IMPORTANT VOLATILE OIL DRUGS CLOVE ‘Synonyms: > Caryophylli; Clove buds; Clove flower; Lavang (Hindi); Laving (Gui). Biological source: It consists of the dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus. Family: > Myrtaceae. Macroscopical characters: The flower bud has a spherical head and a sub-cylindrical hypanthium tapering at the lower > > > Microscopical characters of Clove flower bud: > Transverse section of clove hypanthium below the ovary shows epidermis, cortex and columella:Chemical constituents: 1. Volatile oil (16-21%): - Phenol Chiefly Eugenol (85-90%), acetyl eugenol (10- 15%); « and B-Caryophyllene. 2. Tannins (10-13%) — Gallo-tannins. H OCH, Uses: Aromatic, Stimulant, Carminative, Flavouring agent. Local anaesthetic (Eugenol). Spice Used in toothache, dental preparations and mouthwashes. il in perfumery. Clove oil and zinc oxide are used in temporary filling of dental cavities, Chemical Tests: > Treat a thick section of hypanthium’s of clove with 50% potassium hydroxide solution. Needle shaped crystals of potassium eugenate are seen. > Prepare a decoction of clove and add to it ferric chloride solution. Blue-black colour is formed because of the tannins. Substitutes and Adulterants: 1, Exhausted clove: Volatile oil is partly or completely removed. As a result buds appear darker in colour, shrunken in form and yield no oil even after pressing hard between the fingers. 2. Clove stalks: The stalks, which creep in while collecting the buds. When present in excess are considered as adulterants. These stalks do not contain essential oil but only to the tune of 5%. If in powdered form, excess of clove stalk can be made out by the presence of calcium oxalate prism and large thick walled stone cells which however are absent in official clove powder. Clove fruits (Mother clove): VV VVYY These also contain clove oil but only around 3 to 5% and hence considered as an adulterant. These cloves are distinctly larger (20-25 mm/ 10-17 mm), ovate and taper below. The single seed present in the fruit contains starch, which is absent in clove bud. Using a simple micro chemical test for starch, the adulterant can be detected.4, Blown clove: > Myristica, Nux Moschata Biological source: > Nutmeg consists of dried kernels of the seeds of Myristica fragrans Family: > Myristicaceae. Macroscopical characters: > Colour: Externally, the kernels are greenish-brown or brown. > Size: Kernel is about 20 to 30 mm in length and 20 mm broad > Shape: Ellipsoidal Chemical Constituents: > Nutmeg contains 5 to 16% of volatile oil, and about 30% of fat. > The volatile oil contains about 4 to 8% myristicin, elimicin and safrole. > The fatty acid constituents of the fixed oil are myristic acid (about 60%), Palmitic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid and other acids. The fat of nutmeg is also known as nutmeg butter. —, oc o ay OCits HCO. Crctctt: NcHeCHy CacIecH Myrisicia Safle imi Uses: > Aromatic, Stimulant, Carminative, Flavouring agent. > Used in soap Industry. » The fat and volatile oil of nutmeg are used in the treatment of rheumatism. Substitutes and Adulterants: > Myristica malabarica Myristica argentea Myristica beddomei Myristica attenuata vvVYS 1 “ \®| @ Dethi (South) @ Delhi (East) @Chandigarh — @ Nagpur : BHARMB aces ome een se ‘Kercig ofe ins |@Bhopal vonn @Sagar — @Gwalior @ Kanpur FENNEL Synonyms: > Sanskrit- Misreya; Hindi- Sauf; Beng- Panmaury and Eng- Fennel. Biological source: The drug consists of the dried ripe fruit of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Family: > Umbelliferae. Macroscopical Characters: > Straight or slightly curved. > itis five-sided fruit in the form of cremocarps with pedicels and rarely found in the form of mericarps. > Fruits are glabrous with straight, prominent, yellow coloured five primary ridges and a stylopod at the top. > Transversely cut surface shows 2 commissural vittae and 4 dorsal vittae. The embryo is small ‘embedded in upper end with abundant oily endosperm. Microscopical characters of Fennel fruit: > Pericarp ©. Epicarp: a layer of quadrangular to polygonal cells, with smooth cuticle Mesocarp: Reticulate, lignified parenchyma surrounding the vascular bundles. Endocarp: Contains Parquetry arrangement of Cells, Vascular bundles: Five in number, bicollateral present below eh ridge (Primary ridge). Vittae: Oil cells, 4 on dorsal side, 2.0n commissural surface/ ventral surface. About 250 microns in maximum width, the walls are brown. e000 ‘Download Ou App from > Google Play tase vito YouTube For more queries visit us at: www.pharmasapience.com =@= SAPIENCE ‘A Group of Best Pharmo BroinsSy: HABA eos ane tee to =¥: = SAPIENCE |°** Poe ‘A évwipofbestPhorma trairs | @Bhopal wow) @Sagar — @Gwalior @ Konpur Chemical Constituents: > Fennel contains volatile oil (1-4%), fixed oil (9-12%) and proteins (20%). The chief constituents are a phenolic ether anethole (50-60%) and ketone fenchone (18-20%). Anethole has an aromatic odour and sweet taste Fenchone has a Foul odour Volatile oil also contains methyl chavicol, anisic aldehydes, a and B- pinene OCH De. “Cf, HC=CH-CH; vvvy Anethole Fenchone > Aromatic, Stimulant, Carminative, Flavouring agent. > Expectorant > Stomachic > Anthelmintic. > Its also useful in dental and mouth wash preparation due to pleasant taste of anethole. > Fennel water is useful in colic and flatulence in children ‘Adulterants: ‘The drug is adulterated with exhausted fennel from which volatile oil has been extracted out by steam distillation or volatile oll has been removed by treating with alcohol. Download Our App from 3 Google Play Like us on subscribe uson (EB YouTube For more queries visit us at: www.pharmasapience.com br. PHARMA == SAPIENCE A Group ofBest Pharma Brains‘Chemical constituents: 1. Volatile oil (16-21%): - Phenol Chiefly Eugenol (85-90%), acetyl eugenol (10- 15%); a and B-Caryophyllene, 2. Tannins (10-13%) — Gallo-tannins. OCH, Engeaol Aromatic, Stimulant, Carminative, Flavouring agent. Local anaesthetic (Eugenol). Spice Used in toothache, dental preparations and mouthwashes. Oil in perfumery. Clove cil and zinc oxide are used in temporary filling of dental cavities. Chemical Tests: > Treat a thick section of hypanthium’s of clove with 50% potassium hydroxide solution. Needle shaped crystals of potassium eugenate are seen, + Prepare a decoction of clove and add to it ferric chloride solution. Blue-black colour is formed because of the tannins, Substitutes and Adulterants: 1 ‘(aS STEER mos. 1s 212.8 OSCE form and yield no oil even after pressing hard between the fingers. 2. Clove stalks: The stalks, which creep in while collecting the buds. When present in excess are considered as adulterants. "hs is dent contin ena bt nyt the ae of If in powdi x stalk can be made out by the presence. are distinctly larger (20-25 mi vyyvvyy