Burner position:

When inclining the axis of burner nozzle to that of the kiln it must be noted that a steep
angle towards the material bed will permit radiation from the material to break out the fuel
and increase the rate of combustion . it will also hinder the flow of uncommitted secondary
air at combustion acroos the bed of material to extract heat & slow down the sintering
process .the reaction between fuel and secondary air when the flame is very near to material
bed will be confined to the remaining areas of conical sleeve and will somewhat slow down
the combustion .

the burner is usualy set at smal angle to the kiln axis and slightly directed on to
material . thereby it must be remembered that the material is bieng cooled by the
stream of secondary air flowing over it . provided no overheating effects take place in
the material it is thermodynamically desirable to let the flame sweep over it . To
prevent the material is getting too hot in to the cooler the final area of the kiln out let
is used AS cooling zone . the point of burner is therfore normally pushed forward into
the kiln for a distance ( 0.5 - 1.25 m ) in practice its found that a very short flame is
most suitable for kiln operation in the other hand a very short flame should be used
only if a sufficiently thick material crust has been formed .

Good result are also obtained with withdrawn kiln and a correspondingly longer
flame . Trail should being on principle with too long flame during which the temp. of
the kiln shell must be carfully watched for over heating

The optimum position depends on many factors.

In the past, it was common practice to point the burner a little bit down compared to kiln
axis, in direction of the charge.This was primarily done to compensate the tendency of the
flame to go upward due to convection and entrainement by the secondary air.

Today, with modern high momentum burners, this is no longer recommended. The jet
momentum being stronger, if you point the burner toward the charge, the risk is that the
flame will touch the charge. The local reducing conditions would increase sulphur
circulation and increase the risk of coating and blockages in the preheater. Concensus is
that high momentum burners should be placed parallel to kiln axis.

Basic positions would be on kiln axis, but the burner can also be shifted sideways (still
parallel to kiln axis). Some recommend to shift the burner horizontally away from the
charge when using coarse waste fuel to limit the risk that coarse particles would fall into the
charge. Similarly, if you use only fine, easy to burn fuel, the burner can be shifted toward
the charge to improve heat exchange. As radiation is the primary heat exchange
mechanism, the effect is however limited.
Concerning insertion depth, in theory, the further inside the better. This is to get away from
the perturbation of the change of direction of the secondary air and to improve the
precooling zone to avoid snowmen in the cooler. There is however a limit due to the length
and related weight of the burner and the risk of damage by big pieces of coating falling on
the burner. Usual insertion depth would be 50cm-1m inside the kiln. But many kilns
operate with the burner just at the limit of the kiln (0cm). Having the burner outside the kiln
is generally not recommended.