Classipication of Heat Exchanger I- Based on contect (8) divect contact Tl- Based on ditection of Flow (b) Indirect contact- (2) panauiel Flow or Cco-current cRacvatorin (oi counter Flow or counder-current © Cress Flow CTT engine) Il- Based on constructiona) details- (2) compact (bo) Bulky Overau heat _transrer coeggicient: oS 4 0 @ w In (re) | - 1 . QAKL hpAe ED). ip thickness iS Small. orn Cthin pipe) In(%,) =Int Intzo Rn " Rib S0 Heat transper 1 Por better heat transfer resistance Shouwd be low. smau thickness ip W770 Als oxrel Pot thin Ao = 2xToL pipe. \— SESSS SUV UULLIL LLL ELLE ELEOEIO?, v a ) Scanned with CamScannerFrom i ge = & > Ret — 13) AR = vA = UA { ip Tiete Ais Moz A when pipe thickness 'S Small Letus assume hi 2777 ho = is negligible U= hoft- Smauer heat transper Coefficient . . Smau then Q 15 smaut = ig hi>>he in this case heat transfer will be decided by ho that is smauer heat transfer coerricient( ho). Fouling Factor old New , Exchanger Heat Scanned with CamScanner3) Specipic heats of hotter and cold FIViIa vers © _ (2) Heat transfer coerticient Is assumed to be constant Inererore Heal the system is completely inswated From swurounding lost by “hat body is equal to heat gained by cold bead: , is thods — The design of a heat exchanger is based on two meine bby ) [4] LMTD(Logavithmic mean temperature Dikeerence] » es (2] Eprectiveness- NTU Method. ane known Lmto is used when the outlet temperatures With the help op these temperature ,the Surface OF heat exchanger can be calculated: €-NTU Method fs Used when the outlet tem ane unknown, peratures (4) LMTD- Method :- T uo heat Exchanger: Ci) parallel Flo Th ge + Us overall heat transfer Coefficient Az total Surface area at The of heat exchanger @= UA4Tm Te, das UVdA(Th-Te) dit ony length & &. The OT =Thy-Te, Tes wuULELEU LOL EEE Length OT= Th-Te an vv yu “ Temp. diprerence dQ= —M,on4%h (-vesign - in+% cir”, Temp.of HetFluid decreases) dG: trheCndte (4 ————_Temprop cela eluted 1) dT =- FO Ch SUSI Scanned with CamScannere 0 moh tneSe d(Th-Te) --dal ee a2 | Mapch thee, 4 CTH) = van cer fy | , 3 d(Th-Te) . = -vdaft_ 44 Mp = mass flow rate of Cth-T) MCh ome Ce . hot Fluid. | Me = mass Flow tate of | cold Fluid. Cre tint Cheat capacity of hot fluid) | : Coz Mele Th-Te= | 3 In-Te = OT | dCTh-Te) [ vaal ere] Tate ° Ln aT) dn =f uaa 1,4 aT Ch Se Q= Mpc (Th,-The) Q= Mele ( Te; -Te,) Q= Cy CTh-Th,) QQ (Te, ~Te)) | x . (Thi Th, ) Thj-Thy Teg -Te 2 Inde ypf + Be OT, Q Q Scanned with CamScanner Menem em me meme ee ee hh ee~~ ay 7 Sg (OR AT > Q@= ua ( 4%-47) = VAST Ws In (272 1 aT = Th,- > | oT = 4-87 aq-4T Ot = Toi Tes = — - -T WPS n( 4%) n(St Ata Tia Ma =~ at at.) —_~ ATm is alsoknown as LMTD. =? Remember point Th, * Q=UASTn th a GS a (Te,-Te,) + % ey a= any ate In( 2 : #) . because the $4 > Generaty in Prove) flow heat exchanger an # suet : 3 and colder Fiuvd temp: hotter Fluta temP: decrease: therefore AT decreases alon LMTD_Fer counter Flow heat exchanger I- — T jncreases, VLLLLULLE ™ gq the length- | a= sub ST, = Ty Te Th a AT = Tha- Te FOy=-Mn Ch Th [5 daz -m ce dTe «gx dirt tempor Hotd lb in L, cold Fluid decreases SO a -ve sign taken. yoy length Scanned with CamScannerLae Note: Tn counter Flow Heat exchanger that cose atm=% we get BTm= OT = OTe pt canbe equal to O72 ,'" ~ by apply UHospital Rue ‘ H-E- [2 Ag the vasuiation in temp. is lange for parauel Flow and temp: clipference between hot and cold aleng the length .of Heat exchanger ; therefore Heat transFrer decreases and hence For given heat transper more aTea Tequired for panatle) Plow Heat exchanger because ATm is Low For panavel Flow heat exchonger- therefore counterFleto Heot- Fluid olecreases exchangers ane prepented because Tm is more and this ves in Smauver anea. there gow Fore Counterflow H-E: ae compact: Q= VAST) ee (YaST) counter (ATm) counter CT) pariaue Apanaiel 7 Acounter- Scanned with CamScannerPP Single Shell P 2-tube pass 6 Double Shel! atobe pass - pbk For muh’ tubwax tion Factor Q= UALTm *F Fo corre The LMTD equation derived earlier are mie i ot Sconter for single shell - single tube pass He ree i. wort Heat exchangers exchangers For malt-bubule 7 ation canbe used 'Y Ond cross-flow Heat exchangers Same &Y Indroducing correction factor F: unter Flew Heat UU TTE TTT Q= UAT mF x where 4Tm is the LMTD For co exchanger Special Cases: . cose:t when heat capacities OF both Fluids IS some Ex: Regenerator oF & gas turbine Th, i; t. 2 Tk C2 H, u i, i, Tr 1, dT) = Thy~ Ten MrCn = Mele L, nee, 1 Q= myXnl Ty-Th,) = Me ( Te,-Te, _T, Th, -Te L- Th-Thy = Te-Te, > tm ety 2|aT atm s Scanned with CamScannerWhen heat capacities of both Fluids ane same then STi=4Tz =ATm Case.2 phase change heat exchangers ~ -eyebine) Ex: Goilers , Evaporators, Condensers etc. T + ‘ Th, bh, Tha 3 Tha Tk — Te ——<—______ fe Te, ee te, Length counter Paraua 4T,= Th-Te, = Th,-% AT = Thy -Te, Tea te | re on a hy-is 47 = Thy-Te, = Thy - 457 = Tha-Te, ad Peralel £ counter Plow heat exchangers - Panauet € counter Flow HE Will become Same When there is a phase change that is in Case op phase change Heat Exchangers itis immoterial whether It is 47, & BT Flow HE in phase change. (aT) Pparrau ae > In case of phase age heat exchangers Tm is same for Parauel f Counter Flow. ts same For parauel {counter = (Gr) counter: Scanned with CamScannerg :. CIPI Overau heat tronsper coepricient is 300 Wmék. Take SP&Sr heat of water as 4.487 Ki/egk: , Solution: * Assumption: Ct) steady Flow » (2) RES chonges axe Ne heck et not change cul resP (3) Spee heabor hot & cotd Fluid does +o temP Gay heal brarsper eoerricient tscons}ory (5) system is completely inswiated Prom suxnounding. ’ Given that Mp= 10,000 9%, * Me= 8000 KYpy 3 = YIBT EV egie Cp=2:095 Vege Us 300 WH mk Q=vA4Tm Ten-Te Qe MpCpTh-Th) = MM Cel Tea Te) 3 10000x 2.095(30) = Booo x 4187 (Te,- 25) Tes HOGS 4S+763 °c s tee SNOT (Bo- 43-768)— 6 ae @= Atm: SUS _—__—_—_.- Inj Ti (80-43-7) (3) n( a5 G=- 10000X2-095 X30 2 174-58 kw 3600 ' Qe VAST 4 1T4SBx107 = 300K AX 50-28 Az19-21m2 Be Scanned with CamScannertransfer to the max. possible heat transfer Qs Meer UTh-Th,) = Me cz Sactval Caste Qmoximum = UTA Tha) = (THe) ef uv =4T Sese:$: ip c, is minimum. ; mom if ce is minimum, colder Fluid will undergo moxlmo temp. difference. Tas Leng He a fax = Ce ( Te,- Te, ) Qmax = Cmin (Th, - Te,) case-2. c, isminimum = Cn( Thy The) Qmox Qnax = Cn Thy Te) Scanned with CamScannermax = Cmin (Th,- Ter) Sact = Then (Thy-Thy) =| Me Ce (Ten -Mer) = Cy (Thy-Thy) = Ce CTey-Te,) e = Sact Qmax Ten -Te) ee SaUTn-Tha) CoCTerte used to _ Cin ( Thy-Te,) 2 Corin (Try Ter) used to Find Th, > ECmin(Th,-Te,) = Te, - Te, € Cin (Th,-Te,) _ Th-Th Ce ane = Th, The VULULLTILLE LEED OOO, 3 : ZH, €grectiveness of Panatle! Flow heat exchanger ‘— 4 H, Tha dTa Loo4 : % Inf[2) =-VA/ = y= ic, (a) Ch Ce % * ig Chis minimum( or we take Cis min) = In ( Marts = -UA ¢ =a = =|" ah Sh fe NSYSSS SS Scanned with CamScannera > ve fis 2] 7 Cmax: Th, - Tez = e Coin max Thy- Tey YA = ty [oof Transrer unit] 7 Cmin — ( dimensionless) > Thee =ntu(1+C) zo, CO : Thy- Tey < e > (Th,- eile) Te, — EET] SS Ch,-Ten) Ch x < ¢e e I° Chny-Te) — © Emin Coto) + =] -nToci+e) © (Thy-Ter) a tal}lee . i a iF Chis minimum | e Po 1- € Cini -nTUCl4¢ « mnr sy Cr) _ oe ) Ch a|= ‘ q « ¢ 4 y Cmi -NTUCI tC) a 4- €€ n [++ mee Chin Cmax. =nTU(IHC) yi~e[itc] = e Peraviel Flow = HE. Scanned with CamScannerWUUSU YESS sv UL LEED PEE ED ODE \ CHfmin 2 Cmin . 4 L v 20 Crnox Q= meat =NTUC I+C) €= toe) c= & aT=0 Cite) mot c= 00 (during phase €= e1-e" change) duuxing phase chonge in Parauiel Flow HX. Case:2 when heat capacities of both Fluid axe Same (Regeneralor ef a gas turbine) Gain = Cmax. ewru(ttty! Cmin c= i es i Cmox ' unter Flow Heat exchange: SNTUCIn€ é ) e= 4- i centered) | |. monner (like /! Flow hx) simli procedi in We Get above formule: Scanned with CamScanner‘ max =NTUCI-€ €= t-e ) toc enTecte) -NTU(1-0 1 .@ NTP (0) evaporators), ers (Boiler, condenser, * Note: Por phase heat exchang both parallel and Counter Flow will be Same For effectiveness heat exchangers. case:2 when heat capacities ane same[. Regenerator oF a gos tuotbi: muekine) C= Cmin _ 1 Cmax >NTuCi-c) €= f-e 4- centylre put ct €= % (indeterminate Form) bY U-Hospital Rute byput Lt we get cot es NTY counter Flow Heat Ex when heat 44+ NTU capacity OF both Fluid ane Same. : | given overalt heat transfer coefficient Uana For a giver Rluld, given Cmin , NTU depends Upon the Surpace aneq A, greater the NTU, lange is Scanned with CamScannervelLLLLLELE PEED DOGOO @ © VOSS Ty Baffles ane Used IN Near cacrmariger (4) To Support tubes (2) To attey the Flow direction (8) To increase tuxbwence (4) Thereby increase the heat transper coer picient. chopter:5 Atm (when heat capaciHes are = 4T™m AT, = 472 = same) @) Thi ASyniv 7O Thy, >> Te; + resin Cds)eys + CbS)suscr > 0 e -2 To : + 3 >0 =—— Tey Coig (Swe) 6Q- Same lige, $2 lat (dskuw was Teoud < Trot Texsd Sean 4%5,,MOTE MA (AS) ye, te >o ip (CS) guyyayn, HOE be Th, = 80 Tha 280 Bo “Te -30 Te, = 20 So j= Q=AxV = 0-0! = Four ogg 30 ™ So g4e = Mp, ¢ (80- Se) S70, = ox 2%(%,- 22) 38-7 20 - . Bo 80 S70" Te, = 3S: T0°c 3 18:70 = Te, -20 Scanned with CamScanner9 AT = Bhe5% 4 52% hy Te Ce (Ten - Tey) . e= Sack _ So (Th ~Tha) y ys Qmor- Cmin (Th,-Ter) Cmin€Th,-Te,) -— M= 600KG/py = Mh an Se= BOIKIWEGK = Ch CSame a- VA _. Fruit gure) NTU= ‘Cmin ~~ Us 52 Ww mic Te AS 3.5m2 7 -NTUCI-C) €= NTO = €= £ LENTU, =: 1. ceNTuro Te Cre Mn’ az = 600" rg, x 9900 MKT _ 50% i Bevo “St gk > 4 =NTU= SI2K3-S 3 2:75. Gsv € = 0735 B_ The = O-4 Rays Me o-Lk gs Che 4200 Trg jc a Te, = oe Th, = Qo'e UF 2000 W/mex Q=0A4Tm 2 SUSSETO TN A=0-202 Scanned wi 2l000 = 2000 x Ax (70-20) P= loco kgyms Q= od x4200% (50) a 21000 W ame a heat mod ith CamScannerMwy = ARG/5 Cpe YI/eg Ie . er €<0-75 soe et Spl Thy - Th.) \ : Cmin (Th,-Ter) Mon = Mele. loate Utd kw/m?k A=5m? c=4 Is*e| -2NTU €= J-e° ntuz YA — Cmin = 1%5) Ling -oxlas Ta ahs | 9 fee | a q & = Se Cipy, ke, -T my € =0-4589 a % ea) Cphin (Tny-Te) = 0-4S89x(102-15) = jas 2 Tey = S492 (hs a Scanned with CamScannerTez? Cen ak mes 10 = 4 RI eg ke - pore Cys lo, Cae min et Fan eet =e ee t. 3 Maen UTry-Tha) = Mate Team et) 53 axsx( 50) = 4xto ( Te,-2°) 2, 9 500 _ 720 [eas 925%] qo > 2 a ~ @= UVASTm: F Me = 1kg/s counter. Tes 4o'e Te, = 80°C = Th, = (00°C Thy= T0°E DTm= C7472 2 In (oT Uz 300 Yn? Ca) ST, = Thy-Te, = 10° -80=20 4 St Q= VASTnF QT, = Thy-Te, 2 7O-He =30 = McC (8e-ue) = = i. *: vn a0 x103 x G ST = 20730 = 94-66% = Lxurl xGo 2 - Ce) = HEB W = B00xAx 24-66% Og 167200 excess area 2. Y5-2 Scanned with CamScannerOTs. 44 > N44 In( 4) - OTm2H96 °C & ‘9 dove to Pouleing , heat transper rate is reduced to halp the Oou'gi NaJ value. News. ofd Q@= VA4Tm | = VALT rota. Tm = ABTm2 20. inetd Tn = me + condition. FA (CAST) seis = (288 BT) ong (Trew = 2%20 = 40°C ly 4 = 20° soot GT) counter foo’ m Tk The = 2M), me Coe Cy So ' Che 2Ce Sos 9 heat copacity ee Same (Regenerator) STm= AT, = 4T) ao= Th, - Tey 3 24a = foo- Te, [a= 8 5) tng Scanned with CamScannerwater. tote Ma 1kg, Cpe 42 RWRgC n=gem t= s™ Qa pe thst . me OTm= heat capacity we $* so) @= Mon cs to. KY Q= VAOTm = ax 2x? = 2t0 = 2102 Ox (0124) XBO Ac Onee 003K = OrQU2tT m* UIT aero ote2 = S| ° = Tm) . A(T, = Az (4Tcunter go'e ote 4 47 =3¢ 60°e Ss (oT), = $3(4Tm) count - a : > [At = 60 bo I 2 Ing 10986 : Sp Qneo 4 120 L, 2 SY-6%c aye 6° 4 - AT = 60 3, (Tm) coun 30 2 (OT) paratter 27m = 60" S. = [+09 Sit be Py STTOTlS P| yv Scanned with CamScannerQ=emMpcn (100-60) Ch , ore Q@= 4oC_, © a Q's 20C, too fruet condition is &o Pot changing. 60 40 App = OT, = 472 = HOS 23. heat capacity Same. Th, = 16" Tha= 4T'c Tye 26'e Te, =85°%C é- ( Th,- Tha) 0 (Th,~Te,) D841 og 29 og 8. he 76~26 So au. Poutiug Factor = 2000 Y/miq = — Clean: (Up) = B. W/ m2 “ Yoo ( ee Ye ‘ aa = ! + Rp F te 2000 Vota Ue lean 4oo Usa. =, 2223? W/m2k. Scanned with CamScannerEy 0 WS, Ma =Bogkg/s , pts kVegie A ac'e Rs, Cee Cy a €=0-8. —S—_ Th, -7) e= 7 208 Ta, Tey =0-B° Th,-Te, 50 The 80-4? 2 80-Th: 20:8 Teg 2 Te FO go OTm = 47, = Ola = 10 he le 2 CULLUULLTT ES EOE NTU = + = os 2 €= \entu 2 > My 2 a 5 Phase change. C= 0- Go boc 6 a (47 comer = (47m) panottel. use I, Boe 2 OTm = SU78h _ 3o-1s L> n(n) 'n(3%) sf ots ( 1s Inq) 069314 l> > LL, OTm = 21-64% Scanned with CamScannerTIO EL BMPR ER Bo’c U=2000 Yr Q@= Iscox 4187 x¢50) = 310x108 BY, = = Sor¥o © so 5 SO 2 G1 69S In(2%o) In(%) 90-8109 6169 7 soxio® = 2000% AX 3600 A= 0706 ™ & 28. OTD Por counter Flow: Ad otn @ at 20% 24m 3h . Th, 2160" hh hy = 160°C jer= 7° ‘ 3 lao = Por Counter flew Te, = Hore = Mxtn= Me - w Us GYo Ym2k 4 Oh, - B) = (Te, -Te, ) > 160 The = 20 Tha = '4o"e co Poste = AT, -4T2 Ito me ) Igo on . Yo Scanned with CamScannerQ= 94 dT) = GUA 4Tm) cover e 120 = £009. = 1085 (> APs Ap 18-40 A Rountey 2? Ig . 5 Given that ; Co U= 500 wink 1 ty (brine) ge soxi02 (3"e) (a"e) Re Toe ke ° tot! \ Q=U0AATmF ais © a 7 pe tact -3 ~ a. OT; Tb DTms S08 in(r) = 15-5 4T2 The = 1c In( 7s) = 22-2 np 7-(-%) Promn grep pe 7-(-3) =o-y eorculate = 0-BIS 22-(-3) Qs LASTm-F = B0xJ09 = Soox AXV! X08 4S A= 753 m2 & ep iemeg Scanned with CamScanner2 - & (3) tn's Q= VAST 3 Ba2xlod = VA X 72-859 4 VA = 27-450 4oa 36: | Qtmesonter = 80° bo. UA Soret 25° 1 ° = 0 0y4 °¢C/w UA ° Joe 30¢ Co-curzent * = $2 2 72.859" 1-098 0+036°C/w taf / | ISo ® 7o Ito 30 Scanned with CamScannerAccording to pravonel moadiaHon in the form OF electomag net ic th Speed oF light(3x108 m/s). Radiation Is the Fas eat transfer. Thermal radiation in the range of © Thermal vadiation consist of poout oF ULtro-violet(U-v) FaYS > Wetaresd € visible | only in this wovelength range when absorb it gets converted into heat, hence it is known as tl a vacation. ow, : : 5 Properties of Radiation :- infrared visible ——— eum so0un—A Total Qr Q Q= O7x+ Ba + Me = Qa Qr + Qa t8t & _ Qe ie ace S 3 3 = = Se Fee Sry Sa oy = 8 Qa’ @ ke Qa _ absorptivity (%) ; Se 2Transmi > Sr _ Rerlectivity (FP) * “@ © Q ssivity a. (Gs) <> a [Ake low densi = scone [Shee “Cholid Eliqui’ iquic = = Such bodies axe 7 Note: For solids ¢ Liquids Tso( K+ P=l) nas oO ve bodies. aa = ee te zere Tronsmissivity a For gases P= 0 ( Mitmag no Free sunpace)i CC ote > for black bodily X= 4 be. pHt=a Scanned by CamScannerwhite in colour, it is a black body becouse yb maximum S%adiation Paung on it, and hence it is close to a black body. Green house Effect: : Tn cold conditions plants ane grown by using theconcept of green house effects, the giess allows the the visible range of radiation Into the green house € this isabsoxbed by substances in green! house + Subsequently emit radiation this radiation is in infraxeid Sregion Por which glass 1S opaque ¢ thereby heat is trapped inside only, this is known as green house errect: Note: same thing is obsexved when @ car is pasked in somp- To prevent this - Pe Slightly window glass is open Ex! can parking in Summer Important points with respects to Black body '~ G) Tt absonbs au the radiatons Fatting on it ( x= 4). (2) Tt neither transmits nor reflect sacdiations Le. T=0}; P=0 (3) It is absoxbed obsexved that at a perticulan temp. black emits Max. Nadiation compaxe to other bodies, therepore a black body is not only a perfect absorber but also a penpect emitter. Ex. Asphere with a Smau pin hole. Scanned by CamScannerLaws oF Radiation: . @)planck's law: Planck law gives the monochromatic @€a pertculax wovelength) emissive power oF @ black body oto posticulan temp Here, menochromatic Means at a perticuwlan wove length, ¢\,C2 > constant Ta Temp: ink. Cb) Stefan- Boltzmann law It gives the total emissive power OF Qblack bedy at a pexcticwan temp. Here total means Summed) over AU wave lengths ig ca ens [ead = en =( (=, ) . far by integration (expansion OF & ) da os Stefan- boltzmann constant = 5.61 x10° W/m2 kt ie ph laws: isplacement lat jewvation Prom the According to Welng displacement law the product of wavelength at which Max: emiss) Power ocewrs thd the corresponding temperature is constant. T3772 Scanned by CamScanner= Constant * Denar T = max." = Ymax. observation Prom Graph- [1]. The emissive power of 2 black body is continutevus over — QU wove length. [2], The wavelength at which the maximum emissive power Occurs , decreases with increase in temperature. ma [3] From planck's law other racviation laws Can be obtain. Constant Trradiation &,) The total radiation incident on the Suxrace Is known, as irradiation: Crradiclive prepody) Emissivity(€ hE is defined as the mutio of emissive power ofa boay te the emissive power OF the black of body at the Same temperatune- Cerca for black body (€=€b) 2s Comuy €= > For a biack body e=1 NOTE+ For a black body Kal, T=0, Pro, E=4) i ‘of Rerlectia i Scanned by CamScannerndson dere airection ity dtcur 7 : 7 Wppuse Specwian ditectional can . a) (mirror like) w “>A surface is Said to be olgfuse 2 ane independent op direction note: Ths assumption (dirruse) is Made te Sunpace when radiation properties simplipy the anolysis- = Grey Suncare, surface is Said tobe 9 gra = properties ane independent op wavelength =] od oI e wey? 4 en eb eo ae black = wee | eS — e=s grey Lar Fea surpace 3 (Rett peay) L___________, , kivchope’s law + i Aer Under thermad equatibrium the ratio oF emissive power to the absorptivity is constant = = const: > a2 eed me Xe Se { For black Xb body %p=1 } Scanned by CamScannerUnder thermal equalibriom emissivity and absompHivity ane Same. Shaper Factor / Geometric Factor/ Ractiation Facter/ Conpiguna, tion factor / view factor: Shape Factor Fig is the emitted by Surface 4 and FaLling on 2. The Shape Factor Fraction OF Tad/ation depends only on feometry and onientation of Sunpace ¢ iE has nothing te do with Surface chanactenstres and temp. OF Suxpace. Important point with respect_to shape Factor :— (iy Reciprocity theorem () (**) “ae (2) Summation Rule Boaeee [Fy hat fist ha Ais 5 A2Fa) (J ipa suxpace is bounded by similiax serrace then the the Shape factor will be Same Fy that Fis =f q ia (Fue Fa = Fig = 05 Flat suntpace] FiotFig =4 (3] Seip view Factor CF,,Fyz, Fag----) FOY Flat Sunpaces¢ Convex Surfaces is Zero. falls (a) Flat sunpace Fas=0 (b) convex Sunpace Scanned by CamScannerAral 3 = AlFig = AsFag + Au Pua Fig # Faot Fuso 1 2 |Fia +Fiy Net Radiative heat transfer between two black bodies :- @ The racliation emitted by one 'S oat Falling on @ fs the fraction of the Tadiaton emitted by @ 2 TAT Fi 2 The xadation absorbed by 2 is is SAITIMFia . * . . : d absorbed Similaxily naciation emitted byg Potting on @®on PY Lis 2 oAsTsY Fas Net radiative heat transrer between 1 42 is > B= TAT Fis - TALTS" Fay Ga Qin > TAFia[ 14 ~To"] or Big = TAaFai (114-2) Giese eu f shown ; Take Fry=0-31 Qve: petermine Fis and »Fsu ‘For the Flaune ie Fig = 0-27 << 5m— AiFiq = AiFiat Ai Fig = Fig = Fia + Fig 4 0-312 0:27 +3 7 Fig=0-0y by Reciprocity Relation AiFig = AgF3) » loxo-o4 = sx2.5x Scanned by CamScannertransper behoeew A, ana A. Assume Sunraces to be black. ley Fug = 0269 Fug = 0,294 TE Took Solution: Qo = 6 ALE (TY G4) AuFus = AuFug + AyFy, = Fug = Fug + Fy, = 0-269 ~-0-23) = Fu, 7 0-2-0-161 = Fe, Fer = 0-039) 2 [Fur = 0-058] | > Ag = AF + AiFio by Reciprocity Relation A: Fite Aer = Fig =Fry + Fy = i ° => 1oxFig = 25x 0-03g 40-0975 0.057 = Fia Roooa ae Fin =0-0405 9 AVF = Ay Fuy jz = $:67% 15 8x 10 xo-0ues = joc Fee x (7001 - yoo") a Qio= 4926W Scanned by CamScannerit iS the total Yadiation leaving the PC Cincidewy j= PEe+Eee, ee (avetetemp.) > G= J-€% i ae Ptecel Prix a A ince the body is H=€ Cale to kirchorF O e t=0 laws) Ce a+ Pad Pei-k G J Net radiation leaving the Surface: = I-G 2 g- (I-€eb) 4-€ a g- se 0-F+ ESE we yeo-F+ F% i-€ Net radiation leaving ne €(ey-3) e Surface = == OTF ac Totas Radiation Leoving the Surface 3 Scanned by CamScanner(5 i-€ a Imp: Surface Resistance Por black body €=14 Surface Resistance =O > 4-€ js known as surface Resistance. Por a black Bedgags €A : 4 therefore Surface tesistance is Zero- Total Radiation Leaving 4 and Falling on 2 iS — dAiFi2 Similanily total nadiahion leaving 2 and Falling on t iss JAaFay Net Exchange between 1 and 2 is 3 J)AiFig — JaAaFay Q es AiFi2( J, -Jo) = Ga(t ) vy va AiFiz “z, shape / space Resistance ey, 1-€ eel EA, AYFia G.Aa Scanned by CamScanneriF both black boctey “ = E254. Sunpoce Resista nee =0 Raciative heat Exchange between two body encleser! Here two body encloser Means the is Occuring only bekween two bodies. A _smau booty kept ina lange encloser: heat exchanges Case: 4 A, is Very SMAU comparision to Ar fwobody a endoser = At. 2 Ar : Fiy+Fio= 4 Fu=o0 oy Sree SGT) 1f 1-& =| —+ A € Q, = cA CTY- BY) Lig sat ° ) ha & €.= Emissivity of Smaut “ body >1Q2= E,cA(T—T") cose: 2 Radiative heat transrer Bs cicstes: Ay = Az =A Fyso; Fu=4 between two lange paratiel Scanned by CamScannerCase:3 Radiative Heat exchange bekween Cylinders: Fi=o Fio=4 Q., = oa. (4-4) art = Ar 8) A2 €2 con centric sphere Aye 4a? Aazunre a: ee or De Radiation Shield !— oF Radiahion shields ane used for reducing the heat transFey, therepore Yadiationshied must have Scanned by CamScannertA CTA To) 5 %e,+ *e,-4 iFe;cee ‘ >= ' eit 3 a Qrx _ sa(Tit-T4) ' a without ~ > ' oA (731-2 ) Me =e = Qs2 Ps TACT 4-737) i> > = > a? c= To stata 2 > > . Scanned by CamScanneroA (TT) Oona ee 2 2 2-1 € sk ; Quwithpied = Ell Qeithous shied] 2 Qwithshied re oe a 1th 2 i Quithout shied } | ie nN No.of Simian Shield. Imp > | Qwithshied Qwitheut shield chapter: 4, ey 7 e,e@sort = 135 %103 = 67x16 8 ¥ TY T= 600k or 327% ce i ‘imum ae a Hy, is max € is minimum (4 12 o>, e ° Enda +| amo o> + | Z000n + ~ (so 2s 7 or 2 3 300 = 50x (12-3) + 300 (25-12) Iso 1350 +8900 = 5250 'W/m2 a Scanned by CamScannerction is of two type’s- ) Natwral or Free convection ca Forced & lids ( they ove 5 and gases. \ in s > Convection can not take im place '% Plow) “covection occurs only in Liquid Equivalent diameter for annwtis : i case: pressure drop. eo G dve to pricton biw both Peeticwey 2 inner swrpace , 80 FS consider both = = Deq Ee = Pp ey (Zoe - 22)] ho J HCO + Di) l == = = on Se [Deq= Do-% = = Case-2 Heat transfer . = Goccuns only inner = Scanned by CamScannerees @ Flud is Subjecteo re 30% +o the No Siip conclition thatis there is 4 she layer. Since there is No Fluid motion: H:T by Condvd \ s ln ele In this up t = = Free am re Stream —>5 Velocity —- | Cassume) Kpa( ot Qecondveted = 24) eco Qconvected = hA(Ts-T) 3 Qconvection heer _ be ee LFA hei Qeandvction Ke fF Scanned by CamScannernumber, In case of Biot number, k is For Soffel , ai case of Nussatt No. k is For Fluid. Forced Convection'~ “—" (4) External Plow C Flow over a Flat p i Thermal boondaruy layer ($4)! Ts > Too Too & Transition over a flat plate, . dipference ata temp. ts and the Fluid temp. Teo- Due to temp: UFFS re te developed closed to the plate nereiiagae is known @s thermal bebpeoagg whose Surface Is when the Fluid flows @ thin region temperature gradient, this vegion layer revlon. Prandtl No. (Pr) '— : a tt is the ratio of momentum cippuswity to the thermal ouipgusivity. p, = momentum diprusivity kineman eee peemomeniums drneshity, Thermal diiggusivity a 4“ eee A P&S momentum a Seka oe a ee Ges FFusivi only No: which does not der Scanned by CamScanneris is the only number which depends on properties € it has nothing to do with Geometry, Ex: lubricating oi! Equations for |aminay_thermas beundany layer over a Flat Plate! Loca! Nuss@lt No. (NUx) = he™ kK a ane Local Re (Rex) = PY% wt * — he a=haat}~ fin HT first calewate Nox v2 %3 ’ Nug = 0-332 Re, Pr (Przo-6) [only laminar] pve SS ee Noy = hx KK Average Nusselt Number !- es Nu = 0-664 Re,” Pr > Nye ht. k Scanned by CamScannerEquations For combined laminar and Tuxbwe 4 v3 (0.037 Re, grt) Pr | Nus hE ! eee | | [Few over ; % || Flat piatec external Flow) pipe Flow ( trikey naliia Re < 5x 105 — laminar Re< 2000 — laminax Re 7 4000 - Turrbuent Re> Sx!oS- Turbulent __ Ih the thermal boundary layer the temp. changes qn8 th temperature therer- Im temperaswre. No? hence Fluid properties also change ove au properties ane evaluated at mean FI Qve:t. of at Gotc Flows over 2 S™ long Flat plate whose temp. is go'c , with a velocity oF 2™/5 - Find the rate oF heat transcer per unit width of the plate: properties at 4o% o-uy Wimk Y= 242% 10° Mis Pe a76 Kq/ms PY = 287° Soluton- Up= 2 — ame — zi iS Re = PYLE _ Br ey% aS OES s = vb 2x5 oe x10 Re, < @Sxlo we so lamin Scanned by CamScannerNU = 0.664 Re? Py’? Y. = 0-664 (o-ux 105) et sary Nu= (918 eae he igigXOlHd _ ss) Wirode ie 5 Q= HAST nee on ra = 1:04TEE hee is gs-y kPa, air at this >Q2. The | pe emespheris IPtsse ee ~SMxE : PYESSUNE and go% Flows with a velocity oF 8 Mis. OVE > m Flat plate, the sunrace temp. of the plate is 134"C° Determine ~ the heat transfer from the plate if aly Flows- panauel +o 6m long side > (2) panatiel to 15m long side. | { 77°C are- on Py = 0-706 ps 25X10 m?/see properties k= 010297 W/mk Set arratiel to laminan p.a2x10° > 5x10? ferrpusert Ys ¥3 Nu= (0°37 Rev - 71) Pr 6) /5_ g7! foam a feos (naan) -8 Nue 2727-46 = ok K o712746%010297 = NRE Wymtk 6 1a-8x (6X15) x (lau) hAstT = 3851-97 Ww Scanned by CamScannero Re = Ce = YBoKlo> =. 25x16> " laminan 6 Yo 4 78 “ag Nuz 0-664 Re. Pr ae 3 409-63 Nuz be h= 409-63x 00249 k Ss he Bl Ga Bir x(exrsy*iyy Remark? Q i32tkw In case 4 teat transfer is more compavte to case 2 ble Incase 1 the length of the plate is suFFicient For torbwent boundany layer growth and hence clue to rapid mixing OF heat transrer is more, therepere in tunbulence h Zone fumbuwent Flow Pasthicies is prefer: From heat transfer poine of brew ia Flat plate onatysis is used for Flow over tu7bine Blass Qnd flow over aircrart wings: Forced Convection [ Internal Flows] Trn= Mean temp: ab any S Sechon Te= mean temp: ab inlet = mean temp: at exit: Trin kW Scanned by Camsd= h (1s-Tm. Ne condition at o time, 4 £7 ame constent- awhen a Fluid Flows through Pipe jt mary be heated or therefore the mean temp. of the Fluid Tm at any Section changes, 9S Tm is vardable , therefore there cannot be @ situ where both heat Flux 4 and suxface temp. Ts ane constant: case:4. constant heat Flux (4). Ex: Electrical wire bound on pipes pipe exposed to Solan Radiation. — > > Steady Flow ith temp- > Specific heat does not change © th atl Scanned by CamScannerWith When the heat Flux is constant , the mean temp and — Surface temp. is vasdes linear | @ Water (Cp=4.18 Ki/KEgk) enters 0 pipe at the rate of 0-01 | kg/s and a temperature of g0%e , the Pipe Niometer is somm and the length is 3m. Dtis subgected toa heat Flox oF F< W/m2- Cy iF Vs 1000 W/m2K RINE the Surface temp: oF the js S000 W/m2 and the heat transfer coefficient is pipe at outlet. (2) 4g = 2500%, where x is in meter and in the divecHonor Flow, x=0 at Inlet ,Find the mean temperakure oF water at the exit oF pipe. Solution: Givent+hat Thz0-03 tay, | CP = NBO Alege gaz thc Te-T) 3 (mDL) = mC (Tme- Tm) 5006xx x S0x102X3 = G01 K41B0 * Ting To) Tine = Te= 76-2°¢ 4= hl Ts-T) 5000 = 1000( Tse- 76" 2) 3 Beh ( Ts,-Tme) a Tse = 842°C Qz= melTe-Te) 3 dae ss00% RO.as (sa aso xd Scanned by CamScanner"76714 = o-01x 4160 (Te-20) Pittus Boelter equation :- This equation is used For calewating number In tunbwent Flows (For internal Flow only) Re>Yooo N=0.3 » Hea, cool nzo-u- Heating, 0 Nu = 0:023 Re = hb Ne eng) 15° o , Q. Water is to be heateg From se°c to 65°C, as iE Flows through 03cm internal diameter ,sm long pipe, the pipe 'S equipped an electrical heater that provides Uniform heading throughout the Surface, au the heat generated in the heater | water , iz the system is to provide hot water is tronsfewted to : at the vate of Joliter/min. Determine the power rafing oF heater and alse calcwate the Swigace temp. oF the pipe at the exit: Pluid properties at 4o"e ; P= gaztkg/m3 Cp ON TS ee Py= 432; Ke Or684 Wimk Ve 0658x165 mye Bigee Tes@s’c. mba 3em. tai = 3 <, Ktimin = [Oxie? a Vee. to Litlmn ns ae mic PRV Q@= mc (Te-T;) a 162 i = 992-)xueF 60 = $6.99241 X18 4179 X50 0 es agony = suy7e kW" Scanned by CamScannerBuu 76x 103 RXO03XS ey shen Ve Cie somimedea em A Elooy? Re =) 0:235% 003 _ so7se > 4000 ((tezeelagem O6SBx 15> o-8 n . e: Nu= 0:023 Re Pr Heating nae 0-8 oy 0-023 (1075¢) x (4-32) ne hp= 69:35% 0-63! Nu= 69-35 = kK O03, h= 1458-661 W/m2k 2 qe hlTs-Tm) 2 surtereelo% = sg 66 tts) 2D 29-6352-sTe 65 > tea 8e63%e 2 73.3103 = 1458.667 ( Ts-65°O Te 2 115:25°C five, es Scanned by CamScanner( nt OTm a le hxpdx(Ts-Tm) @= me dTm = mcdim 4 bxodx (Ts -Tm) = fom 0 oI Sn a is > p Sp = 1] = = p J E. Pees) = ey = a = = ed Te A este Penn Sa iene ax =a ° Te > hxol = = re [ In( Te~Te) In (72- TH] Scanned by CamScannerThermodynamics deals with the amount oF heat transfer & Makes no Teferance aS to how long the process occcur- The vate of heat transpey and température variation with time Is dealt in heat transrer- Heat transfer 'S an ex- tension oF thermodynamics, thermodynamics does not include time as o vamwable where as heat transfer includes time asa Variable. Thermodynamics + Time — Heat transfer Applications op Heat transFer'~ [1] civil Engineering - buiding, Railway track. ebe- [2] Electrical Engineering > transformer, Motors. € t= ; at treatment. kb [3] Metauexgical Engineering - Furnaces, He ™ < [4] Mechanical Engineering - Se engines ete Modes of Heat transfer, 4 ol. a g 5 (4) Conduction (2) convection (3) Radiation. Conduction Conduction TL is a microscopic phenomenon, The mechanism of heat tronsper due to temperotune cipperence in a Stotionary Medium is Known as Conduction. Conduction con occur in solid Liquids ¢ geses: In Gohids conduction is dueto Lattice vibrations £ Free flow oF electron: where as in Ugquids € gases “Conduction Ig due to collision of Molecwes. [1 ae Pree Flew of em tattice “ we) viprarie® (GVY coltision f_] Chiquia € #925) conduction in Solids Not Conduction Hot plate +h pL movevp ‘ but Stops. Stationary ~ Pluie cold plate There is Flow of molecuwes So itis not conduction. The governing equation law , according to Fourie directly preportion to anal 4 i aT) ie. emperatiure gradient (22) he. iT QaxA a Boel | 0%. (ve) dt= 30-80 =-ve 2-1 The -ve sign is taken because te keep the heat transfer positive in the direction of Plow of heatBoe 200° 2002) ai vt indirecHor of Q Flow ae KAITH 4=® (negative dn peu Q= EAAT MutLtiply ve ‘ = Sign to Keep the Creer 1s positive NoNeed to Hot tve Inthe muttiply —ve sign) curection of FIO) Convection '— . / a iE is a macroscopic phenomenon in this heat lransper Pluid particles themselves moves | carrey heat Prom higher temp. to lower temperature. onvection forced convecti on Foo, (rake QshAST weeny Tn natural convechon the heat transfer occuxe due to density dipperence. P= PRT P=const- = PT= cdstara pt TY Catmespheric)In forced convection the heat transfer occuxs with the help oF external agency like Fan or pump The governing equation Per convection is given by Newtens Ex: blowing of food~ Li L ale Forced convection CS Forced Convection t law oF cooling > according to this law- hAC4T) Qeonvection rea icient Cit is not a property) than Free Faster As forced Convective convective heat transre Radiation :~ Every Surrace above Zero kelv in the form of electromagnetic woves £ they trove! with Speed of Wht (3x108 m/s) stadiation emitted in the range of emits sadiation to 100m iS Known as thermal tadiaHon because itis in this Tange when abserb gets Converted inte heat. The governing equation for radiation 'S given by Stepan- boitzmonn law E-oT4 = Stefan boitzmenn const:Ps o is very srrau, radiative Neat transrer become Signigicont at higher temperatuxe. T 2 in kelvin. To2mru Note: for conduction & convection material medium 's required € Por radiation No material, Medien is, nequired Ce. nadiative heat transfer can take place even in vacuum. Combined modes of heat transger!- Case:1, A plane slab exposed to hot gases : loot hot gases *f cold t ose air | /o Bo'e Convection / convection Gase:2, A hot casting ¥ atmosphere - fe ee 1 kere air convection ” . molten | OSC:3 yok metal when pouned in mould cavity: Example wa very high highteme temp (Radiation conductionfowuers law of Conduction : Fowderg Jaw of cendveror. Assumptions 4. steady heat transfer 2. 4- Dimensional conduction 3. Material is homogenesus (constant density) 4. The bounding Surfaces ane isothermal. fowders law is ebtained Prem experiments conducted by biot, According to Pourders las Q=-KAaTt dx k- is known as thermal Conductivity Thermal conductivity !(K) TE is numedcalty equal to heat transper to an area of im? of a Slab of im thickness when two faces ane maintained eX 7 cliggerence of 1°¢ °Y ik. Unit of k is—> mR ie . 1m aoe im SigrUgicance of Kk! of the medium to transfer or conduct heat- Greater the thermal Concuctivity, greater is the ability of the medium to transfer heat. Direrence bekween thermal conductivity and Specipic heat Specigic heat epresents the ability of a medium to absorb or store heat whereas thermal conductivity wepresents the ability of the medium to transfer heat © ETaDSEey_Prom the table it can absorb though izon is goot Conductor of heat but it is a bad medium to store heat Similarity though water is good medium to absorb or store heat but ik is a bad medium to transfer heat: Thermal Conductivity of Sobids ‘— In sotids the conduction is dve te lattice Uibratons &£ free Flow of electrons k= Kieice + electron Vibration L l Photon electronic Conduction conduction Th case of metalic gobids @s the availability oF Pree € 'S more therefore a thermal Sspalentity of metaltic Solids is high. yature lattice vibrations is the “Lhe thermal condu increase in temper T™ case of nen me 3 there are no Free Flow oF & with increase in ter) > vibragions increase , there by the thermal conductivit 7 BUYS metalic Solids increase with increase in temperatune.” sur tA k, = k, (1+ Be) Where ky is thermal Conductivity at t temperature any ky= is thermal conductivity at O°c and B is Coerfreient which depends -on mater/al- Generatly For metauic Solids B= ~ve [ >! th Fed Non-Metallic Solids B—o+tve [ate tf ktMaterial + “kK Cw/mk) | Material K Come) Diamond 2300 (Highest)} Brick aes Glasswoo! Silver Gold Aluminum Glass wool Cinswator) _t Note, A geod electrical Conductor is aways a qe thermas Conductor but a good thermal conductor need not be always goed electrical Conductor: 2. The thermal conductivity of diamond is the highest of known material this is because diamond has highiy organised Couystalline structure Th tivi ermal conductivity doserved Prom experiments zi Por Liquids with rise in temperature — . re the density decreases and hence “the thermal conductivity oF Q@ Liquid is decreases with increase in temperature.” Therma Condvetivity of gases :~ With increase in temperatune the K-E and because of this Collisions will also increase ases with increase in temperature increas therefore incase oF the thermal Conductivity Is increases. kes mv? = 3eT zgas with lower mole cujan weight Mave higher velocities and hence the thermal conductivity of @ gas with lower Molecular weight Is high.[Example- Ho » He] Thermat di¢cusivity Ca] Reis the ratio of the ability of the mediomto transrey heat in comparision to ability to. Store heat - Mathematically O is equarto + (same as kinematic viscosity) LN kinematic viscosity (v) ‘ cLigpusivity (%) have Same unik: ° 5 2 Suninseme Zee G Smal cippisivity, greater is its ability to tra) comparision to its Storage therefore ip & iS MoreVUn TTF to equilibrium in @ Faster manner. Generally Por metalic Sol'ds and gases X is lange. Soils. > kt iG gases- Generalised equation OF Conduction in differentia) form _in Caxtesian Co-ordinates :~ Assumptions : (® meaderial is hemegeneous [p=constara] 94 Ig = Feat generated per unit velome = —— Q, = toroy heat generated = tq. Vol. = bg dxdyde9 Ein + E3 ~ Eout = Estored 9(Gat Qyt G2) + gq aedyide = (Oxtax + Qyray * Seras)* CStoveg Prom taylor's Series expansion Ot (Ox) dx Sa rax T= FoR yZ Qetax = Syray = Sy+ goes Brae = By +2 (B2)d2 Q= -kKagt dx Qe = -kx (dydz) 27 Ox at Qy= -ky (dxdz) 3y a Og = Ke (A%y) TT Estorea dT Ly inate > MCp pot Pst Estores= mC, mCp dt — Jowe (but THF CY, Zt) so OT _ OT ot ot 3 Pdxdydz.9T {femy i vsdxdydza 2 Qye- -K(A oT erdx = Ox t 5 (Ox) dx xz -K(dyaz) a Qx-@ - _~2l ea se a Oxsax = — 5 (Kx aya) SF ax 2 at 5, (Keax ay dz) 5 arc - = 2 at Qy- Sysay = 3, (ey axayse) 3 Qz- @zta2 = Bee dxay az) 3 a 2 (kedxdyd2)oe ° 32. (kx deayaz) T+ 3 2 (ky axdy 42) 34 * 3y (2 t 4g (axayd?) = plaxdydz) oper Properties ane Same inau po? divechonat © perticuian Ceint rot throughout Same 3 ho @asemrrer ind. ndent Let us assume that the thermas Conductivity k is indepe! OF temperahune ( independent op position) k= FCT) — Tae? ip properties anc ke FOO Same att poirds v bfaete 250 BE] ody = POE ventana oa ey? eR Maternal.vr, e?t, eT 4 ta. Pep aT = + > aye dy? 32? K ey Assumption > (1) material is homogeneous (P=c) (2) Material is isotropic (3) k is independent on Temp: and Position Case:1, Steady state with heat generation (4 =o) [Poisson's eq’) ofr , 22T y aT 43 Assumption pra 8y2 Bz? ~ TO 1). 2.3) - same 4: steady state L Poisson's equ” CeSe:2. withows heat generation [ Direusion equation] (43 =°) OFF 4 SEE 4 Ee ax2 dy2) az2 case-3. steady state with ow) i . 32r 32T oer ba GSI of (5 Assumphon) “Oxe + Syat a22 - Que: Temperatune vardation in a Slab is yuan by T= 100+ 200x- 500x2 Where: x is in) meter, X=O at flere Face and x= 0.3m at the Right face T 1s in °c. thermal Conductivity of Material is 45 Voie? NKI/cay , P= 1600 Kg/ms determine. (a) Ternperatune at both Surfaces (6) Wet ad the lert Face and 't's clirection (ec) WT. at the wight Face and it’s direction (d) Ts there Uny Heat generation in the Slab ‘fF So hew Much. (@) Mox- temp. in the Slab and it’s locahon. (P) draw temp. prorile €9) The time vate of change of temo at x= 0-1 m ip the heat generation rate is Suddenly coupled~Ch) Aug. temperature in the slab Solution: ——— > lest. p>—J (Q) Te 100+200x - 500X rane Right Face TCX=0) = 100%, (Left Face) L =i (® re (x=0.3) = Loot 200(0-3)-500(0.3)* S]— lr? T(%=0-3) = 115°C (Right Face) Ld x20 KEO3 k—o-am—*i ce] T= 100+ 200% - 500K? dt OT _ 200- 1000x- GEASS oo. = ae dx @s -Ka OT ax ws 200 = -g000W - 45x ™: a) = 0+200-1000%0-3 = -100 i x=0.3 Poors -L000+ 3 20 Yq= 45x10 2 ce) T= 100 + 200x — 500% for max. tennp ft =o dT {= 0+200-1000x =o ax X=0-2 T(X=6-2) = 100+ 200( 0-2) ~ 500 (0-2?) Tmax.2 120°. at x=0-2m CF) Temperatuxe profile: 20'e <| Soo'e xe0 q D gr, 4. Dx K = ~1000 kk youte ¥1p3) ¥2 OS ae eronocy. C5 IpyXe i FCP ae = ~ goute 7 4s 3 T03n16 % se ¢ 1600 x 4ooo 2T _ 000 x 7:0 3x16 3 = c, qoario? —‘/see(h] ‘Avg Temperatune: Actual tem. / Tav T i Ect mCT y = PxAxdxxcr k— L ———_4 oI] < = Ppac.Tdx Gverage a Eay= ™C Tav Eact = f{race-e T. Egye PXAXL XC Tov oS = Eact 0-3 get | (loot 200x- $00%?) 9% o3 °Steady _1- Dimensional Conduction Without generation (4 plane Slab: Assumption G) steady Conduction (3) No heat generation (4) homogeneous material (P=C) (2) one dimensional heat transfer (5) Constant thermal rae ey two head ty on =olsteaay) . Serer vt ya ee 38x 22 Tone dimensional heat transrey T= FOX Z, ar eee Ti>Ta ot co THFCY) T mo ox J V wm dT ok ax? at 2c dx ! Co=T) atx=L, T2T2 . The GL+ Ts qe Teh Es Temp. vardation in plane Slab. Varies lineasty with * when No heat generation ¢. k= constant we there |S ‘ i lane Stab whens ;j n a plan Temp. vardation 'S Jineay | R is Constont. i Hivit: No heat generasion & Thermas conduc’ Yy Q=-KAPIT ax gerk ACERT) fas KATE) 3 @=-KACC) = Plane slab (1-d) no generation with Constant k.Concept of thermal Resistance ‘— Electrical Relec. Otero V. vy a 4v = V,-V2 oO 4v=IR Thermal Electrical a hgACTa-T) = KA CTT) + cb TW?Ta Q ow ——o Rin tb (i Q = KACT-Ta) E Gwe 9 ) BT= QCRth) plane Slab @i- <2) e=const- 3) No heat gen: cold goses hy, ™b Py ; ot qose a 7 A k Ta, ha =aay % Steady heat transfer Geonveceet Qeonaucted Senuatce, hyA (t% -Th) = @Q= haA(Ta-T) AT= OC Ren) Ga-m= 4 ( fal 4 Ren= h cenvective thermal resistance . A Q= KAT -T2) Q= hyp (T)-Ts) L ; : Reps Rth Conductive thermal resistance han b Conv. thermay Tesis tance i zal Condvetion in Composite Slabs 6, way. Assumptions 4) Steady State 3) No heat generation & . 2) One dimensional Heat transper. 7 4) Constant thermal Conductvity is + hs (5) The Contoct bls two Surfaces is perrect ¢ there is no temp dvop at the contacting Surfaces. Le. temp, profile is Cortinucus,L~ thickness 4 7 Te 73 oe TY ‘ = 2), ne a 2 /% “NT Ta “ay achat (Ta-7) SL, Lgp— Ag Gs katie) Q= KoA (2-73) Ta @ = ¥3A( T3-Ty) ts oils Th ALA O-same ble GY steasy state Overalt heat transrer Coerricierd (U) * { ip overatt heat transfer caluuated vse YU: through Q: Determine the Steady State heat transper wo Consisting OF two 4mm thick glass layers (k= 0-78 W. ) Seperated by 10mm thick Stagnant layer m-k of air (K = 0-026 W/m _) inside temp. of room air is maintained to W. mek Outside air temp. is 10°C * convective H-T. Coerficient on heat transfen Coerpicient. Q= VA(Ta —Te) double window O-8m height , 15m wide w Qt 20°C witha convective heal transfer Coefficient g the outside is 40 W_ , alSo determine the Overau mkAssumptions ~ Steady state 5 contact brs two swxrace |S perFect — Jp Heat transrer No heat generation _ Keconstant- oe Areas 15 %0-8 = b2m? 0-8 7 7 1 2 73 TT outsiole 3 ~3 [20-Cso)] = _& toy Ane xn 4 Rete Ta] to 0-78 0-026 Qa 69-5N Q= UA(Te-Ts) 6452 UKL2%50 U=1-93 Wprk k Solve the Same prob: Per H-T. Yemoving the stagnant Gir aud taking @mm thick glass -nn T2 Ta= 20 Azream2 Th=-10 2 20-(-10) Na=1e Ae= 40 <— 8mm —? Q Concluding Remark: ane preferred b Gener: double windows ut also yeduce noi. teduced feat transfer b cause between two layer. ecicstance by flow OF cause anot ony ise in winter double 5 of blanket there heat by blankets ane prefer be . deyer op brick [K=0-7W/m- «J ion material of K= 0-98 W/mK € 3cm thick plaster [k= 0-6 ey by 7o/. determine the is to be added to reduce ¥ os paste” ic phic 8 Trswaher Mate ric cr) AT=QR 1 6T= is 42037 4 Of 1, 0:08 OTA oGA z|atos- ot ta Lt ta x kin koA FA ken Raa r w w= 00378 ™ = 3:78cm. Q: A very thin Square piate h er [iscmx tsem] is inserted between two slabs,f Slab A is 2em thick (k= 5° Wink) £ Slab Bis 1m thick (k= 0-2 mk) The heat transfer coefficient on A€ 8 ane 200 and 50 Wye, mespectively temp. oF swreunding air is a5ec. if the tating of heater is 1kw Pind- ) max. Temperatwre in the system. (2) outside Eunpace temp. of both Slab (3) Draw the equivalent wives diagrom Por the System. 1 Me T) ha=200 To =25°%Ta 7 Sa Ta * —S To ———-> % To Qa a Gi= Ont Ba 5) 1000 = @at@g 52 2x! f (t-te) = af = ——_ S0xO1SXO1S 200% 0-15 KOS To-Ta = 0 lo-Ta = 0-24Op es To-Ta = Qe o-oL a 0-24 0:15 KONS SO KOISXOIS To-Ta= 3-11 Qe 422. o-24G@, = 311 a Qg= 1006 6-24 (1000 -Qg) = 3! = 24U0 — 0-240, = 318 Qa g2g.356) watt To ~Ta = 0-24 QA > To = 25+ 0-24 X928-358 [Te = 247-80 %] Maximum “Temporafuns Gp = ince ~ 7 xo 2 28.385 = Soxo-1sx0-18 x{Te-T) Fra senasete] me. <- Ay 0-01 G-2KO1SKONS o-0l 7-64) 2—— O-2xO1TXONT ot 1 ot “ To- Tz = 159-2 ee Ta 8 ©. A composite inswating wall ha: held together by a 3cm diameter Alv er OF materias Consist oF L d with Cold SutTFace at 10 Inswaton 25mm s three layers OF Material minium rivet Per 0-4 m2? oF ‘oem thick brick with hot ec., hese Svrgace the lay Surface at Qoo0’e ,1em thick woo. two layers ane interposed with a third layer oF thick, thermad conductivity oF materials ane Kprice = 9°93 “/mk » Kar= 204 Wimg . = O175 W/mK » Kinswation = 042 wWmk nerease in heat transfer Kwood Assuming 1-D heat Plow dve to rivet- 2) homogeneous materdol Assumption > steady state 2) 1-0 Ay Kec 5) contact berw is perpect € there is veace fe temp prorile _ is continuous. cage:t, without At TiveE Azo1m? Tn Tm? 3 TH 200°C, k 3 Bric. 0-9 ons E10 em HE 2st 14 rr LotAT= O( Rtn) =) 200-10 = (1-075 + 2-05 40-5714) case: 9. With Al rivet ( because of high conduchvity of Al, heat tvansfer increases) 2h07 208 OST Revie Rin Rew Raz kt <6 Et 0936 nl x m2)? 3x (34167) 1 068x161 m2 2oux a agrision tothe anea of three As the rivet avea is very parisi layers , therefore this axea is Ragiected in three layers 372 i = tebha-t Rere 0-936 Rege = AT = Qa Rerp 190, = 254u-35W OTT inevease in heat transper- 254:35- SHY = Q.= 202-95 W concluding Remasuc:- Because oF high Conduchvity of Al Tivet - heat tronsper increases, far better design the inscasing eas Wwe Used bow Conductivity meter'al Por rivetQ. Inside Temp. oF the Purnace wall 200mm thick is 1350°c, the thermas conductivity op the wall is +35 Ym . The heat transfer Coefficient of outside Surface is @ fF” oF temp. Mipference ¢ is given by h= 7-85 40-e084T where at is temp. difference between outside wat Surpace # Sunncundings . Determine the Yate of heat transfer per unitanea ip the Sweroonding temp. is 4o°c. Solution: cunnace molt Assumption. f Sa _ fs I3so% th rosid® Tes “1'e curnac® he 7,95 +0-086T Steady State H.T ; = 785+ 0-08 (Tp-Te) —— aA? > ornm— Qeondvetion = Seanvection of oy Aeime A 2 KALT350- Ta) 10s) [73-40] 200x163 Y : a rasx(36e772) _ [7.85 200x169 PLA -08( %-40)> 65 (1950-7) = %85T, - 344 + 0-08( 2, g00- 80%) Lgiy 4 0-08( Ta +! 9 Was0- 6ST = eet * 2 g -6uT 3 914250 = ga2-g5 72-31 + ore8T? + IEE ° gn4ag—s—0-06 72 FOTO He =O Poe IETS 7 ORT + OTENS Te = 29253% has x (1350- 292°53) or 200% 169 r " T13V-9ZM7f 2_—_—---— for common available Materia ee ee es SS imently obtained convecHon expend MEY — for same heat transFe’, Same area, Same tpucleness Q=kA oT L better Zonauching Materias QL _ Kars const: Ctess temp dteP) A kt oT —— a q better tesuaaal C Material s (more temp: 2 oteP) Thermal contact Resistance:~ When two metal Surfaces ane brought in contact, the contact may not be perfect due to sur- Face Roughness hence the gor is pilled with air or ges Which offers high thermal resistance (lave to lesSer/lower thermal Conductivity ¢ this is known aS thermal contact gesista Because of this vesistanc uous ¢ hence 7 nee. e the temp: prorile is mot contin cant temp: drop at Surpaces- there is a Sign the ContactingQue: consider a plane composite wali ,consisting of two material OF thermal conductivies kKq=0-1Wimk , Kp= 0-04 WymK ANd thickness Lp = 20mm the thermal contact resistance at the Las tomm , is 0,06 @ %Y, -material A'S interface biw foo Matexios Susmounded by Pluid at 200° afljcins a Flard at 468 Yo'e Por which h= 20W/n2 Por which h= 10 my ¢ Mat-O (a) what is the rate of heat transfer through the wat thatis 2m height 25m audth ( Areas 5m?) (b) alse calculate the overau heat transfer coerricient € sketch the temp. clistribution. Assumption - Steady $H:T Tt i eree = 100 Mw re Te Tp = Yore ‘ede aa hp=20 preazS™ - Th Ta TH = aul ho A KA 1 Tags sf a A Or + G1 40°06 +O-S +005 10S 200-4o = em Q -=081 - 23 (la-T)= & nA To~T = 76190 loxs = @= kK ACTH). ox SX (IB4-76—Te,) = Ov x 76I-GO & 2 (Mey-Tez) = 8 Re 3 (le, - Ta) = U7-618 123-808-Ta = Temperatune distribution * 60° Conclusionwe steady State L Dimensional Conduction through veuable anea: Assumption: (2) One-dimensional Heat transfer. s Material (P=) (1) Steady state Heat transfer (3) No heat generation (5) Constant thermal conductivity. lateral gurreces ene tees er (4) Homogeneov jased Ro-®y ames nex= R=ER+Y R= R,+xtank = Ry XL RoR) R= Rit CX oF “ L Ax 6 KL T- [ee=(e89]* * {%-73] Tk[T-%] = let- dx= L tog Ree k(xd.da}[ Ti ov (RS i ] 1” = KAQT Lc Por variable arzea the temp: Prorile is not linear. IL = length L ¢ madii Ri F Re [ Rer®i] € ot TET [ TPT] considering 10 for heat transfer . A conical cylinder oF two ends are maintained Steady State heat Flow derive expression ie Re basem , Re=25em, L=2oem , qe 227% 1k= HOM me Find - Tg 27°C » steady state H-T. 2) Temp: at the mid Plane:1) Qe KBR. (T-%) L x25 x10” (227-27) 20x16 > 2 = Yorn X125%10 sung 0 10 x d - dt s{ ox = uo A B 0 D> 39.26 (+1. 3.sisgx16" ° ~2 a 39-2610 x10 a Kxz-sis6xio4 lo = Soaps gone vasxis7s xia! (227-7) re 93-7 % 1o% _ or * dx _ -KCTEN)Q. A Structural Support has a Shaped a5 Shown In pga it's length 's 0-2 m £ it’s axea varies with % GS A=Ky3 its q circumerence is perfectly inswated € the thermal conductivity OF the materia! vardes with temp. is given by K> 1.69s(1+ where T is in °C what is the steady State He. ip 9-001020 81) two ends ane maintained at Yoote 150%. also calculated temp: at the mid plane. ji x 8{ s*. 5 { 14-695 (14 0-0010208T) OT oa Ty 28 0-2 T, 1 ° oz ox f 14.695 (14.0-0010208T) dT nx x3 i thoi oak Q a a ° 2 \W temp. at the mid plane. @= Bo28 7 u [lax { 1y.69S( 14 0-0010208T) aT a. 4[ (ox } : T : “se psxie> 0-08 14-69S%0-0010268 eetgscunosa = USGS =) BrSoxtx >) 5! - =(uoo -1) [14-695 + 7-Sx162 = =(4o0=1) |! GSKIS 9) Cusg=T)TH1B4-9 °C py Conduction_in cylinders: Assumptions 4-D Heat Flow ([Ractial direction] ) Steady state H T w 3) Constant therma canductivity (4) Hemegeneous material “on fs rt Eint Eqen = Eout a? rf ff OF Qin + gen = Qout Q,+ Agen = Qrar £ » Qrrar = Ort 2 (Ondr Qgen = Bet 2can0r a) 2 q* x amet vol. en x anrdrxlL gen oT Gre KERR aT. 2 gent oFraNKE = 8 [nea Gy ye Dpen yet Agen ark ar Agen * = «(8 3)ate: Assumphions 1» steady state 2) 1-Dl radial) 3) Keconsi - 4) Material is reneou Conduction in Cylinders without heat generation i Assom ption gen 20 Wsteady state (2)4-p Heat conduction [8] No heat generation [uJ - Homogeneous Material CP=c) C8] constord thermal are ay 1 5 5 ay at. aa oa Temp: profile in cylinder er Varies lognathmicalry atts 1 T=T, FaYo | THTe T,< Int tCo Ty = Cy Inte + Co Eee ee ra T-% = Gin (% Cre SWS % In( vy, ") T= Tote In%e,+¢2 : pec In) 22 T1- Cir) Iny, '9(%\V,)Te clnr +c, HF rt Ts TT yy U1 — Ci-T) Int, In(%) In(%,) Tit (in %) (In C2] we measuxe a temp at any madivs + in cylinders conductive resistance Per cylinders jn tadiay dir”Temperature Prorile € circueet Sao For Cylinger logaruthmic a, r ‘2. T In UP /n) a Ta OKKL Concept of loqanithmic_ mean aca: Am GT) Qe oxke(T~ 2) n(n) on ypi(Y~h) ane See Inn) %-7) 2K (1-1) Sree 2amt & 2255 = ¢ n(2 inf 2225 a ZR, logrthmic Mean Area.Heat transfer in Composite cylinders : e ‘ Cane JO = a ——— ays paar Rica, 2 | (Shr) 3 ne = piano «ot pee an ke s' a our 4 Reonve fF 4 i © hy aR Ygh CH \,, AT= G Repp. (or) ) NOD Moe 3 Ta-Th= Overau heat transfer Ce Uz; Ai =U Ao Dz = Overall HT ceerfi- inside area Uy (axe Lb) = Us (a%rot) U = —r— outside anea applicable onky for cylinders.QA. A cglindrical inswahon fer a Steam pipe has inner radius of Gem F outside radius of eM, thermal conductivity is O-S Wmk the inside Surface of the inswation is U30°e € the outside is at 30% determine. UW) Heat lost per meter length. (2) temp. at mid thickness of inswation (3) Draw temp. Profile within inswation. inswtahion Solutions 4 Given thar soem 5 %=Bem 3 Lim k=0-5 “Ymk Ty =430'c T= 30% Assumption. #30. owas a. 1 Inn) arkL erat ABT= QRtn In ( 1) 5 68-1 “Ym =>400- & 2xx 0-5 ™ cil) Temp. at mid thickness © Tao 3 te7, Te uBote , HHeom 7 BHSeC 771 In(%,) ntats. In(%s) ° 'd thie 4 To430 In (%) qe 21S-6°C alee Yoo n(%) (Hi) Temperature profile. Boe lode. Prthimi. ProriteQ. A foem outside diometer cawuing Satumated Steam ata kemperatune of 195% is lagged toa 20cm ometer with nesia and further leqged with asbestos to 25cm diameter ip the temp. at the outer Surface of asbestos is 20% , Find the mass of the Steam condensed in 6 hours. oma toom length Pine take [ Kmag = 9:07 wre: Kagb-= 0982 mk ; Cnshatpy 4 Wapesuisation is 1954 Keg] Culver that - Assumptions. eT= Q( ferp) 195% 27% % 0-07 x 100 S- aa = I9S-20 = 8 [o-osts + 4334103] Q= B74 69W =a, BITS 2 8714-69 = eee F Bras Lasetes4 heat lost by steam in Bhrs- = BTI4-69 x BX 3600 y SFB 250983072 kF 2 Qome oF = 250983.072 = Mx 195! a m= 280983-072 + }o6.6y Fa, 19s)Que: a 160mm (016m) dio. pipe Carveying Satwrated Steam is Covered by @ layer oF Lagging OF 4omm thickness (0-27 Ho) =0°8WN/ later on an extra ler of Lomm thickness (=O 12 Lk mk] layer of 4: Wimk] is added, iF Suxnounding temp: remains constent aud heat transper coerpicient for both lagging material is 10 “pay determine the percentage change in heat transfet due to extra lagging. ena Solution :— In tory T-Ta= 8 In (8%) 2m xo-8xL i. je —o 10x 2KxO-TeL T-Ta = =| ae? 2ryXo-BX! in (42) 1. Ti- Ta = Q,| 0-0806+ eo: 2K X O12! 5 2rx 03x} Ti- Ta = 0:30805Q> . 0-2132@Q, = 03086 4G 2 SS suse _ I O66I7- BS HQe ZS 7 SHH 85. HO eet. 7 ee oy 0: 21328,= 0: 308sQ, 3 069108,=8, Q, = u46ga, Chasg 3 a ah ez 30-89y, 4 i my,Q. A metat [k= us mt) steom pipe of Sem inner diameter and 6.scem outside ameter is legged with 2@%cem radial thickness of inswiation having thermal Conductivity OF 4:4 W/m Convective heat transfer coefficient OF inside and ouside Surfaces ane hj =4650 W/m2~ , ho = tS Ymtk respectively if the steam temperature iS 200°c ard the ambient temperature is 25°C Caletsate- () heat Lost per meter length (27 temp. at interpaces [7=199-25%¢, Te= 198-7TH'e | = 'SO 16%] C3] Overau heat transfer Coefficient based ON inside outside Sunpaces. [uz = 19-83 W/m 3 Us G26 W/mnaE] C 545-47 mJ Solution: Given that Rye Sens 5 Roz S&S = 3-25¢M Raz 65+ (2x275)_ ecm —_—s krous Wmk > Kye tt “Y/mie . hp = 4650 “mek? h Assumptions: WW steady state heat tra < (2) one- climensional HT. CT04 : kel hy me (3) Material is hemogenec : (4p keconstant (5) contact blw two Surpaces is perpect i-e. temp. Profile is continuous. Te Te % In( Py, iz a= inle) in ae. oe eee ar kil 2K Kat te 9% Ra \ -3 oc pee —— = 1'3966X10 a5 ore WESOX DRX WSKIGAKL Ww <4 2) inl Pe) In(32%/8)_ _ gare nist Yu mya) . Ths 2REiL 2r*¥USki ° #3] In(®e,) In( Y%.25) _ 0-08870 “/w » Se 2K KL arXiaxl 1 = —) —_——__ = 02306 Ow 52 hy: 2kR3L We 5 XAnKX GXIG2X?1.3690 X103 + 9-279 X161 + 0.08870 + 0:2306 Rerr = T-To = Q* Rere 031166 [2] Temperate at interpaces- GQ) T=? S4y-ou = 4650 X2N XK 25S 2 HI (200~ _ Q= hie aneien CUT 9.25%] G) Ba2 Be anki CATs) suyoy 2 aeuenix (199 25-7) Teer In(3 ) In (Pe7p,) iti = Cif) T= 9 ea Q=hoA (%3-Te) x1x( 73-25) x2 2 Suy.oy = eS X2a%X 6x10 Ta = 150:4879 3 run (3) overaut heat transfer based on inside & outside Surfaces !— Q= LY: Ai CTi~ To ) S4uy.oy= U; XxX 2x 2-508 Up = 19-7912 Wayarye at inside © eT C For cylinder) Temperaswre _progile: 19.7912 X% 2:5 = Uoxs Ug = 6-246 Yr at outside Surface. nga Up te = Yo To Concluding Remark Cipany) 3Alternate Method t 2 cal ¥ date HT. in cylinders - Q:-Kaat ay > Q.dvY= -k(2xv)L AT va 3 ale = 8 arke| ax 7 Tr TH ain (%,) = amkL(T~—Ta) By - Grrar -2[- kxuna2 oT dr 22 fie wart oT alee le axke(T-Ta) @= Conduction in spheres: Eenaeenen! 7 Assumptions 1) steady state Heat trans 2) 1-0 heat transfer (radial 3) homogeneous material ( P=¢) 4) Constant thermal conductivity! B Syen= ete ge (gana / = gluxrran - Qy+Qgen = Great 7 | 1 A Qriat A> Under 7 conduction equ” in Porm por Spheres: J digperentialSpheres without heat Generabom = Ctgen =) STi ay 7 Fa ven 727] Rectangular hyperbola aed C ip 2 =o) c=? Temp: ptorile in Spheres is hyperbola. Qz KA at v QQ. —« Carre) A, : 4 1, integmating ows af 9X c4uxK(T- GATEZIES 1? a * Y vy ig 2 r, ~ a+ | 2 axe Tht] ¥ = " at a-% | = unk [t-T] ira x Ark ys (ti-T) (a-) 2-7 pee esTemperatune prorile' hyperbot@ic (Sphere) Geometric Mean Area’ Qe unente(t-)) (m-N) (72-1) 4 unvnrs Tia) An 7) anynra (N72) OA) (a) Am= 4% WY me (arte SeeConducton through Composite sprers Conduction through composes ~pnenes. Assurnption =z) contact is perpectiie. ter profile is continuous R- — stp, ho hal ur?) Roe Ta-7 13 YAK, TT. —] V7 Raz Bo UKs 13% Pus — hplants) Te Ta 7, = Re facanra) | URNA Overau_hea Q= UAST = A Up Ai (Towe) = Uo he (Tate) U; Ai = Yoho Usanrd = Uo- Arto” [ot = are] ™ . o> Vi UEP UyQve. Consider o heliow Alumumem Sphere of inside radius 2cem ¢ Outside madivs Gem, the thermal conductivity iS 20M m_ . the inside Surface is kept at Joo’ and the cutside Surface dssipales heat by convection witha heat transper coefficient Bo W/m2k inte on atmosphere whese temp. is 20°¢'s’determine Outside Surpace Lemp. of Sphere under steady State conditions (2) Rate cf heat transfer (4) Sketen the temp. cstri bution Solution. Given that k= 200 Yn T= loos ws2em; Y2=6erm To=20°e , ho= 80 %prKc T Ca-n) HR KN. Box xe -2)K10 T-% = a] &” + —7*7 4x x 200% 12x10 7 Boxan x 36x16" | 901326 40-2763 ®loo-20 = Q( 0-2895) Q= 276-268 W Outside Surface temp. Gz he x4xT,? X (-20)Temperature distribution. hyperbedic “Temp. at mia plane: ' 2) Ge nae] G=Tale “ nm nts] oe equatien (2) Substitute vate oF ©! on -_W%2_ ot) So Wn) Substitute value of 51 C2 In equ (a)2: i "1% eq) * hr in a) Tis Fi 1(N-%) wT: Prt = (T-) te Oi-ta) 1 %-¥2) tat Y.-H T2 = a ese T-Te ¥On-%) by using this Formula wecan Find temp. at any madivs 7 in Spheres. (7-4) v(4-%) S©- tet us eateutate temp: at mid thickness In preuious problem Ye= Gem at Nid T)=l00'e 5 Ts Bou" Y= 2em Plane Y= 4ucm is > = Ti-Te ea T= too ott > s 7 400-96-4 4(2-6) ayy T-100 = -3x(loo-96-4) 4 T-too = -2-7Critical thickness of insulation : a 5 _ . Urpace Plane Slab 1 ose of plane slab there is Ne change 1m SUTF anea 4 therepore adding insulation woud resutt in increase : . " h 1M conductive resistance [ Reona. = A + LT, Reona. TJ but the condeevectve Resistance iS Yemaing constant becavge the Suxpoce amea is constant € hence with the addition of insutation the total resistance increases “4 hence Heat transfer decreases[4T=@R ; RT @Y] therefore “addition of inswation in plane Slab always decreases heat transper”. therefore there is No Concept of critica’ thick- Ness in plane slab xen Fig: Q ~ S Reotat = Reond. + Ree [3] Reena. T € Reonvy 1 (4) Reozar May Tt oF May b. 1: Letus assume. Rk 40 +20 = 60 casey Wo ¥B,7 , 20-404 radius Reong. Reon. Rp =4et+so = 58 R= SO+IS = © tota Resistance lotat Resistance Pf ST=QR SL 4T= OR if RY OG?R Reo: Resistance) fetes. Rein Conv: C Rec -hy perboto) Y (radivs) 4T= QQ 8, “Renin max. Tesis4: I t Tia RL AT | & 1 \ Risenar= "Resane: = In(%,) R eet 5 2% Kins, b h(exre) For Re lmin) = AR L5 a am ot H ow? 2a [-LJee dr arKing L 7 cal ahoanyl 47s ~ U bol od “ay Bk King 7 heavyKinswation hy %= Kingwasion h critical Radivs op insulathon: (Ye) TE is guch a radius of inswation at which The total Resistance to the heat Plow is minimum or heat transfer is maximum. Critical Radius op INswation For spheres: rn Reena = URKTY, Qonve nCyxr) yn Reokad = a ktyY for min resistance 2 Kins wation h Por Spheres ordy.,Tn case of cylinders & Spheres if the thickness Of insutahon is inerease the cenductive resistance increases € the convective vesistance decreases therefore the total vesistence may increase or decrease depending ee on the yadius of insulation , thererere by adding insuiation heat transfer may increase or decrease depending spon the total Resistance. Note: Tn case of wires cannying Cworent , there is @ heat generation € For Carrying Cusvrent effectively , this generated heat must be cUssipated to Swutoundings. therefore when insulated is used in this case heat transcer must be more Compane to bane wire. € for this “radius of inswiation must be less then critical radius OF inswaton.” Th case of pipes carrying steam insulation is used in such a manner that the heat transrer is Yeduced therefore as the Yadivs of inswation i than critical radius Of inswation. R Rmin a Gmex: --—-—> = at a r For electrical Per steam carveying pipes wire* sos ; . Note! Generas values oF thermal Conductivity for Insulating Material iS ax00Nd 0:05 W/mK 4 and Under natwral Convector With air f= 5W/m2~ therefore the critical xadivs of inswation under these conditions is 8 /TX Stoo Te = Ki 205 _ ootm = tem. 1 sem eipe ne 5 est 7 as steam pipe tadius is generauy greater thon icm radius hence there is no need to check Por critical Tadius of inswaton in case of steam pipes Qn veprigerator lining of 25mm outer diameter is to be inswated using a material of thermal conductivity 2:5 Wsmk the heat transper coefficient From the Surface 10 Wym2_% , verifying iF the inswiation is effective or not, what Should be the max-vae OF thermal conductivity oF inswation to reduce the heat transre ASE Solution. SK aN In case of Tepsigenators a re ingwlation is added there showd YM= Dey, = 125mm Me = six 12 a n ° a 3 be reduction in heat transfer but in this case as the stadus 's less heat transper , therefore the insulation is not effective, 4s the pipe tadius is Fixed Fectivs +S Fixed and the insulation Is te be 12-5 250mm 7 . “oj mn RY, Prowided on this pipe therepore > /—¥ fe the pipe radius is takenas critical | ——_____ : 1 a Sen hens 7 1" a 1 ipawared Pre“Ied ag ! Heat trans per tadius d hence ip the inswation © IS prouided on this radius it will be greater than criticoy Tadkius£ hence addition of inswation would fake Yoo pipe radius vveduce the heat transfen. ye = Kinsetation F 12.5X10 nm = 0-125 6, Kinswation Yeni st @. A wire of Bmm diometer at the temperature oF 60% is 10 be inswlated by a Material hauing K= 0174 Wim , heat transfer coefficient on outside is 8 W/m2~ ambient temp. is 2s°c for moximum heat lass whatis the thickness of inswation € teat loss per meter length. find the increase in heat diss\paton, due to inswation , also*Ealcwlate the increase in current Casing Capacity due to inswation. Solution: With insulation. caset Without inswation ee BY Tw = 25 T= 60% h=@ W/m? x 7 Qe Al 2KrL) (T- Te) o %e = 0-02174 = Bx 2xRXYXIOIKIX 3S fe = 0 ee 2eTumm ey 7 + 08) — cna Thickness of inswation 9 2-74 —umm 2 17-74 mm Q, n Too I Ot ae $e In( 2-74) ' # Bxanvarqyxie3 2K xox! 4352 afr swear oan) 4 Gz 14-2079 Yn7. increase in heat transfer 2) 2-8, 1442079 ~ 7-037 = a Se te a ersy Q=Pe Gx re PJ J. increase in cwwrerd Cavrying Capacity - %-2 , fa,-J4, v) ~ x10 NG, # fiurzer9 ~ 17°637,., 49 [rosy 242-097. Ber, steady state conduction with vardable thermal conductivity- Assumption: vs () Steady state Heat 179 (3) No heat generation ) Dimensional Conduction neous Materdat = Tv =+ ye RAT IER ‘ , k= ko (ItBT) Pate Asem 7p ' B--ve —Me eff Ba0, K=Ke, constent LA RR a 1 = -kaat | / : | dz a tb ale @ 7 aX = -KdaT a ox = f— t — + — L le a & [ax = fee creer dt A ° qTko (TT) + B (72-757) 2 K= Ko(1+ 87) Km= Ke ( (Ti) 2 tm thermal conductivity catcuiated at mean temp- BO oF T €T2 au A Temperature at ary a. oe e Lert Face! g- -KAgT Ti Th dx a x T ' —. & {a = fociten dr unr 8 0 7 lex % 2 Ox KT +B cw] re. A Temp. precile is not linear. { dt= t-7 19 7T% Tn the +x direction AT I'S ~ve Sedt-ve. ke Kol tt BT) apy Pol: dk. a aa = Ko (0+B st)aks aT convex dx” C ax qve Cons} - | Ty cage:l. ae -—= 6 Bis +ve \] Te de (4vey 2T SS. | ax 7 ax Sopraxe! In the +2 direction B=-ve dT ig-ve 2 dk Beave- Qs =KA ot ax = —-K 9D = const k(~ Sy] = const: dx UT at f : constant eToe x ae sing bic steady 2 inte State dseck a hown that in the tve Similarily when p is: x-direction , JT js increaseing. dx prorile ST Cins x |__Ex “director lineay constant Tv tve co ; nvey decreasing ~ve concave increasing Ta x +o k= ko (It #T) K=KoQue: A plane waulor Fire clay brick oF 25cm thickness has temperatunes of 1350° and 50° oOnits two sides; k= 0-638 X(1£+0:000TT) Wny OF Ynoe > TF isin®e, calewate C4) Rate of heat transfer (2) temp. at the mid plane Ti perve (a) sketch the temp. distribution. Sol. Q= -kAgT Xe1agem dx 50 = @Q casyi62) = = (0-838 X (1+0°0007T) AT A 1350 1350 & (25x16) = fossextivo-ccert > dt ‘50 a ovog7 (‘252452 J 7 a = 11248 Wee (2) temp. at the mid plane ~ r st 12-5 x18 o.33ex(! +0-0007T) AT Q| az= A ° So > gltge Gug2-B2X I25KIO> = o-ese[T~ 5°] + 0/838x0-0007(T *-S0?)811.602 = 7 7 0 838( 1 50) + 2-933 x10 "C72 502) T= 797-032% 4 Senduction in cylinders with vardable k '> Assumption 4 (4) Steady state heat transper (2) One-dimensional Het. (vecliad) 3) Ne heat generation cu) Homogeneous Material (P=censtant) K= Ke (1+ BT) Th? Ta Q=-—Kagt ay Q= -K(anrL) dT dy Yo tm a. {de LL i yy ti = T+T % Tom) + B( 12-72") Taw am] = ie i enn 2 = km= Ko(1+8 Tm) gin (2) = are Cre) 1 BOT) Kole] " Le Km a.ln(S) = anxkmt (Tk) ankml (%-T2) In(ry,)Simndlarcily temp. at aa gadius tT, is T rT ie af a = —Ko (ant) { (14BTAT me T Conduction in Spheres with vaydable thermal Conductivity * ke kot !+BT) kene ko +8(253)] Q= —kaat av Qe —kK (art) OT B= _kcupyunr? IT dy ” - o(% - —f revo a vy Ty where Km= rol '* ce thermal conductivity cateuated at Mean temp. TT Q, The thermal Conductivity of a plane wall vases with temp. k= ko(l+ P72), B€ ko are constonts Occorcling to the relation (2) develop € expression Por heat Plow through the Slab pet Unit anea if Surfaces at x=0 ; at X=L axe maintained Qt oniporm temp. of T €7, Tespectively. (2) Develop a relationship for thermal Tesistance oF the Wau iF the a heat transfer anea is AC3) ealewlate heat transper ip A=0-1m?, T= 200% L=0.um » R=beoe ko= Ww o= CO Be 0-25 4164 oc? Solution. Ke Ko (tt Br) ~ @= —kKAaT ax . m a3—p3- Bldx = ° J kociteraar (@-b) Ca? 46,08) ‘ arab at, ° Ta ~ a7 63_ab® = ke [or +B [P]] - 3 = Ref (qb) +8 Cian) (12 TH) 3 oat eel SBE oy A Q= ko A CTD) gi G ii) B= 6OXOt (200-0) 1 + ae peers] oq a = 6X200 v1.33 ou Q= Yooo W- Gi) ats @R wha = tea fale (neers) Rg a Kom 1 ee [: +P (qe vat 3Que: The inner and outer radii of hollow cylinder ane SCM and idocm respectively the inside Surface is maintained at 300°c € Outer sunpace maintained at 100°, the thermal conduchuity vaxies usith temperature as k= o-5[1+ 1637] where T isin °c and k in M4nee » determine , ‘) Heat transfer rater per ™- Liv temp: at the mid thickness. length Ans: km: @ osfas 163(200)] = 0°6 Mange Q@ = 2kmL (T-%) = 2hipe SS %. In(%) 8 or x 0-6 x 200 s = 1087-76 Sy SB = .oxoss & In2 Gi) temp. at the mid thickness - Q= —kaAdt ‘ [ i dy a= -K xr et R CATES J, 1 0.015 ae al a _ os [141687] * ~ eye 300 ores 300 aL 0-05 eer Q [ore | 7” [ 2 lo8T-75 KOUOSY = gee) _ a n{300-7) tate) 187-107 To ewe he = 44poyvi ue. <. Asteam pipe 20°cm outside diameter causes Stearn at 260°C gis Msulated with a material whese thermal conductiuity vardes linea with ‘ . ala temp. [k= kot I#8T)] inswation thickness 's 6cm , oufer sunpace Fi ion Nsulation is ateor ¢ the heat tronsrer is 230 'Yy,,/ reported thengind Valy, s i 8 OF k Por tig inswiation iS 0.081 W/moee at Joo the expression for k- Solution: Given that dt Seas Qa K an @ let a Kol FBT) Kea Tet a.in® = —ko(2n)| CHD AT Q=230w rm m Tr 3 230x In /& Ko 2% 16 108-100 = 2n = na ° Ko ite kone Rotts OE 108-100 = 2%Ko (200 + 32 o @t T= 100° , K= 0-081. 3 0-0841= Ko (1+ Bxloo) o0@i = Ko €1t loo B) —— © + €2 ke Ko(tt PT) [7-20 = ko (200 +320008) — y, = 0-012 (1+ HISKI64 7 vob! = Ke (1+ loop) d 212-4o w(I#l00 B) = 200 +320008 = 200 + 320008 Kp = 0-072 3 212-4O+ 212408 = 107608 Ba 15x08 = [240°Que: The inside € outside Sungace of hollow Sphere at rea Y=b ane Maintained at T) and T2 .The thermal conductivity Vardes with temp- as k= Kol s4aT+ BT?] (# Develop an expression for heat tronsfer vate (2) Develop a Telationship Por therma resistance hel lous Solution: ‘Sphere k= kof tto7 +677] From Powter law qf Conduction ch + 2 = -kA AT AUT , o dy [ 27 9T Qe ~-KrNKr?] a b 72 a dx j yn Kel v2 si a AT dam ko Cho t3) =| = L ealam 7 -t) (1+ Ta) + acne hm Cri | b-a] _ uke [ C- “ 39 28) = (t+ TT ny] (& &) unnacronyp ore Ory #5 + is > 9f P-%) = ab " Fle ce +B vane tt] 7 b-0 transfer rate. Lexpression for heat PT 0: >Relationship for thermal! Resistance :— OT= G-R Re St THs 2 a eae [2 14 L747) +2 Ca? +7 Te 41F)] b-a RS ake abl r+ (74%) +Ba(4e +m tT] | % G Relationship for thermal Resistance Steady state _1- Dimensional conduction with genexation'— chemical reaction Gib) Electrical wire caruuying current Caowe heating) cil) Nucleax Puel Rods. Cv cutting OF @ Concrete slab (vy) Ripening of Fruits ASU Plane slabs: , case:(1) uniform heat 9 ak Same temperabune. Assumptions iysteady stote 2) One yma Conductivity 3) Homogeneous matesual (P=) Ley) constant the 417 OP 4 de Le kK—-L 4 axat ays doz KT Kh St parabolic 2 dT _ - 4%, a "2 ccs 1 an. = 29% = 7 St +e dx K Temp. is moximum at x=0 ar ate c,=0 ox? :dx ~ kK T= - 2 > Ta 2K atx=sk ; T=Ts 2 . Gott = - Ft +e, > G= st @ 8k BK orile is Parabolic ge a Energy balance: As there is a uniform heat generation in the slab & both surfaces ane maintained at Same temp- hale the generated heat (45%) must leave 2 From the right pace ¢ Remaining hale must leave Prom lept Pace 4g - heat generation per onit vol. total = Ig ALdt a. 1 a= -Ka dt | T= Tet a (St Se Lae ty, st (4 ) (same as heat generated) Prom right pace Por Right halg Heat generated = Heat conducted = Heat eonvyected ts gers “4 r b 2 AL Xzo GD dt GATE/IES = = KA il ae : * Axe ok ~T) 2 u ~ convection AC. hy @ (1s-T)Case-=. Plane Slab with heat generation when both Surfaces ane Maintained at different temperatures Let us assume 7, 772 Pr +426 7 ax? ko TH ar -Ig% 7-7 1 Ub Rog L 2k aS ATA put the vaive of Cr € C2 IN eqy-l- wpe Bat [eS We 4s 1°) +7 Kay? Ustance Prom lect Race Where desterce is May. For maximum temp. temp. dt = 42-4, [ =0 K xe E( ty . a 2 (2 fe Xmax(——_ L—_— Te Xmax. fa] (L-Xmax) Energy balance: e oe ler Heat convected Heat generated = Heat ©” Ss > a A CT-Ta) AX = kA - gh Xmox ; iG 3 For Right Pace oneres AIS 5 (14-7) Yq ACL Xa) = =k = heat generation when one face is inswa- Case!3 plane Slab with woued ted: . 308) L———, Pr. tg —t = =0 dx2 K Tmax d GT. . BE. ej dx kK cenvecti h Pe rbd ( Lege Face 's a etaee, 278 insuwiated) Tm 1 =0L2 =~ dgt? cy = Tes 18 - Se > 25 = #83 2k Energy balance Right Pace Heat generated Heat convected Ygx AL = Qve: heat is generated ur Conductivity OF 20W/m_ - the thickness oF the plate is fcm and heat generation rate is 500 MW/p3 ip two Sides of the Plate maintained at 200° € foo’. calcwate : 3 ha A(Ts-Ta) catenes uke having thermal (1) Temp. at the Centre of the plate. @) The position and value of maximum Temp (3) Heat trangper at the Lert € sight Face: Gy) Sketch the temp. distribution. Setution: given that q = 500 x10 Wing L= tem =167m 20 loo Sooxte’ | 162 Xmax= 46x1o3 m= 4.6mmee ~ = [EPs Bt] aan Qk Tmax ot % = Xmox = 46mm Tex = = eases rs soon x16 Tawenit 2X20 Yo 4 200 — S64 SKter +/ 529] + 200 — 264.5 3 Temp. at the Centre. 6 rt = sooxlo® x x16 ] ysxto? _ Seoxio6 x (Sx163)" y — Yo 4o T= +200 A 312-5 +( 212-8 A f nw 1oo°c > Heat transfer from Lert Face 3 * Yq x AXE {b=%max } 7 S00 xix 46x109 1 100°C 23 MW/ypy2 + Heat leaving Right face= [-—4e— 5. mmr 3 44% AX (L- 4.6) x10% 3 SOOXSUKIOS > 27 MW/m2Q@. A plane wall CF O-1m thickness and thermal cenductivity k= 25 W/m, has an uniform heat generation OF 03 MW/m3- and ig inswated on one Side and is exposed to Po Fluid at 92°. the convection heat tronsfer Coefficient bw wand Plaid is S00 W/p2K , Find (i) maximum temp: in the watt (?) Temperatune at the surpace exposed to Fluid (3) Draw temp. prorile- aed parabolic Ans. Tnsui q,AL = ha A(Ts-Te) i J Tmax > o-3xloo x1xX0-4 = SOOXx! (%5- Te) Ts cos Taal 152%c Ty, = 60+92 Ts = 162°C 92 k— 0-1m—a . ve tet bo (ut mt Beg temp: Prerite Qk at x=0, = Twa T= 1524-3108 x (0-12) 2%as as ~8 a ‘i -[cp) = ae ue: A copper conductor (k= 380 Wink) » Tesistivity -[) 2x10 ] 8mm diameter and 1m long connect two lange plates ,one Face is maintained at 50% &the other is maintained at Z0%c , Space between plates is filled with an Insuwaton. (a) what is the moximum temp. € it's lecation. ip the current Plowing is 150 Amp. (b) Calculate heat transper from the lert € sught side. CD draw the temp. prorile-a= fe ? 1502 ¥ aem 3-97x164 Sgen = 89524 W qa. Sen Volume = £88eH Kmax. x Z (o-008)?x Re fle _ axle 4 A rae aave «(8x153, Lgen = 17.80x104 “Yms a Reset A Lmax= = — (i) a 1 2 380 Xmay = 0-4573 m Trey = - Tg?chapter: 1 qy — Bi = Saiy = 146 F8/ms Rerearn = 0759 F9/m3 k= 0-026 Kg = 0-024 a Ks > ki? Kgases Olid iquid - as airg Steam ane in gaseous state the density of Steam less thon that op ai , thermal Conductivity of steam 's less than that of air. C3) [uj Saw dust = 008 “mk Glass wool= 0.04 “/mk cork 70-07 Asbestos Sheet = 07166 iste, 6. temp. drop. KS 8. ke better inswator vee oe Soere or> ip better insulator is used on the inner surface the temp. drop is will be more due Smauer thermal conductivity at there by Subsequent heat tronsper will be less. @ @= KA CT-T) L 2 ky AX TERT OL ke K (%-Ta) 26 wb k,CT%-T) = 2ke (| -T) = aT = Th 472 kite= Te ET s2Tpa7 = Te = BES k(W-T%-Te) 2 fer =k GA] =e Ocase r ke XAT T) Roux ARCTIATE) bf ATSB Roveet A & @ Kept than Estees AT > FC Retest Ru Th-Ti BOT Te 7 4, = oT Rsteet Tht Te R27 - OT Te < Trt To = or = (Reteert Rew) TTo = -23%C Q hach-t) bo=23 cone” ae r? a ahve pPT 3 BXIx (31-10-17) z por7wer? = B6-64 N/m2 Bot = QR he «x 1 a) = . gx. = fo17-(-23'c) = 86 64 (= 9) Heat generation in cy! Assumptions 1) Steady state ji) one-dimensional conduction i) Homogeneous material (P=¢) 1v) constant thermal cendectivity gese:1 Solig cylinder with uniperm heat generaton Ts Toovot _ = 4g? or ao +o at the centre (120); the temp. is maximum and have 2 =o c=0 ak -y aT _ —Tg%? or QE = Genk at. - Wet > Te te oY 2k 4k at y=R , T2Ts . R 2. 2+? Ts = - We + Co > Co Serge aE Alternate method 8q = 4g" volume 84 = 9g x mT Sgen = Qcondvct. Yq AVL = =ka dT alt Vg At tbs —k (amet) AT or = at drs dT 2K r2 1. ~4 +e at T=RT= ate + 29 22 s+ TE cr x2) T=0 (at centre) Temp. maximum at T= Tmax. Energy balance Qgen = Geos. Seon. q, (wR = kcanengt racer q Te 2 4g Rete = blewee) (Tse) T3= Toot a Te Tot WR 4 18 (Rm?) 2h 4KQ. A 32mm diameter stainless Steel wire ,socm tong Mas a voltage of Jov, the ower Surface of the wire is maintained at 93%c. calcwate the temp- atthe centre of the wire. take (Pq Usive 70.UA-cm, thermal conductivity — 22-5 W/m.oc ens: = 5 (5? R= pel = 0x10? exId2 L-M X 39x! 7 me ae R= 6.9630x lo? DL R eM is fo x10 4 143615+ 6642 Re. R 69630 R= O-o261 W ve IR = © = 382-97 : 0-026! Q=r2e = 382808 W q = Qy 3828-08 = —. = =3,2 isi Vo! Kya axi6) x 30x16 2 = 1887x102 “AngTre st SS 4K 2 Sx (H6x109) ~SBTXIO 5 93+ | E ux 225 may = '13 nder_ with heat generation when inside surface case:2, Hollow cyli is inswated = Heat conducted dt dy q grt = —k(2kTY) : re ode v2 ytinr] +e akL 2 [° vere, THT Boun dary condition at T=% T= 7- can be Calculated - a from this condition © Energy balance eq vation nergy sere Heat convected. Heat generated = Heat conducted = a FgXR(HP-WIL = -K(2m% u)at h (2% Yo) To-Too) y€ase:3: hollow cylinder withoutside Surface 's instlared Cin alirection g ty pen Ge- “ ¥ radius TW = @k(2a44) éstue Jet a +t In this equation -ve sign Not taken | while taken Pousvers lau b/c as the outer Surface iS insulated heat Flows sadiaty inwards therefore in the inwand “rection dr is —ve & temp: is decreasing Fadiauy inwards ld 5z ve] Ke therefore AT, is tve- p= ts 9 Ygk (= "IK = 2! k—1 —_ _— ar aT 2k > 48 {=a weet 2k Energy balance y, IT XwCHZ-TPZ)L = K2* ay ot ret Le = harry (Tj-Te) ~ Case:4: i i fos CASEY whollow cylinder with heat generation when inside € Outside 4 Sunpace ane maintained at Ti ¢ To seespectively. a t. HR) Oe : ED To 2S es | 2} =Sires = ar ar or ele x2 vat 2 - T9%* ye, oY Dk Yr ¢ aw. . WW, = Fee ar BR pe Ueto iny +% : uk & iG, c, Tr 4 teto 1 T=To we ger “ie rete Te Te et Tmax, at max. temp: ST = 0 J Tmor= 9 RQ GATE/IES g.et v= Tmox 1 T= Tmax Sractiatuy inward Baty RE = 44" (Tmax WD Praia oubward yee = 9a K (% 2 Yanan Qusraa = 9%” (er TIRE XE a . Praction of heat going % we Praction of heat going is the raho yf Praction of total heat Moving radially inwards fotal heat: heat radially inward +o the Heat generation in Spheres Assumpsion: (a steady State (2) 4- Dimensional condection (3 Homogeneous Mat: (P=C) (4) Constant thermal Conductivityby Energy balonce oT Vg: tere = -KCKAAD 2 geet ar 3k > = 2 do pc, = T 6k Byin= Gasra = Sesny. Naps = ~KUurR IT] = tq gree = ~ EC i > tg: X et - HCA) CS -To) ° —— = Ts 3h Ve: 192, 22 = Tet ot URe2*) T= Ts Gech. 4. 0:06 = o 6=486rnw 200 = A=25m? = =l0re gore (TR =3-si0 1amm 16mm x1o83 12x10 to 16 32-(-lo) = @ A| 0-06 Q=2250W- + 1TR= 35 KW GATE/IES tkwe 45 7TR aaskws Wy gX225 FG} ke Ky( 16+ (ti) eeconst: i L it does not give f [7] oy a Sign op K Ss t: K+ +ve Kk -more +t X=0 =u, wrk K-ve, TY Ts peony K=0 —r- same Temp? =c- possible in attME Secmk Sec- mh. 18. 42. T= oer 1 oT aT _ g -lo+4ox 4+ 30x2 dye KOE ox at = Yom+ box 2 7 z foo xses 2x10 = OF Ch L=im ont 3x?Bo) 2s 220 hires, ale Dore Os 0-02 x1 s iT 02 sx 0S Let of a? me fen 0-25, os 0- 04% SxI25 28-57 Bl OIE, : Tier ° + Th 1 0-3 1 os = 2A 208 SoA s28 & (0088) A | a 229 Q= 250 “Yeo Steady State 2 = SF 463 > ee = Spt . 20- Tinter Tinter = S730 (6-25p 2mm 23. oo 5m Qg = teow. og hor tq Yadlvs q Ca “ve > Imm L\ k=O-t Wmie Bore Ts =— halo Ym ws wee InPPTs) 2nTL 2xnx (2%103) XS " GATE/IES 0 2 Joo = tox 0-0625 ( 0-0625 m2 \ Ts = 18915 °° Taz 1 = Tet ba (R17) a Webbie > T= ue wREL gf BIB3OI(y-rsrxwe = LoD _ = 16915 = og Uxo4 O-031y aresioaT=? Ti-Too = 100 In( i) a 2K KOIKS 10 x 2ERX 2X16 XS 3 7-30 10° on206 +1°59'5J a d/ rat y 2 = dite - 3% a Oxi = or en # Be og eee 2 vat 2 - TPA Ro = a00x16 3 oY 2 os . as Cinswlabe We waar pod 100 x16 Bs -trsgre ene ©" Soo =0-025ve AzaKd?= resto? 26 qs SKIOT MY m3 wo ~ ge = 1-963 103 Az h 2nrL = 1 KW/m2e > axnx2sKie 7x] 7% _ lL=im m - m S&= HA (%- Te) Ts Fai 3 sxioly (AxL) = 102 xanx2sx16 xL (TS-7S) 3G xi0! w-963K1d? = 17-07 (Ts-78) y 624-84 = Te- 75 Ts = 700! = 20’ eeeeg - Qe PA (To~15,) = 95% 200 = 5000 or = Sooo WO = = moon w [23 , o's 4 28 P 20 = wl ee > 600-21 a Ke So [oos + O'S, ax] ke 5 80 = = Soop [oes s °'eg) => 0116 = G1S3t OS O-018 Ke 2153 Yee. pee ee (a "% P+8 woo = ot [ C8) 6, JK g (ze) Q, 2Q+f Uo = aie tet ( @ Pe 0c [ae | 5 = 8,0 (2a+p) = & (PIS) 480 = ~ G2 ‘8 oe — x1o0 a, ' (P#HO)+8-@ * (20+P)we 500-180 = SAP. —wy 3320= 8, Rp ——64) Soo-20 = @, ( Ret Ra) 9 4g0 = Gl Ret Ra) — T= A= 4Bo = Saf 2Ret Pe] 480 = 63( Rot Ret Ra) UBo = &, | 320 a] a &, atbhxt cx? dom? K= 4o W/mkQ Heat flow xe0 9 woxtor Ce) : gzi2or! doen = LK /m3 ‘ kt m—— fe +x @=-KAST dx |x=0 bs. Base 5 ESE * — =-3 Qz + 4OK1OX300 oe i ral = Bae Qh x=L or x21m. 3 120kKW ke . a -300 —!0° ax ~ 2 ees 35° rate of change oF Energy storage: Ly! Q= -KAaT ea Le} A=lo 160 = ~yoxlox€-uoe) £ Vol. 2 Stovoge.- CATES ed Ege = 1000X10 En+ & - & -€E i “ seg = (0 lew l2ot Io — 160 Esterage = = 30 Kw 36¢37- 2 xtc" *%m Sie. Rt a6 x 1x 104 a = a lad water -giass 5 ERY Soe 0-6 X10 = 12 xA x aT or 205 X 104 Ky ay “4 water. qoseee = SRS CONV bee) i : SE oogxiot = HA (ttm) conection een 7 0-6xlot = hex cond etn > = =e a stadinany rae conduction ees Qeona. = Sona (yeu Hae ta —KAaT ~KaA aT water = dy qlass catewate 3 = 0-5 x10" hin dy glass - BB. Vrs, 120%Heat transfer From Extended Surfaces CFins) We know that Q@- hAAT. To increase heat transfer AT canbe increased, but in most of the coses at is fixed & henceit is not Under over control Purther @ canbe increased by inereasion h (Rerced Convection), but Por Porced Convection we Need, Fon, pump etc ,it net only increases irihial cost but alse increase Running and maintenance cost. Therefore the best option avaiable Por increasing heat transper is to increase the Surface area by attaching extended surfaces (Fins) to the base anea either by welding or by extruding. , fp the heat transper Coerficient is high, Heat transre Coepricient will be more € hence there is no need oF Pins . Therer™ FINS ame more efficeective When his less, that is Under Free convection environment Ch isless, we need More Surface anéa, So Fins ane introduced) . UL Generalised equation | rm for Pins!~ Assempten- L 2 Q (4) steady stake heat (2) Neheat generation catevies J (3) Constant thermal SC" es (4) 4- Dimensional Conduction (5) Constant heat transrer coerFi cient (6) No bonding Resistance ~~ 5 (amb Le constant er temp) convechonQx1 = Geonv + Qconduction = @ + Oran Se “env * Convection area d it 4 fhe = Seany + K+ Fy, LOxd% we ee IK excl 3 hP dx (T-Teo) +2 2 (-KAc ot jax dx > hedgk (t-To) = 2 (kacdt ) gx = a[wars tax] me ox a 2[wrt]dX (t-te) Ge 4s poviunet ae ex P= (RAn Se onions * 2 ay =) pax F Bin gr. be 2 lad m*> — _ -eross-Section ae conston =» 2T _ m2(T- Too) u ae eT T= 8 de _ dT 7 Us su - as ot ox = #8 _ me =0 d29 _ g2T ax dx? ax2 (0 m?)8 goverring equation oF Pins: Sokution Por above digperental equation is g< ce age G= Acoshmx + 8Sinhmx Cases, Inpinitely long Fin Boundary Cenditon a) %=0, T=To ee ak 26 8 = Te- Too= Goak x= 6 OF iD at xeL+o T= Te @ = T-Teo Bo = Teo— To =O at x=L 8 ° mn =mx = ce" + c,€ B= eM + Ca emx Zz=0 B= Bo Bo = or tS %,=4 x=0 ®o & 1 Bo en 6 me 2 8 form, & less 8 , ru — decreases me Ca ce + — eme + & ee Thisig zero only when rx a eo 4 ° Shews that the temp EXPONENTIALLY Qlong the length of the Fin. _ 9Head transfer ~~ whatever the heat is entering Prom the base Cross-sechi foss-Sechonal anea that Should be transrexned through the Fin Q= — kA. YT oe # x=0 Q= T- To =x dx dx de =m re Ge (-m™) de = -m® Ax) x=0 @= KAcMBo Q= rae Be Go Efe ‘because the purpose pererer, here inswated tip means heat transrer Prom the tip is Negligible, Compane to the lange Suxpace anea this condition is used to obtain the boundarty condition. as the heat transfer Prom the tipis Zero therepore Qtip =O of Fin is te increase the = -KAco ax m=L . hee . atl -o Recto, dxlx=t , 020. B= Acoshmx+ Bsinhmx B= AC + Blo) at X=0do at =o = Ax Ieee wel swe @=T- Too ge _ ot dz) ae de = Asinhimxym + Baicosh(mxymMm = 0 de A = m(sinhme+ Bcosh(mt)] =0 = 6= -Asinhmt coshmt B= -p,sinnmt ore coshm FR) 9 = Acoshmx} BSE B 8= Bocoshmz — Be one i “ sy us B= coshmL coshmx ~ sinhmi Sinhmx = a Coshme Temp. distribution }s exponential. B cosh M(L- x) coshme ob . Be sinh mUt-%) Gm] dx coshmt dé dzlaso” 6, tanhme (-m)Gs +KAc-[MP 9, tanhmL kAc Q= JRpkAc Bo tanhme Ime: => A Fin canbe treated as inginitely long fin ip tanhmu=t (&+ fnpEAe 80) that is- mez Therefore @ gin canbe treated as on inginiketiy or L> 9m long Fin iF mie>S in at Preeend. (most practical Case) Case:3, Fin with Convectiol Boundarty condittons w ———— SF Th é ° Ste ; x SS Xzo x uM —kAcaT| = hAclTT) Ax} yo Ae. O= T- To p= Ten To 7, convected com L Pnsulated tip. I lb < ' Le = Ltt (Rectang tan = = a Rin ) = Lt+2 (cirewar) 4 Binles Corrected length Nothing is given in problem, use this case. case:4. Pin wstth specigied temp. at Ends. is TT % x Teo Oe Acoshme+ Bsinhmx at x=0, T=7,, 0=9, A=2 aty=oL; T=]; 6= 82 Be? i temp: wilt be minimum => BNnote: ip 1 € tT ane some then the temp at the centre, that is af rks mq &-------4------- A P —kaeT 6 4).————> OKT es Ty Jccttiee = oT 9 InSuated tip Sales =o ‘a KA to As temp. is minimum at centre ,Fin performance: C4] FIN Erficiency ( Ve 2 Eee ee se tment HOSE along the length of the in temp. decreases and hence the temp. difference bekween fin @ suxnounding decreases along the length {hence heat transpy decreases along the length of the Fin. Heat transfer FYOM FIN will be Maximem When the entire Fin is maintain at the base temp. To, the epfici- ency of t fin is defined as the ratio of actual heat transper to the maximum heat transper when the entire fin is assume at the base temperature. bas Qectval 2a oe 200e pA To 2os| 'Bo N60 hy potheticad (mot acteat) Too = 30% Qmax. n= Gat - o | o- perimeter Qmoximom L (Tp - Too} = = Ww TT aig counpace Cases. Thpinik long Rin L Orea) raed Oona = PL freKAc % Kae 1 "I : = h L mn [= ° KAc a a_ Tnsutated tip. tanhimb ops mL Errectiveness of FIN (Efin) ——— when Pins axe attached tothe basearea Conductive resistance increases & convective Tesistance dectea- Ses ,and hence the total resistance may increase or decrease ip the total resistance increases, heat trensfer decreases Simiascity ip the tetal resistance decreases, neat tronsfeYy ‘ari oF Increases. therepore erftctiveness of & Rin is defined as*heat with fin to the heat transfer without Fin. As - Re . i transger Reonv, v. Quithout Fin. Eakedi- Inginibely long gin (irek Ac Bo ea = NAc & é RE <> hAc For bettey performance effectiveness must be high therepore thermal Conductivity op Rin mMateval mustbe high « ip kis high the temp. drop along the length is- willbe less, and hence the temp. drop between Rin € Sweroun- aire wiu be more therefore heat transfer will be more, or better errectiveness , heat transper coefficient h must > that is “Pins ane more erpective Under Free Convecti- be Jess — on enuironment’’( his less). Por better effectiveness fy, must be lange Le. e effective ness wil be high if Ac is Smatt therefore thine preferred. and Pins must be closed (Not tooclosety ) Fins ane Spaced. beceese if they ane too closed tt abstract the flow or air iF €>2 Generally Fins axe erect ve 3] Zz > a a] 1 4 + ave ico so ge 1” « “k Ra crs Ie less. Kress. Q@ More , Sigh s. ass a better erfectiveness “USS Al : e : _4 Por better effectiveness 77 fh Le. Acv = mn . eee Pig: thingil buttoo Pig: thin Fim Pig) 4. closed £thin < mudickeed nelense (more errective) Cless eprective ble 1 less Best . it abstract the plow appeitie® oF air)Unsteady. state (Transient) Conduction Lumped System Anatysis- —_ tis guchan analysis in which the temp Vard N i fl + es only with time but mot with Space. Example, A hot copper bal taken out Prom oven. Temperature = F(Time)—> lumped # Pcspace) (» > —s (ET) —5 lumped 4 System valid. Ge) Gre Cisee > _, \aee — Nee, —> Lomped analysis 'S \ey NoT VALID. = 7 . nalysis the thermal condec- *e Note! for applying tivity of the object Gye obyect must be smal J gbyect 5 Time Required Por a & Joh a particular temp: '— Let Tj be the initial temp a Too ? Te Teo = Surrounding temp. (const:) snnovnding” h= heat transfer hot gases Coerpicient Tee, As= Sumpace anea of the ZS Obgect P= density of the obgect Ve Volume OF the object At any instant let T be the temp-or the object - To at =Heat transger by Convection = Energy Stored hAs(To-T) dt = MCpdT hAs(To-T)dt = Pvcp aT eC T-T)= AT-0 sdts= d(T-T Pycpar . —hAg (T-Teo) dt = 2 > ~hAs (T-Too) Ae = PV Cp ACT-Teo) t T «a = Mes at = PVCp ° Ty a» “HAs (ye In ( 7.) PyCp t > Temperature V Conclusion: tgrtartyBlet—roreber + Tnitauy the obyect take lessar HmMe, 'areron Por the Same temp. drop the time increases because with jnerease in time the temp: difference between ebgect ¢ Swwwending decrease , therefore ,it takes more tHme. PE ts the ratioof conductive resistance to the ig also depined aS the ratio of Biot Number (Bi): convective yesistance or it temp. drop due to Conduction to the temp-dtop due to convectron. Mathematically Bi Number TT Th Ti-Ty + Temp: drop duete Th-Two = Temp drop ave fo 2 = Br Too ie B= PL = RAL = KeoliaA Reond. Ksotia Ksotia A 4 Reony. hA Resna= kA Ks? ReondL z temp. is uniporm,for applying Lumped System analysis temp. Show not v with Space ana hence to achieve this thermas conductivity Showd be high , te. conductive resistance must be Smatt. This conductive gesistance is also Known as Internal conductive vesistance [IcR] L inductive Resistan Kea Risse. Internal Co i a2 ——a Exbernal convective Resistance 1 Reonv- hA Por Lumped Beattransfer by experimends) System is valid system is void 3 Tt is found from experiment thot the Lumped SY ip the Biot Number is less than Ot. > we know that Bi = be terstic Smension.- chant are Used to ne tronsient Heat Flew Skemp. cistri buon when duction & convection ce ane almest of equal choracterstic dimension & hopes : siqruricance ;8i=1 f (4) Plane Slab Lee Molume _ AXL qe EES = A Re 2A Thickness 2) cylinder: Niel ts leew 2 GOL Gy ic As XBL very less compove to Sunpace an so Neglect: it: ~2 8 © aes se ooeats i 4 Zz \F D=L, We take this3) Sphere Note! - _bAs . Eee Z e Pvce Th- Too ht _ ht " PCpY. PCple iS has = hAst _ PCpv 2 “C_ power vo. CFo) v HAst Be (dimensionless time 7 ear is represented by Powuer Number ) &% Pourder No Tepresents ability oF heat to penetrate. Time Response of a thermocouple :~ < Spherical Too Sensor anisehge uals mos} 4 less HiME __jhAs TTo clwel* Te Teo Fox veaching equalibsium T = Too v= for sphere Re oI = lange (spherical shape] Pox quicker wesponse (4) heat transfer coerficient (hi should be lange (2) diameter or radius (3) density of thermocou CD) Specigic heat (Cp) oF gaurd > FYCP is Known as tb HAs ma > PYoP eg 5 Tee nes Ti-Too ip t=T T-% - : ° & - &' 20-368 Ty -Teo we 3 it~ Tonto 1-0:°368 ae Tj -Too J Tj-T = 0:632(T:-Teo)ocensinvity OF OC tThermMocovVr zens The time taken by a thrmocouple to reach 63.2. of initial temp. difference is known as Sensitivi Por quicker Tesponse, the response time must be low. chapter: 2. Reond.T | Reony. AT= @-2. $° Gand. — Seonv. 3. a xt, at ON 1 1 Y 4 wr K 2 os n= be 725mm thickness of inswation Lr F %n-r=S 95. 1S (sj % {6 Yo = 125mm Ye = iomm a = 5 Wimtk = 0-05 — ee ig provide insuwation lomm 5" y TadivsS more than [2-4mm So Ql. (9 a e Rene KeA teR is smau. Ka > kyQrrex. Qwithin K=0-6 Quith A\ our Tea = 30°C Sem Tem 75cm Re 0B uy ag as. gre (Reonglss gg, = 28 = 0-04. Ee Reonv. & conductive Tesistance OF Sobid is Negtigible- 13. bss ah = Pye Ty — Too e Ty- Teo h= Yoo Y/m2k P= 8500 kg/,,3 Tys Boe Ty. = Boo =% Ra 0-706 x hot st ” =o es veam z mm T=29¢' = 3x4oo sy 298-300 2 e@ 8Se0x 4ooo x 0+353K16% 30-300 ee - greats + 270 - y In = -0-0999t 6) 270 t= 49.06 Seclla Too a T- Teo _ Wy -Teo Same Fer both Cases. Book h=S Wie a Bove 30. Ty i air “8S n= goo'e eee T=Is0¢ tan, T= 30't See, aha = 150°C . ae. Te 18 JT Me Pep t= 70sec. — =e Te —Teo constant A yl on = PA be const (Fe)? 7 ; “ faeht = const time is less, hismore- at epxek: ip h is giver. pe o Similax baus vte heated tothe nt ,then the bau exposed coerpicient Wil) Cool ask time hte Note: if tw same temp. ‘ond exposed to clipperent enuironme: ino medium with higher heats transFer down Faster: 2u. 25 200 a Ss 2oo'e as less temp. Pree end fe less cond, 20 [OA] x AY Bt ~kafat a KA #0 — Glxen * + Balece 29. d=smm k= Yoo Wk L= loomm a: cao am: [ne Tye 130'c Tor 30c KA he 40 m2 = Inpere Botanhmle 7 [40x 4oo% 963% 7 Ba > Hee. Y = ors a lelasmm q Perimeter < 7 Si¥eumperence of Aeme [he _ [4owxo-01570 ka Woo x 1-463 KIO > Ms UB BINH? PHoret2. 0.01570 B.I442 B= Jie x00 x 9634155 0-018 x (100) x Lenh( Heise x 0:10125) = O6S48 90-7190 Q=4-9358 W- Re G2) resse 65% : pote fooc “C9 a [oO at te 3 Hote 4o'c Cin notes). 34 Levan, worn: Pee t ey Le een, * Tos otc 8= Kk = 150 “(7% nerineuagest. Re Tw Ste ip a he 25 wymak 2 autky, S 212756 ton lott G2 fnekAc 9% ait 2 ee ee —————.. y aanist uy 7 0 = = m =| 25 X 0 Mw x 1SOX 3axlot XS P= 2(Brm) = 0m ud 2 - . ytanh nero xO: 246) me [RP Ae= 22%1S Be = 33x10 m2 = COTE Ossig = 225x068 = = Tsov33xie? = Y-e72L = A et gt Us he 100 lo 2 1Up 9:09 W/m2k ater t time — Lemp. of Liquid Reduces te 50°C Prom Lumped ‘system analysis -hAs .t T-To _ @ Pvep Ty - Teo | 50-25 3 —_—__——_ = ~~ ™ 75-25 2 In (3) = —G06x10 & 50 t= 14438-072 Sec t= 19.438 x10? See pa As for cyeldnder LR 8