clear. The answer is obtained on taking |cos wt] = 1 ' mn ie t= (b) For extrema wy -0 - Booswr- wsinwt = 0 or tanwt = - B/o ie. of=nns tan? (=): The equation of the circuit is HQ. p42 ,2. Dit a 0 where Q = charge on the capacitor, This has the solution Q = Qn e7*! sin(wtt+ a) RR Veep, oe where Bear om -B,m "TE: Now 1-42.20 atr=0 dt so, 2, e-*' (- Bsin(wr+ a)+mcos(wt+a)) = 0 att=0 Thus wcosa = Bsina or a= tan? 2 Qm Qm Now V_ = Gand Vo = PD. att = 0 = Zt sina y, 7 oe sing = Mae = B= VI peg - Vi - ES z Vin o+p 4L59 4.103 We write -2 =T=I,e7* snot = gm I, e-*'*'®" (gm means imaginary part) Then - preter Q=eml, Brio obit ior ele ery = gm, B+ im)ePrt int B+ o aces Bsinwt+ w coswt ” B+ o - pe sin(wt+ 8) a) Vie OB ( An arbitrary constant of integration has been put equal to zero.) Thus Q. L o-Ps g nVé 7 *' sin(we+ 3) v(0) = 14 VE sind = 1, VE 2 ft C(1+ B/w) =I,e =In 4104 7 = J, 7 * sinwt BX, os VE o-Va -e T= q, q = charge on the capacitor Then gaye Ft LOL 8) ang 2 2, 7 o+ pe B Thus Wye tLe eo?! sin? aot 2 - 2Br w, = 2a oe sin’ (oes 8) ott 8 Lie e778! sin? (aot+ 8) 2c w+ Br60 4.105 4.106 4.107 Current is maximum when 4 e7* sinwt = 0 Thus - Bsinwt+ wcoswt = 0 or wn ot= 2 = tand 8 ie. otann+d W, a? in? and hence ce, te (ot) | sin | We sin?(wt+ 5) sin’28 — 4cos"d 2 -2- SL bes 4p, 4p? LCR? cr (Wy is the magnetic energy of the inductance coil and We is the electric energy of t capacitor.) Clearly Le=L,+1,,R=R,+R; Now Br=inn sore Vor = 21-05 ms nv Current decreases ¢ fold in time 1 2L teste 2L ow R 8 "RT oscillations R = =EVA- 4, - LV 42-1 = 159 oscinations Qn Rec, @ = 282, B= 55. Vv 1 Now =oVi+—>Z o we @o 422 Vv 1 14-5 4Q? @- o 1 8Q? «100% = x 100% = 05%4.109 At = 0 current through the coil = = PD. across the condenser = =~ Rer (@) Att = 0, energy stored = Wo 2 1 e 1 (eR 7 a(x 7) 2 (a (b) The current and the change stored decrease as e so energy decreases as € 2 W= Woe = 0.10 mi. suo g = = Yo, Von . Br Bp 28 28 20 z =Vit4 or e +497 of B Vrw Now W = Wye? 2 2 hs cR*) | oes (R+ rf -1RAL -1R/L Thus energy decreases 1 times in 242 Tp Vv 2 =Inn Vite QIN oc. wm 1.033 ms. 2x0 4.11 Ina leaky condenser 44. 5_1' where I= dt Now Then62 0) Q= 4.112 Given V = Vie" *' sinwt, w = Wy BT <<1 Power loss = ENe#y loss per cycle T “ 3 Cv2x 26 (energy decreases as Wy e~ 7° so loss per cycle is Wx 2BT) Thus > =F cvs x8 2

L or a2 1VE Ve Ve ; Hence O-RVE-ViE TepPs 7 100 on putting the vales. 4.113 Energy is lost across the resistance and the mean power lass is

=R = iR ER =02 mw. This power should be fed to the circuit to maintain undamped oscillations. 2 2L 4114

= as in (4.112). We get

= 5 mW. 4115 Given q = q+ 92 iG Atle h--h--® =Rh=t Lh=Rh= 4. Thus CL 93+ (41+ @) = 0 RC H+ N+ =O Putting g) = Ae’®! g, = Beti™! (1- w’LC)A+B=04.116 A+(1+ i@RC)B=0 A solution exists only if (1- @LC)(1+ i@RC) =1 or iwRC- wLC-iw LRC* =0 or LRC’w-iwLC-RC =0 io-L 20 RC LC i 1 . = sRe* Te” ape * 1B oo Thus Gi = (A, 00s Wot + Az sin Wp t) e~F* etc. @p is the oscillation frequency. Oscillations are possible only if 3 > 0 ie. We have . Ly 1+ Rhy = Ly y+ Roh fla c RyLi Il=h+h Then differentiating we have the equations L,CT,+R,Ch +(h+h) =0 1,C 12+ RpCh + (+h) =0 Look for a solution I, = Ay e*', I = Ay e® Then (14 0? L,C+ aR,C) Ay+ A, = 0 Ay + (1+ 02 L,C+ aR,C) A, = 0 This set of simultaneous equations has a nontrivial solution only if (14 a7L,C+ aR,C)(1+ a7L,C+ aR,C)=1 wy PR HR, tat lat MC, Bit Be This cubic equation has one zeal root which we ignore and two complex conjugate roots. We require the condition that this pair of complex conjugate roots is identical with the roots of the equation a?LC+aRC+1=04.117 The general solution of this problem is not easy.We look for special cases. If Ry = Rp = 0, tha LyL R=0 and L=— 2. If 1, =1,=0, then Ly Ly+ L=0 and R =R,R/(R,+Rz) These are the quoted solution but they are misleading. We shall give the solution for small R, , Rp . Then we put a = -B +iw when B is small We get (1-7L,C-2iBa@L,C-Bf,C+ioR,C) (1-07 L,C- 2ipwLl,C- Bact i@R,C)=1 (we neglect B? & BR,, BRo ). Then Li+L 2 2 2 1 ‘2 (1- WLC) (1-0°L,C) = 1 > w? = PE Lily +k, also (2BL,- Ry) (1- wL,C)+ (2BL2- RB) (1- wL,C) = 0 on R __RLz+ Rl RiL2+ Rol This sives B= 97" F7,E(i+ la) ~*~ (ye LaF ee ee This is identical with w? = 7h if L a, ,dl 1H on StL G+ R= + Cc ol K For the critical case R = 2 V & Thus LC q+ 2VIC q+q~=0 Sw Look for a solution with q a e** 1 "VIC" ‘An independent solution is te! . Thus q=(A+ Bt) el VE , At t=0q~=CVp thus A= CV) Also at t=O0q=1=0 =a = ¥VE 0=B-A VE‘Thus finally 1-42. VE el VEe 1 VE, | vie . gtsleve wV¢ ie = 0, gl vie ‘The current has been defined to increase the charge..Hence the minus sign. The current is maximum when a Me ie (y _ a--L ( zz) ated This gives t = VEC and the magnitude of the maximum current is Vo fC Mal" 2 VE: The equation of the circuit is (I is the current) al Lat RI = V,,coe wt From the theory of differential equations I= Iptlc where Ip is a particular integral and Ic is the complementary function (Solution of the differential equation with the RHS = 0 ). Now Teo = Ico 7" and for Ip we write Ip = I, cos (@t-@) Substituting we get v, 7 lL, = ===, o- ten 2 SE VR?+ wl? [ Thus Vn - RL i, Terr tot 9) + Icoe Ret Now in an inductive circuit J = 0 at t= 0 because a current cannot change suddenly. Thus and so RL ] C Vn (wt- @)- cospe "Tar aint lemon coe66 4.119 4.120 Here the equation is (Q is charge, on the capacitor) 2,242. CTR G+ Vn coswt A solution subject to Q = 0 at t = 0 is of the form (as in the previous problem) 2 = 0, [cos (wt- F)- cospen*C] Substituting back Be 008 (a G)- ORQ, sin(wt- P) = Vq cos wt = V, {cos F cos (wt- F) - sinGsin(wt- F)} so Qn = CV COS F ORQ, = V, sine This leads to CV, = Qu = SS, tn P= ORC V1+(oRC? Hence Vy, = 25 p22. __ [- sinc Bs SSP Re sin “Ve (ay 2,/4 Rs (= | The solution given in the book satisfies J = 0 at t = 0. Then Q = 0 att = 0 but this will not satisfy the equation at ¢ = 0. Thus I= 0, ( Equation will be satisfied with J = 0 only if Q= 0 at ¢ = 0) Vin With our J, (t=0)=— R The current lags behind the voltage by the phase angle -1 ob R Now L = uy n? xa7l, 1 = length of the solenoid Ho @ = tan R= O2RaN'T 44 | diameter of the wire xb? But 2bn=1 2 ba? -1 Won Ina 1 Then p=tan aps? aanlgee aa we = tan? HZ OV 4dpn67 4121 HereV = V,,cos wt I =1,,cos(wt+ @) where I, Now 1 Vn @RC ~ (zi) ao Thus the current is ahead of the voltage by oe tan tole unt (#) a = ' ao Star Here V=IR+ Cc or Ri+ d= V¥ ~~ opsinas am, V C fo Ignoring transients, a solution has the form Vv T= Ipsin(@t- a) ~——____L I OR Ip cos(wt- a) + a sin(wt- a) =-0V sinot = = @Vo{sin(wt- a) cosa + cos(wt- a) sina} so Rly = - Vosina In “1 Se 77 Vosa a= n+ tan'(wRC) 4° Te 2 R *(ae) I= Ipsin(wt- tan”! oRC-m) = - Ipsin(wt- tan~’ wRC) t I Then Q=fld=Qo+ A condenser with poorly conducting material (dielectric of high resistance) be the plates is equvalent to an an ideal condenser with a high resistance joined in p between its plates.7 aire, ah, Shae | ah Dt ie 2 ery dh, dh, ae or 2G 7 IE ¢ from the second equation Inh = -Lyh Lh). Then Ly- T|hi+ gee 2 Thus the current oscillates with frequency 4129 Given V = V_,cos wt I = 1,,cos(@t-@) LR where T Vn Vv Vy, -_————— sin (or- 9) V(i- LCP + (oRCP i As resonance the voltage amplitude across the capacitor i vi -—7_-V4& yen, noe CR VIC L 2 So =n cR™ VA 1 LV el Now a-V 5-4 v4 4.130 For maximum current amplitude4131 or or and and tL = (C)"* oF wy = =e VLC’ Vin Cn ret = B+ Vm | ____Ym ee nR~ ‘i 7 Vite (on 3 ) Vite (mt- Se] o,L-—.-VP-IR a,c wb ag + VWI R (assuming «@, > ©,) 1 R oo = Vea E 2 ~ @ 6 = — - —— 2k oVra1 o-V 1 LV OPe toe, 1 ap 4 (@-0F 40 . 4.132 O- FR ap for low damping. Now 72 aie 1, d ow = =§ |, = current amplitude at resouance v2 Ve een ” ” w+ (ot) a. OR or w- ae tee 28 L Thus @ = a +B s Aw = 26 and Q = > 0 @ = 2B and Q= 50. 4133 At resonance @ = a Im (@9) = Vin Then (1109) = 4.134 The a.c. current must be IT=I V2 sinot Then D.C. component of the rectified current is 1” =F f V2 sinwrdt Tr 0 coe ~ V2 5, fsnoao v2 wR Since the charge deposited must be the same Into = V2 , or t= 22 v2 The answer is incorrect.74 4135 (a) Mt) = ht Ost = I. Now mean square current et [Sand 2h v30 () In this case I = J,|sinwt] r ae so effective current = and I, |sinwet |e Qn 2h J [sin 0|d0 = 4 famosa =o ay 7 eae rip 2 Of in? Then, mean square current = 4T J si @tdt ax wie 4 a wig 7" za) w0d0 = 44.137 4.138 4.139 75 Thus " vn = or 2 va= v z 1 = 2 kH of iting the vah tar of on putting the values. Z = VR7+X? ot Ry = V2 xX? The tan@ = So -(2) [Ty = cos! Vy_ (2) =37. The current lags by ~ bebind the voltage. v2 also Pe VI cos = — V2? - X; = .160 kW. z v?(R+r) (Rar) wl (Re r+ oL This is maximum when R+ r = wl for Pe ve Pe= ary se Re re GEL DL 2 Thus R = wL— r for maximum power and Prax = sr: Substituting the values, we get R = 200Q and Ppa, = .114 kW. V?R a R74 (X,- Xe) Varying the capacitor does not change R so if P increases n times Z = VR?+ (X,-Xc)’ must decreases Vn times Thus cos = © increases Vi times Pe % increase in cos @ = (va- 1)x 100 % = 30.4%.76 4.140 4.141 2 peek R?+ (X,- Xe) 1 At resonance X, = Xo => _—>—_. Le c Wo llc Cc Power generated will decrease n times when 2 (%L- XP = (ez- ac] = (n= 1)R? or o- elf ae Vant Ba evant 2B. Thus o F 2Vn- 1 Bw- w= 0 (oF Va= TB) = 0+ (n- 1) 67 or So VE G1) F708 2 VART B/ey (taking only the positive sign in the first term to ensure positive value for = ) 0 @ 1 7 m oa NG ae Thus = Viel eva /Vie4g@? +497) For large Q @= Oo] Yona td | Veni di % = 05% @o 22 30 ‘We have VR VV Ri+ xX? ooo aera V(R+R + XP V(R+R, + XP 2 2 VR V2R so cremate (SE). ateat- ($5) Hence Re DAR = 1 (V7 VE ) R= 5 (v?- v?- v2 or 1 ae | y- V)77 Heat generated in the coil vin, ve (v?- v2- v2 -—_4,, - 4x . i (Ry+ Ry + XP RR? “Rt 2 ) v?- Ve- vy - OR =30W v 4142 Here n=, V= effective voltage I I= VR?+ Xx? R 7, x2 Vv ana pe Gane LR Ri+ X? ‘a L 7 I Regis the impedance of the coil & the resistance in pen uy ms P- i R?+ 2RR, hy 2RR, iE Ri+Xe |b * Rx P-H-12 ARR, i R’+ XP Now mean power consumed in the coil P-R-B ip ppp = a 5 RU? - B- B) = 25 W. ae 2 RP RB) 413 1 1, 1 1 yop Lti@re ZO Rta fo R ioc Iz |= z = 402 Vi1+(oRC) 4.144 (a) For the resistance, the voltage and the current are in phase. For the coil the voltage is ahead of the current by less than 90°. The current is obtained by addition because the elements are in mate axis of WY ~ : ‘i Ir78 (0) Ic is ahead of the voltage by 90°. (©) The coil has no resistance so J, is 90° behind the voltage. Te Tt To I, © 4.145 When the coil and the condenser are in parallel, the equation is dl, hat ith, gy, L2 = Vp COS OE z T=h+h LR Ie Using complex voltages V=Vin currént Vn ef?! tot h* Rejor 27 1OCVRe and ior, [R= iwL+ ioC(R*+ wL?) jer I (artart ioc) me [ Re i Vn @ Thus, taki 1 I va (@r- @) wus, taking real parts lz (ay] (or? 2 2 27 2 2 oe 1 _ [R?+ {wC(R?+ wL?)- OLY] Z (o) (R?+0°L”) ipaee ann) = tang = SE2WC(R’s wk”) R (@) To get the frequency of resonance we must define what we mean by resouance. One definition requires the extremum (maximum or minimum) of current amplitude. The other definition requires rapid change of phase with @ passing through zero at resonance. For the series circuit. oL- R a and tang = eC79 both definitions give @? = at at resonance. In the present case the two definitions do not agree (except when R = 0 ). The definition that has been adopted in the answer given in the book is the vanishing of phase. This requires C(R?+ wL?) =L 2. 1 R? So - ° 5 or OT Gn Tem Ores Org = 31.6 x 10° rad/s Note that for small R, @ rapidly changes from ~ - = to +5 as @ passes through 2 pep HOM < Wyey 10 > Dey - Vin R CR (b) At resonance en ig eG ; CR so I = effective value of total current = V —t” 3.1 mA. imilarl, q, =V = 0.98 A. similarly Le ve Ig=oCV=V Note :- The vanishing of phase (its passing through zero) is considered a more basic definition of resonance. 4.146 We use the method of complex voltage AR Via Voeie Io irae ea eemeat ie yet c cam : Vv LR ToC Yer" 18" Reiol . . 2 gett? Im let hae vy Rciobsiec ee +0°L7) jive Then taking the real part VoVR?+{wC(R?4+07L?)-oL}? R* 40°? wL-wC(R?+@7L7) R I- cos (wt-@) where tan80 4.147 From the previous problem R*407L? VR2+ {wO(R?+ w7L?)- wt} R?+ 07k? V (R24 w?L7)(1- 22LC)+ w2C?(R 2+ w2L?)? R74 wl? VR?+ w°L? V (1- 2@7LC)+ w?C?(R7+ w?L?) V (1- w2LC)?+ (WRC)? 4.148 (a) We have Ze de . i =~ Fp = eMosinws = Lit RI Put I = Iqsin(wt-@) . Then Op sinwt = wOo{sin(wt- gp) cos p+ cos(wt-q)sing} so RI, = OD cos and LI, = Dosing © % LIq@ cos(@t- —)+ RIgsin(@t- p) or In VR? +0@7L (b) Mean mechanical power required to maintain rotation = energy loss per unit time Tr 292 OgR =f frraeire ae a and ang = SE. 2 DR aL? 4.149 We consider the force Fy that a circuit 1 exerts on another closed circuit 2 :- Fin P rai Ba Here By = magnetic field at the site of the current element d J; due to the current [, flowing in 1. Idx 7 ax a where 72, = 72-7 = vector, from current element dij” to the current element di, Now . > di, dip dh(dh: tm)- (dh: dh) rp F,-? © ff nb Ip x (dix Fin) _ ff tyr, Chhee ta) (dh: dh)re re re In the a term, we carry out the integration over ai, first. Then81 aly (diy - 7) cf aim rf an ——_>—— =] 4], = - | di, dl-V,—=0 Sf = fai = fairy azv. * 1 2 1 because § dhy-Vaz = fas eal ("7 =0 5 t Thus Fn=- 2 ffan ait ay 12 The integral involved will depend on the vector @”that defines the separation of the (suitably chosen centre of the coils. Let C; and C, be the centres of the two coil suitably defined. Write mm 7-H Be ee oo sg ~ > where P1(P5) is the distance of df; (di) from C, (C2) and a°stands for the vector Cy C2 « faye et Then m7 Ve ig and Fo-V, [ a off ah ia The bracket defines the mutual inductance L). Thus noting the definition of x aly = So where < > denotes time average. Now I, = Incos wt = Real part of Ige'** . a dh, dl, The current in the coil 2 satisfies RIp+ L2G" = - Ly Gp -ioly or “2” Reiol, ° Ipe'®' ( in the complex case ) taking the real part Lik Ly y= - -B, (wzeos wt-R sinwt ) = On fyeos(wt+q) Re ol} “VR +071? Where tan p = 4 . Taking time average, we get 2 aL olyk Olly aL <> tn), ty Lease = atu he db x" VR? + LB 2(R?+a°L3) Ox The repulsive nature of the force is also consistent with Lenz’s law, assuming, of comse, that Ly decreases with x.4.3 ELASTIC WAVES. ACOUSTICS 4.150 4.151 Since the temperature varies linearly we can write the temperature as a function of x, which is, the distance from the point A towards B. ie, hence, (ay In order to travel an elemental distance of dx which is at a distance of x from A it will take a time ad dt = —~= (2) avT 7 From Eqns (1) and (2), expressing dr in terms of dT, we get 1 ldT a= av (z=7} Which on integration gives ' a Il dT 7 . aa ay (VR - VT) or, Tw Hence the sought time ¢ = ———2! Lad a( T, + qh) Equation of plane wave is given by E (r,t) = acos(wt-E'7"), where F'= © n called the wave vector and 7 is the unit vector normal to the wave surface in the direction of the propagation of wave. x a avy P ay.) af 0 x4.152 4.153 4.154 83 * E(x,y,z) = acos(wt-k,x-ky-kz) = cos (wt-kx cos. a - ky cos B- kz cos y) Thus (41,¥1,%t) = acos(wt-kx, cosa - ky; cos B- kz, cosy) and §(x2,¥2,%,t) = acos(wt—kx,.c0s a-ky2cos B- kz, cosy) Hence the sought wave phase difference 2-1 = k | (x22) c08 0 + (y1 — yz) c08 B + (24-22) cosy or Ap = |g2-Gi] =k | [Gan 22) 008 a + (1 ~¥2 ) 008 B + (21-22) 008 7] | =F | [21-22 08 a+ (nr ~ 92) e058 B + (21-72) 08] | The phase of the oscillation can be written as = ot-Fr When the wave moves along the x-axis ® = wt-k,x (On putting k, = k, = 0). Since the velocity associated with this wave is v, ‘We have k= ‘1 ne o o Similarly oe > wr wr wn Thus Bm et ates. The wave equation propagating in the direction of +ve x axis in medium K is give as & = acos(wt-kx) So, & = acosk(vt-x), where k= = and, v ‘is the wave velocity In the refrence frame K’ , the wave velocity will be (v - V) propagating in the direction of +ve x axis and x will be x’. Thus the sought wave equation. & = acosk[(v-V)t-2'] or, $+ eom|(o-Pv)e-ky'] = goes] or(1- This follows on actually putting B= f(t+ax) in the wave equation vei *e ar Var (We have written the one dimensional form of the wave equation.) Then A pr(rsax) = af" (t+ax) ¥so the wave equation is satisfied if aeet v That is the physical meaning of the constant o . 4.155 The given wave equation & = 60 cos (1800r- 53x) is of the type & = acos(wt- kx), where a = 60x10-$m @ = 1800 per sec and k = 5:3 per metre As k= 22, = n= 2t and also k=2, so v= 2 = 340 m/s v k (@) Sought ratio = t - ai = 51x 1075 (b) Since & = acos(wt-kx) 28. ~aasin(wr-kx) So velocity oscillation amplitude (3?) oF Vm = a0 = Ol m/s a In and the sought ratio of velocity oscillation amplitude to the wave propagation velocity Vm _ OL <4 "Vv" 3007 32x10 (c) Relative deformation = a = ak sin(ot—kx) So, relative deformation amplitude - (3) = ak = (60x 107°x5:3)m = 3210-4 m Q From Eqns (1) and (2) (hae vior Ox at Thus (33) - 7 (3) , where v = 340 m/s is the wave velocity. 4.156 (a) The given equation is, & = acos(wt-kx)4.157 4.158 85 So at t=o, & = acoskx Now, 25. _awsin(wt-kx) dt and OE ake at 10" dt Also, £5. saksin(wt-kx) and at 1-0, aS. _aksinkx. dx Hence all the graphs are similar having different amplitudes, as shown in the answer- sheet of the problem book. (b) At the points, where & = 0, the velocity direction is positive, i.e., along + ve x - axis in the case of longitudinal and + ve y-axis in the case of transverse waves, where a is positive and vice versa. For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. In the given wave equation the particle’s displacement amplitude = a e~’* Let two points x; and x, , between which the displacement amplitude differ by 1 = 1% So, ae" — ae" = nae"™ or et (1-n) =e or In (1-)- ym = - YQ or, xy-x- a In(1-n) So path difference = - “AT and phase differenoi = oxy path difference ~ = 22m) , 281 93 ng » Y hy Let S be the source whose. position vector relative to the reference point O is 7 Since intensities are inversely proportional to the square of distances,Intensity at P(I,) & Intensity at Q(,) ” where d, = PS and d = QS. But intensity is proportional to the square of amplitude. 2 aj & So, b= or aid, = ody = k(sa ang % dia a= Rea) k k Tus dy = and dy = & P. s 8 Let 71 be the unit vector along PQ directed from P to Q. = En —> Th PS =djn-tn = T en hha nF % > a ka and SO =dn==n a From the triangle law of vector addition. ° > -» a kn OP +PS =OS of reona7 1 or artkn = ar @) Similarly menem or arf-kh = a7” Q) 2 Adding (1) and (2), ay 7p+ a7 = (a,-a))7” ae = ant ai at Hence 4.159 (a) We know that the equation of a spherical wave in a homogeneous absorbing medium of wave damping coefficient y is : & - Thus particle’s displacement amplitude equals dye""" cos (wt-kr) aye" r According to the conditions of the problem, a'ye7" @ at r= 1%, = ro» 40 7 and when rer, 2a Q) y87 Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) V(r=r9) To e =n r or, ¥(r=79) = In(m7)-In7 Inn+In 7-1 . on y= Mntinro-Inr _ In3+inS~In10 _ yg p)-1 7% a'ge"t" () ASE = cos (wt-kr) oo So, gS 508 osin(ot-kr) ag = Graal (3), 7° ata 108” _ But at point A, aa -6 So, (28) = 22 . 902% _ 50x10 9 22 1.45103 = 15 m/s ye 7 3 7 4.160 (a) Equation of the resultant wave, ee creer. 2acosk( 25*)exs{or-AU |}, - ae { or AC where a’ = 2acosk’ Now, the equation of wave pattem is, x+y =k, (a Const.) For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. For antinodes, i.c. maximum intensity oe #O=2) oo 1s coon or, + (x-y) = 2% enn or, DOES LOU) nyo Hence, the particles of the medium at the points, lying on the solid straight lines (y =x m2), oscillate with maximum amplitude. For nodes, i.e. minimum intensity, or, + Ens 2) 6 (anti)® or, y=axe (2n+1)N2, and hence the particles at the points, lying on dotted lines do not oscillate. When the waves are longitudinal, For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. k(y-x) = cor St con or, Be coe {terns ow Bl - 3 cos k(y—2) sin k(y-2) sin (3) 2 = Boos k(y-x)-sink(y-2)V a @) a from (1), if sink(y-x) = 0 sin(nx) & = & C1" thus, the particles of the medium at the points lying on the straight lines, y = x + ah will oscillate along those lines (even 7), or at right angles to them (odd 7). Also from (1), if cosk(y-x) = = cos (2n+1)F 2 at 1-82/a’, a circle. Thus the particles, at the points, where y = x= (m+ 1/4) 4, will oscillate along circles. In general, all other particles will move along ellipses. 4,161 The displacement of oscillations is given by & = a.cos(wt-kx) Without loss of generality, we confine ourselves to x = 0. Then the displacement maxima occur at @f = x . Concentrate at wt = 0. Now the energy density is given by we=pa'o'sinwt atx=0 1/6 time later (where T = 2n is the time period) than t = 0. wa pdatsnt® = 2pda? = my 2 op? = 200 3 Ts cw>.n Lpatal «4.162 4.163 4.164 89 The power output of the source much be 4nPIy = Q Watt. The required flux of accoustic power is then : Q = 2 [ss Where @ is the solid angle subtended by the disc enclosed by the ring at S. This solid angle is Q = 2x (1 - cosa) 1 So flux ® =I hy (1 - SS] a fo FF) Substitution gives @ = 211 x 30 (1-——_) uw ~ 1.99 pw. a+i 4 Eqn. (1) is a well known result stich is derived as follows; Let SO be the polar axis. Then the required solid angle is the area of that part of the surface a sphere of much radius whose colatitude is < a. a Thus a= f 2xsinodo = 2% (1 - oma. 0 From the result of 4.162 power flowing out through anyone of the opening tT h/2. Teaay As total power output equals P, so the power reaching the lateral surface must be. =P- 5 (1 = 0-07W We are given B= acoskxrot 80. ag. -aksinkxcoswt and oe. -awcoskxsinwt ax or Thus (8),-0 = acoskx, (§),. 22 = -acoskx (3 = aksinkx, (33) Saban ke ax t=O ax t= 1/2(a) The graphs of (&) and (33) are as shown in Fig. (35) of the book (p.332). (b) We can calculate the density as follows : Take a parallelopiped of cross section unity and length dr with its edges at x and xtdx. After the oscillation the edge at x goes to x+§(x) and the edge at x+dx goes to x+dx+8(x+dr) = x4dx+8(x)+2Sce. Thus the volume of the element (originally de) becomes (+38) a= ax 0 1+ and hence the density becomes p = Ox On substituting we get for the density p(x) the curves shown in Fig.(35). referred to above. (©) The velocity v(x) at time t = 7/4 is (3 } = -awooskx or It = T/4 On plotting we get the figure (36). 4.165 Given & = acoskxcos wt (a) The potential energy density (per unit volume) is the energy of longitudinal strain. This is 2 = (jetesexstnin eS 2°(52)> (5 is the longitudinal ania) w= Sea R sin? kx cos? wt w E But gua Ek? = pw Thus = 5p aa? sin? kx cos? wet (b) The kinetic energy density is 1 ‘ = 7 Pa wrcos’ kx sin? wt.91 On plotting we get Fig. 37 given in the book (p. 332). For example at t = 0 W = Wyte Fea otsin? kx and the displacement nodes are at x = + ae so we do get the figure. 4.166 Let us denote the displacement of the elements of the string by & = asinkx coswt since the string is 120 cm long we must have 120 = nx If x, is the distance at which the displacement amplitude first equals 3-5 mm then asinkx, = 35 = dsin(kx,+15k) Then kath = m-kx or kx, = 2 E One can convince ourself that the string has the form shown below It shows that kx120 = 4x, 80 k= Zan Thus we are dealing with the third overtone Also ky FZ so a =35V2 mm = 4949mm. 4167 We haven = 2 VE =A VE Where Mf = total mass of the wire. When the wire is stretched, a mass of the wire remains constant. For the first wire the new length = 1+ 1,1 and for the record wire, the length is 1 + mpl. Also T, = a (1,1!) where o is a constant and 7, = a (12/). Substituting in the above formula. 1 (om!) (+m!) yes Vien” 24m 1) M 1 lem) +m!) 2m) va _ 14m 4/m 1m “ 1+m m™ 1+m M2 Vv mU+ m) _V 2040+ 0-02) 4.4 oa m™m(1+ m) 0-02 (1+ 0-04)92 4.168 4.169 4.170 Let initial length and tension be / and T respectively. i So, atv - In accordance with the problem, the new length Tx “400- and new tension, T’ = T+ Thus the new frequency a AVE. nie VE ve VET 13 Hence M7 O06 "065"? a ae 2x0-657 Obviously in this case the velocityof sound propagation v= 2v(h-h) where Jp and 1; are consecutive lengths at which resonance occur In our problem, (,-) = 1 So v = 2vl = 2% 200085 cm/s = 0-34 km/s. (2) When the tube is closed at one end veg (2n41), where n= 0,1,2, 340. = Teg as (241) = 100(2n+1) ‘Thus for n= 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,..., we get my = 1001H,, nm, = 3001H,, nz = 5001H,, 4 = 7001H,, ns = 9001H,, ng = 11001H,, m7 = 13001H, Since v should be Yom 377-21 Y p Ye where E = Young’s modules and p is the density of the copper Similarly the second mode or the first overtone in the rod is as shown above in Fig. (b). Here le 3k 7 3v 3 3y VE 217 21 VY p - mye where n = 0,1,2.. Putting the given values of E and p in the 4 equation = 38(2n+1)kHz Hence vp = 3°8 kHz, v, = (383) kHz, v) = (38)x5 = 19 kHz, = (38x7) = 266 kHz, vy = (38x9) = 342 kHz, vs = (38x11) = 418k Hz, vg = (3:8) 13kHz= 49-4k Hz and = (3:8) x 14k Hz > 50 k Hz. Hence the sought number of frequencies between 20 to 50 k Hz equals 4. Hence yy 4.172 Let two waves & = acos(wt-kx) and E) = acos(wt+kx), superpose and as a result, we have a standing wave (the resultant wave ) in the string of the form & = 2acosk coswt. According to the problem 24 =4.173 Hence the standing wave excited in the string is & = a,,cos kx cos wt @ FY or, a at = - 04a, coskx sinot 2 So the kinetic energy confined in the string element of length dr, is given by : aT 3(F#)(38) 1 War oo a7 = 3( Fae) eho? costex sin?ot ar. mae 22% ae or, = NERO sin? wr cos? 22 x Hence the kinetic energy confined in the string corresponding to the fundamental tone T= fa-7% sin? cat fa tee Because, for the fundamental tone, length of the string | = = Integrating we get, . T= im @, 0? sin? wt Hence the sought maximum kinetic energy equals, Tmax = because for Tmax, Sin? ot = 1 (ii) Mean kinetic energy averaged over one oscillation period ave a J sin? ot de ie ao ta fa 0 1 2 or, = gm dn . We have a standing wave given by the equation § = asinkx cos wt So, ss = - aosinkx sinwt (t) and 28» akcoskx cost Q95 The kinetic energy confined in an element of length dx of the rod 2 aT- p(esdx)( 32) = Sosa co? sin? ot sin? kx de v2 wf sin? 2% 0 2 62 9 ind aS a" ow" psin’ wt or, ~ ESc or pein at ®) The potential energy in the above rod element 5 So total kinetic energy confined into rod T-far- Fes@u? vs dU= | aU= Fd here F, = Sdx J f dE where Fy = (pSde) 25 or, Fy = - (pSdr)w°& 5 10, aU = ot psde f 5g ° dU « pot SE ay i pot sa? cos’ ot sin’kx de or, Thus the total potential energy stored in the rod U = f au wa on, Us ee fee 0 Ss _ EpSa? wo” cos” wt a 4k To find the potential energy stored in the rod element we may adopt an easier way. We know that the potential energy density confined in a rod under elastic force equals : Use a - zoe = hye 2 pw ve = 2 fee 1 2 ag 3). = b pa? cos? wtcos*kx96 4.174 4.175 Hence the total potential energy stored in the rod a U=fUpdV=f = pa?a'cos wr cos*kx S dx 12 2.2 = ZpSa"w" cos’ wt (4) 4k Hence the sought mechanical energy confined in the rod between the two adjacent nodes 242 _ mpora’s E=T+U ame Receiver R, registers the beating, due to the sound waves reaching directly to it from source and the other due to the reflection from the wall. Frequency of sound reaching directly from Sto Ry v Vs-en, = You When S moves towards Ry and V'ssa, = Yo—— when S moves towards the wall a veu Now frequency reaching to R, after reflection from wall v Yuen, = Yoryy » When S moves towards Ry Boe sors v R S$ R and Viy-sa, = Yor » when S moves towards the wall Thus the sought beat frequency Av = (Yoon Mwan) of, (Virn~ Yee) yp Ye 2uov | Duy Veuve ae v =1Hz Let the velocity of tuning fork is u. Thus frequency reaching to the observer due to the tuning fork that approaches the observer v vi =% [v = velocity of sound ] v-u Frequency reaching the observer due to the tunning fork that recedes from the observer " ¥ A “Ov eu So, Beat frequency v-v" = v = v0» “aa) vou ven 2vovu So, vu2+(2vv)u- vv =04.176 4.177 97 2vvo = V4vev7+4vev? .-—eeeoeeeee 2 Hence the sought value of u, on simplifying and noting that u > 0 Obviously the maximum, frequency will be heard when the source is moving with maximum velocity towards the receiver and minimum frequency will be heard when the source recedes with maximum velocity. As the source swing harmonically its maximum velocity equals a. Hence Hence and Yimin = Yo vtao So the frequency band width AV = Viux— Vain “ vw (ee v -a?w or, (Ava?) w+ (2vpva)w- Avv? =0 -2vovasz V4vav7a?+ Aviary? So, oo eereeeet 2Ava On simplifying (and taking + sign as @—* 0 if Av — 0) on (v s6(82) -1) ava 0 It should be noted that the frequency emitted by the source at time ¢ could not be received at the same moment by the receiver, becouse till that time the source will cover the distance w+? and the sound wave will take the further time £w1?/v to reach the receiver. Therefore the frequency noted by the receiver at time t should be emitted by the source at the time ty = 10 tog ——P* O°? 5 _ 29 tog, ee ® i avr oe Similarly L, = - 20logr So, L,~Ly, = 20 log (r9/r) L, = Ly, + 20log (2) = 30+20x 10g 22 = 3608 or, L, = L,,+ 200g | 08 59 Let r be the sought distance at which the sound is not heard. ro r r So, L, = L,,+20log* = 0 or, L,, = 20log = or 30 = 20108 5 So, logi0 35 = 3/2 or 10%?) = 7/20 Thus r = 200V10 = 0-63 Km. Thus for r>0-63 km no sound will be héard. 4.184 We treat the fork as a point source. In the absence of damping the oscillation has the form LE Because of the damping of the fork the amplitude of oscillation decreases exponentially with the retarded time (i.e. the time at which the wave started from the source.). Thus we write for the wave amplitude. This means that g- — e-('-5) elt) alt Ta Tp P P+dp x axtdr101 TB 1 me Thus 4 op =——4— = 012s? TB Ta-Tas v4 BOA v 4.185 (a) Let us consider the motion of an element of the medium of thickness de and unit area of cross-section. Let § = displacement of the particles of the medium at location x. Then by the equation of motion pdx& = -dp where dp is the pressure increment over the length dr Recalling the wave equation Integrating this equation, we get Ap = surplus pressure = pv, Const. In the absence of a deformation (a wave), the surplus pressure is Ap = 0. So ’Const? = 0 and a Ap = -pv?48, Pm PV oy (b) We have found earlier that W = Wy +W, = total energy density 2 2 2 -1,/28 1, (98) 21 02/28 m= 30( Ge) + 2°(3 2°’ | ax It is easy " see that the space-time average of both densities is the same and the space time average of total energy density is then orc on(i8} > The intensity of the wave is 2 = =o Ape Tavewroa ae > _ AP Yn . 1 Using < (APP > = FAP Ie weget T=102 4.186 4.187 4.188 The intensity of the sound wave is (Ap yn | (AP Ym Taare 2pv 2pva Using v = vA, pp is the density of air. Thus the mean energy flow reaching the ball is (AP Ym 2pvr 1R? being the effective area (area of cross section) of the ball. Substitution gives 10.9 mW. aR? = xR? — ‘We have ant intensity = pv P or Ap = VW BS cy 2nP 1 oY 1293 kg/m? x 340 m/s x 0-80W | 4/1293 x340% 8 ( kg kgm?s~? ms")? 2nx 15x 15m? 2nx15x15 m = 49877 (kem71s"?)= SPa. A (AP )m 5 1075 P (b) We have Ap= -pvdh (AP)m = pVKE, = pv2aVE, (AP )m 5 bm" ONpvy ” Dex 1293%540%600 ~>2™ B 3x107% | 1800 1-6 -6 X 7 3407600 ~ Bap * 10 = 5x10 Express L in bels. (ie. L = 5 bels). Then the intensity at the relevant point (at a distance r from the source) is : Jg'10" Had there been no damping the intensity would have been : e7!7 [y10" Now this must equal the quantity po , where P = sonic power of the source. ar P 2Qyr Thus y=? Jyitt 4nr ° or P= 4nr%e7""Iy10’ = 1.39 W.103 4.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES. RADIATION 4.189 The velocity of light in a medium of relative permittivity e is -< . Thus the change in e - wavelength of light (from its value in vaccum to its value in the medium) is ane 565 v vey, -1 = -50 m. 4.190 From the data of the problem the relative permittivity of the medium varies as e(x) = ey, Hence the local velocity of light c irs e(x) Vey v(x) = 1 dx J v(x) = Thus the required time t = 4.191 Conduction current density = oF, Displacement current density = ae wee aimee = 2£ = 2, on puting the values. Jais Ratio of magnitudes = wee We ab _ olf ot = V cos(wt-K:7)x Ey = FXE, sin(wr-F°7") At r=0 at FE, thie sinwt at Yo So integrating (ignoring a constant) and using c = cosckt104 4.193 As in the previous problem , <> kx A E, eee wr 0s (Ot FF} = TR &c08(kx- wt) [Eo = — Ene, cos(kx-wt yy Pmée ( ) Thus (a) areoH=-V ie Ey & coskx (ote =, H=V = Em & 008 (kx ~ 0 fy) 4.194 Bint -¢ E- d= E,,1( cost - cos (cot-k1) _ ol ol = - 2E,! sin Fe sn( 01-32) Putting the values E,, = 50m V/m, 1 = $metre ol _2nvl_xx108 x c c 3x10® 3 Eng = 50 mv(-sn3) sin(or-§) = 25 sin (or+3-5] = 25 as ( 01-3) mv 6 2 4195 E =} E(t,x) s , B= £B(yx) oop 2E 2B p ow and cul B= € 92 = 83. g oe ; 26 _ 3B ° “ax ~ ar > aE_ 1 aE Also Cul B= coo SF = 23 Sr > 9B | aB_ 1 E and Gud B= - 7 SE 80 Se - oe 4196 E = E,, cos(wt-K-7) then as before > HV 0 EE cos (ot FF54197 4.198 4.199 105 i S- Ex Ex (BxE,) $008" (wt P75 of 2 7 Fo . “Vie Em 008 (@t-F7) F> ely te PE -3V iG EG E = E,cos(2nvt-kx) @) jas = ap = - 2meqvE,sin(mt-kx) Thus Ciais rms =< hdte >”? = V2 mepvE,_ = 0.20 mA/m (b) = iV rs E2 as in (196). Thus = 3.3 p W/m? For the Poynting vector we can derive as in (196) 14/8 Sse =5V Hence in time t (which is much longer than the time period T of the wave), the energy reaching the ball is aR? x 5 E2xte5W. EZ along the direction of propagation. Here E = E, cos kx cosot _ From div E = 0 we getE,,=0 so Em is in the y~z plane. Also ae - VxE = - Vcos kx x E,,cos wt = RK E, sin kx cos wt te FeEn ns Pcie xek so B= sinkxsinot = B,sinkxsin ot = Ee ee Where | Ba | = and By 4 Ein the y-z plane, At t=0,B = 0, E = E,coskx = At t= 7/4 E=0,B=B,sinkx106 4200 E = E, egskxor 4.201 o> RE, . : He sinkxsinwt (exactly as in 199) Ho = ao E,x(RxE, So Ba = 2B Fw) 1 noes sin20r Wo 4 Thus S, = dec? sin2kxsin2or (as 1 = ee eG CER Fee =0 Inside the condenser the peak electrical energy W, = ; cv = Lye wR? 2m Gg (d = separation between the plates, R? = arca of each plate.). V = V,,sin@ ¢, V,, is the maximum voltage Changing electric field causes a displacement current fae ap = &E_W COs Ot £0 Vn =—— cswt a This gives rise to a magnetic field B(r) ( at a radial distance r from the centre of the plate) Vin B(r)-207 = pH? jais = Won? 2 cos wt 1 r B= 5 e0t9 05 V_C0s wt Energy associated with this field is 2 2 R = far oa 7 deity Sy 2m f Prdrxdx Vy cos? ot 0 Diet Rt 16 °° 0H0 Gy Thus the maximum magnetic energy V2 cos* wt 2 2 _ Ho 2 R212 Wy = Zee (WR AF—Ver Wr W, 2 i eet ok ye 15 x foMo(@RY -3( ) 5 x 10 Hence c ‘The approximation are valid only if wR << ce.4.202 4.203 4.204 107 Here I = J,,cos w t, then the peak magnetic energy is Wy = ALI = dL ugnti2nR2d 2 2 Changing magnetic field induces an electric field which by Faraday’s law is given by appa . E-2nur= -3s B-dS = xr wnl,osinot = drignigosinot The associated peak electric energy is =f te r2a3> ek 2.272 2.2 aR We J feozta*r g Coro Ly oem ad Ww. Hence Teng cono(ORP = E any Again we expect the results to be valid if and only if (*) <<1 ¢ If the charge on the crestor is Q, the rate of increase of the capacitor’s energy 197) _ 20 C "at #2) - C 7 aR??? Now electric field between the plates (inside it) is, E = ae ® , aD_ 2 So displacement current = 57 = 2 This will lead to a magnetic field, (circuital) inside the plates. At a radial distance r 22 r 2mrHg(r) = xr?2, or Hy = od Hence Ho (R) = 3 at the edge. . . 5 -2.,-2 Thus inward Poynting vector = § = 52a x —8— Total flow = 2nRdxs = 294 aR Proved £0 Suppose the radius of the conductor is Ry. Then the conduction current density is . I pl = =oE o E= - Jeo URE Roo Re where p = tis the resistivity.108 4.205 4.206 Inside the conductor there is a magnetic field given by H:2nRo=I or H= at the edge I 2mRy :. Energy flowing in per second in a section of length ! is 2 EHx2nRyl = 2 Re But the resistance R = 2! xRe Thus the energy flowing into the conductor = [?R . Here nev = I/nR? where R = radius of cross section of the conductor and n = charge density (per unit volume) Also dmv? = eU or ve V 228. ™ Thus, the moving protons have a charge per unit length 7 2 Al m nexR rT TeU* This gives rise to an electric field at a distance r given by L./—m Ens aep [277 . . I The magnetic field is H = 57 (for r>R) Thus 2 Se Se V 5257 aially outward from the axis edz This is the Poynting vector. Within the solenoid B = gn J and the rate of change of magnetic energy d 41) 2p?) en anne = Wty = 3 (ZH mR ‘) Hon? x R71IT where R = radius of cross section of the solenoid / = length. Also H = B/uy = nJ along the axis within the solenoid. By Faraday’s law, the induced electric field is Ey 2ur= nr? B= nr? pont 7 or Ey = ghonlr4.207 4.208 4.209 109 so at the edge Ey (R) = duo niR (circuital) Then S, = Eo H, (radially inward) and We = Spon FIR x22RI = pon? RIT as before. Given p> 91 The electric field is as shown by the dashed lines (----—>-----). "% The magnetic field is as shown Oo O Oo (©) emerging out of the paper. S”= Ex H is parallel to the wires % and towards right. Hence source must be on the left. The electric field (----—) and the magnetic field (H! —>) are as shown. The electric field by Gauss’s theorem is like A E,=> Integrating g=Aln 2 9 so A= (>) ra In 2 n Then E~¥ nm rin n Magnetic field is He = 55 The Poynting vector S is along the Z axis and non zero between the two wires (n< 7 < 7) . The total power flux is n - fi tere 7, 2a in ql nh As in the previous problem Vo cos wt Ip cos (wt - = VOCs Ot gy, = cs (@t-o) 2 2nur rh r, 1 Hence time averaged power flux ( along the z axis ) = 5 Volo cos110 4.210 4.211 4.212 1,213, 1214 On using = deose « Let nt” be along the z axis. Then Sin = Exe Hiy-E ty Hix and Sq = En Hoy Ezy Hoy Using the boundary condition E,, = E>, , H,, = Hz, at the boundary (¢ = x or y) we see that Sin = Sans P- a |p? when = => fae ee = Be Latin Smita Sm if Sf. fixed mm a — But qari = 0 for a closed system Hence P=0. p= 2Y 4x% 3c Ip’? = (e0%a)? cos? we ota? Thus

= 4 (euta)x b= £2 4 51 x 10 Ww. 4xe 3¢ ie rs Here 2 nf. ~2¢ 1 P= 7% force aR? ane’ ae 1 e Thus Ps £4) +. amar (Sa) 30° Most of the radiation occurs when the moving particle is closest to the stationary particle. In that region, we can write R? = b? 4 v7? and apply the previous problem’s formula 1 2 Ff ge? dt Thi AW «= — aren " ater as m_) (b4v7e?)? (the integral can be taken between + 0 with little error.)4.218 4.216 111 Now Soe . Af a8, — (b74v72?? VS (b2 4x7)? 2vb7° 264 Hence, We eee (4xe) 3c? mvb>” For the semicircular path on the right my? BeR —— =Bev v= R ev or mm Thus KE. = T= $myv? = 22, Power radiated = —1_ _2 ; Tre 30° Hence energy radiated = AW 2 1 2 (=) __=R B’e*R? 4x8 30> BeR 6egmc? AW Be? 18 So ee = 2.06 x 1078. T ~ 3ee°m? (neglecting the change in v due to radiation, correct if AW/T <<1). dt 3xeqm'c? Integrating, T = Ty e~“* 3neymc? t: Be* + is (1836 )* ‘~ 10° times Jess for an electron than for a proton so electrons radiate away their energy much faster in a magnetic field.112 4.217 P is a fixed point at a distance / from the equilibrium position of the particle. Because 4.218 1 > a, to first order in Fihe distance between P and the instantancous position of the particle is still 1. For the first case y= 0 so t = 7/4 The corresponding retarded time is ¢' = fi Now FU) =~ Paces ol 5-2) = - asin 2 For the second case y = @ at ¢ = 0 so at the retarded time ¢’ = — at = F(t) =~ aces The radiation fluxes in the two cases are proportional to (j (t’))* so S; 21 tan? 2! © 3.06 on substitution. y ¢ Note : The radiation received at P at time ¢ depends on the acceleration of the charge at the retarded time. Along the circle x = Rsinwt, y = Reoswt where @ = 5 . If t is the parameter in x(¢),y(#) and 1 fe 1” is the observer time ihen [we> rary EE) b~\ where we have neglected the effect of the y—-cordinate which is of second order. The observed cordinate are Us rr) = x(t), (0) = (1) tren A, ey and a -WZ)i- 1 CR 1 This is the observed acceleration.4.219 4.220 4.221 4.222 113 () Energy flow density of EM radiation S is proportional to the square of the y- projection 2 of the observed accéleration of the particle (i« S t We know that Sy (r) e 4, 7 At other angles S(r,0) « sin? 6 O=My Thus S(7,0) = S(r)sin?® = Spsin® 6 So Average power radiated 2,2 _ 8x 2 = Syxdnr?xs = Sor (ane of sin?@ over whole sphere is 3) From the previous problem. 8mSor? at - 5 = 2%, 8nr So 3 Py Thus E = coswt then this induces a dipole moment whose second derivative is ag 4 e p= cos wt 1 2 (e7£ 4meg3c3\ m vie Hence radiated mean power

=114 4.223 4.224 On the other band the mean Poynting flux of the incident radiation is af 1 = ag 20 2 ‘Thus P12 yp? 2 xy cS Ae ens) ue | to 2 - Be (22 6x\m For the elastically bound electron m7*+ mug r= eE cos wt This equation has the particular integral (ie. neglecting the part which does not have the frequency of the impressed force) Eo (03-0) m =» ey coswt Ss re z soand 5; m wo cos wt Hence P = mean radiated power 2 _1 2 ew Laz Fe 3c°\ m(we-ar)} 2° The mean incident poynting flux is ae Thus P -A(¢ Let r = radius of the ball R = distance between the ball & the Sun (r< = 5Eo- (6) The sphere subtends a solid angle 90-a ‘The area irradiated is : axe f sinoao = 2nR"(1-sina) = 2an(1-4) 0 Thus => Substituting we get = 50 lux.117 54 Luminance L is the light energy emitted per unit area of the emitting surface in a given direction per unit solid angle divided by cos 0. Luminosity M is simply energy emitted per unit area. Thus M = fi-coso-da Where the integration must be in the forward hemisphere of the emitting surface (assuming Tight is being emitted in only one direction say outward direction of the surface.) But L = Lycos 8 2 Thus m= f tycos*0-a0 7 2x ff 1,cos*osinoao = Zak 0 5.5 (a) Fora Lambert source L = Const The flux emitted into the cone is ® = LAS cosadQ af) =Lasf 2ncosasinada 0 = LASx(1- cos’ 6) = xL AS sin? (b) The luminosity is obtained from the previous formula for 0 = 90° Me ® oa =aL 5.6 The equivalent luminous intensity in the direction OP is LScos@ and the illuminance at P is LScos0 4 Ls (+h) Rhy LS Ls Teh8 5.7 538 This is maximum when Rah and the maximum illuminance is LS _ 16x10? aga AO x The ilisminance at P is 18) 1() cos? @ Ey = cos @ = WIS © Po eh) Ke since this is constant at all x, we must have 0 1(®) cos’ @ = const = Ip orl (0) = Ip/cos? 0 h The luminous flux reaching the table is 9 to © = nR’x = 314 lumen - we sy x P The illuminated area acts as a Lambert source of luminosity M = x where MS = pES = total reflected light Thus, the luminance Lu8k ™ The equivalent luminous intensity in the direction making an angle 0 from the vertical is LS cos 0 = PES cose and the dluminance at the point P is PES 05.0 sin 0/R? cosec? 0 = BET cos sin? 0 x This is maximum when FE (cos O sin’ 0) = sin’ 0 +3 sin? cos?0 = 0 or tan? = 3 => tanO = V3 Then the maximum illuminance is 3V3 pES 16% R? This illuminance is obtained at a distance R cot = R/V3 from the ceiling. Substitution gives the value 0-21 ux119 5.9 From the definition of luminance, the energy emitted in the radial direction by an element dS of the surface of the dome is d® = Ldsda Here L = constant. The solid angle dQ is given by 4 dA.cos 0 dQ= a where dA is the area of an element on the plane illuminated by the radial light. Then do~ fart cs e The illuminance at 0 is then ”). In the case when angle of incidence is N ©; (Fig.), from the law of refraction ny sin Qo = M2 qa) Ne Q In the case , when the angle of incidence is ®,, from the P 1, law of refraction at the interface of mediums 1 and 2. ny sin 8, = msin @, Grop But in accordance with the problem @, = (x/2-0;) £0, msin @, = 1,cos 0, Q Dividing Eqn (1) by (2) sine 1 sin 6; ~ cos 0; 1 1 7 Va-1 oo — - WUE 3) or, n 6,7 3 os a, and sin 0; @) m _ cos 0; But as m ~ sin 0,5.18 123 So, a ,i_a_ (Using 3) Thus ae From the Fig. the sought lateral shift x = OM sin(0-6) =dsec B sin (0 - B) = d sec B (sin 0 cos B - cos 0 sin B) = d(sin 0 - cos 6 tan B) But from the law of refraction sin = msinB or, sing = 222 = cos «Vase si ung « sind " Vn2-sin2@ Thus x = d(sinO - cos OtanB) = d{ sin 0 - cos @ ——24 — ( Vn? -sin?@ 3 ~ asno|1-V 1-828 | n? sin? @ From the Fig. Py eee - MN cosa OM ~ hsec(a+da) As dais very small, so MNoosa | MNoos’a a h seca h a Similarly 7 ao = MNoos?e Q H From Eqns (1) and (2) da h'cos*a , _ heos?® da G0 hee OM" Sa G0 3) From the law of refraction nsina. = sin® (a)124 5.20 ‘ 8 sina =, 80, cosa = ® Differentiating Eqn.(A) neosada = cos0d0 or, 2% = 288 Oy 6 = ncosa Using (4) in (3), we get Fe © a 3 Hence i’ = hoot Om hove 0 | Using Eqn.(B) J 2 ~ sin? (n?-sin?@ n? The figure shows the passage of a monochromatic ray through the given prism, placed in air medium. From the figure, we have 8 = Bi+By (A) and a = (a; +02)~(B, + Bp) a = (ay+a,)-0 qa From the Snell’s law sino, = *sin By or cy = 1B; (for small angles) (2) and sino, = nsin By or, cy = ny (for small angles) @) From Eqns (1), (2) and (3), we get a = 7(B,+B,)-8 So, a = n(8)-0 = (m-1)0 [Using Eqn.A} (a) In the general case, for the passage of a monochromatic ray through a prism as shown in the figure of the soln. of 5.19, a = (a, +0,)-8 @) And from the Snell’s law, sina, = nsinB, or oy = sin™'(nsinB,) ] Q Similarly a= sin™! (sin B.) = sin~! {nm sin (0 - B,)] (As O= 6, +B.) Using (2) in (1) a= [ sin~* (sin B,) + sin“? (sin (8 ~B,)) ]-05.21 125 For a to be minimum, 2% . 9 4B, on noosBr _ __noos(O-Bi)__ ig Vi-n?sin?p, V1-n?sin?(0-6,) on cos’By cos? (0-1) , (1-n7sin?B,) 1m? sin?(-B,) or, cos? By (1-n?sin?( 0-8, )) = cos*(O- By) (1m? sin? By) or, (1 ~ sin? By) (1-7 sin? (0 -B,)) - (2 -sin? (0 -B1)) (1-7? sin? By ) or, 1 =n? sin? (0 - B, ) - sin’ By + sin” B, n? sin? (0 - ; ) = 1-n? sin? By - sin? (0 - By, ) + sin” B, n? sin? (0 - B,) or, sin? (0 - B,)-77sin?(@-B,) = sin? B,(1-n?) or, sin? (@-B,)(1-m7) = sin?B,(1-n7) or, O-Bi = 6, or py = 0/2 But Bi+B,=0, so, f) = 0/2 = B; which is the case of symmetric passage of ray. In the case of symmétric passage of ray ay = a = a! (say) and B, = Bp = B = 0/2 Thus the total deviation a = (a,+0,)-0 a=2a'-@8 of But from the Snell’s law sina = msinB . 8 = nsin> 2 2 a+0 So, sin In this case we have at 2 7 nsin$ (see soln. of 5.20) In our problem a = 0 So, sin®@ = nsin(0/2) or 2sin (0/2) cos (8/2) = nsin (0/2) Hence cos (8/2) = i or 0 = 2cos~!(n/2) = 83°, where n = 15126 5.22 5.23 5.24 In the case of minimum deviation a+0 0 $8 = nsing sin So, a = 2a | nsing }-0 = 37°, for n= 15 Passage of ray for grazing incidence and grazing imergence is the condition for maximum deviation (Fig.). From Fig. a=1-0=x-20, (where 0,, is the critical angle) So, a = x-2sin(1/n) = 58°, for n = 15 = RI. of glass. The least deflection angle is given by the formula, 8 = 20-0, where a is the angle of incidence at first surface and @ is the prism angle. Also from Snell’s law, m; sin. = min (8/2), as the angle of refraction at first surface is equal to half the angle of prism for least deflection . nm 1S ae so, sina = [sin (0/2) = 733 8in 30° = 5639 or, a = sin~1(-5639) = 34-3259° Substituting in the above (1), we get, 8 = 8-65° From the Cauchy’s formula, and also experimentally the RL. of a medium depends upon the wavelength of the mochromatic ray i.e. n = f(2%). In the case of least deviation of a monochromatic ray the passage a prism, we have: . 8 a+0 nsin 5 = sin $5 w The above equation tales us that we have n = n(c.), so we may write dn An= FA Q From Eqn. (1) L 91, +0 — dnsin} = 500s SFP da i cos 249 SY dn 2 fe SIRE or, —-* @ da asin? 2 From Eqns (2) and (3) cos 248 An=— ha5.25 127 Aa ( Using Eqn. 1.) Fermat’s principle : “ The actual path of propagation of light (trajectory of a light ray ) is the path which can be followed by light with in the lest time, in comparison with all other hypothetical paths between the same two points. ” “Above statement is the original wordings of Fermat ( A famous French scientist of 17th century)” Deduction of the law of refraction from Fermat’s principle : Let the plane S be the interface between medium 1 and medium 2 with the refractive indices ny = c/v, and m, = ¢/v; Fig. (a). Assume, as usual, that 1, < 7. Two points are given- one above the plane S (point A ), the other under plane S$ (point B ). The various distances are AA, =/,, BB, = hy, A,B, = 1. We must find the path from A to B which can be covered by light faster than it can cover any other hypothetical path. Clearly, this path must consist of two straight lines, viz, AO in medium 1 and OB in medium 2; the point O in the plane S has to be found. First of all, it follows fom Fermat’s priniciple that the point O must lie on the intersection of S and a plane P, which is perpendicular to S and passes through A and B. Indeed, let us assume that this point does not lie in the plane P; let this be point O, in Fig. (b). Drop the perpendicular 0, O, from O, onto P. Since A 0, = plo = 27 PbS Hence 1-01 (ff: (Because our convention makes f- ve for a concave mirror, we have to write | |.) Substitution gives I= 2.0 x 10% cd. For O, to be the image, the optical paths of all rays OAO, must be equal upto terms of leading order in h. Thus n, OA + mAO, = constant But, OP = |s|, O,P = |s'| and so = we = = = OA = ViF + ([s|+9) Isl+ 84575) e O,A = Vi + (| - OF Is) |- 8+ iy (neglecting products 4”). Then 2 mls] + mls] + md -md+% Now (r- dP +h =r 2 7 ae or A’ =2rd or 8 a Here r = CP. 2 (nm, - ny n- CL le 5 : 1 lee ta 7 7 tet wait Constant Since this must hold for all h, we have m my mam mt = Isto Is] r131 From our sign convention, s’ > 0, 5 < 0 so we get mom mam 3 7 5.30 All rays focusing at a point must have traversed the same optical path. Thus 7 VP aG-a = nf or (nf-x)? = Pana? or, w= (nf-x)?-[n(f-x)P = (nf-xtnf-nx) (nf-x-nfenx) = x(n-1)(2nf-(n+1)x) = 2n(n-1)fx-(n+1)(n-1)x7 Thus, (+1) (@-1)x-2n(n-1 fret? =0 n(n-1 ft Vr (Qn-1Pf?- WP (n+ 1) (n-1) 5 ao (n+1)@-1) . [revi m8 | n+1 n 1f? Ray must move forward so x < f, for + sign x >f for small r, so -sign. (Also x + 0 as r + 0) (x>f means ray turning back in the direction of incidence. (see Fig.) Hence ve 2£[Vi 12 | n+1 n-1f? For the maximum value of r, 2 anti? 4 “ n-1f7? because the expression under the radical sign must be non-negative, which gives the maximum value of r. Hence from Eqn. (A), Tmax = f W (n-1)/(n +1)132 5.31 As the given lense has significant thickness, the thin lense, formula cannote be used. For refraction at the front surface from the formula ao 5 orn fs Oe ee - On simplifying we get, s’ = 30cm. Thus the image J’ produced by the front surface behaves as a virtual source for the rear surface at distance 25 cm from it, because the thickness of the lense is 5 cm. Again from the refraction formula at cerve surface oe ys" R Lis 1:5 s 2 " -5 On simplifying, s’ = + 6-25 cm o. Thus we get a real image J at a distance 6-25 cm beyond the rear surface (Fig.). 5.32 (a) The formation of the image of a source S, placed at a distance u from the pole of the convex surface of plano-convex lens of thickness d is shown in the fig- ure. On applying the formula for refraction through spheri- N cal surface, we get \ 2-1, (here man and 1; = 1) RE Q! nil Tea a@ent 0 R 4 oF IVR on = 5- Soy (2 @-) ' s dR °s ae aed But in this case optical path of the light, corresponding to the distance v in the medium is v/n, so the magnification produced will be, Be ee) Boag Sa a} Sti Substituting the values, we get magnification B = - 0-20. d(n-1) je 1-265 (>) If the transverse area of the object is A (assumed small), the area of the image is B°A. Z) xD " , «4 RD*4 > A. Then light falling on the Jens is : LA “3 ‘We shall assume that133 from the definition of luminance (See Eqn. (5.1c) of the book; here 2 cos @ ~ 1 if D? << s? and dQ = ef. Then the illuminance of the image is aD/4 | a2 2 ABO [Pa nin nD?/4d? Substitution gives 42 1x. 5.33 (a) Optical power of a thin lens of RI. n in a medium with RI. rp is given by : 1 = (A) (n= (i A “m) @ From Eqn.(A), when the lens is placed in air : 1 Oy = (n- (im i “m) @) Similarly from Eqn.(A), when the lens is placed in liquid : © =(n- om z “) @ Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) The second focal length, is given by fi= Es , Where 7’ is the R.I. of the medium in which it is placed. no fi Be 8em (b) Optical power of a thin lens of RI. n placed in a medium of RI. ng is given by : 1 @ = (n- o(F, “) @) For a biconvex lens placed in air‘medium from Eqn. (A) -1)(4- 2laa ty 0 (0-(Ro oR] > @) where R is the radius of each curve surface of the lens Optical power of a spherical refractive surface is given by : n-n o-7-" B 7 ®) For the rear surface of the lens which divides air and glass medium = mt (Here n is the RI. (2) of glass)134 5.34 (a) (a) Convex lens Similarly for the front surface which divides wate- -nd glass medium non | n-M ote Q) Hence the optical power of the given optical system n-m 2n-Mm-1 © = 0+, = tT (4) From Eqns (1) and (4) & 2n-n-1 (2n-m-1) & ” @MH-1) oJ OG 2(m-1) % Focal length in air, f = 4 = 15cm and focal length in water = 2 = 20cm for m = 4. Clearly the media on the sides are different. The front focus F is the position of the object (virtual or real) for which the image is formated at infinity. The rear focus F’ is the position of the image (virtual or real) of the object at infinity, (a) Figures 5.7 (a) & (0). This geometrical construction ensines that the second of the equations (5.1g) is obeyed. (b) Figure 5.5 (a) & (b) with lens (a) Convex lens (b) Concave lens (P is the object)5.36 135 (c) Figure (5.8) (a) & (b). Clearly, the important case is that when the rays (1) & (2) are not symmetric about the principal axis, otherwise the figure can be completed by reflection in the principal axis. Knowing one path we know the path of all rays connecting the two points. For a different object. We proceed as shown below, we use the fact that a ray incident at a given height above the optic centre suffers a definite deviation. The concave lens can be discussed similarly. Since the image is formed on the screen, it is real, so for a conversing lens object is in the incident side. Lets; and s2 be the magnitudes of the object distance in the first and second case respectively. We have the Jens formula da) In the first case from Eqn. (1) 1 1 1 GD” Ga)” Ff Similarly from Eqn.(1) in the second case 1 1 1 (I-81) my" Ff BO = 26-36 cm. —!f (-Aab-f Thus the sought distance Ax = s)-5, = 0-Smm = Alf?/(I-f?) The distance between the object and the image is 1. Let x = distance between the object and the lens. Then, since the image is real, we have in our convention, u = -x, v = [=x so 1,1 1 x T-x "Ff or x(l-x)=If or? -xl+if=0 Solving we get the roots ra5 [le vP- ay] (We must have J > 4f for real roots.) (a) If the distance between the two positions of the lens is AJ, then clearly Al = x2-x, = difference between roots = VP - 4if P-at so fe pos em.136 5.37 5.38 5.39 b) The two roots are conjugate in the sense that if one gives the object distance the other jugs 8 gives the a image distance (in both cases). Thus the magnifications are + VP = af LA VERA sienini - VFayp Cnleged) and - ae (diminished), The ratio of these magnification being 1 we have t-VP=ap | VP =a v1 1- VP - 4if n L vy +1 ; G 1-4. (@=1) 21-4 hy (1 + Vay a (ee fF Hence aeap We know from the previous problem that the two magnifications are reciprocals of each other (B'B” = 1). If h is the size of the object then h’ = Bp’ h and h' = Bh Hence h= Vik’. Refer to problem 5.32 (b). If A is the area of the object, then provided the angular diameter of the object at the lens is much smaller than other relevant angles like . we calculate the i nD? light falling on the lens as LA 7 where u? is the object distance squared. If B is the transverse magnification (° 7 ;) then the area of the image is BA. Hence the illuminance of the image (also taking account of the light lost in the lens) nD? 1 | (l-a)xD*L 49 PA 4f2 since s’ = f for a distant object. Substitution gives E = 15 1x. = (1 - La (a) If s = object distance, s’ = average distance, L = luminance of the sounce, AS = area of the source as- sumed to be a plane surface held normal to the prin- cipal axis, then we find for the flux A ® incident on the lens A= fLAS cosa = LAS {cos 02nsinOd0= LAS msin® a «tase 05.40 5.41 137 Here we are assuming D << s, and ignoring the variation of L since a is small 2 Then if L’ is the luminance of the image, and AS’ = (5) AS is the area of the image then similarly was Pon vas Ponetas Pon a le ; —) or L' = L irrespective of D. 5 $s Ss (b) In this case the image on the white screen from a Lambert source. Then if its luminance is Lo its luminosity will be the Xo and nla SAs = Las? or Ig « D? since s’ depends on f, s but not on D. Focal length of the converging lens, when it is submerged in water of RI. 1g (say) : 1_ (fm 1) 2(%-™%) ho (t- ‘\(R- i): mR a Similarly, the focal length of diverging lens in water. 1_(m 1 2(m- Mm) 1. (% een 2) h (z- \ R -#)* mip R @ Now, when they are put together in the water, the focal length of the system, ete segte iis ~ 2@r=m) 20n-M) | 20-m) mR mR mR or, C is the centre of curvature of the silvered surface and O is the effective centre of the equivalent mirror in the sence that an object at O forms a coincident image. From the figure, using the formula for refraction at a spherical surface, we have c 0 * f= 50 ty (In our convention f is - ve). Substitution gives f = - 10 cm.138 5.42 (a) Path of a ray, as it passes through the lens system is as shown below. Focal length of all the three lenses, f= sm = 10cm, neglecting their signs. of . 3} Applying lens formula for the first lens, le Sem he Sem FE Gem A considering a ray coming from infinity, if or s' = f= 10cm, @ and so the position of the image is 5 cm to the right of the second lens, when only the first one is present, but the ray again gets refracted while passing through the second, so, or, s' = 10cm, which is now 5 cm left to the third lens so for this lens, 11 1 1 3 oa or mal x75" 10 or, s” = 10/3 = 3-33 cm, from the last lens. (b) This means that if the object is x cm to be left of the first lens on the axis OO’ then the image is x on to the right of the 3rd (last) lens. Call the lenses 1,2,3 from the left and let O be the object, O, its image by the first lens, O2 the image of O, by the 2nd lens and Os, the image of O2 by Ae [oto IY O, and Op must be symmetrically located with respect to the lens L, and since this lens is ° | es concave, O, must be at a distance 2 | f, | to be the right of L2 and O, must be 2|f,| to be the left of Ly, One can check that this satisfies lens (o) equation for the third lens L3 u = -(2|f,| +5) = -25 em si=x, fy=10 cm, 1.121 Hence x72" 10 so x = 16.67 cm. 5.43 (a) Angular magnification for Galilean telescope in normal adjustment is given as. T = fi/fe or, 10=fYf, or fp = 10f, ay5.44 5.45 139 The length of the telescope in this case. 1 = f,-f = 45cm. given, So, using (1), we get, fe = +5 and f, = +50cm. (b) Using lens formula for the objective, 5 Att ay, = ee soem So So fo 50+ fo From the figure, it is clear that, s',=1'+ fo where I’ is the new tube length. or, I =Vvo-f, = 505-5 = 45-5cm. So, the displacement of ocular is, Al = I'-1 = 455-45 = 05cm In the Keplerian telescope, in normal adjustment, the distance between the objective and eyepiece is fy + f,. The image of the mounting produced by the eyepiece is formed at a distance v to the right where 1iili SSE But s=-(o +f), 11 a fo so Sh hth kh+h The linear magnification produced by the eyepiece of the mounting is, in magnitude, s')_ fe lel= 121-4 This equals 4 according to the problem so &£_D Pepa It is clear from the figure that a parallel beam of light, originally of intensity J has, on emerging from the telescope, an intensity. 2 rofl because it is concentrated over a section whose diameter is f,/fy of the diameter of the cross section of the incident beam.140 5.47 Thus So wv vt Now Peany ~ ¥ Hence W = W'/Yn = 0.6! on substitution. When a glass lens is immersed in water its focal length increases approximately four times. We check this as follows as : LL tam 1 fo mam-I)f i (e-4) fm- a) Now back to the problem. Originally in air re Bass sol=f+f=f +1) In water, fe met = M% and the focal length of the replaced objective is given by the condition fl+fi=l=C+DE or fi-C+DR-£ vf ha to Hence it E +p mae) a Substitution gives (n = 1.5, m> = 1.33), I’ = 3.09 If L is the luminance of the object, A is its area, s = distance of the object then light falling on the objective is LxD 4s The area of the image formed by the telescope (assuming that the image coincides with the object) is I? A and the area of the final image on the retina is e (5 ra Where f = focal length of the eye lens. Thus the illuminance of the image on the retin (when the object is observed through the telescope) is A5.48 5.49 141 LxD’A LxD? 2 = 22 C2 ee aa (f) ra “f s o Lx When the object is viewed directly, the illuminance is, similarly, Ty LxD Lud apr” af? So, T 2 = 20 on substitution of the values. 0 ‘We want Obviously, f, = +1em and f,= +5cm Now, we know that, magnification of a microscope, s,_.\D T = |—*-1]=, for distinct vision e-)2 : 25 or, v0 = (#-1}3 or, vo = llcm. Since distance between objective and ocular has increased by 2 cm, hence it will cause the increase of tube length by 2cm. so, = s'.42 = 13 ‘s'o_,\D and hence, : I = (=2-1]2 = 60 ( \i It is implied in the problem that final image of the object is at infinity (otherwise light coming out of the eyepiece will not have a definite diameter). (a) We see that s’'y2B = |so|2a, then Isol 6 = 7 So Then, from the figure d= 27,8 =2f0 / 2 Iso But when the final image is at infinity, the magnification I in a microscope is given by re int © ol fe Sod = dy) whenT = Ty = Ris = 15 on putting the values. lo142 (b) I£T is the magnification produced by the microscope, then the area of the image produced on the retina (when we observe an object through a microscope) is : T? () A ‘Where u = distance of the image produced by the microscope from the eye lens, f = focal length of the eye lens and A = area of the object. If ® = luminous flux reaching the objective from the object and d < dp so that the entire flux is admitted into the eye), then the illuminance of the final image“on the retina ® r? W/sPA But if d = d3, then only a fraction (dy | dy’ of light is admitted into the eye and the illuminance becomes r()-— —,_ (F -— A 4 Te A (( (21a) independent of I’. The condition for this is then dzd o TsTy= 15. 5.50 The primary and secondary focal length of a thick lens are given as, f = -(n/%) {1 - (dn) O}} and fi = +(1"/®)(1-@/n') oy, where ® is the lens power n, n' and n are the refractive indices of first medium, lens material and the second medium beyond the lens. ©, and @, are the powers of first and second spherical surface of the lens. Here, n = 1, for lens, n’ = 1, for air and n" = no, for water. So, pie} d~0, () and f = +19/® Now, power of a thin lens, b= 4+, where, and So, © = 2n-m-1)/R Q From equations (1) and (2), we get, f- = -112cm143 kee * @n-m-1) Since the distance between the primary principal point and primary nodal point is given as, x =f {(n"-n)/n"} So, in this case, X = (19/®) (7g - 1)/rg = (tg - 1)/@ and f = +149 cm. NM 1 = org lth = 37m. 5.51 See the answersheet of problem book. 5.52 (a) Draw P’X parallel to the axis OO’ and let PF interest it at X. That determines the principal point H. As the medium on both sides of the system is the same, the principal point coincides with the nodal point. Draw a ray parallel to PH through P’, That determines H'. Draw a ray PX" parallel to the axis and join PX’. That gives F’. (b) We let H stand for the principal point (on the axis). Determine H' by drawing a ray PH’ passing through P’ and parallel to PH. One ray (conjugate to SH) can be obtained from this. To get the other ray one needs to know F or F’. This is easy because P and P’ are known. Finally we get 5’. (© From the incident ray we determine Q. A line parallel to OO! through Q determines Q and hence H’: H and Hi are then also the nodal points. A ray parallet ° to the incident ray through H will emerge parallel to itself through H’. That determines F’. Similarly a ray parallel to the emergent ray through H determines F. (c) 5.53 Here we do not assume that the media on the two sides of the system are the same.144 5.54 (a) Optical power of the system of combination of two lenses, © = d,+0,-dd,o, on putting the values, ®=4D on, fa d=25em Now, the position of primary principal plane with respect to the vertex of converging lens, xe 4220 10 = Gin Wem Similarly, the distance of secondary pri lens. 1 plane with respect to the vertex of diverging ®, X= ~ 431. -10em, 1c. 10 cm left to it. (b) The distance between the rear principal focal point F’ and the vertex of converging lens, 1 ® do, In de(g] aon = o vs re (B/E SB, mw 1 = 1/db-d%, = 1/d(®,+,-d®, ®,)-d®, = 1/d@,-¢ %, &, Now, if f/! is maximum for certain value of d then //f will be minimum for the same value of d. And for minimum 1/f, d(V/f/dd= 0,-2d,%,~ 0 or, d= 0/2,% or, d= 1/28,= Som So, the required maximum ratio of //I = 4/3. 5.55 The optical power of first convex surface is, FF —————C_ R and the optical power of second concave surface is, (i-n) = = -10D So, the optical power of the system,145 d ® = 0,+,-50,%, = -4D Now, the distance of the primary principal plane from the vertex of convex surface is given as, 1) (d' x= (2)(Q]esstme m= tad m = do == = 5cm On and the distance of secondary principal plane from the vertex of second concave surface, 2 (1) (4)o, - 2% . v=-(B)(f)o- $8 = 2500 5.56 The optical power of the system of two thin lenses placed in air is given as, © = 0,4+%,-d,o, 1 11 da . + 11,14 snere fis the equivalent focal length PRB ha ers tees or, 1_ fth- ~ an fh or, f= fith-d +h (1) This equivalent focal length of the’system of two lenses is measured from the primary principal plane. As clear from the figure, the distance of the primary principal plane from the optical centre of the first is O,H= x = +(n/®) (d/n') dt, =i as nen! #1, for air. af "ih | (4)( fh (ie dh ” iith-d Now, if we place the equivalent lens at the primary principal plane of the lens system, it will provide the same transverse magnification as the system. So, the distance of equivalent lens from the vertex of the first lens is, xe fh fith-4146 5.57 The plane mirror forms the image of the lens, and water, filled in the space between the two, behind the mirror, as shown in the figure. So, the whole optical system is equivalent to two similar lenses, seperated by a distance 2! and thus, the power of this system, d®, ®. O=0,4+0,- = 2, where ©, =, =2'; = optical power of individual lens and ny = RIL of water, “— ! Now, ®' = optical power of first convex surface + eptical power of second concave surface. A een + 70=” nis the refractive index of glass. (2n-m-1) Grane) @ and so, the optical power of whole system, 2de” MN © =20'- = 3-0 D, substituting the values. 5.58 (a) A telescope in normal adjustment is a zero power conbination of lenses. Thus we require @-0-%+%-4% 0, anni Ro+AR et But ©, = Power of the convex surface = “©, = Power of the concave surface = - 7 Ro (m-1)AR .d_(n-1) a © = RR + AR) * 2 Ry + AR) So d= zak = 45 cm. on putting the values. 5.5 SxS ©) Here, @ = -1 = Tong * 15 * 1x 075 2 dx2 5x0 _ 5, 200d 3 3 3 5) = 20d 2 oy d = (3/100)m = 3 cm. =5- 5.59 (a) The power of the lens is (as in the previous problem) n-1 n-1 d(n-1 n-1\)— dm-1y og FFE z) ne”147 The principal planes are located on the side of the convex surface at a distance d from each other, with the front principal plane being removed from the convex surface of the lens by a distance R/(n - 1). -2tl, &-Rin-1y Ry neaeeR ERs (nm - 1) - Ry) Rte =| Rr t/t _1) eg ~ Ry ~ Re Ro Both principal planes pass through the common centre of curvature of the surfaces of the lens. 5.60 Let the optical powers of the first and second surfaces of the ball of radius Ry be ® and &’, then a @-)) GY = (#-1/R, and Q! = (1-7) / (-R) = 1 This ball may be treated as a thick spherical lens of thickness 2 R;. So the optical power of this sphere is, O=G- 2A sta = 2(n-1)/nR, 6) Similarly, the optical power of second ball, @, = 2(n-1)/nR, If the distance between the centres of these balls be d. Then the optical power of whole system, © = O+6,-do,% 2(n-1) , 2(n-1) _4d(n-1y nRy nRy WR,R, . 2% 2d(n-1 an (R, + Ry) - 2 cI Now, since this system serves as telescope, the optical power of the system must be equal to zero. 2d(n-1) 2@-1), (+R = ASD, as Oe n(Ri +R) or, 4- asp 79m Since the diameter D of the objective is 2, and that of the eye-piece is d = 2Rp So, the magnification, red/id-22 Rr 5 - oR, 7 Re 5.148 5.61 5.62 5.63 Optical powers of the two surfaces of the lens are n-1 , = (W-1)/R and ®, = (1-n)/-R = So, the power of the lens of thickness d, Ce d(n-1/R? | n “RR yf and optical power of the combination of these two thick lenses, 2 = 040' =20'= 2o—0 2 So, power of this system in air is, by = 2 - aon x R @' = O,4+0,- 37D. We consider a ray QPR in a medium of gradually varying refractive index n. At P, the gradient of n is a vector with the given direction while is nearly the same at neighbouring points Q, R. The arc length QR is ds. We apply Snell’s formula sin @ = constant where @ is to be measured from the direction Vn. The refractive indices at Q,R whose mid point is P are n= £1 Vn|d0 cos 0 so (n - $1 ¥n|d0 cos 8) (sin ® + 3 cos 0 do) =(+ 3 |'Vn| a0 cos 6) (sin ® - £ cso d0) or ncos@ dd = |Vn|ds cos sin® (we have used here sin (0 440) = sind s 5 cos Pr) Now using the definition of the radius of curvature a -2 DL p79 dn The quantity | Vin]sin@ can be called 57 i.e. the derivative of m along the normal NV to 1 6 the ray. Then a = bn n From the above problem ie 1BWn = pVn = [Val =3x10-m! (since p|| Vn both being vertical ). So p = 33x 107m For the ray of light to propagate all the way round the earth we must have p = R = 6400km = 6-4x10°m Thus |Vn| = 16x107’m7!149 5.2 INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT 5.64 (a) ® In this case the net vibration is given by X = a, Cos Wt +a, cos (wt+5) where 8 is the phase difference between the two vibrations which varies rapidly and randomly in the interval (0 , 2). (This is what is meant by incoherence.) Then x = (a, +42 C055) cos wt + a2 sind sin wt The total energy will be taken to be proportional to the time average of the square of the displacement. Thus = E = < (a, +a,c0sd)+a3sin°b6 > = ale ad as < cos § > = 0 and we have put = = Zand has been absorbed in the overall constant of proportionality. In the same units the energies of the two oscillations are a? and a3 respectively so the proposition is proved. Here 7 a, coswti+a,cos(wt+d)) and the mean square displacement is a a7 + a if 8 is fixed but arbitrary. Then as in (a) we see that E = E, +E. 5.65 It is easier to do it analytically. & = acoswrt, & = 2asinot 3 x io. B = 34 [cos eos o1-sin sin or} Resultant vibration is Ta 3v3).. §- Beosorea(2- 4 J sine This has an amplitude = aV 494+(8-3V3) = 1894 5.66 We use the method of complex amplitudes. Then the amplitudes are A, =a, A, = ae'®, ... Ay = ae NYP and the resultant complex amplitude is A= Ap +Agt i. tAy = a(1Lee eee gellN- U9) 1oeiNe =a——— 1-e'?150 The corresponding ordinary amplitude is 2 jal =o | 2! aeiMel facet ane tt 1-e! 1-e'? 1-e7'9 sin. eer 2 -a— sos P sin 5.67 (a) With dipole moment 1” to plane there is no variation @) with @ of individual radiation amplitude. Then the in- P tensity variation is due to interference only. In the direction given by angle 9 the phase difference is 1 2% (dcos8)+p = 2kx for maxima aprw cos Thus desde (t-)a 7 7 2 Bo0p tenes We have added o to 2% d cos 0 because the extra path thatthe wave from 2 bas to trav in going to P (as cornpared to 1) makes it lag more than it already is (due to @). Maximum for © = x gives -d= (a) ini =0 gi epee Minimum for © = 0 gives d (* #+3)* jaro This can be true only if k=-k,p=5 Adding we get (*+¥-2+ since O © in the formula for Ax of the last example. ber)a_, Se Ax Dar 2a" (A plane wave is like light emitted from a point source at ©). Then N= 2aAx = 064um. 5.73 (a) We show the upper half ot the lens. The emergent light is at an angle F from the axis. Thus the divergence angle of the two incident light beams is a Mei5.74 5.75 153 When they interfere the fringes produced have a width ax = % = fh. 045 mm. y a The patch on the screen illuminated by both light has a width bw and this contains 2 bw ba’ Finges = 13 fri Be 7 pip, Hinges = 1 fringes (if we ignore 1 in comparis on to 2% (if 5.71 (a) ) (0) We follow the logic of (5.71 c). From one edge of the slit to the other edge the distance is of magnitude 8 (i to $+} If we imagine the edge to shift by this distance, the angle 1/2 will increase by oe = oF and the light will shift oy , ; _ The fringe pattern will therefore shift by ing this to S2= f% LR Lan Equating this to S* = EX we get dgae = Sop = 375 um In Ax= a l=atb d=2(n-1)0a d d= (n-1)0 d= 280 n= RIL. of glass Thus gw 2D Obs _ OGsum. a+b It will be assumed that the space between the biprism and the glass plate filled with benzene constitutes complementary prisms as shown. Then the two prisms being oppositely placed, the net deviation produced by them is 8 = (n-1)0-(n'-1)0 = (n-n!')0 Hence as in the previous problem d= 2a = 2a0(n-n') So ax = -(etb)a— * 2a0(n-n')154 For plane incident wave we let a> © so aR AX = F6(non) = 02mm. 5.76 Extra phase difference introduced by the glass plate is 2x (n-th This will cause a shift equal to qt fringe widths ive, by (m1) bth. GEE oom, d The fringes move down if the lower slit is covered by the plate to compensate for the extra phase shift introduced by the plate. 5.77 No. of fringes shifted = (t-nyt =N so ve neh = 1000377 . 5.78 (a) Suppose the vector E, E”, E” correspond to the incident, reflected and the transmitted @ wave. Due to the continuity of the tangential component of the electric field across the interface, it follows that E+E, = B", @ where the subscript + means tangential. The energy flux density is ExH = 5”. Since HV iw = EVee HeEV A Veh =n RE Now S_ nE? and since the light is incident normally mE, = MEG + mE,” Q or m (E7-E2) = mE,” so nm (E,-E) = mE," Q) ” 2m so Ef! = nome Since E,” and E, have the same sign, there is no phase change involved in this case. From (1) & (3) (m+n El +(m-m)E, = 0 or155 If my>m, then E,’ & E, have opposite signs. Thus the reflected wave has an abrupt change of phase by x if nz > m, i.e. on reflection from the interface between two media when light is incident from the rarer to denser medium. 5.79 Path difference between (1) & (2) is 2nd sec 0, -2d tan @, sin 0, sin? 0, = 2d———— = 2dV r' -sin’Q, sin? 0, wv For bright fringes this must equal (r+ 3] A where 5 comes from the phase change of x for ). Here k= 0,1,2,.. Thus 4dV w?—sin?0, = (2k+1)2 or d= AU+28) Longe 2Q um. av 7 ~sin’ 0, 5.80 Given 2dVn-1/4 = (4+) 0-64 em (it fringe) 2dVn*-1/4= kh x0-40pm (dark fringe) where k, K are integers. Thus 64(e+k) = 40k or 4(2k41) = 5K This means, for the smallest integer solutions kn2, kad Hence 4x00. O65 um. deh _ 2Vn7-1/4156 5.81 When the glass surface is coated with a material of RI. n' = Vn (n= RI. of glass) of appropriate thickness, reflection is zero because of interference between various multiply reflected waves. We show this below. Let a wave of unit amplitude be normally incident from the left. The reflected amplitude is -r where Vari Vat Its phase is -ve so we write the reflected wave as -r. ‘The transmitted wave has amplitude t r Incident =1 kh t= 7 ltva This wave is reflected at the second face and has amplitude -tr because n-Vn _Vn- +te3s ntVn Vntl The emergent wave has amplitude —t1' r. We prove below that -f/ =1-r% There is also a reflected part of emplitude trr’=~-tr?, where r' is the reflection coefficient for a ray incident from the coating towards air. After reflection from the second face a wave of amplitude +tfr = 4(1-r7)r3 emerges. Let 8 be the phase of the wave after traversing the coating both ways. Then the complete reflected wave is -r-(1-r?)re4(1-r?)r3e7!? -(1-r?)r5 e038, = -r-(1-r?)re*___. : : 1+r7e® 7 i - wr ttres(1-r7)e ‘lar lere This vanishes if 8 = (2k+1)7. But 5 = 22 avid s0 a d= ope (2k)5.82 5.83 We now deduce tf’ = 1-r? and r’= +r. This follows from the principle of reversibility of light path as shown in the figure below. tltrr=d -rttrt=0 . tf = ar? restr. (Cr is the reflection ratio for the wave entering a denser medium ), ‘We have the condition for maxima 2dVn* =] 1 waa -(e+4) This must hold for angle 0 8 with successive values of k. Thus 2d 2_on?{g08) (4h 2dV n?- sin (2 7} (+3) Thus a=2a{ n? — sin? 6 +8 0 sin 0 cos 0 -Vn?- sin 0 - 8 0 sin 0 cos 0 } = 24 20sin 0 cos 0 Vn?-sin’® n° -sin' 02 a d~~n2060 ~ 2Hm For small angles @ we write for dark fringes sin? @ 2n 2dV n’-sin?® = 2a[n- )=cesoon For the first dark fringe ® = O and 2dn = (k+0)2d For the i dark fringe sin? 6, ” 2a[n- 7 ) = (k-itl)ar 2 or sin?0, = 2 (i=1) = 2158 w— be . rp =r? G8) = Tae d(-w) "40 n(i-k) 5.84 We have the usual equation for maxima 2haV sin? 0, = (eez}a Here Ay = distance of the fringe from top yo. = dy = thickness of the film nh Finally a so Thus on the screen placed at right angles to the reflected light hk Ax = (Iy-/y_1) 00s 0, A.cos 8. 2aV 72 sin? 0, 5.85 (a) For normal incidence we have using the above formula Ax = >— so a = 3' on putting the values "In Ax (b) Ina distance / on the wedge there are N = 4 fringes. If the fringes disappear there, it must be due to the fact that the maxima due to the component of wavelength 2 coincide with the mainima due to the component of wavelength +A 2. Thus 1 h i (x-z}a+am or An Ak 4 arom, a 2N 21 30 The answer given in the book is off by a factor 2. 80 0-007.