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Chapter Outline: "Crystals Are Like People, It Is The Defects in Them Which Tend To Make Them Interesting!"
Chapter Outline: "Crystals Are Like People, It Is The Defects in Them Which Tend To Make Them Interesting!"
Bonding
+
Crystal Structure Properties
+
Defects
Composition
Thermomechanical
Processing
Microstructure
A 2D representation of a
perfect single crystal with
regular arrangement of atoms.
N v = N s exp⎛⎜ − v ⎞
Q
k T ⎟
⎝ B ⎠
N v = N s exp⎛⎜ − v ⎞
Q
k T ⎟
⎝ B ⎠
Ni
Cu
Carbon interstitial
atom in BCC iron
Weight % to Atomic %:
wt
C 1 A2
C1 = wt
at
× 100
C1 A2 + C2 A1
wt
wt
C 2 A1
C2 = wt
at
× 100
C1 A2 + C2 A1
wt
Atomic % to Weight %:
C1at A1
C1wt = at × 100
C1 A1 + C2 A2
at
C2at A2
C2wt = at × 100
C1 A1 + C2 A2
at
C1wt C2wt
C1 = wt C2 = wt
C1 C2wt C1 C2wt
+ +
ρ1 ρ2 ρ1 ρ2
C1 and C2 are concentrations of the first and second
components in g/cm3
100
Average density ρ ave = wt
of a binary alloy C1 C2wt
+
ρ1 ρ2
Textbook, p. 97
http://zig.onera.fr/DisGallery/3D.html
Grain Boundaries
Polycrystalline material comprised of many small crystals
or grains. The grains have different crystallographic
orientation. There exist atomic mismatch within the
regions where grains meet. These regions are called grain
boundaries.
Grain Boundary
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 4, Defects in crystals 23
Surfaces and interfaces have structure that is different from
the bulk and can be reactive → impurities tend to segregate
there.
Since energy is associated with interfaces, grains tend to
grow in size at the expense of smaller grains to minimize
energy. This occurs by diffusion (Chapter 5), which is
accelerated at high temperatures.
¾ Pores
¾ Cracks
¾ Foreign inclusions
A cluster of microcracks in a
melanin granule irradiated by a
short laser pulse.
Computer simulation by Zhigilei and
Garrison.
MD simulations by Brandt, d
J. Phys: Condens. Matter 1,
10002, 1989. 50
d – equilibrium
interatomic distance
Chapter 5: Diffusion
Diffusion mechanisms (vacancy, interstitial)
Steady-state diffusion (Fick’s first law)
Nonsteady-state diffusion (Fick’s second law)
Factors that influence diffusion
Other diffusion paths