SI&T

FOUR MUSKETERS
GK STAFF COURSE 2011
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OBJs

Border Geo

1. Border of Pakistan is distributed into following:-

a. Eastern border
b. Western border
c. Coastal area
2. Eastern border includes following:-
a. Northern Sector.
b. Kashmir Sector.
c. Corridors of Ravi-Chenab and Ravi-Beas and area South of Sutlej.
d. Desert Sector.
3. Western border includes following:-
a. Pak-Afghan Border.
b. Pak-Iran Border.
4. Pakistan shares borders with China of 523 kms in the north.
5. Pakistan shares borders with India of 2240 kms in the east.
6. Pakistan shares borders with Afghanistan of 2430 kms in the west.
7. Pakistan shares borders with Iran of 909 kms in the south west.
8. Pakistan has coastal line of 1046 kms along Arabian sea.
9. Pakistan has a north-south longitudinal configuration stretching for approximately 1500
kms and a limited east – west depth of approximately 450 kms along Line Rahim Yar
Khan - Chaman.
10. Broadly speaking, River Indus divides the country into two longitudinal halves; the
Eastern half composed of the Plains formed into river corridors, facilitating combined
arms operations and the Western half composed of the mountains ranges of Suleman
and Kirthar with their offshoots affording adequate protection and restricting any
offensive into narrow and easily defendable valleys.
11. Types of existing borders between India and Pakistan:-
a. Line of Actual Contact.
b. Line of Control.
c. Working Boundary.

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d. International Border.
12. Starting from Siachen Glacier in the north till NJ 9842, 140 Kms the boundary is
referred to as the Line of Actual Contact.
13. Line of Actual Contact is violable and not recognised by any international or bilateral
agreement.(True)
14. Line of Control, commonly known as LOC, it is the dividing line between Azad Kashmir
and Indian Held Kashmir.
15. LOC Starts from NJ 9842 in the north it runs up to Thaku Chak in the south - a total
length of about 700 kms.
16. From Thaku Chak in the NW upto Abhial Dogaran in the east, for approximately 200
Kms the border is known as Working Boundary.
17. LOC is recognized through Simla Agreement.
18. Working bdry is a de-facto border between India and Pakistan till resolution of the
Kashmir Issue.
19. International border between Pakistan and India runs over a length of 2240 Kms.
20. International border is an undisputed internationally recognised part of the border except
the Sir Creek area to the extreme south.
21. Northern sector of the Eastern border is bounded by Indra Koli Pass in Karakoram
Range in the north and Anzbari in Astore area in the south.
22. Construction of Karakoram Highway, linking Pakistan with China provides an important
relief artery for Pakistan.
23. Pakistan has superior strategic orientation, particularly in Kargil area where it threatens
Indian Line of Communication to Siachen.
24. Tranfrontier Dras, Kargil and Leh and cisfrontier Gilgit, Astore Skardu and Khaplu are
important communication centres in the Northern sector of Eastern border.True
25. Kashmir sector of the Northern border is bounded by Anzbari in the north and River
Chenab in the south.
26. Jura Bulge is held by Pakistan, it provides depth and security to own L of C and
threatens the base of Indian Tangdhar Salient.
27. Bedori Bulge is of immense operational advantage to Pakistan as it outflanks the Uri
Salient in the north and Mendhar Enclave in the south.
28. Nikial Bulge is held by Pakistan it neutralizes Mendhar Enclave by posing a threat to its
base from the south.

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29. Configuration of the Nikial Bulge also facilitates operations against Rajauri in the east
and Jhangar Enclave in the south.
30. Transfrontier Pir Panjal Range causes a serious choking effect and Banihal Pass is
the only link between northern and southern parts of IHK.
31. The location of Mangla Dam and Marala HW as well as vulnerability of our Line of
Communication accentuate our sensitivity.
32. The entire Kashmir Sector is suitable only for infantry predominant operations, however,
in Iftikharabad area use of armour by both India and Pakistan, is possible.
33. Ravi-Chenab Corridor is bounded by River Chenab in the north and Ravi in the south.
34. Another Indian vulnerability is Madhopur HW which regulates water in River Ravi and
network of canals in Ravi-Beas corridor.
35. On our side, Marala HW has immense importance for the successful conduct of
defensive operations in Ravi-Chenab as well as Ravi-Beas Corridors.
36. Located in the extreme north, Marala HW regulates water in defence oriented canals
flowing from Ravi-Beas corridor right upto River Sutlej.
37. Pakistan enjoys superiority of strategic orientation by threatening Indian L of C to IHK
and Madhopur HW.True
38. The shape of Shakargarh Salient as a whole forces India to operate on exterior lines,
which affords her an opportunity for classic double envelopment with north and south
pincers closing at Pasrur initially and at Gujranwala or Shahdara.
39. Ravi Chenab Corridor is suitable for combined arms integrated operations by either
side.True
40. Ravi Beas corridor is bounded by Rivers Ravi in the north and Beas/ Sutlej in the
south.
41. Terrain of RBC favours development of two directional threat to Lahore from Amritsar
and Kasur/Raiwind; simultaneously threatening Balloki HW.True
42. RBC outflanks own defence in RCC. True
43. Development of operations across River Ravi in conjunction with offensive in RCC could
be highly advantageous to the enemy.True
44. Area south of Sutlej is bounded by River Sutlej in the north and extends upto Salamsar
in the south.
45. The area north of Fort Abbas is typical plains with high water table as it has numerous
irrigation canals.True

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46. Area south of Sutlej affords large scale employment of mechanised forces for which
India has pursued a developmental strategy for the last three decades.True
47. Sulaimanki HW, lying very close to the international border forms the nodal point
controlling the flow of water into River Sutlej and the canal system south of it.
48. A thrust in Sulaimanki area takes the enemy straight into our strategic depth. True
49. Heavy crossings over River Sutlej are limited to Sulaimanki, Mailsi Siphon and
Bahawalpur.True
50. There are no lateral links between the three parallel railway lines astride rivers Sutlej and
Ravi. Switching from one to the other is only possible through Lodhran and
Samasata which is a long circuit, hence time consuming.
51. Desert sector extends from Salamsar to the coastline.
52. Desert sector extends from Salamsar to the Coastline.
53. Kishangarh salient, with its combined base at Ramgarh, provides an ideal jump off point
and base of operation to India against Rahimyar Khan
54. Shahgarh Salient is an Indian salient bulging into the Nara Gap
55. Khokhropar Salient is an Indian salient in Chhor Sector which considerably reduces the
distance to green belt at Chhor.
56. Gadra Salient dominates and directly threatens enemy Line of Communication to
Khokhropar Salient
57. As long as Gadra Salient is held by own troops, no offensive can be developed by the
enemy along Khokhropar Axis without serious interference by us.
58. Nagarparkar Salient is Located in the extreme SE, its distance and difficulty to access,
makes it rather difficult for Pakistan to protect.
59. Desert coupled with SCARP-VI (Salinity Control and Reclamation Project) project in
Rahim Yar Khan area and Nara Gap, are the biggest obstacles in the Desert sector.
True.
60. India enjoys superior strategic orientation in the Desert zone owing to short distance to
main Line of Communication and Guddu Barrage.
61. Terrain dictates a forward defensive posture in Rahim Yar KhanSector. In Chhor
Sector, a rearward defensive posture with a view to force the enemy to extend his Line
of Communication was considered appropriate.
62. Pakistan’s Western Border starting from the Chinese border in the north to the Arabian
Sea in the south stretches over 3300 kms controlling Khyber and Bolan Passes, the
traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent.

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63. The Durand Line i.e. the boundary between then British India now Pakistan and
Afghanistan was established in 1893.
64. Khyber Pass, the largest and the most renowned of these is 35 Miles long and connects
Kabul with the Peshawar Valley.
65. Pakistan’s coastline is washed by the warm waters of the North Arabian Sea and
extends from the Indian border at the eastern edge of the Indus Delta at Sir Creek to the
Dasht River at the Iranian border.
66. The area east of Karachi is characterized by numerous creeks formed by the Indus
Delta, while towards the west the coast has sandy beaches.
67. The area east of Karachi comprises creeks with Mangrove forests.
68. The area west of Karachi has beaches considered suitable for landing of sizeable
amphibious forces.True
69. Indian SLOCS of priority interest to us are between Kandla and Mumbai to the Persian
Gulf.

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Facts About Pakistan

1. Rivers of Pakistan
a. Punjab
(1) Jhelum
(2) Chenab
(3) Ravi
(4) Sutlej
(5) Beas

b. Sindh
(1) Hub
(2) Mir Nadi
(3) Arl Nasi
(4) Malir Nadi
c. Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa
(1) Indus
(2) Kabul
(3) Swat
(4) Chitral
(5) Zhob
(6) Panjkora
(7) Gomal
(8) Kurram
d. Balochistan
(1) Hangol
(2) Nari
(3) Bolan
(4) Dasht
(5) Mula
(6) Rakhshan

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7) Pishin Lora
2. Mountain Passes of Pakistan

Serial Name of Pass Height B/W

a. Myztagh Pass 19,030 ft
b. Karakoram Pass 18,290 “ Connects Kashmir and China
c. Khan Kun Pass 16,600 “
d. Gomal Pass Connects DI Khan with Ghazni
e. Bolan Pass Connects Sindh Plain with Quetta
d. Zagar Pass 16,431 ”
f. Kilik Pass 15,837 ”
g. Kunjrab Pass 15,529 ” Connects Pakistan with China
h. Mintaka Pass 15,450 “
i. Dorah Pass 14,992 ”
j. Babosar Pass 14,931 ” Connects Abbottabad and Giligit
k. Shandur Pass 12,500 ” Connects Chitral with Gilgit
l. Lowari Pass 12,500 ” Connect Dir with Chitral
m. Burgohil Pass 12,480 ”
n. Khyber Pass 6,916 ” Connects Pakistan – Afghanistan

3. Physiography
a. Pakistan is divided into six physiographical divisions.
b. The total area of Pakistan (Excluding Azad Jammu and Kashmir) 796,095
sq km.
c. Pakistan lies between the latitudes 24 N and 37 N.
d. In 1963 boundary agreement was signed between Pakistan-China.
e. Area of Wakhan is under the control of Afghanistan.
f. The Border agreement between Pakistan and India on Runn of Kuchh was
singed in 1968.
g. Runn off Kutch boundary line is known as 24th parallel line.
h. In 1972 line of control came into existence.

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i. In Simla agreement the cease-fire line’s name was changed as line of

control.
j. Total area covered by FATA is 27,220 sq km.
k. According to international law Pakistan’s territorial sea limit is 12 NM.
l. Contagious zone of Pakistan is spread over 24NM.

4. MOUNTAINS / PLAINS AND DESERTS

a. The Kachhi Sibi plain is located in Lower Indus plain.
b. Oldest mountains of the world are present in India and youngest
mountains of the world are present in Pakistan.
c. The range which separates China from Pakistan is Karakoram.
d. The range which separates Pakistan from Afghanistan is Hindu Kush.
e. The salt range is situated between rivers Soan and Jhehlum.
f. Nanga Parbat means Naked mountain.
g. First Pakistani to climb the K-2 was Ashraf Aman.
h. Pamir Plateau is called Roof of the world.
i. Bolan Pass connects Sindh Plain with Quetta.
j. Babusar Pass connects Abbottabad with Gilgit.
k. Khojak Pass connects Qila Abdullah with Cheman.
l. The total length of Khyber Pass is 56 km.
m. Malakand Pass connects Peshawar with Chitral.
n. Muztagh Pass is the highest Pass of Pakistan.
o. Khyber Pakhtunkuwa province has no desert.
p. Balochistan province has the desert Kharan.
q. The ranking of Thar desert in the world is 9th.
Neighboring Countries of Pakistan
India.
1. India is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical
area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the
most populous democracy in the world

2. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on
the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the

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west, Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and
Bangladesh and Burma to the east.

3. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the
vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar
Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of
Sumatra in the Andaman Sea

4. India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi).

5. Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes
and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and
cultural wealth for much of its long history

6. India is a federal constitutional republic with a parliamentary democracy

consisting of 28 states and seven union territories

7. more than 300 languages are spoken,

8. The Indian economy is the world's eleventh largest economy by nominal GDP
and the fourth largest by purchasing power parity

9. Since the introduction of market-based economic reforms in 1991, India has

become one of the fastest growing major economies in the world,

10. It is the world's sixth de facto recognized nuclear weapons state and has the
third-largest standing armed force in the world, while its military expenditure
ranks tenth in the world.

11. It is a founding member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the
World Trade Organization, the South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation, the East Asia Summit, the G20 and the G8+5; a member of the
Commonwealth of Nations; and an observer state in the Shanghai Cooperation
Organization.

China.`

1. The People's Republic of China (PRC), commonly known as China, is the most
populous state in the world with over 1.3 billion people.
2. Located in East Asia, China is a single-party state governed by the Communist
Party of China (CPC

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3. The PRC exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four
directly administered municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing),
and two highly autonomous special administrative regions (SARs) – Hong Kong
and Macau
4. capital city is Beijing
5. . At about 9.6 million square kilometres (3.7 million square miles), the PRC is the
world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area (depending on the definition
of what is included in that total) and the second largest by land area
6. Its landscape is diverse, with forest steppes and deserts (the Gobi and
Taklamakan) in the dry north near Mongolia and Russia's Siberia, and
subtropical forests in the wet south close to Vietnam, Laos, and Burma.
7. The terrain in the west is rugged and at high altitude with the Himalayas and the
Tian Shan mountain ranges forming China's natural borders with India and
Central Asia
8. In contrast, mainland China's eastern seaboard is low-lying and has a 14,500-
kilometre (9,000 mi) long coastline bounded on the southeast by the South China
Sea and on the east by the East China Sea beyond which lie Taiwan, Korea, and
Japan
9. The ancient Chinese civilization—one of the world's earliest—flourished in the
fertile basin of the Yellow River which flows through the North China Plain.
10. For more than 6,000 years, China's political system was based on hereditary
monarchies (also known as dynasties)
11. The last dynasty, the Qing, ended in 1911 with the founding of the Republic of
China (ROC) by the Kuomintang (KMT), the Chinese Nationalist Party
12. The first half of the 20th century saw China plunged into a period of disunity and
civil wars that divided the country into two main political camps – the Kuomintang
and the communists.
13. Major hostilities ended in 1949, when the communists won the civil war and
established the People's Republic of China in mainland China
14. Since the introduction of market-based economic reforms in 1978

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15. China has become the world's fastest growing major economy, the world's
largest exporter and second largest importer of goods.
16. China is the world's second largest economy by both nominal GDP and
purchasing power parity (PPP) and a permanent member of the United Nations
Security Council
17. It is also a member of formal/informal multilateral organizations including the
WTO, APEC, BRIC, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and G-20.
18. China is a recognized nuclear weapons state and has the world's largest
standing army with the second-largest defense budget.
19. China has been characterized as a potential superpower by a number of
academics, military analysts, and public policy and economics analysts.

Afghanistan

1. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
2. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as
50,000 BCE
3. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3000 to 2000 BC.
4. The political history of modern Afghanistan begins in the 18th century with the
rise of the Pashtun tribes (known as Afghans in Persian language), when in 1709
the Hotaki dynasty rose to power in Kandahar and Ahmad Shah Durrani
established the Durrani Empire in 1747
5. The capital of Afghanistan was shifted in 1776 from Kandahar to Kabul and part
of its territory was ceded to neighboring empires by 1893.
6. On August 19, 1919, following the third Anglo-Afghan war and the signing of the
Treaty of Rawalpindi, the nation regained control over its foreign policy from the
British
7. In December 2001, the United Nations Security Council authorized the creation
of an International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to help maintain security
and assist the Karzai administration.

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8. The country is being rebuilt slowly with support from the international community
while dealing with the Taliban insurgency and widespread political corruption.

Iran

1. Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and
Western Asia.
2. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into
use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the
western world as Persia
3. The 18th largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372
sq mi), Iran has a population of over 74 million.
4. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran
is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea and condominium,
Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is
bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian
Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey.
5. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural,
commercial and industrial center of the nation
6. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy
security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and
natural gas.
7. They were succeeded by the Iranian Achaemenid Empire, the Hellenic Seleucid
Empire and two subsequent Iranian empires, the Parthians and the Sassanids,
before the Muslim conquest in 651 AD.
8. Iranian identity continued despite foreign rule in the ensuing centuries and
Persian culture was adopted also by the Ghaznavids, Seljuq, Ilkhanid and
Timurid rulers
9. A turning point in Iran's was the emergence in 1501 of the Safavid dynasty—who
promoted Twelver Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one
of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. "Persia's

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Constitutional Revolution" established the nation's first parliament in 1906, within

a constitutional monarchy.
10. Iran officially became an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979, following the Iranian
Revolution
11. Iran is a founding member of the UN, NAM, OIC and OPEC.
12. The political system of Iran, based on the 1979 constitution, comprises several
intricately connected governing bodies
13. The highest state authority is the Supreme Leader. Shia Islam is the official
religion and Persian is the official language

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GEO

Geo Definitions
1. Atoll Circular arrangement of coral rocks surrounding a lagoon.
2. Bay Part of a coastline where the land curves inwards.
3. Cape Large piece of land that sticks out in the sea.
4. Creek Narrow inlet where a sea comes a long way into the land.

6. Lagoon An area of alm sea water that is separated form the ocean by reefs
or sand.
7. Reefs A long line of rocks or sand lying close to the surface of the sea.
8. Ocean. The greatest body of water is called ocean. Continents are separated
from each other oceans.

9. Gulf. It is a narrow portion of sea stretching deep into the land.

10. Strait. It is a narrow stretch of water which links two important water bodies’ i.e
oceans for seas.

11. Cyclone. A region of low atmospheric pressure surrounded by high pressure in

which wind circulate in anti-clockwise direction in northern hemisphere
and clockwise in southern hemisphere.

12. Longitudes. Imaginary lines which joins north and South Pole.

13. International Date Line. The line approximating to the meridian r80 W. Where the
date changes by one day as it is crossed: the date is one day earlier to E. of the line
than it is to the W.A traveler crossing the date line westwards thus loses a day; he has to
advance the calendar, or example from Saturday to Sunday. Similarly, a traveler
crossing the date line eastwards gains’ a traveler crossing the date line eastwards gains
a day he has to put back the calendar for example, from Saturday to Friday. This is
because on a journey eastwards from the Green which meridian local time advances till r
80 E. is reached when it is 12 hours ahead of G.M.T similarly moving westwards local
time is retared till r80 W. is reached, when it is 12 hours behind G.M.T Thus there is
approximately 24 hours difference in time between two points placed just each side of

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180 W. (or E.) longitude – the International Date Line. Some deviations of line from the
180 meridian have been agreed upon in order to avoid confusion of dates in island
groups and land areas that are cut by the meridian.

14. Tropic of Cancer. The parallel of latitude roughly 23.5 N indicating the extreme
northern positions at which the sun appears directly overhead at noon.

15. Isobars. Imaginary lines on map joining places having equal atmospheric
pressure.

16. Isotherms. Imaginary lines on map joining places having the same temperature.

17. Hydrosphere. All the water of earth which nearly covers the three quarters of earth.

18. Lithosphere. The rigid part of the earth crust extending to a depth of about 65 Km
below the surface.

19. Atmosphere. The envelope of air which surrounds the earth consisting of oxygen,
Nitrogen and Carbon dioxide.

20. Tropic of Capricorn. The parallel of latitude, roughly 23.5 S indicating the extreme
southern positions at which the sun appears directly overhead at noon.

21. Ozone Layer. That part of the Atmosphere extending from about 10 Km (6 Miles) to about 50
Km (30 Miles) above the earth’s surface which contains ozone, or the layer where the
concentration of ozone is greatest, at about 20-25 Km (12-15 Miles) , either being sometimes
known as the

INFO ABOUT THE WORLD

1. Land 29.3%
2. Water 70.7%
LAND MASS OF CONTINENTS

1. Asia 29.8%
2. Africa 20.3%
3. North America 16.2%

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4. South America 11.9%

5. Antarctica 9.4%
6. Europe 6.7%

7. Australia and Oceania 5.7%

Continents
Asia.
1. Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the
eastern and northern hemispheres

2. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area (or 29.9% of its land area) and
with approximately 4 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human
population.

3. During the 20th century Asia's population nearly quadrupled

4. Asia is traditionally defined as part of the landmass of Eurasia—with the western

portion of the latter occupied by Europe—located to the east of the Suez Canal,
east of the Ural Mountains and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma-
Manych Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas.

5. It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean
and on the north by the Arctic Ocean

6. Asia is the birthplace of all world religions.

Australia
1. Australia officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern
Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of
Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans

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2. N4 Neighboring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea
to the north, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the northeast
and New Zealand to the southeast

3. For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century,
Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more
of roughly 250 language groups.

4. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed
by Britain in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony
of New South Wales, formally founded on 7 February 1788 (although formal
possession of the land had occurred on 26 January 1788).

5. the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies
were established

6. On 1 January 1901, the six colonies became a federation and the

Commonwealth of Australia was formed.

7. The population is 22 million, with approximately 60% concentrated in and around

the mainland state capitals of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide

8. The nation's capital city is Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory.

9. A prosperous developed country, Australia is the world's thirteenth largest
economy
10. Australia is a member of the United Nations, G20, Commonwealth of Nations,
ANZUS, OECD, APEC, Pacific Islands Forum and the World Trade Organization

Europe.
1. Europe is, by convention, considered to be one of the world's seven continents
2. Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural
Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus region (specification
of borders) and the Black Sea to the southeast

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3. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean and other bodies of water to the north,
the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the
Black Sea and connected waterways to the southeast.
4. Europe is the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about
10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface
and about 6.8% of its land area
5. Of Europe's approximately 50 states
6. Russia is the largest by both area and population (although the country has
territory in both Europe and Asia),
7. while the Vatican City is the smallest.
8. Europe is the third-most populous continent after Asia and Africa, with a
population of 731 million or about 11% of the world's population.
9. Europe, in particular Ancient Greece, is the birthplace of Western culture.
10. It played a predominant role in global affairs from the 16th century onwards,
especially after the beginning of colonialism
11. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European nations controlled at various
times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania, and large portions of Asia.
12. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO
in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east.
13. European integration led to the formation of the Council of Europe and the
European Union in Western Europe, both of which have been expanding
eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Africa
1. Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after
Asia
2. . At about 30.2 million km² (11.7 million sq mi) including adjacent islands, it
covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area.
3. With 1.0 billion people in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14.72% of the
world's human population.

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4. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the
Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the
Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
5. The continent has 54 sovereign states, including Madagascar, various island
groups, and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, a member state of the
African Union whose statehood is disputed by Morocco.
6. Africa, particularly central eastern Africa, is widely regarded within the scientific
community to be the origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (great apes), as
evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors, as well
as later ones that have been dated to around seven million years ago –
including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus Africans, A. afarensis,
Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens
(modern human) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago
7. Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas; it is the
only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate
zones.
8. The African expected economic growth rate is at about 5.0% for 2010 and 5.5%
in 2011.
North America
1. North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's
northern hemisphere and in the western hemisphere
2. It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic
Ocean, on the southeast by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the North
Pacific Ocean; South America lies to the southeast.
3. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000
square miles), about 4.8% of the planet's surface or about 16.5% of its land area
4. As of July 2008, its population was estimated at nearly 529 million people. It is
the third-largest continent in area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth in
population after Asia, Africa, and Europe.

South America.

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1. South America is the southern continent of the Americas, situated in the Western
Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small
portion in the Northern Hemisphere
2. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the
Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest.
3. The word America was coined in 1507 by cartographers Martin Waldseemüller
and Matthias Ringmann, after Amerigo Vespucci, who was the first European to
suggest that the lands newly discovered by Europeans were not India, but a New
World unknown to Europeans.
4. South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi),
or almost 3.5% of the Earth's surface
5. As of 2005, its population was estimated at more than 371,090,000.
6. South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North America) and
fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe and North America).

Antarctica
1. Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent, encapsulating the South Pole.
2. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the southern hemisphere, almost entirely
south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean
3. At 14.0 million km2 (5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after
Asia, Africa, North America, and South America
4. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice, which averages at least 1.6 kilometres
(1.0 mi) in thickness.
5. Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the
highest average elevation of all the continents
6. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8
inches) along the coast and far less inland.
7. There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000
people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the
continent

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8. the first confirmed sighting of the continent is commonly accepted to have

occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von
Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev.
9. The continent, however, remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th
century because of its hostile environment, lack of resources, and isolation.
10. The first formal use of the name "Antarctica" as a continental name in the 1890s
is attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew.
11. The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by twelve countries; to date, forty-six
countries have signed the treaty
12. The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining, supports scientific
research, and protects the continent's ecozone.
13. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists of many
nationalities and with various research interests.

FAMOUS PEAKS OF THE WORLD

Europe

1. Mont Blanc France / Italy 4807 Meters

2. Etna Italy 3340 Meters
3. Ben Nevis UK 1343 Meters
Africa

1. Kilimanjaro Tanzania 5895 Meters

2. Mount Kenya Kenya 5199 Meters
North America

1. Mt McKinley USA/laska 6194 Meters

LAND LOWS

1. Caspian Sea Europe 28 Meters

2. Dead Sea Asia 4000 Meters

3 Lake Assal Africa 156 Meters
4. Lake Eyre North Oceania 16 Meters

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5. Death Valley North America 86 Meters

6. Valdes Peninsula South America 40 Meters
OCEANS

1. Pacific Ocean 49.9%

2. Atlantic Ocean 25.7%
3. Indian Ocean 20.5%
4 Arctic Ocean 3.9%
Oceans
Pacific Ocean
1. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions.
2. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south,
bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
3. At 165.25 million square kilometres (63.8 million square miles) in area, this
largest division of the World Ocean – and, in turn, the hydrosphere – covers
about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about one-third of its total surface.
4. The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean,
with two exceptions: the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the
equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific
5. The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the
Pacific and in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft).
6. The Pacific Ocean was sighted by Europeans early in the 16th century, first by
the Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa who crossed the Isthmus of
Panama in 1513 and named it Mar del Sur (South Sea).
7. Its current name was given by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during
the Spanish expedition of world circumnavigation in 1521, who encountered calm
seas during the journey and called it Tepre Pacificum in Latin, meaning "pacific"
or "peaceful sea".

Atlantic Ocean
1. The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions.

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2. With a total area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000 sq mi), it

covers approximately twenty percent of the Earth's surface and about twenty-six
percent of its water surface area
3. The first part of its name refers to Atlas of Greek mythology, making the Atlantic
the "Sea of Atlas". The oldest known mention of "Atlantic" is in The Histories of
Herodotus around 450 BC
4. Another name historically used was the ancient term Ethiopic Ocean, derived
from Ethiopia, whose name was sometimes used as a synonym for all of Africa
and thus for the ocean
5. The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending
longitudinally between the Americas to the west, and Eurasia and Africa to the
east.
6. As one component of the interconnected global ocean, it is connected in the
north to the Arctic Ocean (which is sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic),
to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the
Southern Ocean in the south. (Other definitions describe the Atlantic as
extending southward to Antarctica.)
7. The equator subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic
Ocean.
Indian Ocean
1. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering
approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface
2. It is bounded on the north by the Indian subcontinent; on the west by East Africa;
on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by
the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, by Antarctica)
3. As one component of the interconnected global ocean, the Indian Ocean is
delineated from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20° east meridian running south from
Cape Agulhas, and from the Pacific by the meridian of 146°55' east.
4. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30° north in the
Persian Gulf.

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5. This ocean is nearly 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) wide at the southern tips of
Africa and Australia; its area is 73,556,000 square kilometres (28,350,000 sq
mi), including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf
6. The ocean's volume is estimated to be 292,131,000 cubic kilometres (70,086,000
mi).
7. Small islands dot the continental rims. Island nations within the ocean are
Madagascar, the world's fourth largest island; Reunion Island; Comoros;
Seychelles; Maldives; Mauritius; and Sri Lanka
8. The archipelago of Indonesia borders the ocean on the east.

Southern Ocean
1. The Southern Ocean, also known as the Great Southern Ocean, the Antarctic
Ocean and the South Polar Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the
World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60°S latitude and encircling
Antarctica
2. It is usually regarded as the fourth-largest of the five principal oceanic divisions.
3. This ocean zone is where cold, northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix
with warmer sub-Antarctic waters.
4. Geographers disagree on the Southern Ocean's northern boundary or even its
existence, with some considering the waters part of the South Pacific, South
Atlantic, and Indian Oceans instead
5. Others regard the Antarctic Convergence, an ocean zone which fluctuates
seasonally, as separating the Southern Ocean from other oceans, rather than
the 60th parallel.
6. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) has not yet ratified its 2000
definition of the ocean as being south of 60°S.
7. Its latest published definition of oceans dates from 1953; this does not include
the Southern Ocean
Arctic Ocean

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1. The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic
North Polar Region, is the smallest, and shallowest of the world's five major
oceanic divisions
2. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean,
although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the
Arctic Sea, classifying it as one of the mediterranean seas of the Atlantic Ocean
3. Alternatively, the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost part of the all-
encompassing World Ocean
4. Almost completely surrounded by Eurasia and North America, the Arctic Ocean
is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year (and almost completely in
winter)
5. The Arctic Ocean's temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover
melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans,
due to low evaporation, heavy freshwater inflow from rivers and streams, and
limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher
salinities
6. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%

HIGHEST MOUNTAINS

Everest China / Nepal 8848 Mtrs

Godwen Austen China / Kashmir 8611 Mtrs

Kanchenjunga India / Nepal 8598 Mtrs
Lhoste China / Nepal 8516 Mtrs
Makalu China / Nepal 8481 Mtrs
Chooyu China / Nepal 8201 Mtrs
Dhaulagiri Nepal 8172 Mtrs

Manaslu Nepal 8156 Mtrs

Nanga Parbat Kashmir 8126 Mtrs
Gasherbrum China / Kashmir 8068 Mtrs

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Broad Peak India 8051 Mtrs

BIGEST ISLANDS OF THE WORLD

Greenland Greenland
New Guinea Indonesia / Papua New Guinea
Borneo South East Asia
Madagascar Indian Ocean
Baffin Islands Canada
Sumatra Indonesia
Honshu Japan

Great Britian UK
Victora Is Canada
Ellesmere Is Canada

LONGEST RIVERS

Nile Mediterranean 4140 Miles

Amazon Atlantic 3990 Miles

Yangtze Pacific 3960 Miles
Missisippi – Missouri Gulf of Mexico 3740 Miles
Yenisey Angara Arctic 3445 Miles
Ob Irtysh Artic 3360 Miles
Hwng Ho Pacific 3005 Miles

Zair / Cango Pacific 2900 Miles

Amur Pacific 2800 Miles
Mekong Pacific 2795 Miles

FAMOUS RIVERS OF THE WORLD

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Europe
Volga Caspian Sea 2300
Danube Black Sea 1770

Ural Caspian Sea 1574

Dnieper Volga 1420
Don Volga 1240
Rhine North Sea 820
Elbe North Sea 710
Vistula Baltic Sea 675
Thames
Asia

Indus Indian Ocean 1925 Miles

Brahmaputra Indian Ocean 1800 Miles
Euphrates Indian Ocean 1675 Miles
Ural Caspian Sea 1575 Miles
Ganges Indian Ocean 1560 Miles

Irrawaddy Indian Ocean 1250 Miles

Tigris Indian Ocean 1180 Miles
FAMOUS LAKES OF THE WORLD

Caspian Sea Asia

Lake Superior Canada
Lake Victoria East Africa

Lake Huron Canada / USA

Lake Michigan USA
Aral Sea Kazakhstan / Uzbekistan
Lake Tanganyika Central Africa
Great Bear lake Canada

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Lake Baikal Russia

Lake Malawi East Africa
Trenches

PACIFIC OCEAN

Mariana trench 11022 Meters

Tonga Trench 10822 Meters
Japan Trench 10554 Meters
Kuril Trench 1542 Meters
Mindanao 10497 Meters
ATLANTICOCEAN

Puerto Rico (Milwaukee Deep) 9200 Meters

Cayman Trench 7680 Meters
Gulf of Mexico 5203 Meters
Mediterranean 5121 Meters
Black Sea 2211 Meters
North Sea 310 Meters

Baltic Sea 294 Meters

INDIAN OCEAN

Java Trench 7450 Meters

Red Sea 2266 Meters
Persian Gulf 73 Meters
ARCTIC OCEAN

Molly Deep 5608 Meters

Straits

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1. Bering. - Connects Bering sea with Arctic sea Wales (USA)

and Russia Connecting Asia & USA.
2. Messina. - Separating mainland Italy from the island of Sicily and
connecting the Tyrrhenian Sea with the Ionian Sea.
3. Hormuz. - Persian Gulf and Arabian.
4. Malacca. - Indian Ocean, Malaya peninsula and Island of
Sumatra – 800 ms long
5. Tiran. - Gulf of Aqaba and Red Sea further leads to Israeli
Port Elat
6. Dover - Between UK and Holland, claise
7. Florida - Between USA and Cuba(Atlantic ocean)Bahamas
8. Drake strait - Joins Pacific ocean to Atlanic(S of Chile)
9. Gibraltar - Joins Atlantic to Mediterranean
10. Makassar - In Indonesia joins java sea to Celebes sea
11. Otranto - Between Adriatic sea and Mediterranean sea( Italy
and Albania)
12. Bab el Mandab. Strait b/w Arabian Peninsula & Africa connect Red
Sea with G of Aden.
13. Base Srait. Connect Tasman Sea with Indian Ocean. B/W
Tasmania & Austrlia.
14. Belle Isle. Connect Atlantic with G of St Lawrence in Canada.
15. Bering Strait. Connect Bering Sea with Arctic Ocean. Separates
Asia from N America.
16. Bosporus. Connect Black Sea & Marmara Sea. Separates Asian
Turkey from European turkey.
17. Bristol Channel. Inlet of Atlantic, England.
18. Cook Strait . NZ, connects Tasman Sea with Pacfic Ocean.
19. Dardanelles. Connect Aegean Sea with Marmara Sea. b/w Asian
Turkey & Gallipoli.
20. Davis Strait. Connect N Atlantic with Baffin Bay.

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21. Dover Strait. B/W England & France connects English Channel
with North Sea.
22. Strait of Florida. B/W Florida & Cuba, links Atlantic Ocan with G of
Mexico.
23. Foveaux Strait. NZ.
24. Strait of Gibraltar. Connect Mediterranean with Atlantic. B/W N Africa &
Spain.
25. Golden Gate. W California, Separates Son Francesco bay from
Pacific.
26. Strait of Hormuz. Links Persian Gulf with G of Oman & Arabian Sea.
27. Strait of Juan De Fuca. B/W Washington US & Canda. Pacifica Ocean.
28. Kattegat. B/W Sewen & Denmark. Links North Sea with Baltic
Sea.
29. Korea Strait. Links East Sea with East China Sea, B/W South
Korea & Japan.
30. Strait of Magellan. B/W Atlantic & Pacific in Argentina & Chile.
31. Strait of Malacca. B/W Thailand, Malysia & Indonesia. Connect
Andaman Sa & S China Sea.
32. Strait of Messina. B/W Itlay & Sicily. Connect Tyrrhenian Sea with
Ionion Sea.
33. Oresund. (The Sound). N Europe. Connect Strait of Kathegat
with Baltic Sea.
34. Strait of Otranto. Connect Adriatic with Ionian Sea, b/w Itlay & Albania.
35. Palk Strait. B/W India & Sri Lanka.
36. Skagerrak. B/W Norway & Seeden & Denmark connects North
Sea with Baltic Sea.
37. Sunda Strait . Indonesia, B/W Indian Ocean & Java Sea
38. Taiwan Strait. B/W Taiwan & China. Links S China Sea with E China
Sea.
39. Strait of Tiran. Gulf of Aqaba with Red Sea. Saudi Arabia.
40. Torres Strait. B/W Aust & New Guinea.

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41. Zanzibar Channel. Indian Ocean b/w Zanzibar.

Important Geographic Locations
Adriatic Sea
1. The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the
Balkan Peninsula and the system of the Apennine Mountains from that of the
Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges
2. The Adriatic Sea is a northwest-to-southeast arm of the Mediterranean Sea.
3. The western coast is Italian, while the eastern coast runs along Slovenia (47 km),
Croatia (5,835 km), Bosnia and Herzegovina (26 km), Montenegro (294 km), and
Albania (295 km).
4. Major rivers joining the Adriatic are the Reno, Po, Adige/Etsch, Brenta, Piave,
Soča/Isonzo, Zrmanja, Krka, Cetina, Neretva, and Drin (Drini).

Aegean Sea
1. The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located
between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the
mainlands of Greece and Turkey. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara
Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus.
2. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part
bordering on the Aegean Sea.
3. The sea was traditionally known as Archipelago, the general sense of which has
since changed to refer to the Aegean Islands and, generally, to any island group
because the Aegean Sea is remarkable for its large number of islands.

Arabian Sea.
1. The Arabian Sea is a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on the east by India,
on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by the Arabian Peninsula, on the
south, approximately, by a line between Cape Guardafui in the northeastern
Somalia and Kanyakumari in India

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2. Some of the ancient names of this body of water include Sindhu Sagar (Sea of
Sindh) and Erythraean Sea.

Arafura Sea.
1. The Arafura Sea lies west of the Pacific Ocean overlying the continental shelf
between Australia and New Guinea.

Baltic Sea
1. The Baltic Sea is a brackish mediterranean sea located in Northern Europe, from
53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude.
2. It is bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of Europe, and the
Danish islands.
3. It drains into the Kattegat by way of the Øresund, the Great Belt and the Little
Belt.
4. The Baltic Sea is connected by man-made waterways to the White Sea via the
White Sea Canal, and to the North Sea via the Kiel Canal.

Black Sea
1. The Black Sea is an inland sea bounded by Europe, Anatolia and the Caucasus
and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean and
Aegean Seas and various straits
2. The Bosphorus strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara, and the strait of the
Dardanelles connects it to the Aegean Sea region of the Mediterranean
3. These waters separate eastern Europe and western Asia
4. The Black Sea also connects to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch.

Caribbean Sea
1. The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean situated in the tropics of the
Western hemisphere.
2. It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and southwest, to the
north by the Greater Antilles, and to the east by the Lesser Antilles.

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3. The entire area of the Caribbean Sea, the numerous islands of the West Indies,
and adjacent coasts, are collectively known as the Caribbean.
4. The Caribbean Sea is one of the largest salt water seas and has an area of
about 2,754,000 km² (1,063,000 sq. mi.).
5. The sea's deepest point is the Cayman Trough, between the Cayman Islands
and Jamaica, at 7,686 m (25,220 ft) below sea level.
6. The Caribbean coastline has many gulfs and bays: the Gulf of Gonâve, Gulf of
Venezuela, Gulf of Darién, Golfo de los Mosquitos and Gulf of Honduras.
Coral Sea.

1. The Coral Sea is a marginal sea off the northeast coast of Australia.
2. It is bounded in the west by the east coast of Queensland, thereby including the
Great Barrier Reef, in the east by Vanuatu (formerly the New Hebrides) and by
New Caledonia, and in the north approximately by the southern extremity of the
Solomon Islands
3. It merges with the Tasman Sea in the south, with the Solomon Sea in the north
and with the Pacific Ocean in the east.
4. On the west, it connects with the Arafura Sea through the Torres Strait
5. The sea is characterised by its warm and stable climate, with frequent rains and
tropical cyclones
6. It contains numerous islands and reefs, as well as the world's largest reef
system, the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), which was declared a World Heritage
Site by UNESCO in 1981
7. All previous oil exploration projects were terminated at the GBR in 1975, and
fishing is restricted in many areas
8. The reefs and islands of the Coral Sea are particularly rich in birds and aquatic
life and are a popular tourist destination, both nationally and internationally.

East China Sea.

1. The East China Sea is a marginal sea east of China. It is a part of the Pacific
Ocean and covers an area of 1,249,000 km² or 750,000 square miles.

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Red Sea.
1. The Red Sea is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and
Asia.
2. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and
the Gulf of Aden. In the north, there is the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba,
and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal).
3. The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion
4. Occupying a part of the Great Rift Valley, the Red Sea has a surface area of
roughly 438,000 km² (169,100 square miles ).
5. It is about 2250 km (1398 miles) long and, at its widest point, is 355 km (220.6
miles) wide
6. It has a maximum depth of 2211 metres (7254 feet) in the central median trench,
and an average depth of 490 metres (1,608 feet).
7. The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species, and 200 soft and hard
corals. It is the world's northernmost tropical sea
Ross Sea.
1. The Ross Sea is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean in Antarctica between
Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land.
2. It was discovered by James Ross in 1841.
3. In the west of the Ross Sea is Ross Island with the Mt. Erebus volcano, in the
east Roosevelt Island.
4. Roald Amundsen started his South Pole expedition in 1911 from the Bay of
Whales, which was located at the shelf.
5. In the west of the Ross sea, McMurdo Sound is a port which is usually free of ice
during the summer.
6. The southernmost part of the Ross Sea is Gould Coast, which is approximately
two hundred miles from the Geographic South Pole
7. All land masses in the Ross Sea are claimed by New Zealand to fall under the
jurisdiction of the Ross Dependency, but a few non-Commonwealth nations
recognize this claim.

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Sea of Japan.
1. The Sea of Japan is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean, between the
Asian mainland, the Japanese archipelago and Sakhalin.
2. It is bordered by Japan, North Korea, Russia and South Korea.
3. Like the Mediterranean Sea, it has almost no tides due to its nearly complete
enclosure from the Pacific Ocean.
4. This isolation also reflects in the fauna species and in the water salinity, which is
lower than in the ocean.
5. . Few rivers discharge into the sea and their total contribution to the water
exchange is within 1%.
6. The seawater is characterized by the elevated concentration of dissolved oxygen
that results in high biological productivity
7. fishing is the dominant economic activity in the region
8. The intensity of shipments across the sea has been moderate owing to political
issues, but it is steadily increasing as a result of the growth of East Asian
economies.
9. A controversy exists about the sea name, with South Korea promoting the
appellation East Sea
South China Sea
1. The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean,
encompassing an area from the Singapore and Malacca Straits to the Strait of
Taiwan of around 3,500,000 km².
2. Depending on measurement, it is the largest or second largest body of water
after the five oceans.
Yellow Sea
1. The Yellow Sea is the name given to the northern part of the East China Sea,
which is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean
2. It is located between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula.
3. Its name comes from the sand particles from Gobi Desert sand storms that turn
the surface of the water golden yellow.
4. In North Korea and South Korea, the sea is sometimes called the West Sea.

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5. The innermost bay of the Yellow Sea is called the Bohai Sea (previously Pechihli
Bay or Chihli Bay).
6. Into it flow both the Yellow River (through Shandong province and its capital
Jinan) and Hai He (through Beijing and Tianjin).
7. Deposits of sand and silt from those rivers contribute to the sea color.
Strait of Gibraltar
1. The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the
Mediterranean Sea and separates Spain in Europe from Morocco in Africa.
2. The name comes from Gibraltar, which in turn originates from the Arabic Jebel
Tariq, albeit the Arab name for the Strait is Bab el-Zakat or "Gate of Charity"
3. It is also known erroneously as the Straits of Gibraltar, or STROG (Strait Of
Gibraltar), in naval use and as "Pillars of Hercules" in the ancient world.
4. Europe and Africa are separated by 7.7 nmi (14.3 km; 8.9 mi) of ocean at the
strait's narrowest point
5. The Strait's depth ranges between 300 and 900 m (980 and 3,000 ft) which
possibly interacted with the lower mean sea level of the last major glaciation
20,000 years before present when the level of the sea was believed to be lower
by 110–120 m (360–390 ft).
6. Ferries cross between the two continents every day in as little as 35 minutes.
The Spanish side of the Strait is protected under El Estrecho Natural Park.
Strait of Malacca
1. The Strait of Malacca is a narrow, 805 km (500 mile) stretch of water between
the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of
Sumatra.
2. It is named after the Malacca Sultanate that ruled over the archipelago between
1414 to 1511.

Taiwan Strait.
1. The Taiwan Strait or Formosa Strait (formerly Black Ditch) is a 180-km-wide
(111.85-mile-wide) strait between China and Taiwan

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2. The strait is part of the South China Sea and connects to East China Sea to the
northeast
3. The narrowest part is 131 km (81.4 mi.) wide.
Bosphorus
1. The Bosphorus or Bosporus also known as the Istanbul Strait is a strait that
forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia
2. It is one of the Turkish Straits, along with the Dardanelles
3. The world's narrowest strait used for international navigation, it connects the
Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara (which is connected by the Dardanelles to
the Aegean Sea, and thereby to the Mediterranean Sea).

Algoa Bay
1. Algoa Bay is a wide inlet along the South African east coast, some 425 miles
(683 kilometres) east of the Cape of Good Hope
2. It is bounded in the west by Cape Recife and in the east by Cape Padrone.
3. The bay is up to 436 m deep.
4. The harbour city of Port Elizabeth is situated adjacent to the bay, as is the new
Coega deep water port facility
Botany Bay
1. Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales, a few kilometres south of the
Sydney central business district
2. The Cooks River and the Georges River are the two major tributaries that flow
into the bay
3. Two runways of Sydney Airport extend into the bay.
4. On 29 April 1770, Botany Bay was the site of James Cook's first landing of HMS
Endeavour on the continent of Australia, after his extensive navigation of New
Zealand.
5. Later the British planned Botany Bay as the site for a penal colony. Out of these
plans came the first European habitation of Australia at Sydney Cove.

Hudson Bay.

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1. Hudson Bay is a large body of water in northeastern Canada

2. It drains a very large area, about 3,861,400 square kilometres (1,490,900 sq mi),
that includes parts of Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta, most of
Manitoba, southeastern Nunavut, as well as parts of North Dakota, South
Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana
3. A smaller offshoot of the bay, James Bay, lies to the south.

Aru Islands.
1. The Aru Islands are a group of about ninety-five low-lying islands in the Maluku
province of eastern Indonesia.
Bermuda Triangle.
1. The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is a region in the
western part of the North Atlantic Ocean where a number of aircraft and surface
vessels allegedly disappeared mysteriously
2. Popular culture has attributed these disappearances to the paranormal or activity
by extraterrestrial beings. Documented evidence indicates that a significant
percentage of the incidents were inaccurately reported or embellished by later
authors, and numerous official agencies have stated that the number and
nature of disappearances in the region is similar to that in any other area of
ocean.
English Channel
1. The English Channel is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Great
Britain from northern France, and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic.
2. It is about 560 km (350 mi) long and varies in width from 240 km (150 mi) at
its widest, to only 34 km (21 mi) in the Strait of Dover.
3. It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe,
covering an area of some 75,000 km2 (29,000 sq mi).
Gulf of Aden
1. The Gulf of Aden is located in the Arabian Sea between Yemen, on the south
coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and Somalia in the Horn of Africa. In the

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northwest, it connects with the Red Sea through the Bab-el-Mandeb strait,
which is about 20 miles wide.
2. The waterway is part of the important Suez Canal shipping route between the
Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Sea in the Indian Ocean with 21,000 ships
crossing the gulf annually
3. The gulf is known by the nickname "Pirate Alley" due to the large amount of
pirate activity in the area.

Gulf Stream
1. The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe, the North
Atlantic Drift, is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic ocean current that
originates at the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United
States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean
2. At about 40°0′N 30°0′W40°N 30°W, it splits in two, with the northern stream
crossing to northern Europe and the southern stream recirculating off West
Africa

Horn of Africa

1. The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts hundreds of kilometers
into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. I
2. It is the easternmost projection of the African continent.
3. It covers approximately 2,000,000 km² (772,200 sq mi) and is inhabited by about
100.2 million people (Ethiopia: 75 million, Somalia: 10 million, Eritrea: 4.5
million, and Djibouti: 0.7 million).

Seas
1. Ross Sea. South Extension of Pacific Ocean. B/W Victoria land
on the West & Marie Byrd Land on the East.

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2. Weddell Sea. Arm of South Atlantic Ocean, South of Falkland

Islands.
Seas of Arctic Ocean.
1. Barents Sea. North of Norway, Finland & Russia.
2. Beaufort Sea. North of Canada, Alaska, West of Canada.
3. Kara Sea. North of Russia B/W Noraya Zemblya Island & Yemel
Peninsula.
4. Laptev Sea. North of Siberia Russia – East of Taymy, Peninsula,
West of New Siberian Islands.
5. White Sea. Arm of Barents Sea. South of Kola Peninsula.

Sea of Atlantic Ocean

1. Caribbean Sea. South of Jamaica, Haiti, North of Panama, Colombia.
2. English Channel. South of UK, Norht of France.
3. Irish Sea. East of Ireland, West of UK.
4. North Sea. East of UK, West of Denmark, Norway. North of
Nether – land .
5. Sargasso Sea. B/W East of West Indies & Azores. Only Sea
bordered of ocean currents rather than by land.

Seas of Indian Ocean

1. Andaman Sea. East of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, South of
Myanmar, West of Thailand, Malaysia, North of
Sumatra.
2. Arabian Sea. South of Iran, Pakistan east of Arabian Peninsula,
India.
Seas of Pacific Ocean
1. Arafura Sea. North of Australia South of New guinea, East of
Indonesia.
2. Bering Sea. North of Aleutian Islands South of Russia, East of
Kamchatka & Chukchi Peninsula, west of Alaska.
3. Celebes Sea. North of Indonesia, south of Philippines.

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4. China Sea
a. East China Sea. South of South Korea East of China,
Taiwan.
b. South China Sea. North of Barnes Idnonesia, South of China,
Taiwan, East of Vietnam, West of Philippines.
5. Coral Sea. NE of Australia, South of Solomon Islands, New
Guineas. West of New Hebrides Islands.
6. Inland Sea. In Japan. B/W Islands of Honshu, Shikoku &
Kyushu.
7. Philippine Sea. North of Philippine Islands South of Japan.
8. Sea of Japan/East Sea. North & West of Japan, South of Russia east of
N&S Korea.
9. Sea of Okhotsk. North of Kuril Islands South of/Russia, East of
Russia, West of Kamchatka Peninsula Russia.
10. Sulu Sea. North of Borneo, south & East of Philippine
Islands & East of Pal wan Islands.
11. Tasman Sea. East of Australia, Tasmania, West of NZ.
12. Yellow Sea. South & East of China, West of Korea.
Inlands Sea
1. Aral Sea. N of Uzbekistan – S of Kazakhstan.

2. Baltic Sea. Surrounded by Sweden, Finland, Estonia,

Latria, Lithuania, Russia, Poland & Germany.
3. Black Sea. N of Turkey, So Ukraine W of Bulgaria Wo of
Georgia, Russia.
4. Caspian Sea. Largest Inland body of water in world, N of Ian
S of Kazakhstan, E of Russia, Azerbaijan W of
Turkmenistan.
5. Hudson Bay. In Canada. N of Ontario S of Southampton
Islands, E of Keewatin W of Quebec.
6. Mediterranean Sea. Inland Sea of European, Asia & Africa.
7. Red Sea. Separates Arabia, Peninsula, Western asia
from NE Africa. NE of Egypt Criteria – SW of
Saudi Arabia.

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8. Sea of Azor. S of Ukraine W of Russia.

9. Sea of Marmora. Separates European Part

Mediterranean Sea
1. Adriatic Sea. B/W eastern coast of Italy & western coast of
Balkan peninsula.
2. Aegean Sea. B/W Greece & Turkey.
3. Ionian Sea B/W Greece, Albania & Italy, Sicily.

4. Liguria Sea. South of Italy. O/W Islands of Corsica, Alba &

Italy.
5. Tyrrtrenian Sea. Partially Enclosed by Italian Peninsula, Sicily,
Sardinia & Corsica.
m
Imp Gulfs
1. Gulf of Aqaba Between Saudi Arabia and Egypt
2. Gulf of Bothnia Between Sweden and finland
3. Gulf of California Mexico
4. Cambay(Khambhat) In India; N of Mombai
5. Persian Gulf Between Iran and UAE
6. Gulf of Mannar Between Srilanka and India
7. Gulf of Oman Between Pakistan and Oman
8. Gulf of Corinth. Arm of Ionian Sea b/w Peloponnesus, Cen
Greece & Euboa Greece.
9. Persian Gulf. Arabian Sea, SW Asia, b/w Arabian Peninsula
& Iran Bahrain, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qaar,
Kuwait, Iran, Iraq, Oman.
Misc Gulfs

1. Gulf of Bothnia. Arm of Batlic Sea, b/w Finland on E & Sweden

on W.

2. Gulf of California. Arm of pecific Ocean b/w Mexico & Peninsula

of Baja California.

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3. G of Corinth. Arm of Ionian Sea. b/w Peloponnesus & Cen

Greece & Euboea Greece.

4. G of Finland. Arm of Baltic Sea, b/w Finland on N & Estonia

& Russia on S. Linked with Caspian & Black
Sea.

5. G of Fonseca. Inlet of Pacific, W Cen America, b/w EI

Salvador, Honduras & Nicaragua.

6. G of Guinea. Arm of Atlantic, W Africa b/w Liberia & Gabon.

7. G of Aden. Arm of Arabian Sea, b/w Yemen & Somalia

and Digibouti. Links Arabian Sea with
Red Sea.

9. G of Batabano. In Cuba.

10. G of Bothia. B/W Boothia Peninsula & Baffin slands

Canada. Arctic Ocean.

11. G of Carpentaria. Arm of Arafura Sea, Northern Aust.

12. G of Gdansk. In Baltic Sea, Poland & Russia.

13. G of Kutch. Arabia Sea, W India.

14. G of Khambhat. Arabian Sea, W India b/w Kathiawa Peninsula

& Mainland India.

15. G of Kotor. Serbia & Montenegro, Adriatic Sea.

16. G of Lion. Mediterranean Sea, S France.

17. G of Manner. Indian Ocean, b/w India & Sri Lanka.

18. G of Mexico. Atlantic Ocean, b/w US, Cuba & Mexico.

19. G of Oman. Arabian Sea, b/w Iran & Oman leds to Percian
Gulf through Strait of Hormoz.

20. G of Patari. Ionian Sea, Greece.

21. G of Riga. Baltic Sea, b/w Estonia & Latvia.

22. G of Salerno. Tyrrhenian Sea S Itlay.

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23. G of Thailand. S China Sea, b/w Thailand & Cambodia and

Vietnam.

24. G of Sidra. Mediterranean Sea, on coast of Libya Near

Benghazi.

25. G of Suez. Red Sea, NE Egypt.

26. G of Tonkin. Also G of Bac do. S China Sea, Vietnam,

China & Chinese Island of Hainon.

27. G of Venezuela. Caribbean Sea, Venezuela.

28. G of Izmir. Izmir, Turkey.

29. Persian Gulf. Arabian Sea, SW Asia, b/w Arabian Peninsula

& Iran Bahrain, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qaar,
Kuwait, Iran, Iraq, Oman.

30. Spencer Gulf. Indian Ocean, S Aust.

Bays

1. Bays In Ireland Sea

a. Abu Qir. Bay in Northern Egypt b/w Rosetta mouth of
Nile River & Alexandria.
b. Bay of Naples. Inlet of Tyrrhenian Sea South Cen Italy.
c. Frisches Haff. In Northern Poland & South Western
Kaliningrad Oblast ,Russia. Baltic Sea.
d. James Bay. Southern Extension of Hudson Bay.

2. Bays In or Near Arctic Ocean

a. Hudson Bay
b. Prudhoe Bay. Northern Alaska, an arm of Beaufart Sea.
3. Bays In or Near Atlantic Ocean

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a. Baffin Bay. Arm of North Atlantic Ocean B/W Green land

and Several large Islands of North Eastern
Canada.
b. Barnegat Bay. Inlet of Atlantic Ocean, Eastern New Jersey.
c. Bay of Biscay. Vast Inlet of Atlantic, South easter Europe,
Bounded on the N &E by France & S by
Spain.
d. Bay of Campeche. Southern Mexico, Inlet of Gulf of Mexico.
e. Bay of Fundy. Tidal Inlet of Northern Atlantic, B/W New
Brunswick & Nova Scotia Southeastern
Canada.
f. Bight of Benin. West Africa, Western part of Gulf of
Guinea. Extends from mouth of Volta River to
Mouth of Niger.
g. Bight of Biafra. Also Bight of Borny. Western Africa, Eastern
Part of Gulf of Guinea. From mouth of Niger
River to Cape Lopez,Gabon.
h. Biscayne Bay. Inlet of Atlantic, Southeast Florida,(Miami
Beach).
i. Buzzards Bay. Inlet of Atlantic, Southeast Massachusetts.
j. Cardigan Bay. Inlet of St George’s Channel in Irish Sea,
Western Wales UK.
k. Casco Bay. Inlet of Atlantic, Southwester Maine, USA.
l. Chaleur Bay. Inlet of Gulf of St Lawarence SE Canada.
m. Chesapeak Bay. Inlet of Atlantic, Eastern Marty Land &E
Virginia.
n. Delaware Bay. Arm of Atlantic, bounded on NE by New
Jersey,SW by Delware.
o. Frobisher Bay. Inlet of North Atlantic, SE Baffin Island
Canada.

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p. Guantanamo Bay. Inlet of Caribbean Sea SE Cuba, near

Guantanamo.
q. Massachusetts Bay. Inlet of Atlantic, E Massachusetts .Boston US.
r. New York Bay. Inlet of Atlantic, E Rhodes Island,USA.
s. Scapa Flow. Northern Scott Land. Orkney Islands.
t. Table Bay. Inlet of Atlantic, SW South Africa(
Harbor of Cape Town)
u. The Wash. Inlet of Gulf of Mexico, SW Alabama,
US.
4. Bays In or Near Indian Ocean.
a. Aloga Bay. S South Africa.
b. Bay of Bengal. B/W India on W, Myanmar & Malya
Peninsula on E.
c. Delagoa Bay. S Mozambique.
5. Bays In or Near Pacific Oceans.
a. Botany Bay. Inlet of Tasman Sea,E Aust, Near
Sydney.
b. Bristol Bay. Arm of Bearing Sea, SE Alaska.
c. Cook Inlet. S Alaska, Separates Kenai Peninsula
Form Alaska Mainland.
d. Jervis Bay. SE Aust, E coast of New S Wales.
e. Manila Bay. Inlet of South China Sea and
Philippines.
f. San Francisco Bay. W California.

6. Misc
a. Bay of Acre(Haifa) In south of Isreal
b. Bay of Biscay Between France and Spain
c. Bay of Danzig Between Russia and Poland
d. White Bay N Atlantic, SE Canada.

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e. Bight of Benin. W Africa, from W part of Gulf of

Guinea,From Volta River to Niger River.
f. Great Australia Bight. Inlet of Indian Ocean bordering S
Australia

Peninsulas
a. Akamas Peninsula In Cyprus
b. Arabian Peninsula Incl Saudia Arabia, Yemen,
Oman,UAE, Qatar , Kuwait and
Bahrain
c. Peninsula of Boothia In Canada between gulf of
Boothia and James rose strait
d. Peninsula of Jutland Denmark
e. Malaysia
f.Masan dam Peninsula Oman
g. Sinai Peninsula Egypt
h. Iberian Peninsula Spain , Portugal and British con
Gibraltar

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GEN KNOWLEDGE

1. Amazon (river) in Brazil, ranked as the largest.

2. Arctic Ocean, smallest of the four world oceans.
3. Indian Ocean, third largest of Earth's four oceans.
4. Pacific Ocean, largest and deepest of the world's four oceans, covering more than a
third of the earth's surface and containing more than half of its free water.
5. Panama Canal, canal allows vessels to travel between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
6. Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Gulf of Suez, an arm of the Red
Sea.
7. Ural Mountains chain is in Russia.
8. Baltic States, are Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
9. Scandinavia, name applied collectively to three countries Norway ,Sweden, Denmark
Finland, and Iceland are called as Scandinavian countries.
10. Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the
United Arab Emirates.
11. Famous rivers of Balochistan are Hingol, Dasht and Pishin Lora.
12. Narrow portion of Sea Stretching deep into the land is called Gulf.
13. Bearing strait links Pacific Ocean with Atlantic Ocean.
14. Strait of Malacca links Indian Ocean with Pacific Ocean.
15. Total area of the earth is 510 million sq Km.
16. Altai mountains are located in mangolia.
17. Tanganyka lake is situated on the border of Democratic republic of Congo and
Tanzania.
18. Nanga Parbat is highest peak of Himalayas mountains in Pakistan.
19. The longest river of the world is Nile river.
20. The largest river of the world is Amazon.
21. Strait of Hornuz links Persian Gulf with Gulf of Oman.
22. Mauritius Islands are situated in Indian Ocean.
23. North Pole of earth is occupied by Arctic ocean.
24. The Pamirs are also known as Roof of the world.
25. The Cape Route connects London and Freetown.
26. Alexandria is the famous sea port of Egypt.

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27. Smallest Planet of solar system is known as Mercury

28. Torres strait connects New Guinea with Australia.
29. Suez Canal links Red Sea with Mediterranen Sea.
30. Bandar Abbas is the famous seaport of Iran.
31. Rio de Janerio is the famous seaport of Brazil.
32. Total area of Pakistan is 796095.
33. Pakistan is located between 23 30’ N to 37 N and 61 E to 75 30’ E.
34. Height of K-2 is 28250 feet.
35. Highest peak of Himalayas is Nanga Parbat.
36. Indus water treaty was signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan.
37. Mangla dam is constructed on river Jhelum.
38. Length of common border between Pakistan and Iran is 909 Km.
39. Driest place of Pakistan is Nokundi Balochistan.
40. Highest place of salt range is Sakesar.
41. Babusar pass connects Abbottabad and Gilgit.
42. Lawari pass connects dir and Chitral.
43. Highest peak of Suleman range is known as Takht-e-Suleman.
44. Dargai pass connects Mardan and Malakand.
45. Lake Saiful Maluk is situated in Kaghan valley.
46. Hamun-e-Mashkel is the largest dry lake of Balochistan.
47. River Kabul flows from Afghanistan and joins Indus at Attock.
48. Warsak dam is constructed on river Kabul.
49. Sukhar barrage is constructed on river Indus.
50. Sea frontage of Pakistan is 1046 Km.
51. Sir Creek is situated in the South East of Karachi.
52. Iran is surrounded on the north by caspian sea.
53. Iran consists of 30 provinces.
54. India is comprised 28 states and 7 Union territories.
55. Total number of provinces of China is 22.
56. Afghanistan consists of 34 provinces.
57. Ravi is the shortest river of Pakistan.
58. On which day and which year did America declare itself an independent country? 4th
July 1776

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59. Which explorer discovered the sea-route to India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope?
Vasco de Gama
60. Which U.S President was assassinated in 1865? Abraham Lincoln
61. Which is longer the Danube or Volga river? Volga
62. The largest museum in the world is the American Museum of Natural History.
63. The lowest mountain range in the world is the Buena Bhaile.
64. The country known as the Land of Cakes is Scotland.
65. The place known as the Garden of England is Kent.
66. The old name of Taiwan was Farmosa.
67. Montreal is situated on the bank of River Ottawa.
68. The city of Bonn is in Germany.
69. The title of Desert Fox was given to Field Marshal Erwin Rommel.
70. The largest airport in the world is the King Khalid International Airport, Saudi Arabia.
71. The largest bay in the world is Hudson Bay, Canada.
72. The largest peninsula in the world is Arabia.
73. The largest gulf in the world is Gulf of Mexico.
74. The largest railway tunnel in the world is the Oshimizu Tunnel, Japan.
75. The world's loneliest island is the Tristan da cunha.
76. Adolf Hitler was born in Austria.
77. The country whose National Anthem has only music but no words is Bahrain.
78. The largest cinema in the world is the Fox theatre, Detroit, USA.
79. The country where there are no Cinema theatres is Saudi Arabia.
80. The city which was the capital of the ancient Persian Empire was Persepolis.
81. WHO (World Health Organization) is located at Geneva.
82. FAO is located at Rome and London.
83. UNIDO stands for United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
84. UNIDO is located at Vienna.
85. WMO stands for World Meteorological Organization.
86. WMO is located at Geneva.
87. International Civil Aviation Organization is located at Montreal.
88. The Angel Falls is located in Venezuela.
89. The Victoria Falls is located in Rhodesia.
90. The aero planes were used in war for the first time by Italians. (14 Oct.1911)
91. Slavery in America was abolished by Abraham Lincoln.

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92. The famous Island located at the mouth of the Hudson River is Manhattan.
93. The country where military service is compulsory for women is Israel.
94. The famous painting 'Mona Lisa' is displayed at Louvre museum, Paris.
95. The earlier name for tomato was Love apple.
96. The first President of USA was George Washington.
97. The famous words 'Veni Vidi Vici' were said by Julius Caesar.
98. The number of countries which participated in the first Olympic Games held at Athens
was nine.
99. Mercury is also known as Quick Silver.
100. The country which built the first powerful long range rockets is Germany.
101. The largest temple in the world is Angkor Wat in Kampuchea.
102. The largest strait in the world is Tartar Strait.
103. The Mohenjo-Daro ruins are found in Larkana District of Sind, Pakistan.
104. The largest city of Africa is Cairo.
105. The Kalahari Desert is located in Africa.
106. The 8 is located in Argentina.
107. The most densely populated Island in the world is Honshu.
108. The two nations Haiti and the Dominion Republic together form the Island of Hispaniola.
109. The largest auto producer in the USA is General Motors.
110. The largest auto producing nation is Japan.
111. The first country to issue stamps was Britain.
112. The Pentagon is located at Washington DC.
113. The world's largest car manufacturing company is General Motors, USA.
114. The world's biggest manufacturer of bicycles is Hero cycles, Ludhiana.
115. The world's oldest underground railway is at London.
116. The White House was painted white to hide fire damage.
117. The largest oil producing nation in Africa is Nigeria.
118. The longest river in Russia and Europe is Volga River.
119. The first Emperor of Germany was Wilhelm.
120. The last French Monarch was Louis Napoleon III.
121. "History is Bunk" was said by Henry Ford.
122. The term 'astrology' literally means Star Speech.
123. Togo is situated in Africa.
124. Coal is also known as Black Diamond.

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125. The first ruler who started war games for his soldiers was Genghis Khan.
126. The lightest known metal is Lithium.
127. The Atacama Desert is located in North Chile.
128. The founder of USA was George Washington.
129. The chemical name of laughing gas is Nitrous oxide.
130. The Pakistani President who died in an air crash was Zia-ul-Huq.
131. The International court of Justice is located in Hague, Holland.
132. The headquarters of World Bank is located at Washington DC.
133. The oldest residential university of Britain is the Oxford University.
134. The name of the large clock on the tower of the House of Parliament in London is called
Big Ben.
135. Prado Museum is located in Madrid.
136. The number of keys in an ordinary piano is Eighty eight.
137. The Kilimanjaro volcano is situated in Tanzania.
138. The invention that is considered to have built America is Dynamite.
139. Which country declares independence on 18th Feb 2008? - Kosovo.
140. What is the scientific name of Vitamin C? - Ascorbic Acid
141. What is the full form of GPRS? - General Packet Radio Service
142. Which was the first university established in the world? - Nalanda University
143. The first Prime minister of Bangladesh was Mujibur Rehman
144. The longest river in the world is the Nile
145. The longest highway in the world is the Trans – Canada
146. The longest highway in the world has a length of 8000 Kms
147. The highest mountain in the world is the Everest
148. The country that accounts for nearly one third of the total teak production of the world is
is Myanmar
149. The biggest desert in the world is the Sahara Desert
150. The largest coffee growing country in the world is Brazil
151. The country also known as "country of Copper" is Zambia
152. The name given to the border which separates Pakistan and Afghanistan is Durand
Line.
153. The river Volga flows out into the Caspian Sea.
154. The coldest place on the earth is Verkoyansk in Siberia.

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155. The country which ranks second in terms of land area is Canada.
156. The largest Island in the Mediterranean sea is Sicily.
157. The river Jordan flows out into the Dead Sea.
158. The biggest delta in the world is the Sunderbans

159. The capital city that stands on the river Danube is Belgrade
160. The Japanese call their country as Nippon

161. The length of the English channel is 564 Kms

162. The world's oldest known city is Damascus.
163. The city which is also known as the City of Canals is Venice.
164. The country in which river Wangchu flows is Myanmar
165. The biggest Island of the world is Greenland
166. The city which is the biggest centre for manufacture of automobiles in the world is
Detroit,USA
167. The Cty which is largest producer of manganese in the world is USA
168. The country which is the largest producer of rubber in the world is Malaysia.
169. The country which is the largest producer of tin in the world is Malaysia.
170. The river which carries maximum quantity of water into the sea is the Mississippi.
171. The city which was once called the `Forbidden City' was Peking.
172. The country called the Land of Rising Sun is Japan.
173. Mount Everest was named after Sir George Everest.
174. The volcano Vesuvius is located in Italy.
175. The country known as the Sugar Bowl of the world is Cuba.
176. The length of the Suez Canal is 162.5 Kms.
177. The lowest point on earth is the coastal area of Dead Sea.
178. The Gurkhas are the original inhabitants of Nepal.
179. The largest ocean of the world is the Pacific Ocean.
180. The largest bell in the world is the Tsar Kolkol at Kremlin, Moscow.
181. The world's largest diamond producing country is South Africa.
182. Australia was discovered by James Cook.
183. The first Governor General of Pakistan is Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

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184. Dublin is situated at the mouth of river Liffey.

185. The earlier name of New York city was New Amsterdam.
186. The Eifel tower was built by Alexander Eiffel.
187. The Red Cross was founded by Jean Henri Durant.
188. The country which has the greatest population density is Monaco.
189. The national flower of Britain is Rose.
190. The national flower of China is Narcissus.
191. The permanent secretariat of the SAARC is located at Khatmandu.
192. The gateway to the Gulf of Iran is Strait of Hormuz.
193. The first Industrial Revolution took place in England.
194. World Environment Day is observed on 5th June.
195. The first Republican President of America was Abraham Lincoln.
196. The country famous for Samba dance is Brazil.
197. Singapore was founded by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles.
198. The earlier name of Sri Lanka was Ceylon.
199. The UNO was formed in the year 1945.
200. UNO stands for United Nations Organizations.
201. The independence day of South Korea is celebrated on 15th August.
202. `Last Judgement' was the first painting of an Italian painter named Michelangelo.
203. Paradise Regained was written by John Milton.
204. The first President of Egypt was Mohammed Nequib.
205. The first man to reach North Pole was Rear Peary.
206. The most famous painting of Pablo Picasso was Guermica.
207. The primary producer of newsprint in the world is Canada.
208. The first explorer to reach the South Pole was Cap Ronald Amundson.
209. The person who is called the father of modern Italy is S Garibaldi.
210. World literacy day is celebrated on 8th Sep.
211. The founder of modern Germany is Bismarck.
212. The country known as the land of the midnight sun is Norway.
213. The place known as the Roof of the world is Tibet.
214. The founder of the Chinese Republic was San Yat Sen.

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215. The first Pakistani to receive the Nobel Prize was Abdul Salam
216. The first woman Prime Minister of Britain was Margaret Thatcher.
217. The first Secretary General of the UNO was Trygve Lie.
218. The sculptor of the statue of Liberty was Frederick Auguste Bartholdi.
219. The port of Baku is situated in Azerbaijan.
220. John F Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harry Oswald.
221. The largest river in France is Lore.
222. The first negro to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize was Ralph Johnson Bunche.
223. The principal export of Jamaica is Sugar.
224. New York is popularly known as the city of Skyscrappers.
225. Madagascar is popularly known as the Island of Cloves.
226. The country known as the Land of White Elephant is Thailand.
227. The country known as the Land of Morning Calm is Korea.
228. The country known as the Land of Thunderbolts is Bhutan.
229. The highest waterfalls in the world is the Salto Angel Falls,Venezuela.
230. Nickname of New York city is Big Apple.
231. In which sport do players take long and short corners? Hockey
232. Who was the youngest President of the USA? Theodore Roosevelt
233. World’s largest salt lake Caspian (Lake Geneva,Lake Superior, Lake
Ontario, Caspian Sea, Aral Sea, Lake Chad).
234. World’s longest river Nile ( Amazon, Nile,Indus, Mississippi, Rhine, Volga).
235. World’s second highest mountain K2 (Lhotse,3 Kanchenjunga, Godwin Austen
(K 2), Nanga Parbat, Makalu).
236. World’s largest ocean PACIFIC OCEAN.
237. World’s largest desert Sahara(Gobi, Kalahari, Thar,Sahara).
238. Narrow portion of Sea Stretching deep into the land is called Gulf.
239. Bearing strait links Pacific Ocean with Atlantic Ocean.
240. Strait of Malacca links Indian Ocean with Pacific Ocean.
241. Total area of the earth is 510 million sq km.
242. Altai mountains are located in magnolia

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243. Tanganyka lake is situated on the border of democratic republic of Congo and
Tanzania.
244. Nanga Parbat is highest peak of Himalayas mountains in Pakistan.
245. The longest river of the world is Nile.
246. The largest river of the world is Amazon.
247. Strait of Hormuz links Persian Gulf with Gulf of Oman.
248. Mauritius Islands are situated in Indian Ocean.
249. North Pole of earth is occupied by Arctic ocean.
250. The Pamirs are also known as Roof of the world.
251. The cape Route connects London and Freetown.
252. Alexandria is the famous sea port of Egypt.
253. Smallest Planet of Solar system is known as Mercry.
254. Torres strait connects New Guinea with Australia.
255. Suez Canal links Red Sea with Mediterranen.
256. Bandar Abbas is the famous seaport of Iran.
257. Rio de Janerio is the famous seaport of Brazil.
258. Total area of Pakistan 796095.
259. Pakistan is located between 23 30’ N to 37 N and 61 E to 75 30’ E.
260. Height of K-2 is 28250 feet.
261. Highest peak of Himalayas is Nanga Parbat.
262. Indus water treaty was signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan.
263. Mangla dam is constructed on river Jhelum.
264. Length of common border between Pakistan and Iran is 805 Km.
265. Driest place of Pakistan is Nokundi Balochistan.
266. Highest place of salt range is Sakesar.
267. Babusar pass connects Abbottabad and Gilgit.
268. Lawari pass connects dir and Chitral.
269. Highest peak of Suleman range is known as Takht-e-Suleman.
270. Dargai pass connects Mardan and Malakand.
271. Lake Saiful Maluk is situated in Kaghan valley.
272. Hamun-e-Makhkel is the largest dry lake of Balochistan.

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273. River Kabul flows from Afghanistan and joins Indus at Attock.
274. Warsak dam is constructed on Kabul.
275. Sukhar barrage is constructed on river Indus.
276. Sir Creek is situated in the South East of Karachi.
277. Iran is surrounded on the north by Caspian sea.
278. Iran consists of 30 Provinces.
279. India is comprised 29 states.
280. Total number of provinces of China is 22.
281. Afghanistan consists of 34 provinces.
282. Ravi is the shortest river of Pakistan.
283. Pamir knot connects Kunlun Shan, Tien Shan and Hindu Kush.
284. Gasprom is Russian Energy Giant.
285. Arab League comprised of 22 Nations.
286. Ehud Olmert is the PM of Israel.
287. Moshe Katsav – ex Israel President resigned due to the charges of sexual
crimes.
288. World bank launched first electronic news letter known as e-News letter.
289. East Timor has 55 seats in Parliament.
290. 40% of patient in Pakistan suffer from water born diseases.
291. China is the largest wheat producing country in world.
292. The latest amendment made in the constitution of Pakistan is known as
Eighteenth Amendment.
293. Imaginary lines drawn from north Ple to South Pole are known as latitudes. T
294. Mauritius Islands are situated in Pacific Ocean. F (Indian Ocean)
295. 38th Parallel separates North Korea form South Korea. T
296. Bay pf Biscay is the imp bay of Atlantic Ocean. T
297. Haiti is the imp Island of Pacific Ocean. F (Caribbean)
298. Hudson bay is situated in the north of Canada. T
299. Titicaca is the imp lake of Argentina. F (Loc at border of Peru and
Bolivia)
300. Appalachian Mountains are located in USA. T

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301. Colorado Plateau is located in Canada . F(America)

302. Salween is the imp river of Thailand. T
303. Takla Makan desert is situate in Turkey. F(China)
304. Dasht –e- Kavir is the imp deser of Yemen. F (Iran)
305. South Pole of earth is occupied by water. F (Ice)
306. Rhine is the imp river of Germany. T
307. Great Dividing Rang is located in Australia. T
308. Khunjrab pass connects Pakistan with central Asian states. T
309. Torres strait connects new Guinea with Australia. T
310. Suez Canal links Red Sea with Mediterranean. T
311. Height of Mt Everest 29028 feet. F ( 29029 ft)
312. Amazon river outflow in Pacific ocean. T
313. The total length of IPI gas Pipeline Project is 2300 km. T
314. North Korea had not shut down its nuclear reactor. F
315. India will deploy its MI-17 and MIG-29 in Tajikistan. T
316. YEMYIN was a devastating cyclone which caused a loss of million of rupees in
Pakistan T
317. Khartoum is the capital of Sudan. T
318. King Zahir Shah of Afghanistan died at an age of 92. T
319. Sir tom Davis was the President of Cook Islands. F
320. In Pakistan only 60% have an access to clean drinking water. F
321. Staff Graff won the record Wimbledon Women Single titiles F
322. Total number of districts in Pakistan is 111 F
323. Etisalat purchased 26% shares of PTCL. T
324. Sitare-i- Jurat is the highest military award. F
325. Saddam Hussain was hanged death on 30 th Dec 2006. T
326. Encircle the Correct Answer

a. Euphrates and Tigris are the Imp Rivers of:

(1) Iraq

(2) Turkey

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(3) Iran

b. Lake Aral is situated in:

(1) Kazakhstan

(2) Turkmenistan
(3) Russia
c. Kalahari Desert is Located In:
(1) Uganda
(2) Botswana (Namibia,SA)

(3) Rwanda

d. Congo is the famous river of:

(1) Congo
(2) Democratic Republic of Congo

(3) Burundi
e. lake Victoria is situated in the continent of:
(1) Africa

(2) Europe
(3) North America
f. Murray and Darling are the Imp Rivers of:
(1) Australia

(2) New Zealand

(3) Romania

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g. Strait of Gibraltar links:

(1) Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean.

(2) Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

(3) Pacific Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

h. Amazon is the imp river of:
(1) Brazil

(2) Argentina
(3) Colombia
i. Andaman and Nicobar Islands are situated in:
(1) Indian Ocean

(2) Pacific Ocean

(3) Atlantic Ocean
j. Pyrenees mountains are located in:
(1) Russia
(2) Spain

(3) Sweden

k. Balkans mountains are located in:

(1) Bulgaria

(2) Italy
(3) Spain
l. Gobi desert is located in:
(1) Mongolia

(2) Russia
(3) Afghanistan
m. Dead sea is located between:
(1) Jordon and Syria
(2) Jordon and Israel

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n. Bering Sea Separates:

(1) Asia from America

(2) Asia from Europe

(3) Asia from Africa

o. Elbruz mountains are located in:
(1) Iran

(2) Iraq
(3) Afghanistan
p. K-II Mir is the highest peak of:
(1) Hind Kush Mtns
(2) Karakoram Mtns

(3) Himalayas
q. Longest River of the World is:
(1) Nile

(2) Amazon
(3) Hwang-ho

r. Andes Mountains are located in:

(1) Africa
(2) North America
(3) South America

s. Volga is the longest River of:

(1) Europe

(2) South America

(3) Africa
t. Lake Ladoga is situated in:
(1) Russia

(2) Sweden

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(3) Finland
u. The ‘Midnight Sun’ is a phenomenon of:
(1) The northern portion of Arctic Circle
(2) The entire Arctic circle

(3) The Antarctic Circle

v. The Theory of Continental Drift was first given by:
(1) Alfred Wegener

(2) Werner Heisenberg

(3) Wilhelm Roentgen
w. P waves is a term associated with:

(1) Oceans
(2) Earthquakes

(3) Wind
x. Which of these is the most predominant in the composition of atmosphere:
(1) Oxygen
(2) Nitrogen

(3) Water Vapour

y. Which of the fol does not form part of the Earth’s atmosphere:
(1) Lithosphere

(2) Troposphere
(3) Mesosphere
z. The ozone layer plays role for organic life earth:
(1) Beneficial

(2) Harmful
(3) Natural
aa. Which of the fol is not a factor in determining climate:
(1) Longitude

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(2) Snow Line

(3) Altitude
INTL ORG

1. United Nations. 24 Oct 45 50 Members now 193(2x observer).

a. Secretariat.(NY) Directorate of UN Ops. HQ Staff of 4730. Works
under SG.
b. Gen Assy.(NY) World’s forum for discussing matters affecting peace and
security. 191 members.
c. Security Council(NY). Primary instr for esb and maint inl peace. Permitted to
sen UN fore stop aggression. 15 members. 5 x permanent, 10 elected by Gen
assy for 2x yrs. Nine vote majority req for decision.
d. ICJ ( Hague, Netherlands)
e. UN Trusteeship Council(NY)

f. ECO and Social Council /ECOSOC (Paris, France) 54 member for 30

yrs elected by Gen Assy.

2. Agencies of the UN

a. ILO - Intl Labour Org.

b. FAO (Rome, Italy) - Food and Agri Org of UN.
c. UNESCO - UN Edu, Scientific and Cultural Org.
d. WHO - World Health Org.
e. WBG (WC) - World Bank Group.
f. IMF (WC) - Intel Monetary Fund.

g. ICAO (Montreal, Canada) Intl Civ Aviation Org.

h. UPU (BERN SWZ) - Universal Postal Union.
j. WMO. (Bern, Switzerlan) World Met Org
i. ITU - Intl Telecomm Union.
.

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k. IMO ( London, UK) - Intl Maritime Org.

l. WIPO - World Intellectual Property Org.
m. IFAD(Rome, Italy) Intl Fund for Agri Dev.

n. UNIDO(Vienna, Austria) UN Industrial Dev Org.

o. IAEA (Vienna, Austria) Intl Atomic Energy Agency.
p. WTO World Trade Org.
q. UNWTO (Madrid, Spain) World Tourism Organization
r. WFP World Food Programme

INTL ORGS

1. ADB. Asian Dev Bank. 2014, 48 regional and 19 Non

regional Members (67). HQ Manila.
2. APEC. Asian Pacific ECO Coop. 2014-21 members.
Free Trade in members by 2030.
3. Al Arab League. Mar 1945, 22 members HQ Cairo.
4. ACC Arab Coop Council. 1989 HQ Amman.
5. ASEAN. Association of South East Asian nations 1967.
Bangkok. 10 members HQ Jakarta.
6. ASPAC. Asian and Pacific Council. 1966. 9x members
7. AMOEC. African Malagasy Org for Eco Coop.
8. CACM. Cen American Common market.
9. CARICOM. Caribbean Community and Common Market.

10. Colombo Plan. 1951, 26 Members HQ Colombo.

11. Common Wealth. 1931.UK Aust and NZ.53 members HQ London
12. Council of Europe. 1949.34 members. HQ Strasbourg (France)
13. CIS. Common wealth of Independent States. 1991.
9 CAR members 2 part incl Russia.
14. CCTA. Commission for Tech Coop in Africa.

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15. D8. Developing 8. Jan 97 Istanbul. Bangladesh,

Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pak
and Turkey.
16. EACSO. East African Common Svc Org.
17. ECSC. European Coal and Steel community.
18. EURATOM. European Atomic Energy Community.

19. EU. European Union. 28 members (2014).

20. EFTA. European free Trade Association.
21. ECO. Eco Coop Org 1985 HQ Tehran.10 members.
22. FPDA. Five Power Dev Arrangement. 71
23. GCC. Gulf Coop Council. 1981. 6 members.
24. G8. Group of 8. 1985 Canada, France, Germany,
Italy, Japan, Russia, UK & US.
25. G-15. 1989.
26. IOC. Indian Ocean Commission.
27. ICJ. Intl Court of Justice.

28. ICRC. Intl Committee of Red Cross

29. INTERPOL. Intl Criminal Police Org.
30. ICFTU. Intl confederation of free Trade Union.
31. IEA. Intl energy Agency.
32. LAIA. Latin American Integration Association.
33. NAM. Non-Aligned Mov. 1961.Balgrade. 120
members.17 obs
34. NIFTIER. North American Free Trade Agreement.
35. OAS. Org of American Sbates.
36. AU. Org of African Unity. 1963.53 members.

37. OPEC. Org of Petroleum Exporting Countries.1960. 12

members.
38. OECS. Org of Eastern Caribbean States.

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39. OECS. Agency for Prohibition of Nuc Wpns in latin

America.
40. OIC. Org of Islamic Conf. 1969 Rabat. 57 members.
HQ Jeddah.
41. OSCE. Org for Security & Coop in Europe.
42. South Pacific Forum. 1971.

43. SADC. South Africa Dev Community.

44. SAARC. South Asian Association for Regional Coop.
1985. Dhaka. 8 members. Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, Maldives. Nepal,
Pakistan, Afghanistan & Sri Lanka. HQ
Katmandu.
45. UDEAC. Cen African Customs & Eco Union

46. UMA. Maghreb Arab Union.

47. NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Org. 1949 28 members
HQ Brussels (Belgium).
PALESTINIAN ORGS

1. Fatah.
2. Fidayeen.

3. FLP. Popular Front for Liberation of Palestine.

4. PLF. Palestine Liberation Front.
5. PLO. Palestine Liberation Org.
6. PNC. Palestine National Congress.
Important Organizations
Arab League.
1. The Arab League, officially called the League of Arab States, is a regional
organisation of Arab states in North and Northeast Africa, and Southwest Asia

2. It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq,
Transjordan (renamed Jordan after 1946), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria now
22 members.

3. Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945.

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4. Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945.

5. The main goal of the league is to "draw closer the relations between member
States and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their
independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and
interests of the Arab countries."

6. Through institutions such as the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific
Organization (ALESCO) and the Economic and Social Council of the Arab
League's Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU), the Arab League facilitates
political, economic, cultural, scientific and social programs designed to promote
the interests of the Arab world

7. Each member state has one vote in the League Council, while decisions are
binding only for those states that have voted for them.

8. The aims of the league in 1945 were to strengthen and coordinate the political,
cultural, economic, and social programs of its members, and to mediate disputes
among them or between them and third parties.

9. Furthermore, the signing of an agreement on Joint Defense and Economic

Cooperation on 13 April 1950 committed the signatories to coordination of
military defense measures

Central Treaty Organization

1. The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO, original name was
Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also known as the Baghdad Pact)
was adopted in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.

2. It was dissolved in 1979. U.S. pressure and promises of military and economic
aid were key in the negotiations leading to the agreement, although the United
States could not initially participate "for purely technical reasons of budgeting
procedures."

3. In 1958, the United States joined the military committee of the alliance. It is
generally viewed as one of the least successful of the Cold War alliances.

4. The organization's headquarters were initially located in Baghdad (Iraq) 1955–

1958 and Ankara (Turkey) 1958–1979. Cyprus was also an important location for
CENTO due to its positioning within the Middle East and the British Sovereign
Base Areas situated on the island.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.

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1. The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was an international

organization for collective defense which was signed on September 8, 1954 in
Manila
2. The formal institution of SEATO was established at a meeting of treaty partners
in Bangkok in February 1955.

3. The organization's headquarters were located in Bangkok, Thailand. SEATO was

dissolved on June 30, 1977

Commonwealth of Independent States

1. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional organization

whose participating countries are former Soviet Republics, formed during the
breakup of the Soviet Union

2. The CIS is comparable to a very loose association of states and in no way

comparable to a federation, confederation or supra-national organisation such as
the old European Community.

European Union.

1. The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 member

states which are located primarily in Europe.

2. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
and the European Economic Community (EEC) formed by six countries in the
1950s

3. The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in
1993.

4. The EU operates through a hybrid system of supranational independent

institutions and intergovernmentally made decisions negotiated by the member
states

5. Important institutions of the EU include the European Commission, the Council of

the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European
Union, and the European Central Bank

6. The European Parliament is elected every five years by EU citizens

7. The EU has developed a single market through a standardised system of laws

which apply in all member states including the abolition of passport controls
within the Schengen area.

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8. A monetary union, the eurozone, was established in 1999 and is currently

composed of seventeen member states.

9. Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy the EU has developed a
limited role in external relations and defence

10. Permanent diplomatic missions have been established around the world and the
EU is represented at the United Nations, the WTO, the G8 and the G-20. With a
combined population of 500 million inhabitants, the EU generated an estimated
21% (US$ 14.8 trillion) share of the global economy (GDP PPP) in 2009.

11. As a trading bloc the EU accounts for 20% of global imports and exports.

International Organization for Standardization

1. The International Organization for Standardization, widely known as ISO, is an

international-standard-setting body composed of representatives from various
national standards organizations.
2. Founded on February 23, 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide
proprietary industrial and commercial standards
3. It has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. Approximately 97 million

volunteers, members and staff worldwide

International Security Assistance Force

1. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) is a NATO-led security

mission in Afghanistan established by the United Nations Security Council on 20
December 2001 by Resolution 1386 as envisaged by the Bonn Agreement.
2. It is engaged in the War in Afghanistan (2001–present).
3. ISAF was initially charged with securing Kabul and surrounding areas from the
Taliban, al Qaeda and factional warlords, so as to allow for the establishment of
the Afghan Transitional Administration headed by Hamid Karzai.

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4. In October 2003, the UN Security Council authorized the expansion of the ISAF
mission throughout Afghanistan, and ISAF subsequently expanded the mission in
four main stages over the whole of the country
5. Troop contributors include Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Canada, the United
States, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain,
Turkey, Ireland, Poland, Portugal and most members of the European Union and
NATO also including Australia, New Zealand, Azerbaijan and Singapore.
6. The intensity of the combat faced by contributing nations varies greatly, with the
United States, United Kingdom and Canada sustaining substantial casualties in
intensive combat operations

NATO

1. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO is an intergovernmental military

alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949
2. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization
constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to
mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.
3. The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, famously stated the
organization's goal was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the
Germans down".
4. Doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and
the United States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the
NATO defence against a prospective Soviet invasion—doubts that led to the
development of the independent French nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of
the French from NATO's military structure from 1966.
5. On 1 April 2009, membership was enlarged to 28 with the entrance of Albania
and Croatia
6. Since the 11 September attacks, NATO has attempted to refocus itself to new
challenges and has deployed troops to Afghanistan as well as trainers to Iraq

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7. The Berlin Plus agreement is a comprehensive package of agreements made

between NATO and the European Union on 16 December 2002.
8. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of
the world's defence spending
9. The United States alone accounts for 43% of the total military spending of the
world and the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Italy account for a further
15%.

OPEC.

1. The Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC-vienna), is a

cartel of 12 developing countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq,
Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and
Venezuela.
2. OPEC has maintained its headquarters in Vienna since 1965, and hosts regular
meetings among the oil ministers of its Member Countries. Indonesia withdrew in
2008 after it became a net importer of oil, but stated it would likely return if it
became a net exporter in the world again
3. . It also pursues ways and means of ensuring the stabilization of prices in
international oil markets with a view to eliminating harmful and unnecessary
fluctuations
4. OPEC's influence on the market has been widely criticized, since it became
effective in determining production and prices.
5. Arab members of OPEC alarmed the developed world when they used the “oil
weapon” during the Yom Kippur War by implementing oil embargoes and
initiating the 1973 oil crisis
6. This explanation encompasses OPEC actions both before and after the outbreak
of hostilities in October 1973, and concludes that “OPEC countries were only
'staying even' by dramatically raising the dollar price of oil.”
7. OPEC's ability to control the price of oil has diminished somewhat since then,
due to the subsequent discovery and development of large oil reserves in Alaska,

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the North Sea, Canada, the Gulf of Mexico, the opening up of Russia, and
market modernization
8. As of November 2010, OPEC members collectively hold 79% of world crude oil
reserves and 44% of the world’s crude oil production, affording them
considerable control over the global market.
9. The next largest group of producers, members of the OECD and the Post-Soviet
states produced only 23.8% and 14.8%, respectively, of the world's total oil
production.

Organization of the Islamic Conference

1. The Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) is an international organisation

with a permanent delegation to the United Nations, with 57 member states(jedah)

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

1. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation or SCO, is an intergovernmental

mutual-security organisation which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the
leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
2. Except for Uzbekistan, the other countries had been members of the Shanghai
Five, founded in 1996; after the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the members
renamed the organisation.

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.

1. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an

organization of South Asian nations, founded in 1985 and dedicated to economic,
technological, social, and cultural development emphasizing collective self-
reliance
2. Its seven founding members are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal,
Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
3. Afghanistan joined the organization in 2007.

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4. Meetings of heads of state are usually scheduled annually; meetings of foreign

secretaries, twice annually. Headquarter in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Warsaw Pact

1. The Warsaw Treaty (1955–91) is the informal name for the Treaty of Friendship,
Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, commonly known as the Warsaw Pact,
creating the Warsaw Treaty Organization.
2. The treaty was a mutual defense treaty subscribed to by eight communist states
in Eastern Europe.
3. It was established at the USSR’s initiative and realized on 14 May 1955, in
Warsaw, Poland. In the Communist Bloc, the treaty was the military analogue of
the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the Communist (East)
European economic community
4. The Warsaw Treaty was the Soviet Bloc’s military response to West Germany’s
May 1955 integration to NATO Pact, per the Paris Pacts of 1954.

International Monetary Fund.

1. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the intergovernmental organization that

oversees the global financial system by following the macroeconomic policies of
its member countries, in particular those with an impact on exchange rate and
the balance of payments
2. It is an organization formed with a stated objective of stabilizing international
exchange rates and facilitating development through the enforcement of
liberalising economic policies on other countries as a condition for loans,
restructuring or aid.
3. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C., United States
4. The IMF's relatively high influence in world affairs and development has drawn
heavy criticism from some sources.

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World Bank.

1. World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to

developing countries for capital programmes.
2. The World Bank has a goal of reducing poverty
3. The World Bank differs from the World Bank Group, in that the World Bank
comprises only two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA)
4. Whereas the latter incorporates these two in addition to three more: International
Finance Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA),
and International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).

MIL HIST
Geo Lines

1. Mannerheim Line. B/w Finnish and Russia (winter battle)

2. Maginot Line. B/w France and Germany
3. Barlev Line. B/w Egypt and Israel in area of Suez canal
(Yom kippor)
4. Durand Line. B/w Afghanistan and Pakistan
5. Stalin Line. B/W West And USSR
6. 38th Parallel. B/w North and South Korea
7. Siegfried Line (or Western Wall). B/w France and Germany
8. Mc Mahon Line. b/w India and china

9. Curzon line Polish and Russian frontier

10. 49 parallel B/w Canada and us

American Civil War:

1. The American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States.

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2. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and
formed the Confederate States of America, also known as "the Confederacy." Led
by Jefferson Davis,

3. In the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln

4. Seven states declared their secession from the Union before Lincoln took office on
March 4, 1861.

5. Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U.S.
military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina.

6. In Jan 1863, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery in the

South a war goal, and dissuaded the British from intervening.

7. Confederate resistance ended after Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court

House on April 9, 1865.

8. The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars

9. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000
soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Ten percent of all
Northern males 20–45 years of age died, as did 30 percent of all Southern white
males aged 18–40

10. The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the
reconstruction era that lasted to 1877.

Boer Wars
1. The Boer Wars were two wars fought between the British Empire and the two
independent Boer republics, the Orange Free State and the South African
Republic (Transvaal Republic).

2. The First Anglo-Boer War (1880–1881), also known as the "Transvaal War," was
a relatively brief conflict in which Boer (Descendants of Dutch settlers, translates
as 'Farmer')

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3. The Second War (1899–1902), by contrast, was a lengthy war—involving large

numbers of troops from many British possessions—which ended with the
conversion of the Boer republics into British colonies (with a promise of limited
self-government).

4. . The Second Boer War was a major turning point in British history, due to world
reaction over the anti-insurgency tactics the British army used in the region

5. This war led to a change from "splendid isolation" policy to a policy that involved
looking for allies and improving world relations.

Chinese Civil War.

1. The Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang (KMT or
Chinese Nationalist Party), the governing party of the Republic of China and the
Communist Party of China (CPC), for the control of China which eventually led
to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China (now commonly known as
Taiwan) and People's Republic of China (Mainland China).
2. The war began in April 1927
3. In mainland China today, the last three years of the war (1947 - 1949) is more
commonly known as the War of Liberation
4. The civil war continued intermittently until the Second Sino-Japanese War
interrupted it, resulting in the two parties forming a Second United Front.
5. Japan's campaign was defeated in 1945, marking the end of World War II, and
China's full-scale civil war resumed in 1946.
6. After a further four years, 1950 saw a cessation of major military hostilities—with
the newly founded People's Republic of China controlling mainland China
(including Hainan Island), and the Republic of China's jurisdiction being
restricted to Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and several outlying Fujianese
islands.
7. Today, the two sides of the Taiwan strait have close economic ties.

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Schlieffen Plan.
1. The Schlieffen Plan was the German General Staff's early 20th century overall
strategic plan for victory in a possible future war where it might find itself
fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east.
2. The Schlieffen Plan was created by Count Alfred von Schlieffen and modified by
Helmuth von Moltke the Younger after Schlieffen's retirement
3. It was Moltke who actually put the plan into action, despite initial reservations
about it.
4. Schlieffen's last words were "remember to keep the right flank strong".

World War I.
1. Began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in November 1918.
2. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were
mobilized in one of the largest wars in history
3. The assassination on 28 June 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
4. Ferdinand's assassination by a Yugoslav nationalist resulted in a Habsburg
ultimatum against the Kingdom of Serbia
5. On 28 July, the conflict opened with the Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia,
followed by the German invasion of Belgium, Luxembourg and France;
6. Additional fronts opened after the Ottoman Empire joined the war in 1914, Italy
and Bulgaria in 1915 and Romania in 1916.
7. The Russian Empire collapsed in 1917
8. After a 1918 German offensive along the western front,
9. Germany agreed to a cease-fire on 11 November 1918, later known as Armistice
Day.
World War II:

1. World War II, or the Second World War (often abbreviated as WWII or WW2),
was a global military conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945

2. It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million military
personnel mobilised.

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3. In a state of "total war," the major participants placed their entire economic,
industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the
distinction between civilian and military resources

4. it was the deadliest conflict in human history, resulting in 50 million to over 70

million fatalities.

5. The war is generally accepted to have begun on 1 September 1939, with the
invasion of Poland by Germany and Slovakia, and subsequent declarations of
war on Germany by France and most of the countries of the British Empire and
Commonwealth.

6. In June 1941, the European Axis launched an invasion of the Soviet Union,
giving a start to the largest land theatre of war in history, which, from this
moment on, was tying down the major part of the Axis military power.

7. In December 1941, Japan, which had been at war with China since 1937, and
aimed to dominate Asia,

8. The Axis advance was stopped in 1942 after the defeat of Japan in a series of
naval battles and after defeats of European Axis troops in North Africa and,
decisively, at Stalingrad

9. In 1943, with a series of German defeats in Eastern Europe, the Allied invasion
of Fascist Italy, and American victories in the Pacific, the Axis lost the initiative
and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts.

10. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded France, while the Soviet Union regained all
territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies.

11. The war in Europe ended with the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops and
subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945.

12. The Japanese Navy was defeated by the United States, and invasion of the
Japanese Archipelago ("Home Islands") became imminent.

13. The war ended with the total victory of the Allies over Germany and Japan in
1945.

14. The United Nations (UN) was established to foster international cooperation and
prevent future conflicts (such as World War III).

15. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting
the stage for the Cold War, which would last for the next 46 years

Korean War.

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1. The Korean War (1950–armistice, 1953) was a military conflict between the
Republic of Korea, supported by the United Nations, and the Democratic
People's Republic of Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China
(PRC), with military material aid from the Soviet Union

2. The war began on 25 June 1950 and an armistice was signed on 27 July 1953.

3. The war was a result of the physical division of Korea by an agreement of the
victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II.

4. The Korean peninsula was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the end of World War
II

5. Following the surrender of Japan in 1945, American administrators divided the

peninsula along the 38th Parallel, with United States troops occupying the
southern part and Soviet troops occupying the northern part.

6. The failure to hold free elections throughout the Korean Peninsula in 1948
deepened the division between the two sides, and the North established a
Communist government.

7. The situation escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces invaded
South Korea on 25 June 1950.

8. The United Nations, particularly the United States, came to the aid of South
Korea in repelling the invasion

9. the People's Republic of China (PRC) entered the war on the side of the North

10. In 1953, the war ceased with an armistice that restored the border between the
Koreas near the 38th Parallel and created the Korean Demilitarized Zone
(DMZ), a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) wide buffer zone between the two Koreas.

11. the Korean War was a proxy war.

12. From a military science perspective, it combined strategies and tactics of World
War I and World War II

13. It began with a mobile campaign of swift infantry attacks followed by air bombing
raids, but became a static trench war by July 1951.

Vietnam War:

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1. The Vietnam War was a Cold War military conflict that occurred in Vietnam,
Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April
1975.

2. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North
Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South
Vietnam, supported by the U.S. and other anti-communist nations

3. The Viet Cong, a lightly armed South Vietnamese communist-controlled common

front, largely fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region.

4. The Vietnam People's Army (North Vietnamese Army) engaged in a more

conventional war, at times committing large units into battle

5. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming
firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces,
artillery and airstrikes.

6. The North Vietnamese government viewed the war as a colonial war, fought
initially against France, backed by the U.S., and later against South Vietnam,
which it regarded as a U.S. puppet state

7. U.S. military advisors arrived beginning in 1950

8. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with U.S. troop levels tripling in
1961 and tripling again in 1962

9. U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965.

10. Involvement peaked in 1968 at the time of the Tet Offensive. After this, U.S.
ground forces were withdrawn as part of a policy called Vietnamization.

11. Despite the Paris Peace Accords, signed by all parties in January 1973, fighting
continued

12. The Case–Church Amendment passed by the U.S. Congress prohibited use of
American military after 15 August 1973, unless the president secured
congressional approval in advance

13. The capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese army in April 1975 marked the
end of the Vietnam War.

14. North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year.

15. Estimates as to the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from
less than one to more than three million. Some 200,000–300,000 Cambodians,

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20,000–200,000 Laotians, and 58,159 U.S. servicemembers also died in the

conflict.

Falklands War.
1. The Falklands War, also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982
between Argentina and the United Kingdom (UK) over the disputed Falkland
Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

2. The Falkland Islands consist of two large and many small islands in the South
Atlantic Ocean east of Argentina; their name and sovereignty over them have
long been disputed

3. The Falklands War started on Friday, 2 April 1982, with the Argentine invasion
and occupation of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia.

4. Britain launched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Argentine
Air Force, and retake the islands by amphibious assault

5. conflict ended with the Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982, and the islands
remained under British control.

6. The war lasted 74 days. It resulted in the deaths of 257 British and 649 Argentine
soldiers, sailors, and airmen, and the deaths of three civilian Falkland Islanders

7. The war lasted 74 days. It resulted in the deaths of 257 British and 649 Argentine
soldiers, sailors, and airmen, and the deaths of three civilian Falkland Islanders

8. Neither state officially declared war and the fighting was largely limited to the
territories under dispute and the South Atlantic.

9. The initial invasion was characterised by Argentina as the re-occupation of its

own territory, and by the UK as an invasion of a British dependent territory

10. As of 2011, and as it has since the 19th century, Argentina shows no sign of
relinquishing its claim. The claim remained in the Argentine constitution after its
reformation in 1994

11. The political effects of the war were strong in both countries

12. A wave of patriotic sentiment swept through both: the Argentine loss prompted
even larger protests against the ruling military government, which hastened its
downfall; in the United Kingdom, the government of Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher was bolstered.

13. It helped Thatcher's government to victory in the 1983 general election, which
prior to the war was seen as by no means certain.

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14. The war has played an important role in the culture of both countries,

15. Relations between Argentina and UK were restored in 1989 under the umbrella
formula which states that the islands' sovereignty dispute would remain aside.

Gulf War One

1. The Persian Gulf War (August 2, 1990 – February 28, 1991), commonly referred
to as simply the Gulf War, was a war waged by a U.N.-authorized coalition
force from thirty-four nations led by Britain and the United States, against Iraq.

2. This war has also been referred to (by the former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein)
as the Mother of All Battles, and is commonly, though mistakenly, known as
Operation Desert Storm for the operational name of the military response, the
First Gulf War, Gulf War I, or the Iraq War, before the term became identified
with the 2003-2010 Iraq War

3. The invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi troops that began 2 August 1990 was met with
international condemnation, and brought immediate economic sanctions
against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council.

4. U.S. President George H. W. Bush deployed American forces to Saudi Arabia

almost 6 months afterwards, and urged other countries to send their own forces
to the scene

5. Around US$36 billion of the US$60 billion cost was paid by Saudi Arabia.

6. The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial
bombardment on 17 January 1991

7. This was followed by a ground assault on 23 February.

8. However, Iraq launched Scud missiles against coalition military targets in Saudi
Arabia and against Israel.

Kosovo War.

1. The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is used to describe two sequential, and
at times parallel, armed conflicts in Kosovo

2. From early 1998 to 1999, the war was between the army and police of FR
Yugoslavia, and the Kosovo Liberation Army.

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3. From March 24, 1999 to June 10, 1999, NATO attacked Yugoslavia, and ethnic
Albanian militants continued battles with Yugoslav forces, amidst a massive
displacement of population in Kosovo estimated to be close to 1 million people.

4. The war in Kosovo was believed to be the first humanitarian war of news
headlines for months, and gained a massive amount of coverage and attention
from the international community and media.

5. The Kosovo war was a direct reason for the Kosovo refugee crisis.

Second Gulf War or Operation Iraqi Freedom.

1. The Iraq War, Second Gulf War or Operation Iraqi Freedom was a military
campaign that began on March 20, 2003, with the invasion of Iraq by a
multinational force led by troops from the United States under the administration
of President George W. Bush and the United Kingdom under Prime Minister
Tony Blair.

2. In 2002, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1441 which
called for Iraq to completely cooperate with UN weapon inspectors to verify that it
was not in possession of weapons of mass destruction and cruise missiles

3. Head weapons inspector Hans Blix advised the UN Security Council that while
Iraq's cooperation was "active", it was not "unconditional" not "immediate". Iraq's
declarations with regards to weapons of mass destruction could not be verified at
the time, but unresolved tasks concerning Iraq's disarmment could be completed
in "not years, not weeks, but months"

4. In 2008, the UNHCR reported an estimate of 4.7 million refugees (~16% of the
population) with 2 million abroad (a number close to CIA projections and 2.7 million
internally displaced people.

5. In 2007, Iraq was second on the Failed States Index; though its ranking has
steadily improved since then, moving to fifth on the 2008 list, sixth in 2009, and
seventh in 2010.

6. In late 2008, the U.S. and Iraqi governments approved a Status of Forces
Agreement effective through January 1, 2012.

7. The Iraqi Parliament also ratified a Strategic Framework Agreement with the U.S.,
aimed at ensuring cooperation in constitutional rights, threat deterrence, education,
energy development, and other areas

8. In late February 2009, newly elected U.S. President Barack Obama announced an
18-month withdrawal window for combat forces, with approximately 50,000 troops

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remaining in the country "to advise and train Iraqi security forces and to provide
intelligence and surveillance".

9. In late February 2009, newly elected U.S. President Barack Obama announced an
18-month withdrawal window for combat forces, with approximately 50,000 troops
remaining in the country "to advise and train Iraqi security forces and to provide
intelligence and surveillance".

10. In late February 2009, newly elected U.S. President Barack Obama announced an
18-month withdrawal window for combat forces, with approximately 50,000 troops
remaining in the country "to advise and train Iraqi security forces and to provide
intelligence and surveillance".

Yom Kippur War.

1. The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October war also known as the 1973
Arab-Israeli War was fought from October 6 to 25, 1973, between Israel and a
coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria

2. The war began when the coalition launched a joint surprise attack on Israel on
Yom Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism, which coincided with the Muslim holy
month of Ramadan

3. Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter the Israeli-held Sinai
Peninsula and Golan Heights respectively, which had been captured and occupied
since the 1967 Six-Day War

4. The conflict led to a near-confrontation between the two nuclear superpowers, the
United States and the Soviet Union

5. The war began with a massive and successful Egyptian attack across the heavily
fortified Suez Canal during the first three days, after which they dug in, settling into
a stalemate. The Syrians attacked the Golan Heights at the same time and initially
made threatening gains against the greatly outnumbered Israelis. Within a week,
Israel recovered and launched a four-day counter-offensive, driving deep into Syria

6. By 24 October, the Israelis had improved their positions considerably and

completed their encirclement of Egypt's Third Army.

7. This development prompted superpower tension, but a second ceasefire was

imposed cooperatively on October 25 to end the war

8. At the conclusion of hostilities, Israeli forces were 40 kilometres (25 mi) from
Damascus and 101 kilometres (63 mi) from Cairo.

9. Egypt continued its drift away from the Soviet Union and left the Soviet sphere of
influence entirely.

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PART – III (IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES)

Important Personalities

Alexander the Great.

1. Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly
known as Alexander the Great, was a king of Macedon or Macedonia,

2. by the age of thirty was the creator of one of the largest empires in ancient
history, stretching from the Mediterranean to the Hindu Kush

3. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by the famed philosopher
Aristotle.

4. In 336 BC he succeeded his father Philip II of Macedon to the throne after he

was assassinated.

5. He succeeded in being awarded the generalship of Greece and, with his

authority firmly established, launched the military plans for expansion left by his
father.

6. In 334 BC he invaded Persian-ruled Asia Minor and began a series of campaigns

lasting ten years

7. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably
the battles of Issus and Gaugamela.

8. Subsequently he overthrew the Persian king Darius III and conquered the
entirety of the Persian Empire.

9. Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC, without realizing a series of planned

campaigns that would have begun with an invasion of Arabia.

Abū Rayhān Al-Bīrūnī

1. Abu al-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni born 5 September 973 in Kath,
Khwarezm, died 13 December 1048 in Ghazni,

2. known as Alberonius in Latin, was a Persian Muslim scholar and polymath of the
11th century.

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3. theology. He was the first Muslim scholar to study India and the Brahminical
tradition, and has been described as the founder of Indology, and "the first
anthropologist".

4. He was one of the first exponents of an experimental method of investigation,

introducing this method into mechanics and what is nowadays called mineralogy,
psychology, and astronomy

5. The crater Al-Biruni on the Moon is named after him. Tashkent Technical
University (formerly Tashkent Polytechnic Institute) is also named after Abu
Rayhan al-Biruni and a university founded by Ahmad Shah Massoud in Kapisa is
named after him.

Amir Khusrow

1. Ab'ul Hasan Yamin ud-Din Khusrow (1253-1325 CE), better known as Amir
Khusrow was an Indian musician, scholar and poet.

2. He wrote poetry primarily in Persian, but also in Hindavi.

3. The invention of the tabla is also traditionally attributed to Amīr Khusrow.

Ibn Battuta
1. Hajji Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta, or simply Ibn Battuta (February 25,
1304–1368 or 1369), was a Moroccan Berber Islamic scholar and traveler who is
known for the account of his travels and excursions called the Rihla.

Khalil Gibran

1. Khalil Gibran (January 6, 1883 – April 10, 1931) also known as Kahlil Gibran,
was a Lebanese American artist, poet, and writer
2. He is chiefly known in the English speaking world for his 1923 book The Prophet,
a series of philosophical essays written in English prose. An early example of
Inspirational fiction, the book sold well despite a cool critical reception, and
became extremely popular in the 1960s counterculture.

3. Gibran is the third best-selling poet of all time, behind Shakespeare and Lao-Tzu.

Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī

1. Abū Abdallāh Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a Persian mathematician,
astronomer and geographer, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad
2. In the twelfth century, Latin translations of his work on the Indian numerals,
introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world.

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3. His Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing presented

the first systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations in Arabic.

4. His contributions had a great impact on language. "Algebra" is derived from al-
jabr, one of the two operations he used to solve quadratic equations.

5. Algorism and algorithm stem from Algoritmi, the Latin form of his name. His
name is the origin of (Spanish) guarismo and of (Portuguese) algarismo, both
meaning digit.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

1. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman,

writer, and founder of the Republic of Turkey, as well as the first Turkish
President.
2. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the
Ottoman Empire in WWI, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish
War of Independence
3. The principles of Atatürk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established,
are referred to as Kemalism.

Adolf Hitler
1. Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German
politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party,
commonly known as the Nazi Party.

2. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as head of state
as Führer und Reichskanzler from 1934 to 1945.

3. A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the precursor of the Nazi Party
(DAP) in 1919, and became leader of NSDAP in 1921

4. He attempted a failed coup d'etat known as the Beer Hall Putsch, which occurred
at the Bürgerbräukeller beer hall in Munich on November 8–9, 1923

5. Hitler was imprisoned for one year due to the failed coup, and wrote his memoir,
"My Struggle", while imprisoned.

6. After his release on December 20, 1924, he gained support by promoting Pan-
Germanism, anti-semitism, anti-capitalism, and anti-communism with charismatic
oratory and propaganda.

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7. He was appointed chancellor on January 30, 1933, and transformed the Weimar
Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian
and autocratic ideology of Nazism.

8. . To achieve this, he pursued a foreign policy with the declared goal of seizing
Lebensraum ("living space") for the Aryan people; directing the resources of the
state towards this goal. This included the rearmament of Germany, which
culminated in 1939 when the Wehrmacht invaded Poland.

9. . However, with the reversal of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, the Allies
gained the upper hand from 1942 onwards.

10. In the final days of the war, during the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler married his
long-time mistress Eva Braun and, to avoid capture by Soviet forces, the two
committed suicide less than two days later on 30 April 1945.

11. While Hitler is most remembered for his central role in World War II and the
Holocaust, his government left behind other legacies as well, including the
Volkswagen, the Autobahn, jet aircraft and rocket technology.

Archimedes.
1. Archimedes of Syracuse was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer,
inventor, and astronomer

2. Among his advances in physics are the foundations of hydrostatics, statics and
an explanation of the principle of the lever.

3. He is credited with designing innovative machines, including siege engines and

the screw pump that bears his name.

4. He also defined the spiral bearing his name, formulae for the volumes of surfaces
of revolution and an ingenious system for expressing very large numbers

5. Archimedes died during the Siege of Syracuse when he was killed by a Roman
soldier despite orders that he should not be harmed

6. . Archimedes had proven that the sphere has two thirds of the volume and
surface area of the cylinder (including the bases of the latter), and regarded this
as the greatest of his mathematical achievements.

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7. The relatively few copies of Archimedes' written work that survived through the
Middle Ages were an influential source of ideas for scientists during the
Renaissance, while the discovery in 1906 of

8. previously unknown works by Archimedes in the Archimedes Palimpsest has

provided new insights into how he obtained mathematical results.

Aristotle.
1. Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and
teacher of Alexander the Great

2. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry,

theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology,
and zoology.

3. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most
important founding figures in Western philosophy.

4. Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval

scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although
they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics.

5. Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues (Cicero described
his literary style as "a river of gold"), it is thought that the majority of his writings
are now lost and only about one-third of the original works have survived.

George Bernard Shaw

1. George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950) was an Irish
playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics.

2. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which
capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was
for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays.

3. He became an accomplished orator in the furtherance of its causes, which

included gaining equal rights for men and women, alleviating abuses of the
working class, rescinding private ownership of productive land, and promoting
healthy lifestyles

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4. In 1898, Shaw married Charlotte Payne-Townshend, a fellow Fabian, whom he

survived

5. He is the only person to have been awarded both a Nobel Prize for Literature
(1925) and an Oscar (1938), for his contributions to literature and for his work on
the film Pygmalion (adaption of his play of the same name), respectively.

6. Shaw wanted to refuse his Nobel Prize outright because he had no desire for
public honours, but accepted it at his wife's behest: she considered it a tribute to
Ireland. He did reject the monetary award, requesting it be used to finance
translation of Swedish books to English.

William Shakespeare.

1. William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616) was an English
poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English
language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist

2. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".

3. His surviving works, including some collaboration, consist of about 38 plays, 154
sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems.

4. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children:
Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith.

5. . Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor,

writer, and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men,
later known as the King's Men

6. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, where he died three years
later.

7. Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613.

8. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear,
and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language

9. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy
during his lifetime. In 1623, two of his former theatrical colleagues published the

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First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of
the plays now recognised as Shakespeare's

10. The Romantics, in particular, acclaimed Shakespeare's genius, and the

Victorians worshipped Shakespeare with a reverence that George Bernard Shaw
called "bardolatry

Ashoka
1. Ashoka (304–232 BC), popularly known as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian
emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent
from 269 BC to 232 BC

2. His empire stretched from present-day Pakistan, Afghanistan in the west, to the
present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of Assam in the east, and as far
south as northern Kerala and Andhra.

3. He conquered the kingdom named Kalinga

4. Ashoka was a devotee of ahimsa (nonviolence), love, truth, tolerance and

vegetarianism

5. His name "aśoka" means "painless, without sorrow" in Sanskrit (the privativum
and śoka "pain, distress").

6. Along with the Edicts of Ashoka, his legend is related in the later 2nd century
Aśokāvadāna ("Narrative of Asoka")

7. Ashoka played a critical role in helping make Buddhism a world religion.

8. The emblem of the modern Republic of India is an adaptation of the Lion Capital
of Ashoka.

Gautama Buddha.

1. Siddhārtha Gautama was a spiritual teacher from ancient India who founded
Buddhism.

2. The time of his birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century historians
dated his lifetime as 563 BCE to 483 BCE, but more recent opinion dates his
death to between 486 and 483 BCE or, according to some, between 411 and 400
BCE.

Christopher Columbus.
1. Christopher Columbus ( 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an explorer,
colonizer, and navigator from the Republic of Genoa, in northwestern Italy,

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whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of
the American continents in the Western Hemisphere.

2. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a

settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he
initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general
European colonization of the "New World".

3. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a

settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he
initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general
European colonization of the "New World".

4. His name in his native 15th century Genoese language was Christoffa Corombo
and the Italian language version of the name is Cristoforo Colombo

5. In this sociopolitical climate, Columbus's far-fetched scheme won the attention of

Isabella I of Castile

6. Severely underestimating the circumference of the Earth, he estimated that a

westward route from Iberia to the Indies would be shorter than the overland trade
route through Arabia

7. Following his plotted course, he instead landed within the Bahamas Archipelago
at a locale he named San Salvador. Mistaking the lands he encountered for Asia,
he referred to the inhabitants as "indios" (Spanish for "Indians")

8. The anniversary of Columbus's 1492 landing in the Americas is usually observed

as Columbus Day on 12 October in Spain and throughout the Americas, except
Canada. In the United States it is observed annually on the second Monday in
October.

Dalai Lama
1. The Dalai Lama is a Buddhist leader of religious officials of the Gelug or "Yellow
Hat" branch of Tibetan Buddhism

2. The name is a combination of the Mongolian word "Dalai" meaning "Ocean" and
the Tibetan word "Blama" (with a silent b) meaning "chief" or "high priest."
3. "Lama" is a general term referring to Tibetan Buddhist teachers.

4. In religious terms, the Dalai Lama is believed by his devotees to be the rebirth of
a long line of tulkus who are considered to be manifestations of the bodhisattva
of compassion, Avalokiteśvara.

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5. For certain periods of time between the 17th century and 1959, the Dalai Lamas
sometimes directed the Tibetan Government, which administered portions of
Tibet from Lhasa

6. The 14th Dalai Lama remains the head of state for the Central Tibetan
Administration ("Tibetan government in exile").

7. He has indicated that the institution of the Dalai Lama may be abolished in the
future, and also that the next Dalai Lama may be found outside Tibet and may be
female.

Genghis Khan

1. Genghis Khan was the founder, Khan (ruler) and Khagan (emperor) of the
Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his
death

2. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he
started the Mongol invasions that would ultimately result in the conquest of most
of Eurasia.

3. These included raids or invasions of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus,

Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties

4. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the

civilian populations – especially in Khwarezmia

5. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of
Central Asia and China.

6. Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split
his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons.

7. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia.

8. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown

location

9. Beyond his great military accomplishments, Genghis Khan also advanced the
Mongol Empire in other ways. He decreed the adoption of the Uyghur script as
the Mongol Empire's writing system

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10. It has been estimated that his campaigns killed as many as 40 million people
based on census data of the times.

11. Present-day Mongolians regard him highly as the founding father of Mongolia.

Mao Zedong

1. Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung (26 December 1893 – 9

September 1976), was a Chinese revolutionary, political theorist and communist
leader

2. He led the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until
his death in 1976

3. His theoretical contribution to Marxism-Leninism, military strategies, and his

brand of Communist policies are now collectively known as Maoism.

4. Mao remains a controversial figure to this day, with a contentious legacy that is
subject to fierce debate

5. Many Chinese also believe that through his policies, he laid the economic,
technological and cultural foundations of modern China, transforming the country
from an agrarian society into a major world power.

6. Mao's rule from 1949 to 1976 is widely believed to have caused the deaths of 40
to 70 million people

7. . Since Deng Xiaoping assumed power in 1978, many Maoist policies have been
abandoned in favour of economic reforms.

8. Mao is regarded as one of the most influential figures in modern world history,
and named by Time Magazine as one of the 100 most important people of the
20th century.

Marco Polo.

1. Marco Polo was a Christian merchant from the Venetian Republic who wrote Il
Milione, which introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China.

2. He learned about trading whilst his father and uncle, Niccolò and Maffeo,
travelled through Asia and met Kublai Khan.

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3. In 1269, they returned to Venice to meet Marco for the first time. The three of
them embarked on an epic journey to Asia, returning after 24 years to find Venice
at war with Genoa; Marco was imprisoned, and dictated his stories to a cellmate.

4. He was released in 1299, became a wealthy merchant, married and had 3

children. He died in 1324, and was buried in San Lorenzo.

5. It documents his father's journey to meet the Kublai Khan, who asked them to
become ambassadors, and communicate with the pope

6. It documents his father's journey to meet the Kublai Khan, who asked them to
become ambassadors, and communicate with the pope

7. He also had an influence on European cartography, leading to the introduction of

the Fra Mauro map.

Napoleon I.

1. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a military and political
leader of France and Emperor of the French as Napoleon I, whose actions
shaped European politics in the early 19th century

2. Napoleon was born in Corsica, France to parents of minor noble Italian ancestry
and trained as an artillery officer in mainland France.

3. In 1799, he staged a coup d'état and installed himself as First Consul; five years
later the French Senate proclaimed him emperor.

4. The French invasion of Russia in 1812 marked a turning point in Napoleon's

fortunes

5. In 1813, the Sixth Coalition defeated his forces at Leipzig; the following year the
Coalition invaded France, forced Napoleon to abdicate and exiled him to the
island of Elba

6. Less than a year later, he escaped Elba and returned to power, but was defeated
at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815

7. Napoleon spent the last six years of his life in confinement by the British on the
island of Saint Helena.

8. An autopsy concluded he died of stomach cancer, though Sten Forshufvud and

other scientists have since conjectured he was poisoned with arsenic.

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9. he is also remembered for the establishment of the Napoleonic code, which laid
the administrative and judicial foundations for much of Western Europe.

Pablo Picasso

1. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios
Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso known as Pablo Ruiz Picasso
(25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, draughtsman, and
sculptor who lived most of his adult life in France.

2. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
(1907) and Guernica (1937), his portrayal of the German bombing of Guernica
during the Spanish Civil War

3. making him one of the best-known figures in 20th century art.

Plato
1. Plato (428/427 BC – 348/347 BC), was a Classical Greek philosopher,
mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in
Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.

2. Plato was originally a student of Socrates, and was as much influenced by his
thinking as by his apparently unjust execution.

3. Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirty-six

dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him.

4. Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including

philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics

Socrates

1. Socrates (469 BC–399 BC) was a Classical Greek Athenian philosopher

2. A Saint, a prophet of the 'Sun-God', a teacher condemned for his teachings as a

heretic."Yet, the 'real' Socrates, like many of the other Ancient philosophers,
remains, at best, enigmatic and, at worst, unknown.

Vasco Da Gama.

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1. Vasco da Gama (1460 or 1469 – 24 December 1524) was a Portuguese

explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander
of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India

2. For a short time in 1524 he was Governor of Portuguese India under the title of
Viceroy.

Winston Churchill.

1. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 1874 – 24

January 1965) was a British politician and statesman known for his leadership of
the United Kingdom during the Second World War (WWII).

2. He is widely regarded as one of the great wartime leaders. He served as prime

minister twice (1940–45 and 1951–55).

3. To date, he is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in
Literature, and he was the first person created an honorary citizen of the United
States

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WARS

WARS IN INDIAN SUBCONTINENT -5

1. 1st Battle of Panipat (21 Apr 1526) Ibrahim Lodhi and Babur

2. 2nd Battle of Panipat (5 Nov 1556) Bairam Khan (regent for Abbar) and Item
Chandra Vibramadity.

3. 3rd Battle of Panipat (1761) Ahmed Shah Abdali and Marathas.

4. Battle of Khanwa (17 Mar 1527) Babar Defeated Rana Songs.

5. Battle of Ghaghra (6 May 1529) Babar defeated Sultan Muhammad Lodhi.

6. Battle of Plassey British East India Company Vs Siraj Ud

Daulah.

7. Buxer War (1765) East India Company Vs Bengal. Robert

Clive Vs Mir Jafar Ali Khan.

8. 2nd Mysore War (1780-1784) Kingdom of Great British Vs Mysore (Hyder

Ali)

9. 3rd Mysore War (1789-92) Great British Vs Tipu Sultan.

10. 4th Mysore War (1789-1799) Great British Vs Tipu Sultan.

11. Indian War of Independence (10 May British Army and East India Company’s
1857) Sepoys Defeated Rebellious East India
Company sepoys, 7 Indian States and
Indian Civilians.

ARAB – ISRAEL WARS

1. First Arab – Israel War (May 1948-Mar Israel Vs Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Jordon,
1949) Lebanon Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

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2. 2nd Arab Israel War (Oct 1956-Mar 1957) UK, France, Israel Vs Egypt.
or Suez Crisis

3. 3rd Arab Israel War (5-10 Jun 1967) or Six Israel Vs Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq.
– Day War

4. 4th Arab Israel War (6 Oct -26 Oct 1973) or Israel Vs Egypt, Syria and Iraq.
Yom Kippur War

5. Boer Wars(1899-1902) British Vs South Africa.

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Famous Wars

Ser War Duration Belligerents

1. Peloponnesian War 431-404 BC Peloponnesian League Led by

Sparta and Dalian League Led By
Athens.

2. Punic Wars 264-146 BC Rome and Carthage.

3. Gallic Wars 58-51 BC Julius Caesar and Gallic Tribes.

4. Crusades (8 Wars a. 1095-1099 Christian Europe and Muslims

Against the Muslims) b. 1147-1149
c. 1187-1192
d. 1202-1204
e. 1217-1221
f. 1228-1229
g. 1248-1254
h. 1270

5. Hundred Years War 1337-1453 House of Values and House of

Plantagenet.

6. Thirty Years War 1618-1648 Sweden, England, France etc on one

side and Holy Roman Empire On the
other.

7. War of Spanish 1701-1714 Holy Roman Empire and France,

Succession Spain and Bavaria.

8. Seven Years War 1756-1763 Prussia, Austria Vs Great Britain

France, and Russia.

9. American War of 1775-1783 US, France and Spain Vs Great

Independence Britain.

10. French Revolutionary 1792-1802 France Vs Great Britain, Prussia,

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War Russia, Spain etc.

11. Napoleon Wars

a. Battle of Austerlitz 2 Dec 1805 France Led by Napoleon Russia and

Austria led by Alexander and Francis
II.

b. Battle of Auerstedt
France and Prussia Napoleon and
14 Oct 1806 Fredrick William II.

c. War on Russia
24 Jun to 12 Dec 1812 France and Russia Napoleon and
Alexander I

d. Battle of Leipzig
16-19 Oct 1813
France, Italy, Neples Austria, Vs

e. War b/w Britain and Prussia, Russia

France 1803-1814
Britain and France

f. Battle of Waterloo
18 Jun 1815
France Vs 7th Coalition (Prussia+ UK
+Netherlands etc)

12. Crimean War 1853-1856 France, Ottoman Empire and Britain

Vs Russian Empire and Bulgarian

13. Francesco-Prussian 19 Jul 1870-10 May France Vs North German

1871 Confederation and Kingdom of
Prussia.

14. American Civil War 1861-1865 USA (Union) Vs Confederate States

of America.

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15. Russo- Japanese War Feb 1904-Sep 1905 Russia and Japan.

16. World War I 28 Jun 1914-11 Nov Allied (Russia, France, UK, Canada,
1918 Australia, Italy, Japan, and USA) Vs
Central Powers (Germany Ottoman,
Bulgaria and Austrian – Rumanian
Empire).

17. Sino-Japanese War (1st) 1894 -1895 Qing Dynasty of Cling Vs Empire of
Japan.

China and Japan.

Sino -Japenese(2nd) 7 Jul -9 Sep 1937

18. WW-II 1 Sep 1939 to 2 Sep Allies Vs Axis UK, USA, USSR Vs
1945 Germany, Italy, Japan.

19. Korean War 25 Jan 1950 to 27 Jul UN Vs North Korea and Allies
1953

20. Cold War 1947-1991 USA and USSR.

21. Vietnam War 1954-1975 South Vietnam+ USA, South Korea

North Vietnam, Soviet Union, North
Korea.

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WORLD LDRS

1. Afghanistan
a. President. M. Ashraf Ghani
b. First Vice President. Mohammad FAHIM Khan
c. Second Vice President. Abdul Karim Khalili
d. Foreign Affairs. Salahuddin Rabbani
e. Def Minister. Bismillah Khan Mohammadi. (?)
f. Interior Minister. Mohammad Omar Daudzai
g. Prime Minister Abdullah Abdullah
h. Interior Minister ?

2. Australia
a. Governor Gen/President Sir Peter Cosgrove
b. Prime Minster. Tony Abbott
c. Deputy. Prime Min. Wayne Maxwell SWAN
d. Min. for Foreign Affairs. Hon Julie Bishop MP
e. Min. for Defense. David Albert Lloyd Johnston
f. Interior Minister ?

3. Bangladesh
a. President. Abdul Hamid
b. Prime Minister. Sheikh HASINA Wajed
c. Min. of Foreign Affairs. Abul Hassan Mahmud Ali
d. Interior Minister ? (None)
e. Def Minister Sheikh Hasina

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4. Canada
a. Governor Gen. David Johnston
b. Prime Min. Stephen Harper
c. Min. of Foreign Affairs. Rob Nicholson
d. Interior Minister ? (None)
e. Def Minister Rob Nicholson

5. China

a. President. Xi Jinping
b. Vice Pres. XI Jinping
c. Premier, State Council. WEN Jiabao
d. Executive Vice Premier. LI Keqiang
e. Min. of Foreign Affairs. Wang Yi
f. Prime Minsiter: Li Keqiang
g. Interior Minister: Guo Shengkun
h. Def Minister General Chang Wanquan

6. France
a. Pres. François Hollande
b. Prime Min. Manuel Valls
c. Min. of Foreign. Laurent Fabius
d. Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve
e. Def Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian

7. Germany
a. Federal Pres / President Joachim Gauck
b. Chancellor / Prime Minister Angela Merkel
c. Vice Chancellor. Philipp Roesler
d. Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier
e. Interior Minister Thomas De Maiziere

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f. Def Minister Ursula Von Der Leyen

8. India
a. President. Shri Pranab Mukherjee
b. Vice Presient. Mohammad Hamid Ansari
c. Prime Min. Narendra Modi
d. National Security Adviser. presAjit doval
e. Min. of Finance. Arun Jaitle
f. Min. of Defense. Manohar Parrikar
g. Min. of External Affairs. Sushma Swaraj
h. Foreign Minister: Sushma Swaraj
i. Interior Minister Rajnath Singh

9. Iran
a. Supreme Leader. Ayatollah Ali Khamene
b. President. Hassan Rouhani
c. Min. of Foreign Affairs. MOHAMMAD Javad Zarif
d. Prime Minister *Post abolished*
e. Interior Minister Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli
f. Def Minister Hosein Dehqan

10. Russia:
a. President: Vladimir Putin
b. Prime minister Dmitry Medvedev
c. Foreign minister Sergey Lavrov
d. Interior minister Vladimir Aleksandrovich
Kolokoltsev

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e. Defence minister Sergey Shoigu

11. USA:
a. President: Barack Obama
b. Prime minister None
c. Foreign minister John Kerry
d. Interior minister Jeh Johnson
e. Defence Minister Ashton Carter

12. Pakistan:
a. President: Mamnoon Hussain
f. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif
g. Foreign Minister: Sartaj Aziz
h. Interior Minister Nisar Ali Khan
i. Defence Minister Khawaja Muhammad Asif

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