Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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VIRTUAL COMMUNITIES
For your parents’ generation, “community” means friends and neighbours, people at the shops and at
school. But for the younger “networked generation”, friendship and the idea of community is changing
all the time. These days, your best friends might be in LA, Madrid, London and Shanghai. What’s more,
using networking sites such as MySpace, you can talk to everybody in your community at the same time.
So, what does community mean these days?
To share music twenty years ago, people spent hours recording their favourite songs onto cassettes.
Today, you can simply upload your favourite music to your online space in just a few minutes. Some
sites have a DJ facility, and a lot of bands become famous online.
Sharing photos ten years ago wasn’t easy either. You took either 24 or 36 photos to finish the film. A
shop developed the film and you waited a few days to collect the photos. Then you could post or give
the best photos to your friends. Today, you can see digital photos as you take them.
Networking sites are revolutionizing the way we find new things and how we communicate. The sites
give you your own online space which you personalize with a profile, photos, music, and lists of your
favourite films, music, videos and books. And you can share your photos, songs and videos with your
friends. You browse to find other people who like the same things as you, and of course, you can chat.
The technology is amazing, but its effects on our “community” are even more significant. People who
live hundreds of kilometres from the nearest town never feel lonely again. They can have the same
friends and enjoy the same fashion as people who live in a big city. It doesn’t matter where you live; all
that matters is the online connection to your virtual community. People with specialized interests can
instantly meet others who share their hobby. Nobody can see or hear you, so shy people can
communicate with the same confidence as the most sociable people in the community, and the culture
of sharing and communicating has a positive effect on everybody.
The world gets smaller every day, while electronic communities grow. However, although virtual
communities are quick, easy and fun, we must never forget the importance of family, neighbours and
school. Communities could not exist if everybody was a hikikomori.
Glossary: a hikikomori is a person who stays in and lives a virtual life instead of a real one.
Read the article and decide if the statements are TRUE or FALSE
1. The Word “community” has changed its meaning through out the years. ………
2. Technology has dramatically changed communication. ………
3. On a networking site you can share music but not photos. ………
4. Networking is good for shy people. ………
5. Virtual communities should replace family and friends in the future. ………
Westerners are used to enjoying modern luxuries 1. ............................... as a TV. So it may come
2. ..................... a surprise that in the USA and Canada, there is a religious community
3................................... rejects cars, phones and even electricity.
About 300 years ago, the Amish moved to America to establish independent Christian communities with
an emphasis 4................................ religious contemplation. Today, the 200,000 Amish
5........................... live apart from modern Americans. Most Amish work on their own farms and their
children go to special schools. They speak an old-fashioned form of German, but they study English at
school.
Telephones are banned because 6........................... the Amish, meeting and talking face-to-face is
7................................. important. Most homes don’t have electricity, 8............................... the
distractions of TV and the internet don’t exist. They don’t drive or fly: they prefer horse-and-cart
buggies. Wearing colourful or fashionable clothes is considered frivolous. 9........................, Amish men
wear simple hats and dark clothes. Amish women try to look plain instead of glamorous, and they wear
10 ............................ made clothes.
Schooling ends 1. (at / in) the age of fifteen. Between sixteen and twenty, the Amish have rumspringa,
when they taste the American way of life. They meet non- Amish adolescents. They watch TV and wear
jeans- they can even learn to drive. Then, after several years of rumspringa, they 2. (do / make) the
most difficult decision of their lives. They must choose either to stay with the Amish community and its
church and reject modern America 3. (also / or) they can decide to live forever as a non-Amish
American. If they decide to leave the community, they know that this decision is final and they cannot
go back.
You might 4. (expect / wait) young Amish to choose pop music and mobile phones, not the church and a
quiet family life, but they don’t. In fact, 80-90% of rumspringa adolescents decide to stay with their
community. Perhaps the Amish have a lesson for 5. (all / every) of us about living a happy life.
4. PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT TENSE (……. /10)
Dear Sabine,
Sorry I haven’t written for ages, but I 1. (have) …………………….………... a lot of work recently and I 2. (be)
…………………………..…... too exhausted to do anything in the evenings once I get home. Today is a bank
holiday though, so I 3. (write) .......................................... e-mails all day to try to catch up with all my
friends. Guess what! I 4. (move out) ......................................... . of my parents’ house! I 5.
(live) .................................................... in my new flat for a week now, and I love it. I 6. (already
/unpack) ............................................................... all my things and it’s beginning to feel like home.
You must come at once!!!
The bad news is that I 7. (split up) ............................................... with Sebastian. He 8.
(travel) ..................................................................... so much on business lately that we 9. (not /
manage) ................................................................ to see each other much and I 10.
(meet) ................................................... someone else. He’s called Carl and he’s a colleague from work.
Anyway, I must go. Please write soon and tell me all your news.
Love, Deborah.
2. Well I'm not washing up. I did it last time." Mary said
4. "It's not true." “I’m not having an affair with my research assistant” said the politician
The politician ............................................. having an affair with his research assistant – they
7. “I can come and look after the children tomorrow night." Jane said
Jane ...................................................... to come and look after the children the following day
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2. Mr. Smith offered my sister over £400,000 for her house, but she didn't want to sell it.
________________________________________________________________________
3. They opened the museum to the public last week after extensive refurbishment.
________________________________________________________________________
4. They are building a lot of new flats at the moment to house the people moving to the
city.
________________________________________________________________________
5. They will open the new metro linking the city to the airport in three years’ time.
________________________________________________________________________
7. The school authorities sent pupils home this morning when they found that the storm
had damaged the roof.
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8. PARAPHRASE ( ……./10)
Rewrite the sentences using the word given.
4. I have decided that in the future I’m not going to eat chocolate. GIVE
I’ve decided that I’m going to ……………………………………………………………………………… chocolate.
5. “Did you see that film on Friday night?” Sean asked me. SEEN
9. I love those shoes but I cannot buy them because I don’t have money. WOULD