Pao Cod Cries Useful for Campus Recruitments, and Competitive Examinations— ISRO, DRDO, HAL, BARC, ONGC, NTPC, DVC, BHEL, SAIL, GAIL, NHPC, PGCIL, IOCL, IES and Others Important Topic-wise Problems with Solutions Ti Or mrGATE FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Chandan Kumar Chanda Professor Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Engines \d Technology Shibpur, Howrah (West Bengal) Sumit Banerjee Associate Professor and Head Department of Electrical Engineering Dr. BC. Roy Engi ‘ollege Durgapur (West Bengal) Abhijit Chakrabarti Professor Department of El al Engineering Indian Institute of Engineering nd Technology Shibpur, Howrah (West Bengal) PHI Learning (7 ctie [imtied Delhi-110092 2016GATE FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (with CD-ROM) Chandan Kumar Chanda, Sumit Banerjee and Abrijt Chakrabarti (© 2016 by PHI Learning Private Limite, Delhi. Al ights reserved. No part ofthis book may be repteduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in wating from the publisher, ‘ll product and service names menionod In ths Book ae regard or wagered ademas o¢ sence marke of Her ‘eapestie companiae, Uso of an Prove! oF sevio nam inthe book Shaul no be regarded afosing tho vay of ay Iredomork or serve ma |SBN-978-81.203-5096.0 ‘The export rights of tis book are vested solely with the publisher, Published by Ascke K Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patpargan| Industral Estate Deln-110002 and Printed by Rakamal Electc Press, Plot No.2, Phase IV, HSIDC, Kundl-131028, Sonepat, HaryanaContents Preface suoue sen How to prepare for GATE Exam?, What is special about the book? su. How 10 read this book?. 11. ELECTRIC CIRCUITS..... 11 Syllabus: A 1.2. Weightage in Previous GATE E (Marks), 1 13. Topies to be Focused Al Networks and Circuits. ui Network Elements, ll Classification of Network, 12 Circuit Elements 12 Vector and Phasor 13 Series and Parallel Networks. 13 Controlled S 13 Duals and Dualit 13 Kirchhoff’s Laws. 14 Network Theorems La Network Graph 1s 2-Port Network 16 Driving Point Immittance (Impedance and Admittance) Function 17 Caleulation Procedure for a Series AC Circuits 7 Solution of Three-Phase Circuits 18, Filter Ls Resonance 19 14 Important Points to Remember 19 15. References. Mu 16 Previons Yeats’ Questions 12 Solutions, 121 2. CONTROL SYSTEM... 21-245 2.1 Syllabus. 24 2.2 Weightage in Previous GATE Examination (Marks) 24 ov 23 ‘Topics to be Focused Introduction Open Loop Control Systems, Closed Loop Systems Analogous Quantities (Force-Voltage Analogy) Analogies Quantities (Force-Current Analogy), ‘Transfer Function, Signal Flow Graph (SFG). Mason's Gain Formula Time Response Enror Constant (or coefficient) Sensitivity Control Action Compensator Stability Analysis System Response. Routh Hurwitz Stubility Criterion Root Locus. Bode Plot Polar Plot Nyquist Plot Gain Margin and Phase Margin Determination, Frequency Response of a Control System. Constant Magnitude of Locus (circles sand N-circles) Slate Space Analysis Controllability Observability Important Points to Remember. References. Previous Years’ Questions. Solutions, 3 3 3 5 3 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 2.10 2.10 2.10 241 212 212 225Ovi cortens 3. POWER SYSTEM: 13.29 Alemator ss. sun AAS an ul, . Synchronous Moor 418 3.2 Weightage in Previous GATE Examination 44 Important Points to Remember 420 igs ‘ gy | 45: Releences 33. Topics to be Focused 31 46 Brevious Yeats! Questions 4 Line Model and Perfor: voltions 430 Lines Sul | 5. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC Voltage Regulation vs 3.2 MEASUREMENTS 5.1-5.19 ‘Transmssion Eliiency 32) SL Syllabus aa Power Flow Through a Transmission Line 32 | $3. Welshiage in Pacvoug GATE Examination Cables 34 ‘tas. Corona 34 | 53. Topies tobe Foowed Distribution System 35 Electrical Measurement Per Unit Representation 33 Potentiometers Bus Adnitance Matrix a7 Bridees Symmetrical Components 38 Measurement of Resistance 33 asymmetrical Fels, 38 Different Insvuments 33 Postve, Negative and Zero Sequence Measurement of Power 36 Components a8 Mensiremet of Power Factor 37 Single Line Diagram 39 ‘Measurement of Energy Preparation of Per Unit Impedance Diagram ...3.9 Instrument Transformers {ferential protection 310 Voltmeter Multipliers istance Protection 3.10 Digital to Analog. Zone Protection 310 Error in MI Meter... 3 Seis ene Rely si 3 Reafer Type of lnstuments 39 vi Se Rely (SR) a Compensition for Inductance of Pressure wee Biz Cail so Nick Sean 3 3-Phase Power Measurement by Wattmeter..5.10 Suing Cure 33 Cable Fats 510 Equal Area Criterion 313, Murray Loop Test 310 Varley Loop Test 510 emote Operation oe a4 yas a Power Fett (C046) Conedtionnoesne314 | 54 apntant Pan Remener si Voltage Control ane |S Iporant su 34 Important Points to Remember. aie | 83 Relies ae 35. Relerences. oo was Previn ge 3.6 Previous Years” Quest 31S Solutions... so soe 323 ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS........ 6.1-6.24 4, ELECTRICAL MACHINES .....ssssssssssssssevvee 414.37 6.1 Syllabus. 61 41 Syllabus “1 | 62. Weightage in Previous GATE Examination 42. Weightage in Previous GATE Examination (Marks), 61 se oA Ho ga | 63. Topies to be Focused st 43 Topics to be Focused 41 Digital Bleetronics.... ot Single Phase Transformer at |g, Atelog Blesrenes 62 Single Phase Transformer aa portant Pints to Remeber Auotanfomers CONE | 85: Relownces 8 DC Machines, ” 45 Solutions. 6.18 DC Motor 46 3-Point Starter. 48 POWER ELECTRONICS ......s0eeee Speed Control of DC Motor 43 | 71 Syllabus ‘Thyee-Phase indueton Motor S10 | 72. Weightage in Previous GATE Exam Single Phase Induetion Motor 44 (Maths) cnn seins Ta73 74 75 76 8 82 83 34 85 86 on 92 93 ‘Topies to be Focused. cal Phase Control Rectifier 7 Important Points to Remember 13 References. 74 Previous Years’ Questions. senna TA Solutions 78 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS. 8.18.12 Syllabus, 8.1 Weightage in Previous GATE Examination (Marks) 81 ‘Topies to be Focused. 8.1 Introduetion to Signals oS Causality 8.1 Stabil 81 Invertibility and Inverse System 81 Continuous Time Linear Time Invariant (LTD) System, 81 Static and Dynamic System. 82 Z-ransform, 82 Fourier Transform, 84 Important Points to Remember 84 References. 8.5 Previous: Years” Questions. 85 Solutions. sv soni 88 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. Syllabus, 9 Weightage in Previous GATE Examination (Marks) 91 Topies to be Focused 9.1 Linear Algebra 91 Rolle’s, Lagrange’s Mean Value and Taylor's Theorem 94 Maxima and Minima. 9.5 Partial Differentiation 96 10. GENERAL APTITUDE. Contents O.vii Integration 97 Delinite Integrals 98 Multiple Integrals and Their Applications....9.10 Differential Equations. out Complex Number and Functions. O14 Theory of Probability 9.17 Numerical Methods os. Laplace Transform and Fourier Transform...9.22 9.4 Important Points to Remember: 9.23 9.5 References 924 9.6 Previous Yeats’ Ques 924 Solu - 934 10.1 Syllabus. 10.2 Weightage in Previous GATE Examination (Marks) 0. 10.3 Verbal Ability lo. Common Errors 10.1 One Word Substitutions 7 103 Antonyms: lot ‘Synonyms 106 Important Questions, 107 10.4 Previous Years’ Questions (Verbal Ability) 10.11 Solutions lod 10.5 Numerical Ability 10.14 Algebraic Formulae 10.15 Progression 10.15 Triangle 10.16 10.6 Important Points © Remember (Num Ability) 10.17 10.7 Refere! 10.18 10.8 Previous Years’ Questions (Numerical Ability) 10.18 Solutions 10.21‘copyright materialPreface In the present competitive secnario, where engineering colleges are mushrooming al every nook and comer of the country the only yardstick to measure and test the actual ability of students is the GATE. That is why the number of aspirants for the GATE examination is increasing exponentially every year. There is a general misconception among students that GATE examination is only meant for pursuing ME/M.Tech from the prestigious ITS/NITs and finally ends up with a leaching career. But in this context, we want fo mention here that the recent developments about the GATE score is very vital and instrumental to get different PSUs job with a high salary package. Although there is no dearth of books in the market for some of these areas, since this is an academically high level examination, we have tried our level best to design the book in such a manner that an average student can score high if he/she solves an adequate number of problems based on the fundamental concepts. In fact, this book comprises the flow Of (opies arranged in such @ way so that the students ean grab the advanced concepts to tackle the Gicky problems in this kind of competitive examination We are grateful (0 the authorities of Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah and Dr. B.C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur for providing the facilities necessary for writing this book. We are greatly thankful to our colleagues at the EST, Shibpur and BCREC, Durgapur for their encouragement and various useful iggestions, We cannot express our thanks and gratefulness in words to our student Deblina Maity, Assistant Professor, Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Kolkata, who has helped us ia many ways for this book, jon, constant motivation and encouragement by Last, but not the least, we appreciate the patience, help, insp Gopa Chanda, Shampa Banerjee, Sayonsom Chanda, Soumyadeep Banerjee and other fam preparation of the book. ‘We would also Tike to thank the editorial team of PHI Learning, Delhi for their support We certainly hope that this book will prove to be a great aid to all the GATE/PSUs aspirants Constructive criticism and comments or suggestions for the improvement of the book are alwa: be greutly acknowledged. ly members throughout the welcome and will Best of Luck! Chandan Kumar Chanda Sumit Banerjee Abhijit Chakrabarti oe‘copyright materialHow to prepare for GATE exam? Preparation Strategy ‘To get success in GATE/PSUs examinations in a short span of time, you need a proper planning. The following steps are {© be followed to prepare GATE examination: + Preparation time for GATE is subjective and depends on individual's aptitude, fundamentals, attitude, concentration level, ete. Typically a rigorous preparation of 7-8 months is considered well enough for getting IITs, ISC or NIT. © Channelise your energy to a particular goal # A good understanding of the basic concepts and their application is required. © Prepare those chapters or topies in depth from which questions appeared frequently * As a thumb rule, while solving any GATE problem, if the solutio the approach (generally GATE problems are little tricky but not I © While solving the problem, students must have balance between speed and aceuraey lakes more than 10 steps, you must re-look at yathy) * Any problem can be tackled in number of ways. Therefore, be innovative and intuitive also, * Practice all varieties of questions from as many sources as possible, i.e. practice a Tot. # Take up regular mock tests to keep & check on your performance # Tis advisable to directly ju P upon the previous GATE question on the topic you just finished. # Always remember “You Can Get If You Really Want” So, positive mind is the key. # Remember the secret of suecess in GATE is not a brilliant mind, but rather a hard working menta honing of your skills which comes from practice ox‘copyright materialWhat is special about the book? This book provides a complete analysis of the questions chapter-wise based on previous years’ GATE examination ‘The book is according to the syllabus of the examination of DRDO, BARC, BHEL, DVC, NTPC, ONGC, SAIL. ISRO, GAIL, NHPC. PGCIL, IOCL, HAL and many more Public Sector Undertaking examination and also for the preparation for IES examination * Within depth and detailed explanations of the various concepts and techniques that haye been made use of in order to solve each question. Solutions are presented in lucid and understandable language for an average student # Apart from subject topics, verhal ability, logical reasoning, numerical abil in detail in this book. Explanations and engineering mathematics are covered provided in a simple and easy t0 understand method covering all the required topics for the complete preparation of the examinations, # This book is accompanied by a free CD of last 13 years’ solved GATE question papers with hints and solutior # Last but not the least, authors’ 30 years of experience and devotion to write this book will surely help its readers to achieve success in various competitive ninations. How to read this book? * Before commencing a new chapter, fist glance through the syllabus and weightage of the questions appeared in the previous exams, # To make the theory sound and completely g0 through the fundamentals and formulae along with the ke y points # Points to remember after a brief theory is thus a ready reckoner in this book To enhance your knowledge you can take the help of other resourves and references mentioned in each chapter of this book, # At first glance, if you cannot crack the problem in your own, then only you ean refer to the solu in this book in a lucid and understandable manner on which are solved oxi‘copyright material1 a Electric Circuits 1.1 SYLLABUS Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transient response of de and ac networks: sinusoidal steady state analysis, resonance, basie filter concepts; ideal current and voltage sourees, Thevenin’s, Norton's and Wort network, three phase ci maximum power wansfer theorems, 2 sperposition and 1.2 WEIGHTAGE IN PREVIOUS GATE EXAMINATION (MARKS) 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013, 201s Seit | Sec? | Set3 TMakQuestion [5 | 2) 1) 3 )2)3 fais] a a [4 2Marks Question | 7 | 7 | | 9 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 7|4/3 [3 |] 4 Total Marks wo )wloaiaftw i uf) »{n |» | w]e 1.3. TOPICS TO BE FOCUSED NETWORKS AND CIRCUITS * The interconnection of wo or more simple circuit elements forms an electrical network. I he network, contains at Teast one closed path, itis also an electrie circuit, So, every circuit is a network, but all networks are not cireuits, ‘© A network that contains at least one active element, such as an independent voltage or current source, is mm active network. A network that does not contain iny active elements is a passive network ‘© The independent and dependent voltage and current sources are circuit element. More additional circuit clements ate resistor, inductor capacitor, transformer and the ideal operational amplifier (op-amp). These tre all ideal elements. NETWORK ELEMENTS A network element is a component of a circuit having different characteristics as describe below Linear and Non-inear Elements ‘© A linear clement shows linear characteristics of Vollage ys. current. Simple resistors, inductors, and capacitors are linear elements and their resista inductances and capacitances do not change with a change in applied vollage or the cireuit current, A Tinear network is one in which the principal of superposition linearity test) holds, ‘© In an electric circuit, a nonlinear element or nonlinear device is an electrical element which does not have 4 Tinear relationship between current and vollage. A diode is a simple example Active and Passive Elements ‘© Ifa cireuit element has the capability of enhancing the energy level of a signal passing through it, it is called wn active element, Vacuum tubes and semiconductor devices (such as transistors, op-amps ele.) are active elements, = On the other hand, resistors, inductors, capacitors, thermistors, ele, are passive elements as they do not have any intsinsic means of signal boosting. Unilateral and Bilateral Elements © If the magnitude of the current passing through an clement is aflected due to change in the polarity of1.2. GATE for Electrical Engineering the applied voltage, the element is called untlareral element. Ou the other hand, if the current magnitude remains the same even if the applied ems polarity is cha ‘© Unilateral clements offer varying impedances with variations in flow of current while bilateral elements offer same impedances irrespective of flow of current. Examples of unilateral element are diodes, transistor ele. whereas examples of bilateral network elements ate resistor, induetor, capacitor, ete CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK ‘The network being a conducting path through which electric current flows or intends to flow, contains resistance, inductance, and capacitance. These elements are also called network parameters and may be in form of lumped ot distributed, There are different types of classifications of networks. ged, itis culled a bilateral element Linear and Non-linear Circuits ‘© Iis the circuit whose parameters remain constant with change in applied voltage or current. Examples are a resistance, inductance or capacitance ‘© Lis a circuit whose parameters change with voltage for current. A semiconductor resistor is an example of this circuit ‘© A linear circuit obeys Ohm’s law, while in non-tinear circuit, Ohm’s law is not sal ed, Unilateral and Bilateral Circuits ‘© When the direction of current is changed, the characteristics or properties of the circuit may change. In this ease, the circuit is a unilateral cireuit (diode, leansistor ete.) © When with change in direction of current, the characteristics oF properties of the circuit may not change: it is then called bilateral cixeuit. Mostly clements made of high conducting material are bilateral circuits Active and Passive Networks ‘* Lis # network which contains one or more than one sources of emf. An active network consists of an active element like « battery or transistor. ¢ When the network does not contain a led passive newark. A pas consists of re iductance or capacitance as passive elements, A passive network does not contain any source of energy. Lump and Distributed Networks Physically separate network elements like R Lor Care known as lumped elements. A transmission Tine or a cable on the other hand, is an example of distributed parameter network as throughout the line they are not physically separate. emf, it is ea ve network If the network is fabricated with its elements in lump form, i is called @ lumped network and if in distibuted form it is called distributed network Recurrent and Non-recurrent Networks When a large eicuit consists of similar networks connected cone after another, the network is called as recurrent nevwork for cascaded newwork. I may also eall us ladder network. On the other hand, « single network is called non-reeurrent network CIRCUIT ELEMENTS Resistance Electieal 1 ance is the property of a material by virtue of which it opposes the low of electrons through the muterial Thus, resistance restricts the flow of electric current through the material. The unit of resistance (it) being ‘olin’ (Q), r R ‘When an electric eurrent flows trough any conductor, heat is generated due to collision of free electron with atoms If F amperes (A) be the strength of current for a potential difference of V volts (V) across the conductor, the power absorbed by the resistor is given by P=VI=UR)R= PR watts (W) stance in form of heat is then and the energy lost in the 1 expressed as wa [dea Peat Inductance Inductance is the property of a material by virtue of which i opposes any change of magnitude or direction of electric current passing through the conductor. The unit of induel (L) being “henry” (HD. vant ‘ Where J is the custent through the inductor in ampere, Power absorbed by the inductor is given by P= 1 wats ai Energy absorbed by the inductor will thus be giv we fra fans p The inductor can store finite amount of ene even the voltage across it may be nil. A pure inductor does not dissipate energy but only store it Note:lectrc Creuits 1.3 Capacitance Iis the capacity of an clement to store electric charge within it. A capacitor stores electric energy in the form of electric lield being established by the two polarities of charges on the (wo electrodes of a capacitor. The unit of capacitance (© being farad (F), If q being the amount of charge that can be stored in a capacitor of capacitance C against a potential difference of V volts, then [Vp = initial voltage of the capacitor, V, = final voltage of the capacitor] = he fu “wen The power absorbed by the capacitor is penav ct de ‘And energy stored by the capacitor is Voltage-current relationship of circuit elements shown in the following table. Circuit] Voltage otis) | Carvent | Power att elements amperes) xO) vent ; Pore Te) 2 Z Help l rae | peut a : a iy, being the intl eure) ab a ° cl perth a a VECTOR AND PHASOR Vector is @ generalized multidim both magnitude and direction, Phasor naal quantity having 4 two dimensional vector used in electrical technology which relates to voltage and current SERIES AND PARALLEL NETWORKS Resistors Ry HR +R +R +—+R, Resistors in Parallel Cy HG AG HC HC, Inductances in Series Lg 2 hy tly tlyt tly Inductanees in Parallel CONTROLLED SOURCES ‘# A dependent source is a voltage source or « current source whose value depends on a voltage or current somewhere else in the network. ‘* Dependent or controlled sources are of the Following types: () Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) Gi) Current Controlled Voltage Souree (CCV) ii) Voltage Controlled Current Souree (VCCS) Gv) Curtent Controlled Current Source (CCCS) DUALS AND DUALITY In an electrical circuit itself there are pairs of terms which can be interchanged to get new eireuits, Such pair of dual terms are as follows: Cures > Voltage Open = Short L oc R OG Series > Parallel Voltage source —> Current source KCL > KVL ‘The following steps are to be followed to draw the dual of any network: = In each loop of a network place a node; and place fan extra node, called the reference node, outside the network. ‘© Draw the lines connecting adjacent nodes passing through each elem and also to the relerence node,1.4 GATE for Electrical Engineering by placing the dual of each element in the line passing through original elements KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS © Kirchhoff's first law is based on the law of conservation ‘of charge, which requires that the algebraic sum of charges within a system eannot change. ‘* Kirchhoff’ current law (KCL) states that the algebraic ‘sum of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) Mathematically, /, ‘© Kirchhoff’s second law is based on the principal of conservation of energy. ‘© Kirehhofi's voltage law (KVL) states that the algebr ‘sum ofall voltages around a elosed path (or loop) is zero. 0 Mathematically, where M is the number of voltages in the loop (or the number of branches in the loop) and V,, is the m' voltage. NETWORK THEOREMS ‘Thevenin’s Theorem and Norton’s Theorem A linear active resistive bilateral network containing several Voltage or current source ean be replaced either by single voltage source [Thevenin's voltage (Viq)) resistance [Thevenin’s resistance (Rra)] or by a constant single current source [Norton's current (Jy)} with parallel, resistance (Norton's resistance (Rx) u ‘evo 2, Norton's network So the current (J) flowing through load resistance Ry connected across any two terminals A and B of the network shown in the figure is given by According to Thevenin’s theorem, 1, According 10 Norton's theorem, 1, = Ty Vin is the open circuit voltage that is voltage across load terminals when R, is removed. I is the short cireuit current when load is removed and that path to he shorted 4 te eT | Ie Sr, fo] Finding Norton's ¥ % Finding Thevenin wollage Rn Bh Ky Finding Thevenin resistance ‘or Norton's tesistance Ry and Ry is the Thevenin's resistance and Norton's resistance which is the equivalent resistance of the network fas viewed back into the open circuited network from load terminals deactivating all other sources. ‘© Voltage source has zero intemal resistance, When it is denetivated then the path should be shorted = Current source has infinite resistance. When deactivated then the path should be opened, Superposition Theorem For a linear system, the voltage or current in any branch of 4 bilateral linear cireuit having more than one independent source equals the algebraic sum of the voltages or currents caused by exch independent source acting alone, where all the other independent sources are replaced by their intemal impedances. eR BYR a 1) o> Ry v v v Curent source is deetivated Only voltage source considered Re , r ‘Voltage sourse is deactivated ‘Only current source considered. When two sour are considered, load eurrent J,. According to superposition theorem, first one source is considered andElectric Creuits 1.5 other sources are deactivated. ‘Then wain calculate load current /,, (considering voltage source). Th dered and other source 4 n another source is co denctivated and calculate load eurrent J; (considering current source). This caleulation is continued still all sources are considered individually. So load current fy = Izy + de> cannot he used to measure power: is not applicable 1 unbalanced bridge circuits Gil) Applicable only to Tine: (iv) Applicable only for the eireuits having more than one circuits, Maxi Maximum external power from a source is abstracted with 4 finite internal resistance, the resistance of the load must ‘equal the resistance of the source as viewed from its output terminals (Thevenin or Norton resistance). um Power Transfer Theorem Maximum power The average power delivered to a load Zs from a sinusoidal source with vollage Vs and internal impedance Z;= R+ iX is maximum when Zs is equal to the complex conjugate of Z; so that Zs = R~ JX. Application of maximum power transfer theorem In communication system, maximum power transfer is always sought, For example in publie address system, the cireuit is adjusted for maximum power transfer by’ making load resistance (speaker) equal to the source resistance (amplifier), When source and load have the ance, they are said to be matched, Gi) In car engines, the power delivered (0 the starter motor of the car will depend upon the effective resistance of the motor and the internal resistance of the battery. If the Ovo resistances are equal, power will be transferred to the motor (© turn (© the engine. Note: Overall efficiency of a network supplying ‘maximum power is 50% NETWORK GRAPH ions © Node: Node is a point more circuit elements are joined. © Branch: Branch is a path that connects wo nodes. + Loop: It is « complete path ie., starting from a pointuode retum back to the original point # Mesh: It is special type of loop ic. contain any other loop Wil the circuit where two ot it does not Orient graph: Graph whose branch are oriented called ditected/oriented graph, Rank of graph: Wis (n=1) where » Sub-graph: ‘graph. Sub-eraph is said to he proper if it has no nodes fand branch strictly Tess than that of original graph, Incident of a branch: Brauch whose end falls on a node are said to be incident at that node. Path: 1Lis particular sub-graph consisting a sequence of branch, Connected graph: When there exists at least one path between any two nodes of the graph. Tree: 1 is defined as a set of branches which is connected, contains all the modes of the graph, but contains no eireuits, The branches of a tree are known number of nodes. IL is the sub-set of nodes/braneh of a as twigs. Total number of twigs = Number of nodes = 1 ‘© Co-tree: ‘Those branches of a graph which are not included in a tree form a co-tree, Number of links = Number of branches = Number of nodes + 1 Note: (i) Number of independent KVL equations of Tinks) (ii) Reducing the twig voltages to zero Force, all the link voltages also fo become zero, Thus, twig voltages are independent (number n a network. Number of independent KCL equations = Planar Graph A planar graph is a graph that can be embedded in the plane, ie fon the plane in such a way that its edges intersect only at their endpoints. In other words, it can be drawn in such 'a way that no edges eross each other. Network Variables ‘© The branch currents or branch voltages are the network variables. ‘© The minimum number of variables or unknown involved in analyzing a network on current basis is number of links d. ‘© The minimum number of variables or unknown involved in the analysis of network on the voltage basis is number of nodes ‘© The currents and voltages in all branches of « network are completely known if we know link currents or branch voltages, it ean be dra Link Current or Tie Set Schedule I is the set of branches contain in a Toop such that each Toop cont Now, matrix which is formed using all the fundamental oops and branches of a directed graph known as sie ser or fundamental loop mati, s one link and remainder are tree branches.1.6 _ GATE for Electrical Engineering Note: Orientation of the loop is determined by the orientation of the fink for that loop. So, Number of links Number of fundamental loops A corresponding tree for graph can be as show in the following figure, Link current in above tree can be shown as A # Branches are numbered in a graph © Correspond tree is also shows, '* Addition of link 1 results in the formation of closed oop and flow of current 1, ‘© "These set of branches forming the closed loop on which the Tink current circulates is ealled tie set ‘© Similarly addition of links 2, 3 and 4 result in flow of link currents J, J; and 1, respectively The tie set mattix for the above shown graph is Ti Branch number number Tt] 2] 3] 4]35) 6,7] s 0 fa 2 os | ol} o}a 41) of o 3 of olfnfoflolH|afo 4 10,0) oj," ]o) oj] | *— sign corresponds to opposite direction of flow of current in that branch 1; and 1, are flowing oppositely J and 1, are flowing oppositely Tree Branch Voltages or Cut Set Schedule ‘Tree branch voltages are treated as a set of independent variables in terms of which voltages of all branches ean be expressed Incidence Matrix Matrix between number of uodes in rows and number of branches in columns is called incidence matrix. Incidence matrix is complete hecause sum of every column is zero Number of possible tree is determinant [4,.4,"] A, reduced incidence matrix Reduced incidence matrix ean be found by el last row. 2-PORT NETWORK Impedance Parameters Kak h + Ziale Vy = Zagh + Za Open circuit impedance parameters fil. 2 open circuit input impedance (driving point impedance) open circuit reverse transfer impedance open circuit forward transfer impedance open circuit output impedance Note: If the network under study is reciprocal or bilateral, then in accordance with the reciprocity principle, [aL LéL.-a-% Admittance Parameters Lakh thal I= Yah + Ve Short circuit admittance parameters: cuit reverse transler admittance hort cireuit forward transfer admittance hort cireuit output admittance Note: It the network under study is reciprocal or bilateral,lectrc Creuits 1.7 Hybrid Parameters Vee hahy thas Hybrid parameters: [i] short circuit input impedance ‘open circuit reverse voltage gain short cireuit forward current gain ‘open circuit output admittance fy fy In Ihas Since the fi parameters represent dimensionally an imped admittance, a voltage gai gain, these are called hybrid parameters. ee, a ‘and a current ‘Transmission Parameters BI, 1)=CV,~ Dh, Transmission parameters Gx |peq i called the open circuit vom FL voltage gain, « dimensionless parameter. Which is the open ci ypedanee it transfer which is the short eireuit transfer admittance. gs Which is the short circuit current gain, a dimensionless parameter Note: In a 2-port bilateral network, AD~ BC =1. Expression of Z Parameters in Terms of ¥ Parameters Expression of ABCD Parameters in Terms of Z Parameters and Y Parameters Zn ae. 2y Yay Yay DRIVING POINT IMMITTANCE (IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE) FUNCTION KO) As) ‘Transter fimetion is the ratio of any output quantity (V, and Jy) and any input quantity (V, and 1). Deriving point impedance Z,,(3)= —h be if i Gix{6)= Voltage transfer function Ko) =Z,.(8)= Impedance transfer function 76) 7 220 = Ine transfer funet 169) y, S202 ¥ix(s)= Admittance transfer function yoy” dls! 9 3(8)=Current transfer function As) CALCULATION PROCEDURE FOR A SERIES AC CIRCUITS (Express R in Q, Lin HC in F and fin He. Determine X, = 29/7. Q Determine X= +0 2m fC (iv) Determine the impedance Z (©) In polar form 2=[2) 20 FH, XD Here, |z|= +04, XO XX, ) (vi) Take supply voltage Vas reference phasor, 7 = 120°. (vii) Determine the circuit current and 0 tn Determine the power factor cos0. Specify whether the power factor is lagying or leading, If @ is negative in Step (vii), the power factor is lagging. If 6 is positive in Step (vii), the power factor is leading. (ix) Determine the complex conjugate of J, Le. J (x) Determine $= VIF = P + jQ. The real part of VI* ives active power P in watts and the imaginary part1.8 _ GATE for Electrical Engineering tives the reaetive voll-amperes in VAr. The magnitude of Vi" gives volt-amperes (VA), P= Re(VE) W, Q= Im(VP) VAr and S So, P= VE cos0, Q = VI sin and § = VE The lagging current gives a positive of Q. and the leading current gives @ negative value of Q. By convention, lagging VAr is taken positive and leading VAr is taken negative (si) Determine voltage drop across resistance, inductance and capacitance. Iver] VA Vg = IR, Vy = 1X1) and Vo = Iie) SOLUTION OF THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS Is always preferable (0 solve balanced three phase circuits fon a per phase basis. Steps are (i) Draw the cirewit diagram Gi) Draw one phase separately Determine X),, = 2n/L L (iv) Determine X,, Infe (©) Determine X, = Xp ~ Xep (i) Determine 2, =(R +45)! k (vii) Determine cos@=—* The power factor is lagging when X;,, > Xqy and it is leading when Xey > Xiye (vii) Deter Yi. and for dela comnecion Vp = 8 V,, For star connection, 1, (ix) Determine 1, (9) Determine the tine current I 1 =f and for delta conection 1, = V3, (xi) Determine P = 3,1, cosd. (sii) Determine Q= 37,/,sin8. (sili) Determine $= 31,1, FILTER +A filter is an electrical network that can wansmit signals within a specified frequency range. The range of frequency passed is ealled pass band and the rest frequency band where the signals are suppressed is called the aenuation band or stop band. The frequency that separates the pass band and the attenuation and is the cu-off frequency: ‘+ An ideal filler would transmit signals under the pass band frequencies without attenuation and completely suppress the signal with attenuation band of frequencies with sharp cutof? profile. In real Fie, ideal filter is difficult 1 implement For star connection, Properties of Filters Filters are characterized by the following properties: (i Pass hand characteristics: The filer should have ‘minimum attenuation in its pass band range and high attenuation in the stop band range. Degree of attenuation is expressed with @ constant which have the unit decibel or neper Gi) Cur-off frequency characteristies: We must have frequency distinguishing property eapable of identifying the lower and higher cut-off frequencies, Characteristic impedances: The characteristic impedance of the filter should matches with the eireuit fo which it connected throughout the pass band. It prev is rellection loss, Types of Filters (@ Low-pass (ii) High-pass (ii) Bandpass (iv) Band-reject (notch) (9) Allepass filter: A low-pass filter passes signals with ney lower than « certain cut-off frequeney and +s signals with frequencies higher than the cut-off frequency. The amount of attenuation for each frequency depends on the filter design, Fier gin Veoh, ——0, ® Cavolt frequency Frequency High-pass filter: A high-pass filter (HPF) passes high frequency signals but attenuates signals with frequencies ower than the cut-off frequency Filter gain ¥o—f}-—_ ore f, (cat off frequency) i Frequency fi Band-pass: A band-pass filter allows a specific frequeney range to pass, while blocking lower and higher frequencies allows frequencies between two eut-off Irequencies while attenuating frequencies outside the cutoff frequenElectric Circuits 1.9 Filter Bun (eatoth fy Band-reject It also termed as band stop oF notch filter ‘This kind of filter passes all frequencies above and below & particular range set by the component values, Stop band filters can be constructed using a low-pass and a high pass filter iter & yam Treqieney All-pass filter: AIL pass filter is that which passes all frequency components of the input signal without attenuation but provides predictable phase shifts for different frequencies of the input signals. The all-pass filters are also called delay ‘equalizers or phase correciors. A\ 3s filter with the ‘ouput lagging behind the input is illustrated in figure. This lype of filler is also called phase-shift filter RESONANCE In RLC series citeuit, resonance is defined as the condition in a circuit containing at least one inductor and one capacitor, when the supply voltage and the supply current are in phase. Resonance in series cireuit is ealled series resonance oF voliage resonance Main Properties of Series Resonance Circuit @ Xy Gi) Vig Xcy and Vay = Vow sofa) leads the current Jy by 90° and Veyl=Kevfo) lags behind the current Jp by 90° Gi) The supply voltage and the supply current are in phase so that power factor angle is zero and power factor is unity (iv) The citeuit impedance Z is minimum and Z (v) The supply current Jy is maximum and is given by (vi) The power Po absorbed by the circuit is a maximum aw nee Lo money fo 5 ETE Quality factor = maximum stored energy pereycle ‘energy dissipated per cycle elt “Rw CR 2nx Now quality factor at reson © Q) (ix) Resonat cirenit Hz in parallel 1.4 IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER 1, An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching to zero. An open circuit is a eire element with resistance approaching to infinity. 3. Kirehhoff’s laws are valid for both linear and non- linear cir 4. Kirchhoff’s laws are applicable to eireuits with any excitation, 5. The law of conservation of charge state that charge ean neither be created nor be destroyed, only transferred, Thus, the algebraic sum of the electric charges in a system does not change, 6, The law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any electric circuit. So, the algebraic sum of power in A cizcuit, al any instant of time, must be zero, Hence, the tolal power supplied fo the circuit must balance the total power absorbedGATE for Electrical Engineering Charge is an electrical property of the aton particles of which matter consists, It is measured in coulombs (C). Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes = and g=f Se =f Potential Difference is the energy required to move 4 unit charge through an element, measured in volts WV) Where, Fy mnd 1 volt = 1 joule/eoulomb dy 1 newton meter/eoulomb Power isthe time rate of expending or absorbing ‘energy, measured in watts (W), palit AW dy yy di dq dt ‘The energy absorbed or supplied by an element from lime to time ris =f Par= frat ‘The electric power uly companies measure energy in watthour (Wh), where 1 Wh = 3600 J A dee nent su onront hat eu omit ‘An liemating cument (ae) is a eunent that varies Sinvsoidaly wih Sine At ides independent source is an active lene that provides specified voltage or eurent that is Completely independent of fhe ert elements ‘nial dependent (or controlled) souree isan active element in which te source quantity is contoled by another voltage or cument For ade voltage, an inductors visually a shot iret The intemal impedance of an ial voltage soaree is ‘he intemal imped in The incre inpeimce of «dependent yoligs source An ial voltage sone ill eharge an ideal capacitor tf one ofthe resistors in «parallel ire of an ideal current souree is is removed, All resistors do not obey Ohm's law. A resistor that obeys Ohm's law is known as linear resistor, It has 4 constant resistance and thus its current voltage characteristic is a straight line passing through the gin, A non-linear resistor does not obey Ohm's In. samples of devices with non: light bulb and diode, Although all practical resistors exhibit non-linear behaviour under certain condition, sar resistance are the 8B 44 45 46. 47. 48, 49. 50. 31 KCL follows law of conservation of charge. Kirehhofl's law fails in ease of distributed parameter networks. Transient behaviour occurs in any circuit when © the circuit is counected or disconnected from the supply # there are sudden changes of applied voltage # the voltage source is shorted The transient response occurs both in inductive circuits and capacitive circuits. Inductor does not allow sudden changes in currents The time constant of a series RL circuit is & A capacitor does not allow sudden changes in voltages. While drawing vector diagram for a series eireuit, the reference vector While drawing vector diagram for a parallel cite the reference vector is voltage. A tree has no closed paths, The number of branches in a tree is number of branches in a graph. The tie set schedule gives the relation between branch currents and link currents, less than the The cut set schedule gives the relation between branch voltages and tee branch voltages, Inductance affects the direet current flow at the time of turning on and off. Zero degree phase diflerence exists between voltage fand current in an ac circuit when voltage and current both reach zero and maximum at the same time. Form factor of a sine wave is 1.11 The ae measuring instruments measure rms value, Ina purely inductive circuit, actual power is zero. For a given power factor of the load, if the power factor of the load des t will draw more current from the supply, In any ae circuit always apparent power is more than the actual power Mesh analysis is based on Kirchhofl’s voltage law, The nodal method of circuit analysis is based on Kirehhofl's current lav and Ohm's Ia The reciprocity theorem is applicable to linear / bilateral networks. A practical voltage sonsce consists of an ideal voltage source in series with an internal resistance. A practical current source consists of an ideal current source in parallel with an internal resistance. Ira network contains b branches and n nodes, then the number of mesh current equations would be [D-Gr-1)] ‘The compensation theorem is applicable to linear and non-linear networks The superposition theorem is valid only for linear cireuits.Electric Circuits Lad 58. 39, 60, 6 @ 63 64. 65 66, 67 68, 69. 70. n 74, ‘The superposition theorem is valid for voltage responses. The superposition theorem is valid for current responses. ‘The superposition theorem is not valid for power responses, ‘The superposition theorem is applicable to networks containing dependent voltage sources as well as dependent eurrent sources When the superposition theorem is applied to any’ circuit, the dependent vollage source in that circuit is always active, ‘The superposition theorem is valid for both a de eireuits, When applying the superposition theorem to any circuit, the voltage source is shorted and the current source is opened. Norton’s equivalent circuit consists of current source in parallel with impedance. ‘The maximum power transfer theorem can be applied to bath de and ac circuits Maximum power transfer occurs at « 50% elficieney. In a complex impedance circuit, the maximum power transfer occurs when the load impedance is equal to complex conjugate of source impedance, In series resonance, the eireuit impedance is purely resistive ‘When the circuit contains capacitance and inductance, then the power factor of the cireuit will be zero. ircuit on resonance. the following will In a series happen: (a) X, = Xe (b) Vi = Ve (Z=R (V2 Vq At resonanee, the phase In series resonance, curre In series resonance, above impedance is inductive, In series resonance, below impedance is capacitive. In parallel resonance, impedance is maximum, minimum) ‘Wattless current is said to flow in an ae circuit when the phase angle between virtual current and virtual voltage is 90°. In an ac circuit, the average value of the current over 4 full cycle is zero, ‘The average value of alternating current over half a wele is equal to 0° resonant frequency, resonant frequeney, eyele is 27, x The form factor in ge means the ratio of rms value to average value 75, A low-pass filter is one which passes all frequet up to cut-off frequency and attenuates all other Irequencies 76, A high-pass filler is one which attenuates all Irequencies below a designated cutoff frequency, and passes all frequencies above cut-off, 77. A band-pass filter is one which passes frequencies between (wo designated cut-off frequencies and attenuates all other frequencies 78. An ideal filter should have zero attenuation in the pass band, 79. For a reciprocal network, the 2-port ABCD parameters are related as AD ~ BC = 1 80, For a symmetrical 2-port network Zy) = Zoo 81. A 2-port network is reciprocal if and only if AD ~ BC = 1. 82. When a number of 2-port networks ar caseade, the individual chain matrices are multiplied. 83, In terms of ABCD parameters, a 2-port network is symmettical if and only if A = D. 84, The relation AD ~ BC = 1, where A, B.C, D ave the elements of a transmission matrix of a network, is valid for passive and reciprocal network. 85, Two 2-port networks with transmission parameters Au, By, Ci, Dy and Aa, Ba, Cay D3 respectively are cascaded. The transmission parameter matrix of the ale 2] 86, The series resonant circuit is also ealled an acceptor cireuit 87. The resonant frequency is the geometsic mean of the lower and upper half power frequencies. 88, The parallel resonant circuit is also called a rejector cireuit connected in coseaded network will be [ 1.5. REFERENCES Alexander, Charles K., and Sadiku, Matthew N.O., Fundamentals of Electrie Circuits, 2nd ed., MeGi Hill, India, 2003, Chakrabarti, Abhijit, Cireuit Theory: Analysis and Synthesis Dhanpat Rai & Co., Dethi, 2008. Haut, WH, and Buck, 1.A., Engineering Electromagnetics, Tih ed., Tata McGraw-Hill, 2012. Kumar, Balbir, and Jain, Shail B., Electronic Deviees anal Circuits, PHI Learning, Delhi, 2007, Mahadevan, K., and Chitra, C., Electrical Circuit Analysts, PHI Learning, Delhi, 2015, Patil, Mahesh B., Basic Electronic Devices and Cirewits, PHI Learning, Delhi, 2013 Sadiku, Matthew N.O., Principles of Electromagnetics, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 2010 Valkenburg, M.E, Van, Nenvork Analysis, 3rd ed., PHL Leaming, Delhi, 1998.142 1.6 PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 1. In the circuit shown below, the current through the GATE for Electrical Engineering inductor is a) A >) ia o ity O 17 1 ot a Gate 2012] © a8 (@ OA [Gate 2012) 2. A two-phase load draws the following phase current T= 1, Sin(@1 ~0,), LA = 1,054 ~ Ps) ‘These currents are balanced if is equal to (a) ~# 0) 6 © 7-9, @ ote [Gate 2012} 3. The average power delivered to an impedance (4 —)3)Q by a current 5 cos(100n1 + 100) A is (a) 442 (b) 50. W (©) 625 W (a) 125 W [Gate 2012] ALTE VY ~ Vy = 6 V, then Vo ~ Vp is k 20 vy oR x RO a re RM ov Lg + in i a Ve Vp Sv XK (@-5v @) 2 3v @ 6Y [Gate 2012) 5. In the following figure, C; and C ate ideal eapacitors. Chas been charged to 12 V before the ideal switeh Sis closed at ¢= 0. The current (0) for all 1 is Soateo ad 1) 1. (a) Zero (b) A step function (©) An exponentially decaying function (@) An impulse function [Gate 2012] 6. The impedance looking into nodes 1 and 2 in the given circuit is h 1a oon OK 1 (@ 309 (by 100 (©) Sk (@) 101 kQ [Gate 2012] 7. Assuming both the yoltage sources are in phase, the value of R for which maximum power is transferred from circuit A to citeuit B is 100.0 20 R ov ve 3 icc A Circuit B (a) 08 ) 14a ©) 20 (@) 289 [Gate 2012) Common Data Questions: 8 and 9 With 10 V de connected at port A in the linear non-reciprocal 2-port network shown below, the following were observed: 1 Q connected at port B draws a current of 3A 2.5 Q connected at port B draws a current of 2 8. For the same network, with 6 V de A, 1.9 connected at port B draws 7/3 A. IF 8 V de is connected to port A, the open cireuit voltage at port mnected at port B @ ov (b) 7 sv mov [Gate 2012] 9. With 10 V de connected at port A, the current drawn, by 7.Q connected at port B is (a) 7A (b) SPA 1A (@) 97 A [Gate 2012]Electric Circuits 1.43 Statement for Linked Answer Questions: 10 and 11 the three voltmeter readings are 36 V, In the circuit show V, = 220 V, ¥; 10. The power factor of the load is ) 0.45 (b) 0.50 © 0. (a) 0.60 [Gate 2012] LL. If Ry = 5 Q, the approximate power consumption in the load is (a) 700 W (b) 750 W (©) 800 W (@) 850 W [Gate 2012] 12. As shown in figure, a 1 @ resistance is connected ‘across a source that has a load Tine V+ = 100. The current through the resistance is =i Source ¥ 12 (254 (b) 50.4 (©) 100A. (a) 200A [Gate 2010] 13. If the 12. resistor draws a current of 1 A as shown in figure, the value of resistance R is 12 R ov @ 4a @) 62 3a (@) 18 @ [Gate 2010] 14. The switch in the circuit has been closed for a long time, It is opened at = 0. At f= 0", the eureat through the 1 pi eapacitor is oo | re (OA 1A (©) 1254 5a Statement for Linked Answer Questions: 15 and 16 The LC eireuit shown in figure has an inductance L= 1 mH and a capacitance C = 10 pF. 1a [Gate 2010] 15. 16. W. ‘The initial current through the inductor is zero, while the initial capacitor voltage is 100 V. The switeh is closed at r= 0. The current J through the circuit is: (a) Seos(Sx 10°) A (by Ssin(toty A. (©) 10cos(S%10° A (@) 1Osin(10"D A [Gate 2010) The LC circuit of above question is used to commutate f thyristor, which is initially carrying a current of 5 A as shown in figure below. The values and initial conditions of Land C are the same as in above question, The switeh is elosed at ¢= 0. I the forward drop is negligible, the time taken for the device 10 tum off is 10 Lt red 200 (a) 52 ps (by 156 ps (©) 312 ps (@) 26 ps [Gate 2010) ‘The 2-port network P shown in figure has ports | and 2, denoted by terminals (a,b) and (c, d) respectively Tthas an impedance matrix Z. with parameters denoted by Z; A 1 Q resistor is connected in series with the network at port 1 as shown in the figure, The impedance mattix of the modified 2-port network (shown as « dashed box) is [Gate 2010)1.14. GATE for Electrical Enginesting 18. The three cireuit elements shown in figure are part of cuit, The total power absorbed by the three circuit elements in watts is an electric WA oe || 1o0v [Gate 2014 set 1] 19. In figure, the value of resistor R is (25 + 12) ohms, where 1 is the current in amperes. The current 7 is 300 le [Gate 2014 set 1] 20. A combination of 1 wf capacitor with an initial voltage Vo(0) =~2 V in series with an 100 Q resistor is connected to a 20 mA ideal de current source by operating both switches at 1= 0s us shown in figure, Which of the following graphs shown in the options approximates the voltage Vs across the current source over the next few second ve aie tf 10 (vy ~ aso v vy % co) / © 2 vy o ~ , @ ' 2 2 [Gate 2014 set 1] 21. 22, 24, 26. An incandescent lamp is marked 40 W, 240 V. If resistance at room temperature (26 °C) is 120 Q and lemperature coetlicient of resistance is 4.5 x 107°C, then its “ON’ stale filament temperature in °C is approximately [Gate 2014 set 1] In figure, the value of the source voltage is vy p2a a 6a act 6a oF @ BV () 24 ©) 30V (@ 44.V [Gate 2004) .. In figure, the admittance values of the elements in Siemens are Yp = 0.5 + j0, ¥, = 0 ~ j1.5, Ye 0+ j0.3, respectively. The value of Jas a phasor when the vollage J across the elements is 10 2 0° V is Md mee % 020° V (a) 15 + j0.5 () 5=s18 (6) 0.5 +718 (@) 5-712 [Gate 2004) In igure, the value of resistance R in & Wa | 2A ov " R (a 10 (b) 20 () 30 «@ 40 {Gate 2004} In figure, the capacitor initially has a charge of 10 C. The current in the circuit one second after the switch $ is closed will be s 8 ov (a) 7A () 189A (©) 40.0. (@) 500.4 [Gate 2004] The Z matrix of a 2-port network as given by 0.9 0.2) The element ¥22 of the corresponding 0.2 06.matrix of the same network is given by (@ 12 (b) 04 (©) -04 (a) 18 [Gate 2004] 27. The value of Z in figure, which is most appropriate to cause parallel resonance at 500 Hz, ix Sa on (a) 125.00 mt (b) 304.20 pF (©) 2.0 uF (d) 0.05 uF [Gate 2004] 28. In figure, 2, Ry and R, are 20 ©, 10 O and 10 0 respectively. The resistance Ry, Ry and Ry in Q of an equivalent star-conneetion are Ry R R © R » ® (@) 25,5, 5 () 5.2.5.5 (©) 5.5.25 (a) 25, 5.2.5 [Gate 2004] 29. h curries a ‘The rms value of the current in a wire w de current of 10 A and a sinusoidal alternating current of peak value 20 A is (a) 10.4 () 14d A ©) 154 (a) 1732.4 The Thevenin’s equivalent of a cis (= 5 radis, has Voc = 3.712 -159 8 - 7 0.667 O. At this frequency, the minimal realization of the Thevenin’s impedance will have a 4 capacitor and an inductor [Gate 2004] 8 capacitor jor and an induetor or and an inductor [Gate 2008] 31. Assuming ideal elements in the eireuit shown in figure, the voltage Vis will be a 20 1 + @ -3V ) ov 3V @ sv [Gate 2008] 38, Me Electric Circuits 1.85 In the circuit shown in figure, the value of the current Twill be given by 12 a we 32 sv a) 031A (b) 125. (©) LISA (@) 25 [Gate 2008] ‘The time constant for the given eireuit will be 32 T 3a psa l w ts r 05 ) (4s @ 9s {Gate 2008} 1. The number of chords in the graph of the given circuit will be “r6~ : t 3 4 (5 6 {Gate 2008} ‘The resonant frequency for the given circuit will be OAH (a) L radis (e) 3 rads A segment of (b) 2 rads (@) 4 rads uit is shown in figure. V, [Gate 2008) 5¥.1.16 GATE for Electrical Enginesting (a) 3 ~ 8cos2e (b) 32sin2¢ (©) 16sin2e (d) 16eos2r [Gate 2003] 37. In figure, the potential difference between points P and Q is @ BV ) 10 (c) -6V (dy 8 Vv [Gate 2003] 38. In figure, the value of R is Ra ua ie roa sa wov(t 20 4ov (a) 10Q (b) 18 Q (©) 4Q @) 2Q [Gate 2003] 39. In the citeuit shown in figure, the switeh S$ is closed at time (= 0). The voltage across the inductance at sa tts AF lov 4H 40 (2V ) 4v © -6V @sy [Gate 2003] 40. In figure, Z, = 102-60", Z) = 10260", Z,= 502 53.13%, ‘The Thevenin impedance seen from X = Y is 10020" (a) 56.66245° (©) 70230" (b) 60.230 (a) 344205" [Gate 2003] al. a2. 43. 44, Two ac sources feed a common variable resistive oad as shown in figure, Under the maximum power transfer condition, the power absorbed by the load resistance Ry, is @ (b) 1250 w (©) 1000 Ww (@) 625 W [Gate 2003] ‘The ft parameters for a 2-port network are defined by (i [ne se]fe meee in figure, the value of fy is given by 4 40 20 20 | } no $40 I . (a) 0.125 (by 0.167, (©) 0.625 (@) 0. [Gate 2003) In the citeuit shown in figure, the magnitudes of Vy and Ve are twice that of Vz. Given that f= 50 Hr, the inductance of the coil is v, 3a CaM sao A) Lay, (a) 2.14 mH (b) 530 H (©) 31.8 mi (@) 132 [Gate 2003] Figure shows the waveform of the current passing through an inductor of resistance 1 Q and inductance 2H. The energy absorbed by the inductor in the first four seconds is (a) 44) (by 98.1 (©) 1325 (@) 168) [Gate 2003]Electric Circuits 4.47 45. The rms value of current /(2) in the eixeuit shown in figure is LH || 88 —$ 19. nok yg o¥nny 1 1 (5A BA ia (@) 2A [Gate 2011] 46, The voltage applied 10 a circuit 4s 100V2cos (0071) and the circuit draws a current of 1002 Sin(1O0z + 70/4). Taking the voltage as the reference phusor, the phasor representation of the current in amperes is (@) 102-014 (©) W0Z+a/4 () 10Z-ni4 () 10V2Z4n/4 (Gate 2011] Common Data Questions: 47 and 48 The input voliage given (0 a converter is ¥,, = 1002 sin(100 20) V The current drawn by the converter is LoV2 sin(1 001 ~ 0/3) + 5 v2 sin(300zr + #14) + 22 sim(SO0z1 ~ 2/6) I 47. The active power drawn by the converter is ( 181 W (b) 500 W (©) 707 W (a) 887 W [Gate 2011] 48. The input power factor of the converter is (a) 031 (b) 0.44 (©) 05 (a) 071 [Gate 2011] Common Data Questions: 49 and 50 An RLC cireuit with relevant data given in figure ' w |, “EQ " L W120 V2ZRI4 A V2Z-mI4A 1. The power dissipated in the resistor K is @ 05 W wb) LW © Ww @ 2W [Gate 2011] |. The current Je in the figure above is 1 a) Job, A voltage waveform Vie) = 122 is applied across a IH inductor for ¢ > 0, with initial current through it being zero. The current through the inductor for 12 0 is given by (@) 1% (by 240 (©) 120 @ 4 [Gate 2000] ‘The graph of an electrical network has N nodes and B branches. The number of links 1, with respeet 6 the choice of a tree, is given by ( B-Ne1 (b) B+N () N-Be1 (@) N-28-1 [Gate 2002] Superposition principle is not applicable to a network containing time-varying resistors. (True/Palse) [Gate 1994] If a 2-port network is reciprocal, then we have, with the usual notation, the following relationship (8) yp = dg () ia = ~hy (©) hu = ha (2) fuga ~ Bahan = 1 [Gate 1994] A 2-port deviee is defined by the following pair of equations h=2Vj+Vy ond h=V+¥ ay ha 2x Zo w [i] | 2") Ga 2000) ca) | | toate tet pret [23 ae gen wi 1 of] has the following. parameter R= 109, 1. = 001 H, C= 100 mF ‘The Q-faetor of the eireuit at resonan [Gate 1995) n 2. 2B. 74. 16. 7. 78. Electric Circuits 1.49 A circuit with a resistor, inductor and eapacitor in series is resonant at fy Hz. IF all the component values are now doubled, the new resonant frequency is ) % (by SUL fy fi A op wo [Gate 1998) In a series RLC circuit at resonance, the magnitude of the voltage developed across the capacitor (a) Is always zero (b) Can never be greater than the input voltage (©) Can be greater than the input voltage, however it is 90° out of phase with the input voltage (2) Can be greater than the input voltage, and is in phase with the input voltage [Gate 2001] A series RC 50 Q; L= 100 pH and (C= 1 pF, The lower half power frequeney ofthe cireuitis| (a) 30.55 kHz (b) 3.055 kite (©) 51:92 kHz (@) 1.92 kHz [Gate 2002] A coil (which can be modelled as a series RL circuit) hhas been designed for high Q-performance at a rated voltage and a specified frequency. If the frequeney of ‘operation is doubled and the coil operated at the same rated voltage then the Q-factor and the active power P consumed by the coil will be alfected as follows. (a) P is doubled, Q is halved (b) P is halved, Q is doubled (©) P remains constant, Q is doubled (@) P is decreased four times, Q is doubled [Gate 1996] ceuit has A major advantage of active filters is that they can be realized without using (a) Op-amps (©) Resistors (by Inductors (@) Capacitors (Gate 1997] A practical current source is usually represented by (a) A resistance in series with un ideal current source (b) A resistance in parallel with an ideal current (©) A resistance in parallel with an ideal voltage (a) None of the above [Gate 1997] An ideal voltage source will charge an ideal eapacitor (a) In infinite time (b) Exponentially (©) Instantaneously _(d) None of these [Gate 1997] Energy stored in capacitor over a eycle, when excited by an ac source is (a) The same as that due to a de source of equivalent magnitude (b) Half of that due to a de source of equivalent ‘magnitude (©) Zero (a) None of the above [Gate 1997]1.20 GATE for Electrical Engineering 9. 80. 81. 83. 84. A passi state. Compared to its input, the steady state output ean never offer (a) Higher vollage —(b) Lower impedance (©) Greater power (dl) Better regulation [Gate 2001] ‘Two incandescent light bulbs of 40 W and 60 W ratings are connected in series across the mains. Then (a) The bulbs together consume 100 W (b) The bulbs together consume 50 W (e) The 60 W bulb glows brighter (a) The 40 W bulb glows brighter [Gute 2001] ‘The power delivered by the current source, 2-port network is in a steady figure, 19 ia we t [Gate 2014 set 3] aan internal impedance of Z, If a purely resistive load is t be chosen that ‘maximizes the power transferred (0 the Toad, its value must be (@ 0 (b) Real part of Z, (©) Magnitude of Z, (a) Complex part of Z, [Gate 2014 set 3] ‘The Norton's equivalent source in amperes as seen into the terminals X and Y is 2sv lly 250] sa sal sa Y [Gate 2014 set 3] A series RLC circuit is observed at two frequencies. AL @, = 1 k radis, we note that source voltage V1 100.20” V results in current J, = 0.03231" A. AL (my = 2k rad/s, the source voltage V2 = 10020” V results in a current J; = 220" A. The closest values for R, L, C out of the following options are (a) R= 50.9) 1 = 25 mH; C= 10 uF (b) R= 50.9; 1 = 10 mH; C= 25 uP (©) R= 502; 1 = 50 mi, C= 5 pF (@) R= 509, b= 5 mit; C= 50 pF [Gate 2014 set 3] 85. 86. 87. 88. The driving point impedance Z(s) For the cixeuit shown below is [Gate 2014 set 3] tance in the circuit ‘The current through the 2 kQ res shown 1a etka. Al 24 B TK p> Ving | ey (@) Oma (by L mA (©) 2mA (4) 6 mA [Gate 2009) For the circuit shown, find out the current flowing through the 2 Q resistance. Also identify the changes to be made to double the current through the 2 Q resistance, aS ° + 20 (a) (5 A, put Vs = 20 V) (b) 2A, put Vy= 8 V) (©) GA, put Is = 10 A) (@) 7A, put ls = 12 A) [Gate 2009} In figure shown, all elements used are ideal. For time 1 < 0, Sj remained closed and Sy open. At 5) is opened amd Sy is closed, Ifthe vollage Vey across the capacitor C, at 1 = 0" is 2er0, the voltage across the capacitor combination at 1 = 0° will be Sy surElectric Circuits 1.20 @miy () 2 (©) 15 @3Vv [Gate 2009] Statement for Linked Answer Questions: 89 and 90 zig Wan é A swe 2k ria B 89. For the circuit given above, the Thevenin's resistance across the terminals A and B is (a) 0540 (b) 02 ko (©) 1k (d) 0.11 LO [Gate 2009] 90. For the circuit given above, the Thevenin’s voltage across the terminals A and B is (a) 125 V (b) 0.25 V wiv (@) 05 [Gate 2009] 91. How many 200 W/220 V incandescent lamps connected in series would consume the same total power as single 100 W/220 V incandescent lamp? (a) Not possible (b) 4 3 (ay 2 92. The voltage across the figure, is expressed ax Ve(1) sin(t ~ 8) [Gate 2009] apacitor, as shown in Aysin(ot — 0) + Ar 19 Lit vl 1 _ 7 The value of Ay and Ag respectively, are (a) 2.0 and 1.98 (b) 2.0 and 4.20 (©) 2.5 and 3.50 (a) 5.0 and 6.40 [Gate 2014 set 2] 93. The total power dissipated in the circuit, shown in 2osinie #) tosinse figure, is. 1 AW. wa 2A 1a Ae x, R i ow Toad se source) V) 200 v ‘The voltmeter, across the load, reads 200 V. The value of X is [Gate 2014 set 2} 94, Assuming an ideal transformer, the Thevenin’s ent voltage and impedance as seen from the als x andy for the ci figure are 19. ry sin a) | (a) 2sinfon, 4 2 (©) Isinon), 2 2 OOS bY (b) Lsimos), 1 2 (@) 2sin(oo, 0.5 2 [Gate 2014 set 2] 95, Two ides ‘The measured induct coupled inductors are connected in series. 2s for the (wo possible series connections are 380 Hand 240 pH. Their mutual inductance in 4H is [Gate 2014 set 2] Solutions 1. Ans: (©) Consider upper part of the circuit Now, applying current 2. Ams: (@) Hints 1, = Lsin6ort ~ ) [C0301 ~ dy) x , sin Fa — The two currents are balanced. Se. h+h=0 2 on, 1, sin(or-@,) #1 sin E+ or ) ein (nor -(0, +4.) Z)oos4( £9, +44) 2 2 \(r ® ox, 3[E-4+0)-4 =F 40, 3. Ans: (b) Hint: Seos(100m1+ 100°) A 210° 2 Z=(4~ j3)Q=52-WS87PQ vaiz=72.2631¥V 21.22 _ GATE for Electrical Enginesting ‘The average power is $ilc0se $2852 0s136,87°)= 50W Network Network i B =-sv mn nf Applying KVL, 2 tit iv y(tat joo P(g te RGEC, or, Us) +2 = K (constant) ‘ C+ Gy ‘ 7 on Ko = KB) Current (4) is an impulse funetion, a") 1. Connect a 1 V source across nodes 1 and 2 and find the current through voltage source. Then, Ina Ty By applying KCL at nodes E and F, we get Lyle the Typ + 991, = Ty, = IgM #991, = In, = 100%, —Ip = Tn, @ Applying KVL in outer loop lo x 10%, = 1 > y= 10 And 10 x 10% = -100/, > fy = -100 Is From Eq. (i) Ans: (a) Hint: ‘Thevenin’s equivalent circuit Circuit Y chrcuit B R42 and 7= 10-27 = 19-4 R42 _10R+6 “ORS? Power transferred from circuit A to circuit B Pav 1OR+6 7 RD R42 For P to be maximum 22-9 a (R +2) (10)— (OR + 6) 2(R+ 2) = R=080Electric Circuits 1.23 @ Y= 10v av A AV: = Bl M+B © (i) Vy = 5 10 = 51428 «iy From Eqs. i) and Gi) 10 ast i : Gi pa20 iv) 9 o AY) = Bly = MVD0e = Mdoc 12Vv 9. Ans: (o) Hin: Given Vj = 10 ¥ yy 10 10 Ih=-1 A (eurrent 10. Ans: (a) Hint: WP 22 +03 424,7, cos for (220° = (122)? + (136)? + 2 x 122 x 136 x cose or cos = 0.45 2. 13, ry R, 08g = a) or lgj=-S-=t1at as Power consumed by load A, x5= 749.1 = 750 Ans: (b) Hint: A resistor has linear characteristies ice RI or T [As R= 19] Load line V4r= 100 T+ 1= 100 Current through resistance p= 50.4 2 Ans: (b) Hint: Voltage at node « ve xR=RV Now, current through resistance R is T=1A Again, Ans: (b) Hint: ‘The switch has been closed for a long time: So, the circuit is in steady state AL steady state, capacitor is open circuited1.24. GATE for Electrical Enginesting sva ve Grevit at 20 Using KVL Vo )=4x1=4V Vo(0")= FeO =A ircuit at 1 = 0° Ans: (a) Given 1,(0°)=0A V-0")=100V Now, current through inductor and voltage across capacitor eannot change instantaneously. So, after closing the switch, 1,0°)=1,0)=0 And Ve(0")= Fe(0")=100.V ‘The circuit in s-domain “oT st 2 ‘Taking inverse Laplace transform i: Ho =100) Cin Vix 10? x 10x10 Ha) =1Osin(10*2) A 16. Ans: (a) Hint: 20.0 10> SA Load current = J, = 5 A. Net current through thyristor T= or Ip = 5 ~ 10sin 104 Let at £ = 7, circuit get tuned off and current fp 1Osinto*r = 0 or 1Osin LO" or sin L0*7 5 * Tass 11 Ams 6) tit aren b ve p ' ‘ ; heal © Eat + Zale (ii) Now, 1 @ resistor is connected in series with the network at port 1 Here, V3 remains same, 24h + ZaksElectric Circuits 1,25 20. ~ Power absorbed by 100 V voltage source = 10 x 100 = 1000 W Power absorbed by 80 V voltage source = (80 x 8) = -640 W and power absorbed by 15 V voltage source = +15 x2)=-30 W Total power absorbed by the three circuit elem (1000 ~ 640 ~ 30) W =330W Ans: (10) tine ven R=(2542)0 OR ~ 50) 7 s0V= R Applying KVL, IR = 300 or, (2k ~ 50) x & = 300 or, R=3ork=-5 Since resistance can't be negative. R=300 QR —50)= 10.4 T=104 © Given, C= 1 pF, ¥e40) 20 mA, Circuit for the given condition at time £> 0 is shown below: vi vy a ye £ Due Applying KVL, we have: = Ks (20107 200-2) +{ 72210") 10 2 (= 200001 1(9) This is the equati 21. Ams: (2470 to 2471) of a straight Fine passing through Hint: Let the resistance of incandescent lamp, 1440.0 Given, Ry = 120 9, «= 4.5 x 10°C Let & be the resistance of the filament in ON state at temperature 7. Then, R= Ry[l+ eA] 1440 120° = T= 2444.44" +26" 1470.44 °C Therefore, ON state temperature of filament 247044 °C 22. Ans: (c) Hints wey 62 P 2A iat sa i i1.26 _ GATE for Electrical Enginesting KCL, we get 0 Again, or coy Solving Eqs. G) and (i, we get V, = 18 V and P= 30 V 23. Ans: () Hint z 3 1, = ¥gE= (05+ j0)x1020° = 5.8 Uy =¥,£=W-/1S)xZ0=-/ISA We = ¥oE = (0+ j03)x 1020" = /3.A + (=J15)+ j= (5-12) A wo p 2A swov © wo ke Applying KCL at node P, we get Vp - 100, f, a a wo‘? = Vp=40V “ rate Pa 22 a) Applying KVL, we get =1004 R42 = ae a rove = ro ant 1000 ~ g = (100g, e’*° (1O0C = 40) rae RC —100%05=10) v2.03) 14.74 2x05 26, Ans: (@) wins {z|-|°° °° 0.2 0.6 [°° | : 02 09 pi=izp'=—_b02 08 | _—_ [0.9 x 0.6 - 0.02 x 0.02] 12-04 4 18 Yn = 18 27. Ans: (d) Hint: Z should be capacitive because at resonance, the power factor of the circuit should be unity. Now, admittance of the parallel circuit —1 + Joc=0 y jol, 1 005 ur (2a x50) 28, , RR. 10x10 TT RAR FR 20410410 RR 10«20 ORAR AR, 20410410 RR, 20x10 RAR, +R 20410410 29. Ans: (@) Hint: The rms value of de current fy, = 10 A ‘The erm value of sinusoidal current = (3) ‘ a The rms value of resultant eurent, p= Yi + > {20 no? +{ 28 (3) 30. Ans: (b) Hint: Thevenin’s impedance Zq =2.38~ j0.667 2 7.32.8 vyRe{Z] = 2.38 Q. So, Z has resisior Lin{Z%) = =70.667 Q. As |Z] is negative and for rninimal realization %, will have a resistor and a capacitor BH. Ans: (a) Hint: i=18 Applying KVL Vy =-S42x1=2-3V 32. Ans: (b) Hint: lo Me *O> 1a In left loop, applying KVL Sh +h=0 or 1= 254 In right loop, applying KVL. Ay +3 +h, =0 or b= Vay 225 Vb, Now. For finding time constant, we consider current source as an open citenit 39 oF: Electric Circuits 1.27 2 Time constant = RigCuy rads @ Number of branches 1 = 6 Number of nodes WV = 4 So, number of chords [B — (~ 1)] 3S. Ans: (c) Hint: Input impedance, RK JoL+ IF 19 1-jo I+ jo or I+ io AL resonance, imaginary part should he zero, O.la-—° l+o" ol= Ito) 1408210 wad = 3 radls1.28 _ GATE for Electrical Enginesting 36. Ans: (b) Hint: App Dhleleth, =0 x Lcasin2e a I, =-3—8e0s21 ie KCL at the junction, we get Beos2r d “(3 - 8c0s2r) = 32sin2v af ) a) a Prom Eqs. (i) and (i) 38. Ans: (d) Vp Vo = 108 Vp-Vo=6Y Hint: Applying KCL at node E, we get Hy 40 Ye =100 | Vg T 42 or V_ = 30 V Rot uo, 1a + F wa ASA y ¥) 40 wov(v) 28 ov Now, potential difference between nodes D and F = wv Applying KCL al node F, we get 40-30 5 yg 7 = 1=5A re M e120 5 39. Ans: (b) Hint: Here, the closing the switch ;cuit was not energized before Therefore, current through inductor as well as voltage across capacitor are zero, ALT= 0" (ie, after closing the switeh) Inductor acts as open circuit and capacitor acts as short cirey So the equivalent circuit at 1 0° is shown below. a0 ast > wv sad sa Yo") Ne i 10 2A ba aed “ x AX4 Lay 44 40. Ans: (a) Hint: By Thevenin’s theorem + x % ozo A) a LxLy MZ tZ) 102 ~ 6010260 (10.2 = 60+ 10260) 6.66.245? +(50.253.13) 41. Ans: (d) Hint: For obtaining power absorbed by R, under maximum power transfer condition, we drawElectric Circuits 1.29 ‘Thevenin’s equivalent circuit across R;, (by short ig the voltage sources) 6982 eo 80 5 [ “a6 %yp—» Zyy = (6+ j8)|(6+ 78) =3+ 740. 6a BQ 6o (so A500 5 4 ozo Vu—e ©) soz 11020" | Hy = 900° ores oR Ving = WOOO? 39 HO 00 Zi war Q) A, For maximum power transfer, n, = ly ay =V +4 =50 Yon 100 Gr i)+R, = 11182 26.56" 84/4 Maximum power absorbed by Ry, PR, = LIS? x5 = 625 W 42. Ans: (d) Hints Here, Bayh + hy Ey A Taking J, = 0 Now, f,= 2 3 OD 4 440242) Here, 43. Ans: (c) Hin Vat iN, Given |V,|=|o| and |¥,|=2|Pp So, the circuit is at resonmee condition and hence VaVp Now, quality factor Again, we know 44. Ans: (6) Hint: In 0 <1 <2, current varies linewrly with time and so J(e) = 3 1 and for 2.<1-< 4, eurre HD=6A The energy absorbed by the neglected) in the first 2 s, ductor (resistance de = Ey, + By a 2 The energy absorbed by the inductor in 2 10 4s ul Gye a1.30. GATE for Electrical Enginesting AAs pure inductor does not dissipate energy but only stores it But, some energy is dissipated in the resistor. So, total energy absorbed by the inductor isthe sum of energy stored in the inductor and the energy dissipated in the resistor, ‘The energy dissipated by the resistance in 4 s is E ‘The total energy absorbed by the inductor in 4s = 9614363 =1321 45. Ans: (b) Hint: Source voltage Vs = 1 sins So, maximum value nd «= IL radis Impedance of the branch containing inductor and capacitor So, this branch aets as short circuit and the total current flows through it ‘The rms value of current L v2 46, Ans: ) Hin: tin =104 {tone +5 non =10\2 sn © — +100 Sa (5 ae =) ems fn ~10VFeos{ F-10021) ) als - roscos{ 00 So, eureat phasor =102-* 4 47. Ans: (b) Hint: Given = 10043 sino) V I = 10, sn( 10001 —) «sin( 200812) +20 n{ soo ).a For input voltage fundamental component is (Vn), = 1002 sin(1007 1) 1002 Ve ham = Cian Fundamental component of current (in), = 1042 sin 100s '- 5) tov? =i sion Gaim = " ve Phase difference between these two components 100-V So, cost = 0.5 Active power due fo fundamental components F, = Wo ams ¥ lm £088, (00 x 10 0.5= 500 W and 5" harmonies are not present in input Hence, there is no active power due to 3" and 5" harmonics components. Hence, active power drawn by the converter Vins = 100 V The mms value of current oe | Cele Active power drawn by the converter = V, cos) 1,398.49. Ans Hint “in the circuit, inductor and eapa nol consume any power Therefore, power dissipated inn supplied by the source wr do ‘stor R = Power = P= Vols cos =1x V2 x cos 4 $0. Ans: (() Hint: Applying KCL, we get soles or VaR —Vie-Eajra SI. Ans: (e) Hint: To calculate Rp, voltage source is short circuited. ® oa kn OR low, Rr, Now. GR According to maximum power transfer theorem R= Rn or oR ore R=60 52. Ans: (¢) Him: ey 10x10 _ 100 lo+l0 8 R=105 5a 53. Ans: Mints At f= 100 He Val= le] IR=IX, = lol ry ARR Electric Circuits 1.32 = Vig = VV oan (i) At f= 50 Hz So, Xj =x, x22, 100 54. Ans: (a) Hint: We are considering RYB phase sequence. Taking Vqy as the reference Vay =V LO Kyy = V2Z~ 120° Van = 2-240" Van Vow Ty Fy V2 — 120° R, R Applying KCL. Ig tly tly=0 YL 2-604 2-120 +1, =0 R aR Voge f n= coo Se,1.32 GATE for Electrical Enginesting 58. Ans Hint: b) 0a AL = OF the capacitor acts as short circuit, AL steady state, the capacitor acts as ops circuit. rv Veto) wo 56. Ans: (c) Hints Avr = 0° inductor gets as short eitcui ey 10 0 AO) = 10-1 1 Atr=0" 57. Ans: (e) Mint: Avr inductor acts as short cin ‘The circuit at 1 n0v= 200 0 the circuit is in steady state. So, 40.0 58. Ans: (b) Hint: The cireuit (in sdomain) 2a 110") =10x2= 209 0a i= 10s i) 400 2 Hs)= 0 (20+ 40+ 40)+ 105 on H= 1,0 =2 lo Initial stored energy in inductor eee" 1 e102? =201 2 g energy in inductor 95 Wy = 0.05 x 20=15 59. Ams: (a) Hint wo a wae Rn 10x10 _ Ry - ™ T0410Electric Circuits 4.33 wa ——+p, wa ay wa Mn Lig y= —4 x 10=2V 10+ 60. Ans: (a) Hint: ¥ Zz v Vy s(h + h)Z, = 2h + Zi 0 = Zyl tthe = Zh (Zt Zo (iid From Eqs. (i) and (id), {4% Z ats = | 61. Ans: (b) Z= 10230" Hint: Wa AV, +B, =Ch+ Dh, Ve = Zh, +h) ® col Bho in Ea. Zh o = =z,22) -1-_1 __ Teja © 0025245" 492-45°0 62. Ans: (a) Hint: The rms value of de voltage = Vig ‘The ams value of we voltage = Hy, = (4/3) V Tota rms value of volaze = snp = FE - V 63. Ans: (d) Mint 1, + hh hah 6 sin(wor)}[8eos(cr)] [Sten =10fe0s(36.87°)cos(ot) ~ sin(36.87°)sin(w)] 10 costont + 36.87") mA 64, Ans: (d) Hints M=K iL, Where K = coefficient of coupling O aap 66. Hint: Number of links = B= (N= 1) B-N+l 67. Ans: (False) Hint: Superposition principle is applicable on both time-variant and 68. Ans: (b) Hint: For reciprocity me-invariant resistors. np =o For symmetry |" 69. Ans: (d) Hint:1.34. GATE for Electrical Enginesting (2)=07" 70. Ans: (0.032) Hint: For series RLC cirevit ol D-factor at resonance = eH e R l l 0, = me = J = 1010 rads VLC Ylo.01)x 10010 co, t- 10VTD 001 gays 71. Ans: (@) Hint: (For series RLC resonance) (When all the components values are doubled) Ine SPER DC Hence, f,,, = ew =" 72. Ans: (e) Hint: In a series RLC cireuit, at resonance 1 = IVuce “And Ve = QV eoarce Also for > 1,\Vel> | Hence, option (¢) is correct 73. Ans: (b) Hint: o,-t 0 ae LC Y100% 10° x10" =10° nudis 50% 10" rads (er (Ola) a 5x08 2 [fax wy + (or 7) = 0,193 10° rad/s eae Wowee _ 0-193 10° eS = 3065 Hz = 3.065 kHz rower = 74. Ans: (d) ob ints = 2 Rg When frequency of operation is doubled, gets doubled Consequently, Q also get doubled Iis given that Q is high. Gri y RQ” @ is doubled + P decreased by 4 times. 75. Ans: (b) Hint: Inductive coils ure bulky in nature, 76. Ans: (b) Hint: A practical current source is usually represented by a resistance in parallel with an ideal current source and a practical source is usually represented by @ resistance in 77. Ans: (6) Hint: “> Ideal voltage has zero internal resistance. Time constant T= RC = 0. Hence, eapacitor will charge instantaneously, es with an ideal voltage When excited by an ae source, capacitor stores the energy in one half eyele and delivers that energy in another half cycle. Hence, total enerzy stored in a capacitor over a complete eyele, when excited by an 79. Ans: (6) Hint: For a passive two-port network, output power cannot be greater than input power. 80. Ans: (d) Hint: Poot R Therefore, resistance of 40 W bulb > resistanee of 60 W bulb,Electric Circuits 1.35 For series connection, current through both the bulbs will be same P= PR (for series connection). Power consumed by 40 W bulb > power consumed by 60 W bulb, Hence, the 40 W bulb glows brighter. % Applying nodal analysis at node P, we have Wat Wnty or 2-4 hyy=2 or 24H +h) ay 2 Also, Vi = Vp=1 Vand ¥y=1V ¥, I-1=0V Putting values of V; and Vz in Eq. (), we get *. Power delivered by the current source Pav, a3x223W 2A (given)] So, Voy =2sin(on) and Zyy = Rp, =40 82. Ans: (o) Hint: The solution of problem is shown in figure 22 RAK, VO 7 Por the transfer of maximum power from source to toad, &, = +2 =|z,| 83. Ans: (1) Hint: Shorted X and Y terminals. Calculate the current flowing through short cirewit path, 84. Ans: (b) Hint: Given, Ato = 1k rads, F; = 10020" V, f= 0.032319 A At oy = 2 k radi, Vi, =100.20° V, fy =2.20° A k 1 ¢ inant L 7 At on = 2k rad/s, vollage amd current are in phase. Mio, = Xco, Now, at am = 1k rads 5 10020" 7, 0.03231" passe-3re ® 1[ Xi, ~ Xe 2=[2)-2nt| SNe i er He Xe) “ From Eqs, (i) and Gi), we have tan [23¢|--° R X= Xe or SNe) _an3te fase =30 30 «iy or Gv) From Eq,1.36 GATE for Electrical Engineering 85. 86. 87. 88. or ==30 (From Eq. (iv)] or 3% 107 Substituting the value of C in Eq. (iv), we get ax eas as) — Driving point impedance, 26) is zones] Cos" or Zsy=s+ fat x—* s (9? +2) or z@)-8tB +t Pads Ans) Ii bige bass So, ae C and mode B are at same potential. Hence, no current flows through 2 KO resistor. Ans: (b) Hint: Voltage across 2 © resistance av So, current through 2 © resistance Vs =-24 R When current source is connected across vollage source, it has no effect. When current through 2 @ resistance is doubled, then Vs=8V, Ans: (d) Hints Avr = 0°, 8; is closed, Sz is open 89. C; gets charged upto 3V Voltage across C stored in Cy ALI > 0, S; is ope is zero at 1 = 0°, so no charge is and 3, is closed Voltage across capacitor C, is 3 V which is connected in parallel across capacitor C, The capacitor C cannot be instantly charged, so the voltage across it at time 1 = 0° will be 3V only, Ans: (b) Hint: To calculate Thevenin’s resistance 5 V source, is short circuited and Vj. source is connected at terminals A and B 2K Vy a rh 3 Van f, aka. 4 yale Now Ce Te eta bar Van = Vac 1-2 U-) or Wada Va, @ Again, Vy = Wag thy0. or Vy = Wag thie or AV w Comparing Eqs. (i) and (i) «ty ole n= Ans: Tint 2a <> A Vu | sv ana Ye : ne | 5 8 Terminals A and B are kept open. By source transformation, voltage source is transformed into current source. © © @) gun S210 1) gisa b > Applying source transformation, curren source is transformed into volage source, 1kQ 3Xoe “<> J Applying KVL, (/ is assumed to be in mA} or Vee + A © = Voc «i Put value of J in Eq. (, we get 6Voe + 4Voe = 5 or Vor = 05 V Electric Circuits 1.37 91. Ans: (d) Hint: Let resistance of a single incandescent lamp =R So p= [Given P = 200 W and V = 220 V] or R=220 Let 1 number of lamps are connected is series actoss voltage V = 220 V So, total resistance of lamps 42 Total power consumed pi” Ry 92. Ans: (a) Hint: Apply superposition theorem. Considering the voltage source 20sint0s acting. slone and 10sin5t remains open circuited. 19 20 sintor ES) Pla joi Let Vey(t) be the voltage across capacitor ( =/0.1 1 jo > Fey(t)= (0.992 — 84.28") x 20sin10r Vo) = 2sin( 101 ~ 84.28°) Considering the current source 10sin5? acting slone and 20sin 10r voltage source remains short circuited. Vest f) tosinss Let Vea(t) be the voltage across capacitor Applying KCL at the node, we have1.38. GATE for Electrical Enginesting Vex, Ve Yes, ¥ex__gsinsr=0 1 *@j02) 1osinst on Vel O15) or Koglt)=1.97sin(St— 78.695) Voltage actos enpacto i vo) Fert) + Fox) = 2sin(10r — 84.28°) + 1.97 sin(Sr — 78.65°) c. Fe (t) = 2sin(101 ~ 84.28°) + 1.97 sin(St — 78.69) o Given, Fel Comparing Fas. () and i and A, = 1.97 = 1.98 (elosest answer) 173 w 174) Ay sin(an,t— ,) + Ay sin(enst-6,) Gi) we have WA 2A 12 Given, total power dissipated in the ci 1000 W 2 x1410? x R= 1000 or R= 9.980 Voltage drop across R, Vg = IR Voltage across load, 1007" Voltage drop across inductor, (08 173.32 “173320 T 17.3320 94, Ans: (a) Hint: Thevenin’s equivalent voltage = voltage referred to secondary x od Now Tena 19 Le y So, Thevenin’s voltage, Vp, =2sin(on) Thevenin’s impedance x1=42.. So. Vy =2sinot) and Zy, = Ryy = 49 Ans: (35) Hint: The to possible series connection are shown, below: Let the mutual inductance be M @) Additive connectio cp = Ly t+ Ly 2M = 380 WH Gi) Subtractive connection Ly +L, —2M =240 pH Ly +L, +2M = 380 UH @ Ly + Ly 2M = 240 pH a ‘Thus, And Solving Eqs. (i) and (i), we get M=39 UH Matual inductance, Af = 35 iHControl System 2.1 SYLLABUS Principles of feedback; transfer Funct root loci; lag, lead and lead lag compensation; state space model; state transition block diagrams; steady stale errors; Routh and Nyquist techniques; Bode plots: ulrix, controllability and observability 2.2. WEIGHTAGE IN PREVIOUS GATE EXAMINATION (MARKS) Examination Year | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 [ 2009 | 2010 [ 2018 | 2012 [ 2013 2018 Seti] Set 2[Ser3 1 Mark Question | 3 | 1] 1) 1] 4 [2/3 [1 [2/2/22 [2 2Macks Question | 6 | 3 | 7) 8 | s |) 3 ]3 |) 4{[4/)2/3 [3 ‘Total Marks Bi? )s) mfuls fo wiles |s 2.3. TOPICS TO BE FOCUSED INTRODUCTION Control system is component to provided a desired function, involving same kind of controlling action in it OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS interconnection of the physical Controlled process Input Controller Output ‘The open loop control system is also known as without feedback control system or non-feedback control system, Control characteristic of open loop control system are independent of the output of the system Examples () Automatic washing machine Gi) Immersion rod Advantages () Open loop control systems are simple to design Gi) Not troubled with the problem of stability Disadvantages i) They are less accurate and not reliable Gi) Optimization is not possible CLOSED LOOP SYSTEMS Contrat Controlled ‘output [Comparator Input Measuring element Closed loop system is a system in which conuolling aetion is dependent on its output, Its means present output depends upon input and previous output, Such a system is called closed loop system. Examples (A missile launching system Gi) Rader tracking system Advantages () They are more accurate, reliable and faster Gi) Speed of the response can be greatly inereased Disadvantages () They are more complex and hence cost of maintenance is high Gi) They are less stable than open loop, their o: in the output may occur 2aControl System 2.3 ‘TRANSFER FUNCTION Open Loop Transfer Function Ry 4 Gis) [+ cw ws Ro C(s) is the Laplace transform of output vs Ris) is the Laplace transform of input va n (Negative Feedback) ‘Transfer function, G(s ables bles Closed Loop Transfer Funct RS) + cw) is) He) Cs) Gs) Tra fer function, 60) RG) 1EG()HO) SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH (SFG) A SFG is a graphical representation of the relationship between the variables of a set of linear algebraic equations. A few SFG terms are: # Node: It represents a system variable, which is equal lo the sum of all incoming signals at the node © Branch lo another in the direction indieated by the branch arrow and in the process gets multiplied by the gain of the braneh. © Path: Wis the transversal of connected branches in the direction of the branch arrows such that no node A signal tavels along a branch from one is twaversed more than once, © Forward path: It is the path from the input node to the output node. # Loop gain: I is the product of branch gains ‘encountered in traversing the loop. MASON’S GAIN FORMULA 1 pas Drae Overall transfer Fanetion rath gain of K* forward path = (sum of loop gains of all individual loops) + (sum of gain produet of all possible combination of two non-touching loops) ~ (sum oF gain products of all possible combination of three non-touching loops) + = =~ Ag = Value of obtained by removing all the loops touching the & forward path. TIME RESPONSE ‘The time response of a control system consists of two parts namely, (i) The transient response ii) The steady state response The specified input test signals applied for analyzing a control system: are (i) step, (ii) ramp, (iii) parabolic, and (iv) impulse. Specified Input Test Signals Step function: Sudden application of input signal no ] k Sep fnction A unit step function r(2) is defined as: rj=0, 1<0 K 120 Gradual application of input signal no Slope Ramp funtion A unit ramp fanetion +0) is defined as: ma=0, 1<0 Ki 120 Parabolic function: More gradual application of input in comparison with ramp funetio no 1 Parabolic unetion| A unil parabolic funetion 1(9) is defined as: r=0, 1602. GATE for Electrical Engineering Impulse function: Input is suddenly applied as @ shock for a very short duration of time. no) ol ' Tmpulse function A unit impulse function 11) is defined as: Steady State Error ‘The steady state error for this system from either the open- or closed-loop transfer function using the final value theorem is caleulated. sR(s) (6) =i 9800) = in Step input [A(s) = 1s}: > K, = lim Gs) 1 -—1_ = Ky =limsG( lim sG() Ke oi) elo) Patric nt |) tt lims?Gis) Ky = K,=lim G(s) Time Response of a Second Order System ‘Transfer function of a second oder system, ct RG) 420,840 ‘The denominator of the transfer function 5° +260,s-+02 should be equal to zero, This i called characteristic equation. (@ Underdamped system (0 << 1) ‘The error signal ¢()) will be ‘The steady state error ey, will be = lim e-6%! iv 1-§ Gi) Critically damped system (§ = 1) c= 1-(L+ 0, mped system (E = 0) (1) =1-c0s(,1) (iv) Overdamped system (E > 1) ee 1 2y5* -1E + YE" -1) Time Response of Second Order System with Unit Ramp Input Function ea}ne Domain Specific n Control System 2.5 Delay Time Gi) [ Rie Tine (3) Peak Time (,) | Peak Overshoot (,) | Seiting Time (2) ae Error ©) 10 3 6, = tin 00-e0) 4, - a= eae _-|n fo, oar Transient Response for Different Pole Location of the Transfer Function ons 7 Ww. « vege [— Casaimat fe « sie gel “aT? [ - CCitcaly damped’ ESP 0 ERROR CONSTANT (OR COEFFICIENT) ‘The statie position error constant (K,) is del = lim Gts)H4(5) ‘The static velocity error constant (K,) is defined as Ko = lim sG()H) ‘The static, acceleration error constant (K,) is defined as lim s*G¢s)H(s) Steady State Errors for Different Types of Inputs Inpat Type 0" Type 2 State evar] Steals Siatle | Steady ‘cooficent | state crror | sate rer costcent| error te Se Bek in| 0 Rana oe 7 Panboie | K=O) 7 SENSITIVITY Effect of forward path transfer function parameter variation in a closed loop control system: ‘© Sensitivity of the open loop system wy _AG(SVIGIs) _ 7 aGyGs) ‘+ Sensitivity of the closed loop system s¥=—1__ [1+ G91 ‘= Sensitivity due to the variation of feedback path gain Hs) =Gis)HIs) [+ GOT) CONTROL ACTION Proportional Controller ‘The equation of a proportional controller in time domain: Ex) = KEW) where, E(®) = Input ervor signal E,(0) = Actuating error signal Proportional Plus Derivative Controller ‘The equation of a proportional plus derivative controller in time domain: E=K, B+ Ky LEO) a Effects (i) Damping factor increases (ii) Natural frequency remains unchanged Gif) Settling time reduces Proportional Plus Integral Controller ‘The equation of a proportional plus integral controller in time domain E(O=K,EO+K, [E(ydt Where K, and K; are proportional and integral gain constant respectively’ Effects (It increases type of system Gi) Exzor of velocity input reduced considerably ii) 11 may improve steady state performance2.6 _ GATE for Electrical Engineering Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative Controller ‘The equation of a proportional plus integral plus derivative controller in time domain: B,Q=K,BO+K, [Eade + K, Seo) Gi) Damping factor increases Gii) Peak overshoot increases All Pass and Minimum Phase System When system having all the poles and zeros lie on the left: half plane then the system is defined as minimum phase system. G)= 15(6+5) (s+3}(0+9) When one or more zeros lie on the right-half of the lane and all the poles lie on the left half s-plane, the system is called non-minimum phase system. 10=D is an (844542) Function. A transfer function having anti symmettie pole-zero pattem about the imaginary axis ie. for every pole in the left half there is @ zero in the right half at the mirror position is called all pass reste function. 146s 6s~ coon eee Minimum phase Non-minimum phase Alt pass system system syste - is a minimum phase transfer function. inimum phase transfer Gs) is the all pass transfer function COMPENSATOR ‘The additional device added in control system to obtain lhe performance as per desired specitication is known as compensator. Phase Lead Compensator Re Phase ead network Pole-zeo configuration ‘Transfer funetion V(s)_ al +s) (Where, or < 1] V0) (+80) and T=RC RAR Here two comer frequency 1 1 a=, a= 7 ar Maximum phase lead oceurs at mid comer frequeney 1 1 log ig( 1) + logig( | Biol) log | Phase angle i) It shifls gain erossover frequeney to a higher value ai Gi Speed response is improved Time constant is decreased Phase-lag Compensation Im Re Phase lead networks Pole-zero configuration ‘Transfer function 6) _ (+sD) VO) spr) RR, BATE ant PRC Here two comer frequency ot, oad nn ‘Maximum phase lead occurs at mid comer frequency Phase angle tang,Control System 2.7 Properties Improve steady state error Gi) Time constant increased Gil) Bandwidth is reduced Phase Lead Lag Compensation ‘The speed of response and steady sta simultaneously improved by a lead-lag network, Cireuit and pole-zero plot are given below jo s-plane -upr, un, “BT, ory STABILITY ANALYSIS Stability analysis ina system implies the small changes in the system input, in initial condition or in system parameters do not result in large changes in system output, Stability Condition '* When the system is exeited by a bounded input, the ‘oulput is bounded. ‘¢ In the absence of the nput, the output tends to zero imespective of initial condition. This is known as asymptotic stability SYSTEM RESPONSE Roots in s-plane | Corresponding Impulse Response Poles at nevative veal axis | Exponentially decreasing curve (stable) Exponentially (anstable) ale complex poles at Exponentially decreasing curve LHS of s-plane (stable) Conjugate complex poles at | Exponentially RHS of s-plane (unstable) ‘Single conjugate Marginally stable (sustained scillation) Poles at positive veal axis eaing curve nereasing cuive Double conjugate complex | Unstable poles at imaginary ais ‘Single pole at origin Double poles at origin Mavginally suble Unstable ROUTH HURWITZ STABILITY CRITERION Write the polynomi 01s) =a)3" +45"! tags? 44a, =0 To determine whether this system is stable or not, check the following condi 1, Two necessary but not sufficient conditions that all the roots have negative real parts axe: G) All the polynomial coetficients must have the Gi) All the polynon oot locus). 2. If condition (1) is satisfied, then compute the Routh-Hurwitz array as: coefficients must be non-zero 3. The mecessary condition that all roots have negative real paris is that all the elements of the first column of the array have the same sign, The number of changes of sign equals the number of roots with positive real parts. 4. Special Case 1 but some other elements in that row are non-zero, In this case, simply replace the zero element by ¢, complete the table development, and then interpret the results assuming that ¢ is a small number of the same sign as the element above it. The results must be interpreted in the limit as ¢ not equals to 0. 5. Special Case 2: All the elements of a particular row are zero. In this ease, some of the roots of the: polynomial are located symmetrically about the origin of the s-plane, e.g., a pair of purely imaginary roots, The zero row will always occur with an odd power of s, The rew just above the zero row holds the coefficients of the auxiliary polynomial The roots of the auxiliary polynomial are the symmetrically placed roots, Be careful to remember that the coefficients in the array skip powers of s from fone coefficient to the next ROOT Locus ‘The following point are remember for sketching the root locus using poles and zeros of G(s)Fi(s), as K is varies from zero to infinity ‘The root locus is symumettical about the horizontal real axis of plane ‘The first element of a row is zero, a row associated2.8 _ GATE for Electrical Engineering Characteristic equation 1+ GOs [GH] = LG()H(s) K 20,123 OK +180" Number of asymptotes = (P — Z) Angle of Asymptotes ‘The (P ~ Z) branches of the root locus which go to infinity lwavel in straight line. The asymptotes are inclined to the real axis at an angle @ is given by OK +1) (P-2) Centroid ‘The asymptotes cross the real axis at a common poi known as centroid > (ceal part of open loop poles) (P-Zy Break Away Point ‘The break away point and break-in-point of root lacus are determined from the relation: EK gg, GNM) as ds ‘Angle of Departure ‘The angle of departure of the root locus is given by ©, =180°+@ Angle of Arrival ‘The angle of arrival of the root locus is given by ®, =180°-@ =(Z9.-L9,) sum of all the angles subtended by rem: sum of all the angles subtended by poles BODE PLOT Bode plot consists two plot (@) Magnitude plot Gi) Phase plot * The magnitude ean be expressed in its logarithmic values. iclion is required to be converted into ‘time constant frequency calculation. The frequency al which the inge of slope from 0 dB to ~20 JB per decade curs is the comer frequency, The transfer f form for comer For magnitude plot, each terms of the transfer funetion has to consider in a proper sequence Constant gain factor is considered frst Iis “db value = 201085 Each integrator factor (pole at origin) provides -20 ah decade (ii) Differentiator factor (zero at origin) provides 20 ab decade (iv) Each numerator factors (pole) contributes 20 db decade which are considered as the increasing order of its come frequencies (%) Bach denominator factors (2680) 6 decade which are considered as the of its comer frequencies +The angle oF Gi) is to be expressed in degrees which is to be ploted against log on ributes 20 db jereasing order wan) Gain plot ow logo Phase (degrees) so +} te oe Gain Crossover Frequency The frequency at which the magnitude plot crosses the 0 4B line is termed as gain crossover frequency. Phase Crossover Frequency The frequency at which the phase plot erosses ~180° line is termed as phase crossover frequency Phase Margin ‘The marginal value of the phase plot to 180° at the frequency where the magnitude plot crosses the 0 dB Tine (gain crossover frequency a.) @,, =180°+ Z6(jo)H(j@) Gain Margin The marginal value of gain plot from 0 dB line at the frequency where the phase plot crosses ~180° (phase crossover Frequency (,.) Gy=——1__ =} “* |eGeyit(jo), AControl System 2.9 When, ‘* Gain erossover frequeney < Phase crossover frequ Gain margin and phase mar system will be stable. n both are positive, then '* Gain crossover frequeney > Phase crossover frequeney Gain margin and phase margin both are negative, then system will be unstable, '* Gain crossover frequeney = Phase crossover frequen Gain margin and phase margin both are zero, then’ system will be marginally stable. POLAR PLOT IC is the locus of tips of the phasor of magnitude plotted corresponding to the phase angle for different values of frequeney from zero to infinity. For polar plot magnitude and phase of the sinusoidal transfer function [GG@)HG@)] is required to find Steps to Draw Polar Plot Step 1 Suep 2 Step 3 Step 4 Sup 5 Determine the transfer funetion Gis) Put 5 = jo) in the Gs) O and «= =, find Gyan, AL@ =O and @ = ©, find angle of GY@\MGo) Rationalize the function G(fco) and separate the real Step 6: Put Re [G(ja)] = 0, determine the frequency at ‘which plot intersects the imaginary axis and calculate intersection value by putting the above calculated frequency in GG@) Put Im [Goi] = 0, determine the frequency at which plot intersects the real axis and calculate intersection value by putting the above calculated frequency in Gyo) Sketch the polar plot with the help of above information Sup 7 Step 8 Transfer Function K G4sys)= OO ai tesTD Type O system K COMO aa ‘Type 1 system x ey) = O° Sassmyaeay) Type 2 syst NYQUIST PLOT ‘The Nyquist method is used to examine the relative stability of the system. For Nyquist plot comprising of two concepts: mapping and principle of argument. Mapping: Any independent variable ean produce « eurve in independent s-plane then that curve ean be plotted on a plane which is funetion of s, ie, G(s)fM(s) plane. Principle of argument: Number of encirclement of poles and zeroes in the s-plane refers no of encirclement of the origin in the G(s)fi(s) plane clockwise or anti-clockwise respectively, Therefore, number of encirclement (N) = number of poles ~ number of zeroes Steps to Draw Nyquist Path Step 1: Drawing of contour in s-plane which will cover the right half side, If a system has any pole at the origin then the semicircle has to draw at the origin, So that the contour will cover the right half side of the plane avoiding the or As per the contour each part has to be drawn in GME) plane with the help of polar plot and Re” (Re and R > 0). From the closed path G(s)H(s) plane number of encirclement (N) of eritical point (-1 + j0) is required to count, For system to be slable Z= NP NV = number of counter clockwise direetion about the origin P= number of poles of characteristic equation inside contour, or ‘= number of poles of open-loop system(potes at RHS of «-plane) number of 2er0s of characteristic equation inside contour, or number af poles of closed-loop system Step 2: Sep 3: Step 42.10 GATE for Electrical Enginesting GAIN MARGIN AND PHASE MARGIN DETERMINATION GHplane Unit crle Nyquist ) sisgram| Gain difference’ | Phase difference before instability | before instability Gain margin = Gyy=20 log a’ Phase margin = Oy = or FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A CONTROL SYSTEM Second order system with the transfer function co) o RO) +205 0; The magnitude and oblained as wgle of the frequeney response is 1 [1 @)|= M=-————— Yaw P48 And Z7Y@)=6=~1a0 1 ae mw Where u=2 (0 = normalising frequency, tural frequency Resonance frequency 0, = 0, ft 2 1 Resonance peak 2gyl- 5 Bandwidth @, =@, (1 ~262) + y2—48? +48 CONSTANT MAGNITUDE OF LOCUS (M-CIRCLES AND NN-CIRCLES) Radius of M STATE SPACE ANALYSIS ‘© Sate: 11s the minimal slate of variables such that the knowledge of this variables at = fg together with the knowledge of inputs for ¢ > fy completely determined the behaviour of the system © State variable state of dys ‘The variables involved in determining system (0) Input equation, ¥: x + Bu Output equation, ¥ =Cx+ Du where ‘A = System matrix, B= Control matrix © = Outpt matrix D = Transmission mateix = Transfer function ‘Transfer function, TF sl —ay'B+D + Properties of state transition matrix FFor time invariant system, ax Matar h Ae 2 “ Gi) joy (i Gv aH = eet = 946405) #0)60) © Nant) (i) 1 =) — = Oh) Uh 19) 4) CONTROLLABILITY [A system is completely controllable if it is possible to transfer the system from its initial state to any other desire slate in specified time. Controllability matrix Qy =[B: AB where 1 is the order of the stale matrix. Condition for state controtlability, [Qu #Oor rank of Qo = order of Og OBSERVABILITY ‘A system is completely observable if every state of the system ean be identified by its output over a finite time, Observabitity matrix Q, [ChAT YC? where m is the order of the state matrix, Condition for state observabitity, [Q,|#0 oF rank of Q,= order of Q, AB] Tyrie]Control System 2.41 1s 16, 17 IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER ‘The transfer funetion is defi «das the ratio of Laplace transform of output to Laplace transform of input considering initial condition as zero, A signal flow graph is graphical representation of the relationships between the variables of a set of linear algebraic equations, Basie properties of signal flow graph: ‘© IL is applicable to linear system only. © Nodes are arranged from left to right in a sequence. The algebraic equations must be in terms of cause ‘and effect relationship, Signals travel along branches only in the direction and is mulliplied by the gait branch, Negative feedback is desirable in any control system. Insertion of negative feedback in a control system affects the transient response to decay very fast For any system, the highest power of « characteristic equation is called order of the system, Order of the system shows the number of energy ng elements present in the system, A system can have more than one signal flow graph, While identifying feedback loops, no node should be traced wwiee. Generally, no system is li The stability of a system decreases as the type of system increases, ‘The roots of the characteristic equation are same as closed loop poles. The steady state output of unity feedback control system is very near to reference input. For step input, max system depends on damping ratio only. If Af, =100%, the damping ratio is 0 A high damping ratio will give low overshoot ‘The ratio of damped frequency to natural frequ warked of the sto num overshoot of a second order ney of the system having damping factor § isl —€ To reduce steady state error of the control system, increase its Type 0 system will have small steady state error. Seltling time of a system is inversely proportional 16 natural frequency, The derivative controller improves the transient response. To decrease time constant of the control system, decrease its i ‘The integral controller response. Derivative control increases dam decreases peak overshoot. Derivative feedback control also increases damping ratio and decreases peak overshoot constant, tia, proves the steady state 26. 27. 28 29. 30. a 36. 37 38, 39. 40. aL 4B 44 45, 46, 47. 48, 49. Derivative control decreases rise tin Derivative feedback contol increases rise time In derivative control, steady state error remains unchanged. In derivative feedback contol, steady slate exvor is increased. The proportional plus derivative controller reduces maximum overshoot ‘The proportional plus integral controller increases the order and type of the system by one. The proportional phis integral plus derivative controller combines the advantages of proportional, derivative and integral control action. The Routh-Hurwitz criterion gives absolute stability When the poles lie on jio axis, then the system is marginally stable. The location of the elosed loop conjugate pair of pole oon joy axis indicates that the system is: marginally stable Transfer functions having no poles and zeros in the RHS of s-plane are called minimum phase transfer funetions Transfer functions having at least one pole or zero in the RHS of s-plane is called non-mininum phase transfer fometions ‘Transfer fimetions having about the imaginary axi transfer fanetion A system is stable when both gain margin (Gy) and phase margin (by) ate positive Loop gain K is zero at poles and infinity at zeros. Goin margin and phase margin can be determined from the root locus plot also. Ifthe root locus branches cross the imaginary axis, the system hecomes unstable If the root locus branehes donot eross the imaginary axis, the system is inherently stable At gain factor K = 0, the roots of the characteristic equation are placed at open Toop poles The staring points of root loci are open loop poles The root loci ends at open loop zeros. The root locus plot is symmetrical about the real axis because complex roots occurs in conjugate pa The root locus separates at a point between {wo open loop poles, the point is ealled break away point The interseetion of the root locus branch with the imaginary axis is determined by using characteristic equation 1+ G(s)H(6) =0. Centoid is the point om real axis where all asymptotes intersect The intersection point of root locus branches with imaginary axis of s-plane is determined using Routh Hurwitz array’ pi pole and zero 1e are called all pass,242 GATE for Electrical Engineering 32 34. 55, 56. 37 39, 60, ou 2 63 64, 65, 66, 67 68 69, 70. 1 n 33. 74. 75, 76, Nyquist criterion enables to determine either absolute stability or relative stability In Nyquist plot, phase crossover frequeney oecurs when phase is 18 Nyquist plot analysis is suitable for both non-m phase and minimum phase transfer fonction Nyquist plot is drawn on polar geaph paper for open loop transfer funetion The frequency at which the Nyquist diagram euts (C1.0) citcle is known as gain crossover frequency. The frequeney at which the Nyquist diagram crosses the negative real axis #8 known as phase erossover frequency Phase margin ®,, is directly proportional to damping ratio &. When phase margin dy is 0, damping ratio & is 0. Zero gain margin indieates that polar plot p through 1, 0} point Decibel is « ratio of power. ‘The Bode plot is obtained using open loop transfer function ‘The intial slope of the Bode plot gives an indication of type of the system IF initial slope in Bode plot is ~40 dB per decade, then the open loop transfer function will have double pole at the origin ‘The initial slope ofthe Bode plot fora transfer Funetion having no poles at the origin is 0 dB per decade Bode plot analysis is suitable for minimum phase transfer funetion When gain erossover frequency is equal to phase cxossover frequency, then the gain margin and phase ‘margin are zero Unstable systems have negative gain margin. The gain margin and phase margin an be determined direetly from the Bode plot ‘The frequency at which the magnitude of the Bode plot crosses 0 dB axis is termed as gain crossover Frequeney. ‘The gain crossover lrequeney is the equ the gain is | The frequency at which the phase curve of the Bode plot crosses ~180° line is termed as phase crossover frequeney ‘The phase crossover frequency is the frequency at which the phase shift is 180" For a stable system, the goin crossover frequency ‘occurs curler than phase crossover frequency For unstable system, the phise crossover frequency occurs earlier than gain orossover frequency For marginally stable system, the gain crossover frequency and phase crossover frequency are coincident. at whieh 77. AF the gain margin is positive and the phase is negative, the system is unstable. 78. A lag compensa # Increases the gain of the origi alfceting stability Does not affect stability on increased gain Reduces the steady state error Reduces the speed of response Permits the increase of gain if phase margin is acceptable 79. The lag compensation has a pole nearer (© the origin 80. The lag compensator decreases the bandwidth, 81. The lead compensation has a zero nearer tothe origin, 82. Lead compensators improve transient performance, 83. A lead compensating network: # Improves response time Increases resonant frequency © Stabilizes the system with low phase margin Enables moderate increase in gain without affeeting stability 84, The analysis of multiple input multiple omtput system is conveniently analyzed by state space approach 85, The eigenvalues of a linear system are the location of poles of the system, network: J network without 2.5 REFERENCES Benjamin, C. Kuo, Automatic Control Systems, Tth ed. PHI Learning, Delhi, 1995. Choudhury, D. Roy, Modern Control Engineering PHI Learning, Delhi, 2005, Jairath, A.K., Problems and Solution of Control Systems with Essential Theory, CBS Publishers, Dethi, 2011 Kumar, A. Anand, Conerof Systems, 2nd ed., PHI Learning Delhi, 2014, Manke, B.S., Linear Consrot systems with MATLAB Applicarions, 1th ed., Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 2013. Ogata, Katsuhiko, Modern Control Engineering, Sth ed PHI Learning, Delhi, 2010. 2.6 PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 1. In the formation of Routh-Hurwitz array for a polynomial, all the elements of a row have zero values, ‘This premature termination of the array indicates the presence of (a) Only one root at the origin (b) Imaginary roots (©) Only positive real roots (@) Only negative real roots [Gate 2014 set 1] 2. For the given system, it is desired that the system be stable, The minimum value of a for this conditionControl System 2.13 (tea) 0.55 +1 3946 Re ow @ » s+ (1+ ate + (ar +(1- a] ” s+l s42 (we S42 w St! {Gate 2013) [Gate 2014 set 1} stl st? 3. The root locus of a unity feedback system is shown 6. The signal flow graph for a system is given in figure. in fisure nine nee U(s) ” ‘The closed loop transfer function of the system is, c)_ © Ro)” Grer2 tv) GOA Rs) (s+ IMs +2)4K 5» OO. _K o Ris) (s+ 1s +2)-K cos K w (Gate 2014 set 1 Rs) (SF IS+2)+K 4. The Bode magnitude plot of the transfer function Gis) = R400 a9) Catioctave 6 aBioctave fedbiociwve ~baboctave 243 ofcatisy Note that ~ 6 dB/octave = ~ 20 dBidecade, The valu [Gate 2014 set 1] Vs) Hos) of the cireuit shown in 5. The ty figure is ster function our 10Ke vo 100 nF YW) @ tt oo th Se? 46542 S+Os42 stl Ll O Peer {Gate 2013} 7. The open loop transfer function of a de motor is given , 2) __ 10 “y.(s) 1410s shown in figure, the approximate value of K that will reduce the time constant of the closed loop system by fone hundred times as compared to that of the open loop system is 4s 42 When connected in feedback us mo «LJ 0 a i108 oo (ay 1 (by 5 @ 10 (a) 100 {Gate 2013) 8. The Bode plot ofa transfer function Gt is shown in foe ina) 100 xray —2.14 _ GATE for Eectrial Engineering The gain (20log|G(s)) is 32 dB and ~ 8 dB at I rad/s and 10 rads respectively. The phase is negative for all 0. Then G(s) is 308 32 © = 39.8 o> @ [Gate 2013] Common Data Questions: 9 and 10 The state variable formul [Se Sef} 20-5 on of a system is given as ). The system is (a) Controllable but not observable (b) Not controllable but observable (©) Both controllable and observable (d) Both not controllable and not observable [Gate 2013] 10. The response y() to the unit step input is Lily » dite b) a3 or 2 ©) ee" (@) 1-e% [Gate 2013] 11. A control system is defined by the following mathematical relationship Pr, ae . +6 50-1206") aed . The response of the system as 16 is @) x=6 tb) x=2 (©) x24 (@) x=-2 [Gate 2003) 12. A lead compensator used for u elosed loop controller has the following transfer function o(vea) a) For such a lead compensator (a) acd (b) b Kb (@) a< Kb [Gate 2003] 13. A second order system starts with an initial condition > ‘ith u Th of |] witout any extemal apt. The state easton ev 0 state of the system at the end of 1 s is given by 4, (a) [o27 1.100 (© fo2 0.736. A control system with certain excitati by the following mathematical equat «oy Joss 0.368. (a [2135] {Gate 2003) 1.100 is governed @xy Ady 1 0+ Se! 4 20% de a The natural time constants of the response of the system are (a) 28 and Ss (©) 4s and 5s (b) 3s and 6s (@) 13s and 1/63 [Gate 2003) The block diagram shown in figure gives a unity feedback closed loop control system. The steady state sat wo @ AS HE Lew to) 25% ww 0784 © oe (0) 33% {Gate 2008 16. ‘The roots of the closed loop characteristic equation of the system shown in figure are A i “ ur a Len u. (b) 6 and 10 (@) ~ 6 and ~ 10 [Gate 2003] ng equation defines a separately excited (a) = 1 and ~ 15 (©) = 4 and 15 The Follos de motor in the form of a differential equation @o Bde, K de sd The above equation may be organized in the state space form as fe to a le Pl dr |+OV, wo | US a where the P matrix is given by8 @ @) J oot oo4 10 RoR |e owe lid tbs [Gate 2003] I8. The loop gain of a closed loop system is given by the following expression Kk sts +2)(9+4) ‘The value of K for which the system just becomes unstable is (a) K=6 ) « (©) K=48 (@) K=96 [Gate 2003] 19. The block diageam of @ control system is shown in figure, The transfer function G(s)= ¥{s)/U(3) of the { y Tniesrator]|—¢—> 900 (a) ® 7—y—) i =e) peg? ee) [Gate 2003] 20. The feedback system shown i 2 rad/s when figure oscillates at Mo (a) K=2 ond a= 0.75 (b) K = 3 ond a = 0.75 (©) K=4onda=05 (@) K=2onda=05 21. A system with wansfer function (2 9s +2) s+ e+ 30644), ‘The steady state output of the system is zero at [Gate 2012] a) = is excited by sin(on), Contra System 2.45 IL radis 2 rads 3 radls 4 radls [Gate 2012] Statement for Linked Answer Questions: 22 and 23 ‘The transfer function of compensator is given as ayn 8 22. Gs) is a lead compensator if 2012) 23. The phase of the above lead compensator is at (a) V2 rads (©) Ve radis (by V3 rads (8) 1/3 rads [Gate 2012} 24, The state variable description of an LTT system is given by H) (0 a Ox) (0 %[=]0 0 |] x, [+fofu a) lao olla} bi (10 Ox, Where y’ is the output and u is the input. The system, is controllable for (a) 4 #0,a,=0,4, 40 () 4 =0,a, 40,4, 40 (©) 4 =0.a; 40,05 =0 (a) 4 0,0, 40,4, =0 [Gate 2012) As shown in figure, a negative feedback system has. an amplifier of gain 100 with 410% tolera the forward path, and an attenuator of value 9/100 in the feedback path. The overall system gain is approximately 1002 10% a To (a) 102 1% (b) 10 = 2% (©) 025% (@ 10 = 10% [Gate 2010]2.16 _ GATE for Electrical Enginesting 26, Por the system {<5 the approximate time taken Tor a step response to reach 98% of its final value is (a) Is (b) 2s ©) 4 (a) 8s [Gate 2010] 27. The characteristic equation of a closed loop system is s(s + 1) (© #3) + K(s + 2) = 0, K> 0. Which of the following statements is true? are always real It cannot have a breakaway point in the range ~1 0) (@) Phase shift of the closed loop transfer function al very high frequencies (« > =) [Gate 2011] 49. An open loop system represented by the transfer (Dy, (HDI +3) (a) Stable and of the minimum phase type (b) Stable and of the non-minimum phase type (©) Unstable and of the minimum phase (ype (2) Unstable and of the non-minimum phase type [Gate 2011] 50. The open loop transfer fimetion Gis) of « unity feedback control system is given as a5) S(s+2) funetion Gt G)= From the root locus, it ean be inferred that when K tends to positive infinity, (a) Three roots with nearly equal real parts exist on the left half of the s-p! (b) One real root is found on the right half of the s-plane(©) The root loci eross the jo axis for a finite value of KK 20 (@) Three real roots are found on the right half of the s-plane [Gate 2011] 51. The frequency response of a linear system G(jo) is provided in the tubular form as fico J [P= ps Ps | =150° [160° |—180° | 200° | 46G0)] 30" 0" ‘The gain margin and phase ma (a) 6 dB and 30° (©) ~ 6 dB and 30° ‘gin of the system are (b) 6 dB and ~ 30” (@) ~ 6 dB and ~ 30° [Gate 2011] 52. The signal flow graph of a system is shown in figure. U(s) is the input and C(s) is the output Assuming, fy = by and lig = bo ~ bya, the input output transfer fncton, Gio)=C) of the system is given by ve (a) Giy=—o Fast ays ay @ Gs [Gate 2014 set 3] $3. The block diagram of a system is shown in figure, oe) bls co) If the desired wansfer function of the system is Cys then Gis) is RO) PSH 1 bs © Ws «@ Sars? [Gate 2014 set 3] Contra System 2.19 1. A single-input single-output feedback system has forward uausfer function G(s) and feedback wanster funetion U(s), Ibis given that G(5).0()| <1. Which of the following is tue about the stability of the system? (a) The system is always stable (0) The system is stable if all zeros of Gls).48) ae in left half of the s-plane (6) The system is stable if all poles of G(s).4(6) are in left half of the s-plane (4) Its not possible to say whether oF not the system is stable from the information given {Gate 2014 set 3} The magnitude Bode plot of a network is shown in figure Slope 20 aBvdecade ayo! ab osi0 ‘The maximum phase angle @y and the eonesponding gain Gy respectively, are (a) = 30° and 1.73 dB (b) ~ 30° and 4.77 dB (©) + 30° and 4.77 dB (d) + 30° and 1.73 dB [Gate 2014 set 3] |. Consider the system described by following state space equations Ie w is unit step the system is spu, then the steady state error of 0 &) 12 (©) 28 (@) 1 [Gate 2014 set 3] ‘The system shown in figure below, yLfe2.20 _ GATE for Electrical Enginesting with L (a) X=cys+e,, ¥=——, Z=hys +b, ® “ (9? +as+a,) bys (oy xan, y= LOD Zs, @+as+a) (© Xaqstcy, r= the) 2. (+ ays+ay) L (@) X= e946, ¥=———. asta) Za hys+hy [Gate 2007] 58. Consider the feedback control system shown in figure which is subjected to « unit step input. The system is stable and has following parameters K, = 4, Ky= 10, @ = 500 and £= 07, ‘The steady state value of @ i (b) 0.25 (©) 01 (a0 [Gate 2007] Statement for Common Data Questions: 59 and 60 59. RLC ci it shown in figure. mit 15 k=100 4 | ==¢=10pF For a step input e), the overshoot in the output ¢, will be (2) 0, since the system is not underdamped (b) 5% (©) 16% (a) 8% [Gate 2007] 60. ‘The system shown in figure is 61. 02. a 64, 66. (a) Stable (b) Unstable (©) Conditionally stable (@) Stable for input 1, but unstable for input 1 [Gate 2007) Ifthe loop gain K of a negative feedback system having , fer! K(s+3) « foop transfer fuetion induce a sustained oscillation then is to be adjusted to oe 3 4 rads B (@) Such K does not exist [Gate 2007] If x = Re [GYe@)] and y = Im [Go] then for 1 (> O', the Nyquist plot for Gs) = ——1___ vais = Saeed (by x o [Gate 2007] ‘The Nyquist plot of loop transfer funetion G(s)H(s) of closed loop control system passes through the point G1, jo) in the GOH) plane, The phase margin of the system is @) 0 (by 45° (6) 90" (@) 180° [Gate 2004) nection F(s)= 5 where sts? #39+2) F(s) is the Laplace transform of the funetion f(0). The initial value of fl) is equal @s o 5 © 2 Gate 2004 d5 l 1 For a tachometer, if 6(9) is the rotor displacement in radians, ¢()) is the output voliage and K; is the tachometer constant in V/rad/s, then the Wansfer EO) funetion, 2 will be Hs) @) Ks? () @ , For the equation, s'~4s° 45+ 6= roots in the left half of s-plane will be ©) Ky [Gate 2004] the number of @o © 2 1 @3 [Gate 2004]Control System 2.22 67. For the block diagram shown in figure, the transfer ion €°) funetion © js equal to A) ke) a « © a @ * *5* [Gate 2004] Fesal 3 n of a linear autonomous, 68. The state variable descript stem is = AN, where X is the two dimensional vector and A is the system matrix given by 0 2 (a) = 2 and +2 (©) -2 and = 2 The roots of the characteristic equation are (b) = 2 and + 2 (@) +2 and +2 [Gate 2004] 69. The block diagram of a closed loop control system is ven in figure. The values of K and P such that the system has « damping ratio of 0.7 and an undamped natural frequency «, of 5 rad/s, are respectively equal to ny ik cis) wD tes (a) 20 and 0.3 (©) 25 and 0.3 (b) 20 and 02 (a) 25 and 02 [Gate 2004] 70. The unit impulse response of a second order underdamped system starting from rest is given by elt) =12.5e singe, 20 ‘The steady state value of the unit step response of the system is equal to @ 0 (b) 0.25 (©) 05 (a) 10 71. In the system shown in figure, the input x(0) Im the steady state, the response »(1) will be aw) s ww sin(s+45°) [Gate 2004] int ne—45°) (by (a) sin(e +45) [Gate 2004] 1 o (©) sine 45°) 72. The open loop transfer function of a unity feedback as+l control system is given as G(s) = The value ofa to give » phase margin of 45° is equal to (a) oat th) 041 (c) 0.841 (d) Lah [Gate 2004] TA. A function y(0) saisties the following diferent equation 0 cy =8 a 6(t) where 8(1) is the delta function, Assuming zero initial Conlon and denoting the unit step function by 140) 340 ean be of the form we (by (©) u(t) (a) eal) [Gate 2008) 74. The transfer Fnetion ofa Tinea ine fvariant system 1 3042 of the output ofthe system for «unit impulse iapat ‘plied t tie stan = 1 wl be on by 05 © 1 2 [Gate 2008) 78. The transfer fnetion of a system is given as 100 s? +205 +100 The system is (a) An overdamped system (by An underdamped system (©) A caitically damped system (4) An asa system is given as G ‘The steady state value [Gate 2008) 76. Figure shows a feedback system where K > 0. The range of K for which the system is stable will be given by — Sea) () 0 300 77. The asymptotic Bode magnitude plot of a minimum (@) 01 © [Gate 2005) 85. When subjected to a unit step input, the closed loop control system shown in figure will have a steady stale error of (a -10 () -05 om @ 05 In the Gif(s) plane, the Nyq () Kod Ki<1 Kel [Gate 2005] plot of the loop 86. transfer function. G(s)H(s) = passes through the negative real axis at the point (a) 0.25, 0) tb) 05,70) (©) C10) (@) (-2,j0) [Gate 2005] IF the compensated system shown in figure has a phase margin of 60° at the crossover frequency of 1 rads then value of the gain K is 87.Control System 2.23 ‘ Te 1 ko) K 03666 ain Re. « 5 ) 5 (st) sot « 5 @ —1__ [Gate 2000) (s+) see) (a) 0.366 ) 0732 ; 1B tes {2738 [Gave 2005] | 9% The lansfer function of the system deseibed by ty du : Statement for Linked Answer Questions: 88 and 89 2M with was inpatanl yas ouput is A state variable system: ‘ 1 on 1 wy Ged x= c+] " Jute), with the initia condition is? +5) o-[) J jvo-[{}x0 oe 2X(0)=[-1 3] and the unit step input u() bas: wo [Gate 2002) and the unit step input u() 4s) @es 88. The 94. The unit impulse response of a unit feedback control ' 1 lee) system is given by ()=—1e7 +2e",(120), The w|3 pen loop transfer Tunetion is equal to e +1 s ° ° (a SY (oy Gee, \ s+2y $ 1 : stl ea 1 (ee o Gate 1996 oO} e l@ [ ‘ | or ¥ ' " oe oe 95. Feedback control systems are [Gate 2005] (a) Insensitive to both forward and feedback path 89. The state transition equation parameter changes a (b) Less sensitive lo feedback path parameter change w xo-| | than to Toward pth parce change e (@) Less sensitive to forward path paremeter change than to feedback path parameter change ow) x=|'% (a) Equally sensitive to forward and feedback path 3e" parameter changes [Gate 2000] w 96. The sicady state error due to a step imput for type 1 © ol systen [Gate 1995] ve 97. Consider the unit step response of a unity feedback w x0 ‘eue sony [sont eu who pe hap water Racin Go 90. Signal flow graph is used to obtain s(s+ 1) (a) Stability of a system The maxionio overshoot is equal to (b) Transfer function of a system @) 013 thy 0.183 (©) Couolablity of a system (©) 0.163 (0.173 {Gate 1996] (a) Observability of a system [Gate 1993] | 98. For a feedback control system of type 2, the steady 91. The closed loop transfer function ofa control system stale error for a rump input is in given by (a) Infinite {by Constant cu) 2-1) (©) Zero (Ines BR) (e241) 99, A unity feedback system has open loop transfer For a unit step input (a) ~Be% ae! -1 (©) Zero (a) Infinity [Gate 1995] 92. A linear time invariant system initially at rest, when subjected to a unit step input, gives a response w(t) = te", > 0. The transfer funetion of the system is the output is (b) ~3e7! -4e! +1 funetion C (a) Step input and type 1 Gis) (b) Ramp input and type 1 G(s) (©) Step input and type 0 Gis) (a) Ramp input and type 0 Gis) ). The steady state error is zero for [Gate 2000)2.24. GATE for Electrical Engineering 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 106. 107. A unity feedback system has open loop transfer function Gta) = 2° 5. The peak overshoot in the sep-input response of the system is approximately equal to (a) 5% ) 10% (©) 15% (@) 20% {Gate 2000] The number of positive real roots of the equation yi -29+2=0 is [Gate 1994] Closed loop stability implies that [1+ G(s)A(s)] has A he inthe let half of the s-plan, [Gate 1995] The system represented by the transfer function Go) Hot 46s" = 395" +195 184 has. pote(s) in the right half of plane {Gate 1997] None of the poles of a linear control system Tie in the right half of s-plane. For a bounded input, the output of this system (a) Is always bounded (b) Could be unbounded (©) Always tends to zero (d) None of the above [Gate 1998] The number of the roots on the equation 2st eo 430 4504720 that fie in right hall of ssplane is 8) Zero (b) One (©) Two (a) Three [Gate 1998] A unity feedback system has the open loop transfer function 1 (= 1s +2943) How many time the Nyquist plot of G(s) ene the origin’? (a) Never (©) Twice Gs) (b) Once (a) Thrice ‘The closed loop transfer function of & control system is given by [Gate 1992] Cs) Ris) For the input r(#) = sins, the steady state value of e(0) is equal to its 1 (a) Jyoose 1 (© bsine ay) Lin v2 Se 4 [Gate 1996] 108. 109. 10, 11, 112, 113, 114, 15. Introduction of integral action in the forward path of ‘a unity feedback system results ina (a) Marginally stability (b) System with no steady state error (©) System with increased stability margin (@) System with better speed of response [Gate 1997] A differentiator has transfer function whose (a) Phase increases linearly with frequency (b) Amplitude remains constant (©) Amplitude increases linearly with frequeney (@) Amplitude decreases linearly with frequency [Gate 1997] The phase lead compensation used to (a) Increase rise time and decrease overshoot (b) Decrease both rise time and overshoot (©) Increase both rise time «ay nd overshoot rease overshoot [Gate 1998] Decrease rise time and 55+), (0.0591) compensator is (a) 52 deg at 4 rad’s (©) 55 deg at 12 radis For Gt maximum phase lead of the (b) $2.deg at 10 radis (@) None of these [Gate 1998] The transfer function of a state variable representation X= AK + BUY =CX+ DU is given by (a) D+ C(t Ay" +B (b) BGI ~Ay'C+D ©) Disl-4y'B+C @) Cls!- AD 4B [Gate 1993] a (@) G+ 1,0 ) a0 © @-,0 @ 00 [Gate 1994] Given the matrix o 1 0 oo 1 6 -Il 6 is eigenvalues are [Gate 1995] The state transition mattix for the system X= AX swith inital stave X(0) is (a) (1 -4y" ) XO) (©) Laplace inverse of [(sf=4)"] (2) Laplace inverse of [(9/ AY X(0)] [Gate 2002]Control System 2.25 05 Following statement is true? (a) The system is controllable but unstable (b) The system is uncontrollable and unstable controllable and stable (d) The system is uncontrollable and stable [Gate 2002} ‘When all the elements of a row in Routh— Hurwitz array ends abruptly ie., all elements of that row have a zero values then, the system will be either unstable or marginally stable, Marginally stable means, it will have imaginary roots (two equal and opposite complex roots om imaginary axis of s-plane). 2. Ans: 0.61 to 0.23 Hint: Given, ow (+a) +0 +a)s +(a-Ds+l-e) and H(s)= 1 Characteristic equation of given control system is given by 1+G(s)H(s) =0 sta) f° +(a=Is +=) on 8 (1 +0)s" +@ Is +(l-ayts+a=0 on, +( taps? tas+1=0 Routh array is s 1 « s lta » (@ra- } Tee ° 1 0 For the given system to be stable there should not be any sign change in the first column of Routh array Therefore, 1 +0>0 on a> -I oy Also, WON, op, a2 +a-1>0 lea or, (a +1618) 0.618) >0 or, wel 618 or, o> 0618 As a>-1 fusing Eq. (i) ‘Therefore, a> 0618 «iy Combining conditions from Eqs. (i) and (i), -10 aki S0,00 ole ab or boa Ans: (a) Hint: For phase of the lead compensator be Ans: (a) Hint: For system to be controllable, Q must be non-singular. Q=[B 4B 4°B) Contra System 2.29 00 awe or O=|0 a 0 100 [of=~aa lolz0 a, #0 and @, #0 and a, 25. Ams: (a) tine G= 1002 10% aG $6 yor 04 G ne io0 Overal system ein Gt w= - OH 9939 ve 100«,% au arom-cH_ 1 dG” Geen sem 2 ivan aw ae a+cn M (lscHy OG 10x. 1 7 %=1% 110% (1100) So, veal stem etn = 10-2 1% (Step input) B s(o+1) =e) Final value of (0) =2 Let at r= T, the response reaches 98% of its final values 2x098=2fl—e 7] or Pads 27. Ans: (¢) Hint: — The chacscterist s(-41(9+3) 4K(s+2) equation is2.30. GATE for Electrical Enginesting oe K(s+2) M+ 10643) K+) Open loop raster Function G(s)E4(s)= en Toor Hon HO Ts +2) Number of zeros = m = 1 (zero at s = 2] Number of poles = = 3 [poles at s = 0-1-3] Number of branches terminating at infinity 3-122 Angle of asymptotes _ OK +1) 180° nm 90” and 270 9-1-3-@) Centroid Imoginary Rea Breakaway points lie in the range -1 < Re[s] <0 and two of its roots tend (0 infinity along the asymptotes Refs} 28. Ans: (©) Hint: Now (e¥1S=2) ‘Transfer function = CIs = Al" B ‘Now, denominator of Eq. (i) gives poles of the system So, poles are at (ray! o 1 and 2 As one pole lies in RHS of s-plane, henee, the system is unstable. leleo Hence, the system is controllable. 29. 30. a. 2, Ans: (b) Mine 12) a =D os) 165), Xs) MG) _ 45-2) HO)” UO) mS ta MO Let 4am 010 4-}0 01 “12-4 Ans: (a) Hint: H(joy=— 01 +50)_ (10+ 7eX100-+ joy 0.14 jo) = 7 ( ’ els ia.) 10)" 100 Comer frequencies are @, = 1 rad’s For © < @, . as there is no pole at origin, so gain of the syst Gain = 20 log 0, So, Bode magnitude plot starts at ~20 dB, Ans: (b) Hint: ‘The characteristic equation is K(s—) (s+ IMs" ~4) K(-1), (s+ Its 4) w 3 1+ GUS) Number of zero, m Number of poles 1 1 -1 OK +1) x 180° = 90°, 270° 242)-() D Angle of asymptotes = Centroid 3-1 Ans: (a) Hint: For stable closed loop system, the Nyquist plot must not encircle the (1, 0) poi ‘The plot of (1) does not enclose (—1, 0) point whereas other plots enclosed.Contra System 2.32 33. Ans: Hint: Closed loop wanster function, 4 T= +0444) ow) 4 ——*—) ine -1 isan" (Fromea) m=" 4 “ OO 50a) vis the open loop transfer function for wnity feedback system, Given, input = «(9 = 10 : RO) Steady state error, nf sk(s) | aL Ts GiyH) nf sR(s) ol 1+ G9) (For His) = 1) 1 = lim] ——3— s(o+0.4) s(o+2)(s" +2842) Rwy Ge) a ‘The characteristic equation of the given unity negative Feedback control system is given by 1+G(9)H(s) K Routh array K s o s o For stability of the system, K'> 0 and 20-4K 9 or K<$ For stability, 0 < K <5 For the given system to be marginally stable, Kas Ans: (a) Hint: Given, Gisy=2 5044) 36025457 4525) Reducing G(s) in time constant form, we have vote a fore] 025 201+ 0.255) s[o2s(1+45)][ 250 + 0.165 +0.04")] or Ge 3.2(1+ 0.255) S(1+49)(1 + 0.168 + 0.045 The value of constant gain term = 3.2 = s2(is2) jo o \ 1+ /0.160~ (' a uy “| Comer frequencies are: Also, GUo) 4 rads 0.25 radls 5 rads o oO» © 2 Highest comer frequency = @5= 5 rad, 1. Ans: (c) Hint: Given, (1) = Px + Qu yak2.34. __ GATE for Electrical Enginesting [2 4] 1 L043. siapt= 9 _S*3) Wa SD ‘Transfer funetion =C[sl-4T'B+D =U 245 +5846 45. Ans: (b) Hint: [3 ‘I pr-apt=L O43 G¥2643) Po [3 2) HD) 0 State tran matrix OW = Esl = Ay] 46. Ans: (c) Hint: Tronsfer function H(s)= Now = S2-{ 6 1) Ris) (stl s+2 R(sy=+ (Step input) yt co)= xeyn)=!( 5 va ett) *-0.5e 47. Ans: (a) Hint: Steady state error b= Lt sE(9) LP SF5i 7). 9 ae For unity feedback system with unit step input wt u— ss! S014 G(s) 5014 G(s) For pulse input, P(@) = 10fu(e) ~ a(t =) Lt —S—__ 014603) og = Oe) So 1G) 4B. Ans: (a) Hint 1 5 sis+0) 1 G)- - and H(8) . L Ky MSFT4K) sts+1) So, the characteristic equation L4G HIs)=0 or 1x1 __.o oe+14K or 8 H(Kesti=0 Comparing with standard equation s'+280,s+0,' =0 Natural frequency. @, =1 = constant 2k, =K+1 Kal So, damping ratio depends on Sie Peak overshoot = M, As, M, depends on damping ratio § So, M, depends on K. 49. Ans: (b) Hint: One zero at s Two poles at s = -2 and So, it is non-minimum phase type system, Since both poles lie in LHS of s-plane, So, system is stable, 50. Ams: (a) Hints Number of zero m Number of poles = 3Control System 2.35 si. 52. Number of branches lerminaing at infinity cnem=s-122 ks yx180 = 90° and 270° ¥ poles zeros Angle of asymptotes o+0-2-[- Now, the characteris ie equation 14 G(s)H(s = S20 eK Routh Array s 1 K 2K s 2 : s o ‘ 0 For, K > 0, no sign change in the 1* column of Routh array as well as no row of array is zero, So, all the three roots lie on LHS of s-plane and root loci does not eross the jio axis. So, all the three roots with nearly equal real parts exists on the left half of the s-plane Ans: (a) Hint: Let gain erossover frequency = (ge) and phase crossover frequency =(0},) So, al ge, magnitude of GYo) is T and al Op. phase of Glia) is ~180 GU@,.))=1 and ZGU@,.)=—180° Phase margin = 180°-+ ZG(ja,,)= 180° 150° =30° Gain margi Ans: (© Mind: Applying Mason's ein forma, se) SPs ‘raster function, G(9)= C0 DFA U(s) A Forward paths are Given, fi, =P, and hy =) —Pray, dehy (rast + bstby H taste, } thus, Gio) = bys + by o=[ (s +a) 4%) 9) 1raw=s cw, Rs) 4542 Ans: (a) Hint: Given, jOpen loop transfer fanetion| < ie. [Gyre] < or, GU@)HUo)| < 1 12.36 _ GATE for Electrical Enginesting or ict 1 Gain mate, Gy =Tyy ie. Gy>! margin (in dB) > 0 Since gain margin of the given system is positive, therefore, the system is always stable, 55. Ans: (¢) Hint: From the given Bode plot, it is clear that corner frequencies ©, Sanda, =1 3 ‘Transfer function of given system is given by ropa fT Lets | RG) Lt+s | Li+ars 1 Here, or, at and ot As @ <1, therefore, the transfer function T(s) represents a lead compensator having Maximum phase shift, “lide = wr =30° 30° Le po Tuo) ie Vi+90" Vive Gain Gy in dB=20l0g|709) |rUe|= Now, Gy =Wlogy, = 20log9 V3 on Gy = 4.77 0B 56. Ans: (d) Hit: Transfer function of the given system is given by MS) <¢pst—ap'B ue) wn oroels HEE Lfstr (4st). ‘Transfer function, (tay! Ye) UG) Given, input us SP estl Pest) Steady state error, en = Le {oris)} “Hal 57. Ans: (d) Hints The block diagram ean be redrawn asSignal flow graph of the block diagram shown as ‘Two forward paths R=1xey L Ixe, x1 xix P 5 Four indi idual Tops: All the loops touch forward paths A,=4,=1 From Mason's gain formula COs) _ Rai + Pads Ris) s caP oP - sis 1,4 fa? _DP eP+oP, + (ay = )s- (dy = 4?) CUS) __ Ploy +ey8)/ (5? +45 + ay) © (by FBP (S ays 4) a Control System 2.37 cy xHE y Pp Zz Comparing Eqs () and Gi), S bast ay 58. Ans: (a) Hints Step input f o=[k —! oo ( Ee) And Ms) = 1 Cs) _ Gis) RG) 1+G(HO)” 1+) F0)= Z)= Steady state value of Z Z,,> Ut s%s) & “Tlentere) 59. Ans: Tint: c= 10uF2.38. GATE for Bletrcal Enainestng o-) MO) ee) Uys) {,G-D 1 (s+3) lace transform s6) 4G Dy Kaplace trast 642)" 6-0 B0=( Ress Pole is at s =~ 3, hence stable. Vas ry) E(s B 16-2 Rebsth - G 1 v2 or £,0)= 4K OrGl AG) = +2) ae = s+ £0) tr, = BO) —et2) or E,(s)=— Zi sD (De 0 Rese LCF +1 OO) ae oO 3 G-Ns+3) or Eq(s)_ 1 . 5 . na Ty Poles are at s = 1, ~3. So, unstable tel. te} 61. Ans: (b) Characteristic equation Hints Loon tem 2 kd or vet Lic Comparing with Characteristic equation =1+ G(s)H(s) = 0 2 2 8 +260,s+02 = $2 464K) +6443K =0 Routh array 1 6443K sor s 6443K For sustained oscillation 16 + K=0 = 10 [lOx10" Los Auxiliary equation is 2Vixi 9 46443K =0 Overshoot = M, ae > s? +6443(-16) =0 . = xi4 =e rst os 62. Ans: (b) = 0.163 Hint: Pur s = jo 16% Gio) ‘ no jot + jay2+ jo) =i = jo¥2= jo) ora a+") __30-j@-0*) +a" (440°) 3, Ao* = (407 \4+0") +a \4+0") x+y2.40 GATE for Electrical Enginesting Using final value theorem, steady state output 73. Ans: (@) Hints Taking Laplace transtorm on both sides lim s(6) = 5x+x 0 __ a so 9 P1284 100 YOM+D= 71. Ans: b) (Assuming 2er0 initial condition) Hint: Given, x(¢)=sini . L So, here @ = 1 rad/s . Y= Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get HO =e ult) 74. mpulse input applied at time so. utse input op cis)= SPH3s42 72 Ans: (e) Tint: Given that Using final value theorem, steady state value of output, Phase margin = 45° bq = Lt sC(s) Let dpe be the gain crossover frequency ra 180° + ZGUo)HLjo, = 45° =i 0s? 3542 ZGU@)HUe)), =-135° Given ha 78, Ans: (6) ven tha ‘oo 4 as+l Hint: 1(9)= G(s)H(s) (s) 2054100 Comparing with standard fo or Giotto) = 72" nparine Guy Now ZGUa)H(jo) = 180° + tan"(aeo) =180° + tan”"(ao,,) =-135° or tan'(ae,,) = 45° g= The system is critically damped Now 76. Ans: (6) Hints Gs) = ——® —_=9 ana ms) = 1 see 3NS+ 10) or Characteriste equation is 1+ G(s)FH(8) =0 or +k _ or So+3\5+10) or s' 413s? +3054K =0Contra System 2.42 Routh array’ 80. Ans: (a) 130 Hints G(s) = and 13) = 1 5642) 5 13 K 10) = Wt) yi 3x30=K 3 or SK nor RO) For a stable system, signs of first column do not change 1FGH) So, $42 Koo “ sis +2)+1 and Baek 5o Using final value theorem, steady state error . = Lt sks ‘Therefore for stable system 0< K-<390 fon = LES TT. Ans: (©) = 1p 042) Hint: witial slope is ~ 40 dBilecade, so there are Sws(s+2)41 two poles at origi. =0 Slope changes from 40 dBédeeade to ~20 dBidecade. | g4, Anse (e) So, there is a zero. a4 Slope changes from ~ 20 dB/decade to 0 dB/decade, Hint: T9)= So, there is one more zero. (+044) Puttin = jen, Therefore, transfer function has two poles and two -reros. . (io)? +4 a +4 Tjoy=—_UP +4 ____ =o +4 78. Ans: (a) VO Fosiijo+d) Gor Nijea4) Hints Part 106541) System ouiput to be zero when (5 +10) -@ +4=0 Zero at s = =1 or @=2 rads Pole at s = =10 82. Ans: (@) [As zero is nearer to origin and zero dominates pole. Hint: For given root locus it indicates that the break away point is at 0. Consider for first option, Hence, C, is lead compe Part th slo asym =* 10+) s Zero at s = -10 Characteristie equation is 1+G{S)H(s) =0 Pole at 5 = =1 segeo As pole is nearer to origin and pole dominates zero. Hence, Cis lag compensator. 7 Ans: (a) ag Hin & wale SH Site tl waa * ‘Transfer function =C[sf— AT" B+ D foal) s(s#2) sis) For break away point Ans: (a) Hint: Gls)Hs)=2.42 _ GATE for Electrical Enginesting At phase crossover frequency Wy, Ys) __26-s) ZGLi@) HO), = 180° Ris) 5° +2046 180? + tan" @,, ==180° Fro FOS ROTC) P+ ay OF te = F(s) = R(9)| Yatr6 Steady slate extor 1 stds Hime) tges [fs Hint: ‘The characteristic equation is , nett 1+G()H)=0 GisyHis)= 1) KU ss) GU@)HLjo)= s414K-Ks=0 ' At negative real axis, sl K)+(14K)=0 180° Routh array sink 180° Sek For system to be stable, r kso 0250-90 eel xsd 2 and 03(0.250) ~ jsin(0250) and I+K>0 Gtjett(jay = #00250) — jsin(0250)] K>-l jo So. wic200 KV, There is a gradual increase in RI level till measurable corona loss takes place, Above this voltage RI increases rapidly. The amplitude of RI varies inversely as the frequency at which interference takes place, RL is considered during tine designing, DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Distribution system is that part of power system by which electric power is distributed among various customers for their local use This leads to corona loss at Classification of Distribution System (According to eusrent nature (ac and de) Gi). According to construction nature (OH and underground system) ii) According to connection scheme ( and interconnected system) i Radial electrical power distribution system Ithas one major drawback that in ease of any feeder failure, the associated consumers would not get any power as there ‘was no alternative path to feed the transformer. In case of transformer failure also, the power supply is interrupted, In ‘other words the consumer in the radi system would be in darkness until the feeder or transformer was rectified electrical distribution Radial feeder Radial distributor Generating station ‘or stb station Oty 4 FF adil feeders) Ring main feeder Distributor D Distributor Comparison of AC and DC Distribution (@ In de system, voltage drop is due to distributor resistance and in ac system voltage drop is due to combined effect of resistance, inductance and capacitance. Gi) In de system, all additions and subtraction of voltages ‘and currents are done atithmetically but in ae system these are done by vectorically PER UNIT REPRESENTATION In the process of computation of power system problems it is usual to express voltage, current, impedance and volt- iperes of an electrical circuit in per unit (or percentage) of hase or reference values of these quantities rather than in volts, amperes, obs and vars, The per unit value of any quantity is defined as ‘The actual value in any units ‘The base or reference value in the same units Per unit values are din Per unit value=. sionless. Per cent values differ from per unit values by a factor of 100, Per cent value = Per unit value x 100 Let = Actual current in amperes Base current in amperes Actual voltage in volts Vi = Base voltage in volts Z = Actual impedance in ohms se impedance in ohms Actual volt amperes Base voll amperes3.6 _ GATE for Electrical Engineering ‘The per unit value of any quantity is defined as: Per unit value = (Actual value)(Base value) 1 So, per unit current, f,,, = P ne y Per unit voltage, Tq, = Be Vow = Per unit impedanee, Z,,, Zn Now, Z=R+jX Z_R+X RX ZR RY tue cee pw A Ea lyst Bye ire es zy and aye Zy Se Now, S=P+jO: Sy, - SPO? 2p 0, oS Sy Sy Sp and Also, for single phase circuit, Base impedance, Z Base voll amperes, Sy = Buse voltage x Base Su =Valn Base voltage Vp)(Base current Ip) trent The values of base quantities are taken according to conven sf any two of the four quantities Ws two are determined easily. In power system calculations, usually base voltage and base volt amperes are selected. The base current Zy and base impedance Z, are expressed in terms of base voltage Vi and base volt amperes Sp. Now, select base voltage and base voll amperes Per unit voltage actual vollage)(base voltage) So, base current, Jy = (Buse voll amperes, Sg¥(Base voltage, Vq) (in amperes) tnd base impedance, Zp = (Base voltage)/(Base current) = (Base voltage) x (Base voltage, Vp\MBase volt amperes, Sp)} = (Base voluge)'(Base volt amperes) ve (én ohms) Sy Per unit impedance Zp, = (Actual impedance) = Actual impedance x (Base volt ampere)/(Base voltage)” Se Change of Base Its sometimes necessary to convert per unit quantities from one base to another Let Ze! be the per unit impedance on the base volt amperes $3! and the base voltage V4, which is expressed z si Ze ais If 22" be the new per unit impedance on the new base and the new base voltage j2", then volt amperes Sy ag aw SE zy (gy From equation, the relatio new per unit values is ex _ pa SE (158 Y ‘Three Phase Systems Three phase systems are solved on single phase basis. Base voltage represents line to neutral voltage and base ccurrent represents the line current. From this the equation for base impedance are as follows: Now, Base kV is line to neutral kV hip between the old and the phase RVA Base kya = S—PRRERVA Base current = BASE KYA. Base kV ky seeps be VA and base RV (a) ame wa Base kV) V3 x Base kV /3 and Base impedan 1000 Suppose, we tak as line to line KV. O1 Base curren and Base kV)" Base kVA Base impedance = 1000Per Unit Representation of Transformer Consider a single phase transformer in which Base current in the primary = fp Base current in the secondary = Is Base voltage in the primary = Vp Base voltage in the secondary = Vs r, Base impedance in the primary Z,,="% » p on Vs the secondary Zys="" ry I, ypedance of the wo windings referred to the Base impedance Total series i prima Zo Total series impedance of the wo windings referred to the Zoe Primary tens = Secondary turns = Ns Per unit impedance of the transformer referred to the primary Zire Zoe Foe! Zenpn = Ty ‘we {¥p p Ip ‘The total series impedance of the wo windings referred to the secondary Ns y ‘se = Zee | Np Per unit impedance of thet secondary former relerred to the Zep Pap Ese Zas (Vs\ Vs Ts 2 se ‘The results of equation may altematively be deduced as follows: Power Systems 3.7, So, the per unit equivalent impedance of a 2-winding transformer is the same whether the calculation is made from the primary side or the secondary side, BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX ‘Most power system networks are analyzed by first forming the admittance matrix. The admittance matrix is based upon Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL), and it is easily formed and very sparse: Consider the three-bus network shown in figure that has five branch impedances and one current source. 1% 2 m3 a 2 » Or Applying KCL at the three independent nodes yields the following equations for the bus voltages (with respect to ground) ae Atbust, 2h + "="? <0 Z, At bus2, At bus3, matrix. form 2, “ %] To > ¥,|=|0 Z, ; %| Ly. 0 or in matrix form, PV = 1 where Y is the admittance matrix, V is a vector of bus voltages (with respect to ground), and Tis a vector of current injections. Vollage sources, if present, can be converted to ccurrent sources using the usual network rules. If a bus has a zero-impedance voltage source attached to it, then the bus voltage is already known, and the dimension of the problem is reduced by one, A simple observation of the steueture of the above admittance matrix leads to the following rule for building ¥: (i) The diagonal terms of ¥ contain the sum of all branch admittances connected directly to the corresponding bus, Gi) The off-diagonal elements of ¥ contain the negative sum of all branch admittances connected directly between the corresponding buses.3.8 GATE for Electrical Engineering Impedance Matrix ‘The impedance matrix isthe inverse of the admittance matrix. ze¥! So that Vea The reference bus both Y and Z is ground, Although the impedance matrix can be found via inversion, complete inversion is not common for matrices with mote than a few hundred rows and columns because of the matrix storage requirements, In those instances, Z elements are usually found via Gau ation, Kron reduetion, or, less commonly, by a direct building algorithm. If only a few of the Z elements are needed, then Gaussian elimi elim Kron reduetion ate the best. Load Flow Load flow solution of a network under steady state condition subject to certain inequality constraints under which the system operates, The constraints are—bus voltage, reactive power of alternators, tap selting of a tap changer ete. A load ow (LF) solution of power system (PS) requires mainly the following steps: (i) formulation of the network equations, and (ii) sui ical method for solution of equation. ble mathen Bus Analysis In a PS each bus or node is associated with four quantities i.e, real power (P) and reactive power (Q), bus voltage (V) and its phase angle (8). [n a LE solution, out of four two are specified and other two quantities are obtained Classification of Bus () Load bus (P and Q are specified) Gi) Generator bus or voltage control bus (Vand P are specified) ii) Slack or swing or reference bus (V and 6 are given) SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS ‘Three unbalanced vectors (means they may not be equal in magnitude and/or do not have same phase displacement) are Vy. Vip Ve oF Ty, Ty Ty. These three vectors (V,, Vie Ve or Iy, Ih, 1.) ean be resolved into three balanced vectors ‘The vectors of the balaneed system are called symmetrical components of the original system. These are (Positive sequence components: Vyy. Van. Vey 0F Uy Inyo Ie) are three balanced vectors, displaced from each other by 120° in phase and having the same phase that of the original unbal ive Sequence components: Via, Vass Vaz (OF La Ing. a) are three balanced vectors, displaced from each other by 120° in phase and having phase sequence ‘opposite to that of the original unbalanced system. (iii) Zero phase sequence components: Vyo. Vio. Veo (OF To, ho Ho) are three equal vectors having zero phase displacement «i Thus, ‘ris an operitor that causes «counter clockwise rotation of 120°. It has unit magnitude and angle 120 = 12120" =~ 0.5 + 0.866 2240" =—0.5 — 70.866 a? =12360°=1+ 0 That? =0 So, V, = Va Van Va FOP) HOV Vig FON, $0°V,9 In matrix form, | Vi, vj Vo) flit or vafealt a @ Vol “La Hence, (tM EVO AV, 40M, b02V,) 2= LV, +0°V, +0.) 2=3C In star connected system with neutral return path for current TC thy +1)=3h9 i jout neutral path or neutral groun: So, zero sequence currents are zero. In della connected system, the line currents do not have return neutral path. So, zero sequence currents are zer0, UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS Unsymectrical faults are of following types: Single line to ground (L-G) fault Line (© line (LL) fault Double tine to ground (L-L-G) fault For such faults, simple single phase representation is not valid. These are analysed by symmetrical components of the unbalanced currents POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO SEQUENCE COMPONENTS ‘There are three sets of independent components in @ three phase system: positive, negative and zero for both current andPower Systems 3.9 voltage. Positive sequence vollages are supplied by generators within the system and are always present. A second set of balanced phasors are also equal in magnitude and displaced 120° apart, but display 4 counter-clockwise rota of A-C-B which represents a negative sequence, The final set of balanced phasors is equal in magnitude and in phase with each other, however, since there is no rotation sequence. this is known as a zero sequence. +c ——+B ea ‘Zax sequence ‘components Positive sequence components: AB-C [Negative sequence ‘components: ACB. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM A single line diagram shows the essential connections and arrangements of components of a power system, Power system networks are represented by single line diagrams using suitable symbols for generators, motors, transformers and a combination of industrial, commercial and residential loads. ‘The information supplied by a single line diagram varies according to the requirement, For example, circuit breakers need not be shown in a load flow study but these components are must for a protection study, For stability studies, circuit breakers and relay positions are shown in the single Tine diagram, In short circuit studies, three separate diagrams to represent positive, negative and zero sequence networks are shown. A balanced three phase system is studied on a per phase basis. A single phase circuit consists of one of the three phase conductors and a neutral return conductor. The loop impedance of a single phase circuit may be considered to be concentrated in one conductor only by taking the impedance Of the return conductor assumed to be zero. Thus, a balanced three phase system is replaced by a single A single line diagram of a power system is shown in the following figure, Here, G,, G; and Gs are three synchronous generators, Ty are two (ansformers, A and B are Toads, Circuit ers are numbered 1 to 9, ne diagram. Under balanced operating conditions, the impedance diagram on single phase basis ea be easily drawn from the single Tine diagram. In the impedance diagram, the different components of power system are replaced by their equivalent circuits, The generators are represented as voltage source with series resistance and inductive reactance. The tuusformer is represented by its equivalent citeuit. The transmission line is represented by TT model. Loads are assumed to be passive (not involving rotating machines) and are represented by series resistance and inductive reactance: Neutral grounding impedances do not appear in the diagram as balanced conditions are assumed. [n many power system studies, each of the resistance of synchronous. generator, transformer winding and transmission lines, line charging and magnetizing circuits of transformers are neglected. The impedance diagram is then represented by reactance diagram, Impedance diagram of the power system is shown in the following figure PREPARATION OF PER UNIT IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM We can directly draw the line diagram of a power 8 npedance diagram from single 1m. The procedure is Step 1 Seleet an appropriate common KVA base for the entire power system, Consider the entire power system to be divided into 4 number of sections by the transformers. Select propriate kV base for one part of the system. Usually, a voltage base is selected for a transmission Tine in the power system. Compute KV bases of remaining parts of the power system in the ratio of transformation, Compute per unit values of voltages and impedances in each sections and joining them as per the topology of single line diagram, Step 2 Swep 3 Advantages of Per Un Per System i system has the following advantages: (@ Calculations are simplified. (ii) Per unit values give more meaningful information, Gif) Per unit values are independent of the type of the whether the power system is power system, that single phase or three phase (iv) The per unit impedance referred to either side of a single phase transformer is the same (v) Using per unit values, analysis of power systems are simplified considerably. (vi) The impedances of machines are specified by the ‘manufacturers in terms of per unit values3.10 GATE for Electrical Enginesting DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION Differential relaying systems are based on the premise that under normal conditions, current in equals (© current out ‘ Zoncot | _—2—+ protection Ne hay SD la In reality provision has to be made for non-zero differential quantities under normal healthy conditions. These could result due (© line charging current, CT mismatching, the transformer ap changer, ele. Provision is thus made for ways to prevent relay operation which could result due lo differential current being present under normal system conditions. This is classically done by deriving a restraint quantity from the terminal currents (biased differential protection). Protected object Normal condition, J) = Jy. By virtue of CT connections 1, and fy subtract to zero through relay ies fy = li I> ‘The secondary currents thus appear to citculate in the CT secondary’s only circulating current differential protection, And lastly this type of relay always works for internal fault only. DISTANCE PROTECTION The impedance of a transmission line is proportional to its length, for distance measurement it is appropriate to use f relay capable of measuring the impedance of a line up lo a predetermined point (the reach point). Such a relay is deseribed as a distance relay and is designed to operate only far faults occurring between the relay location and the selected reach point, thus giving discrimination for faults that may occur in different line sections. The basie principle of distance protection involves the division of the voltage at the relaying point by the measured current, The apparent impedance so calculated is compared with the reach point impedance. If the measured impedance is less than the reach point impedance, it is assumed that a fault exists on the line between the relay and the reach point. The reach point of a relay is the point along the Hine impedance locus that is imlersected by the boundary characteristic of the relay Since this is dependent on the ratio of voltage and current and the phase angle between them, it may be plotted on an RIX dingram. The loci of power system impedances as seen by the relay during faults, power swings and load variations may be plotted on the same diagram and in this manner the performance of the relay in the presence of system faults be studied, ‘and disturbances: mi Impedance Relationship of Distance Relay With clectromechanical relay designs, th nitude of imput ceuraey and operating time, It was customary (© present information on relay performance by vollagedreach curves. System impedance ratios (SIRs) as Z/Z;, where Zs = system source impedance behind the relay location and Z; = line impedance equivalent to relay reach seuing ZONE PROTECTION Careful selection of the reach settings and tripping times for the various zones of measurement enables correct coordination between distance relays on a power system. Basie distance protection will comprise instantaneous directional Zone 1 protection and one or more time delayed zones. Typical reach and time settings for a 3-zone distance protection. in digital and anmerical distance relays may have up to five zones, some set 1o measure in the reverse direction, Typical settings for three forward-looking zones of basic distance protection are given in the following sub-sections. quantities particularly influenced both reach () Relay sening of Zone I: Electromechanical relays usually have a reach setting of up to 80% of the protected line impedance for instantaneous Zone 1 protection. For digital/numerical distance relays, settings of up to 85% may be safe, The resulting 15-20% safety margin ensures that there is no risk of the Zone 1 protection over-reaching the protected line due to errors in the current nd voltage transformers, inaccuracies in line impedance data provided for seting purposes and errors of relay setting and measurement, Otherwise, there would be a loss of discrimination with fast operating protection on the following line section. Zone 2 of the distance protection must cover the remaining 15-20% of the line. ii) Relay sexting of Zone 2: line with allowance for the sources of error already listed in the previous section, the reach setting of the Zone 2 protection should be at least 120% of the protected line impedance, In many applications it is common practice to set the Zone 2 reach to be equal © the protected line section +50% of the shortest adjacent line. Where possible, this ensures that the resulting maximum effective Zone 2 reach does not extend beyond the minimum effective Zone 1 reach of the adjacent Fine protection. ‘This avoids the need to grade the Zone 2 time settings between upstream and downstream relays, In electromechanieal and stulie relays, Zone 2 protection is provided either by To ensure Full cover of the