Hfssuser Guide 150114060507 Conversion Gate02 PDF

Ansoft HFSS – User Guide
Chapter 1 - Introduction
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

23, 2009
© 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-1 Inventory #002704
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
Ansoft HFSS for SI – User Guide Training Manual
Inventory Number: 002704

3rd Edition
HFSS Release: 11.1
Published Date: February 20, 2009
Registered Trademarks:
ANSYS® is a registered trademark of SAS IP Inc.
All other product names mentioned in this manual are trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective manufacturers.
Disclaimer Notice:
This document has been reviewed and approved in accordance with the ANSYS, Inc.
Documentation Review and Approval Procedures. “This ANSYS Inc. software product (the
Program) and program documentation (Documentation) are furnished by ANSYS, Inc. under an
ANSYS Software License Agreement that contains provisions concerning non-disclosure, copying,
length and nature of use, warranties, disclaimers and remedies, and other provisions. The
Program and Documentation may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of that
License Agreement.”
Copyright © 2008 SAS IP, Inc.

Proprietary data. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.
All Rights Reserved.

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#002593
Introduction
Table of Contents Training Manual
1. Introduction 1-1 6. Examples – Microwave

– Table of Contents 1-3 – Magic T 6.1
– Welcome to Ansoft HFSS 1-4 – Coax Connector 6.2
– Getting Help 1-7 – 180° Ring Hybrid 6.3
– Ansoft Desktop 1-9 – Coax Stub 6.4
– Simulation Overview 1-18 – Microstrip – Wave Port 6.5
– Ferrite Circulator 6.6
2. Simulation Basics 2-1
7. Examples – Filters
3. Boundary Conditions 3-1 – Bandpass Filter 7.1
4. Appendix – Boundary Conditions 4-1 8. Examples – Signal Integrity

– LVDS Differential Pair 8.1
– Segmented Return Path 8.2
5. Examples – Antenna
– Non-ideal Planes 8.3
– UHF Probe 5.1
– Return Path 8.4
– Conical Horn 5.2
– Probe Fed Patch 5.3
– Slot Coupled Patch 5.4 9. Examples – On-Chip
– Endfire Waveguide Array 5.5 – Spiral Inductor 9.1

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Introduction
Welcome to Ansoft HFSS Training Manual
• What is HFSS?
– HFSS is a high-performance full-wave electromagnetic(EM) field simulator for arbitrary 3D volumetric passive device
modeling that takes advantage of the familiar Microsoft Windows graphical user interface. It integrates simulation,
visualization, solid modeling, and automation in an easy-to-learn environment where solutions to your 3D EM problems
are quickly and accurately obtained. Ansoft HFSS employs the Finite Element Method(FEM), adaptive meshing, and
brilliant graphics to give you unparalleled performance and insight to all of your 3D EM problems. Ansoft HFSS can be
used to calculate parameters such as S-Parameters, Resonant Frequency, and Fields. Typical uses include:
• Package Modeling – BGA, QFP, Flip-Chip
• PCB Board Modeling – Power/Ground planes, Mesh Grid Grounds, Backplanes
• Silicon/GaAs - Spiral Inductors, Transformers
• EMC/EMI – Shield Enclosures, Coupling, Near- or Far-Field Radiation
• Antennas/Mobile Communications – Patches, Dipoles, Horns, Conformal Cell Phone Antennas, Quadrafilar Helix, Specific
Absorption Rate(SAR), Infinite Arrays, Radar Cross Section(RCS), Frequency Selective Surfaces(FSS)
• Connectors – Coax, SFP/XFP, Backplane, Transitions
• Waveguide – Filters, Resonators, Transitions, Couplers
• Filters – Cavity Filters, Microstrip, Dielectric
– HFSS is an interactive simulation system whose basic mesh element is a tetrahedron. This allows you to solve any
arbitrary 3D geometry, especially those with complex curves and shapes, in a fraction of the time it would take using
other techniques.
– The name HFSS stands for High Frequency Structure Simulator. Ansoft pioneered the use of the Finite Element
Method(FEM) for EM simulation by developing/implementing technologies such as tangential vector finite elements,
adaptive meshing, and Adaptive Lanczos-Pade Sweep(ALPS). Today, HFSS continues to lead the industry with
innovations such as Modes-to-Nodes and Full-Wave Spice™.
– Ansoft HFSS has evolved over a period of years with input from many users and industries. In industry, Ansoft HFSS
is the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and virtual prototyping.

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Introduction
Installing the Ansoft HFSS software Training Manual
• System Requirements
– For up-to-date information, refer to the HFSS Installation Guide
• Installing the Ansoft HFSS Software

– For up-to-date information, refer to the HFSS Installation Guide
• Starting Ansoft HFSS

1. Click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs, and select the Ansoft, HFSS 11 program group. Click HFSS 11.
2. Or Double click on the HFSS 11 icon on the Windows Desktop
NOTE: You should make backup copies of all HFSS projects created
created with a
previous version of the software before opening them in HFSS v11

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Introduction
Web Update Training Manual
• WebUpdate
– This feature allows you to update any existing Ansoft software from the WebUpdate window. This feature automatically
scans your system to find any Ansoft software, and then allows you to download any updates if they are available.

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Introduction
Getting Help Training Manual
• Getting Help
– If you have any questions while you are using Ansoft HFSS you can find answers in several ways:
• Ansoft HFSS Online Help provides assistance while you are working.
– To get help about a specific, active dialog box, click the Help button in the dialog box or press the F1 key.
– Select the menu item Help > Contents to access the online help system.
– Tooltips are available to provide information about tools on the toolbars or dialog boxes. When you hold the
pointer over a tool for a brief time, a tooltip appears to display the name of the tool.
– As you move the pointer over a tool or click a menu item, the Status Bar at the bottom of the Ansoft HFSS
window provides a brief description of the function of the tool or menu item.
– The Ansoft HFSS Getting Started guide provides detailed information about using HFSS to create and solve
3D EM projects.
• Ansoft Technical Support
– To contact Ansoft technical support staff in your geographical area, please log on to the Ansoft corporate
website, www.ansoft.com and select Contact.
• Your Ansoft sales engineer may also be contacted in order to obtain this information.
• Visiting the Ansoft Web Site

– If your computer is connected to the Internet, you can visit the Ansoft Web site to learn more about the Ansoft company
and products.
• From the Ansoft Desktop
– Select the menu item Help > Ansoft Corporate Website to access the Online Technical Support (OTS)
system.
• From your Internet browser
– Visit www.ansoft.com

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Introduction
Getting Help Training Manual
• For Technical Support

– The following link will direct you to the Ansoft Support Page. The Ansoft Support Pages provide additional
documentation, training, and application notes.
• Web Site: http://www.ansoft.com/support.cfm
• Technical Support:
– 9-4 EST:
• Pittsburgh, PA
• (412) 261-3200 x0 – Ask for Technical Support
• Burlington, MA
– 9-4 PST:
• San Jose, CA
• Portland, OR
• (503) 906-7944
• Irvine, CA
• (714) 417-9311 x6

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Introduction
Ansoft Desktop Terms Training Manual
• Ansoft Desktop Terms

– The Ansoft HFSS Desktop has several optional panels:
• A Project Manager which contains a design tree which lists the structure of the project.
• A Message Manager that allows you to view any errors or warnings that occur before you begin a simulation.
• A Property Window that displays and allows you to change model parameters or attributes.
• A Progress Window that displays solution progress.
• A 3D Modeler Window which contains the model and model tree for the active design.

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#002593
Introduction
Ansoft HFSS Desktop Training Manual
Menu
bar
Toolbars
3D Modeler
Window
Project
Manager
with project
tree
Progress
Message
Window
Manager
Status
bar Property Window
Coordinate Entry Fields

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Introduction
• Project Manager
Project Manager Window
Project
Design
Design Setup
Design Automation
•Parametric
Parametric
•Optimization
Optimization
•Sensitivity
Sensitivity
•Statistical
Statistical Design Results

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Introduction
• Property Window
Property Window
Property Property
table buttons
Property tabs

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Introduction
3D Modeler Window
• Ansoft 3D Modeler
Graphics Model
area
3D Modeler
Edge design tree
Vertex
Context menu
Coordinate System (CS)
Plane
Origin
Face
Model
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Introduction
• 3D Modeler Design Tree
Material
Object
Object Command
History
Object View
Grouped by Material

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Introduction
Design Windows Training Manual
• Design Windows
– In the Ansoft HFSS Desktop, each project can have multiple designs and each design is displayed in a separate
window.
– You can have multiple projects and design windows open at the same time. Also, you can have multiple views of the
same design visible at the same time.
– To arrange the windows, you can drag them by the title bar, and resize them by dragging a corner or border. Also, you
can select one of the following menu options: Window >Cascade, Window >Tile Vertically, or Window > Tile
Horizontally.
– To organize your Ansoft HFSS window, you can iconize open designs. Click the Iconize ** symbol in the upper right
corner of the document border. An icon appears in the lower part of the Ansoft HFSS window. If the icon is not visible,
it may be behind another open document. Resize any open documents as necessary. Select the menu item Window
> Arrange Icons to arrange them at the bottom of the Ansoft HFSS window.
– Select the menu item Window > Close All to close all open design. You are prompted to Save unsaved designs.
Iconize
Symbol
Design icons

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Introduction
Toolbars Training Manual
• Toolbars
– The toolbar buttons are shortcuts for frequently used commands. Most of the available toolbars are displayed in this
illustration of the Ansoft HFSS initial screen, but your Ansoft HFSS window probably will not be arranged this way. You
can customize your toolbar display in a way that is convenient for you.
– Some toolbars are always displayed; other toolbars display automatically when you select a document of the related
type. For example, when you select a 2D report from the project tree, the 2D report toolbar displays.
• To display or hide individual toolbars:

– Right-click the Ansoft HFSS window frame.
• A list of all the toolbars is displayed. The toolbars with a check mark beside them are visible; the toolbars without
a check mark are hidden. Click the toolbar name to turn its display on or off
– To make changes to the toolbars, select the menu item Tools > Customize. See Customize and Arrange Toolbars
on the next page.

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Introduction
Toolbars Training Manual
• Customize and Arrange Toolbars

– To customize toolbars:
• Select the menu item Tools > Customize, or right-click the Ansoft HFSS window frame and click Customize at
the bottom of the toolbar list.
• In the Customize dialog, you can do the following:
– View a Description of the toolbar commands
1.Select an item from the Component pull-down list
2.Select an item from the Category list
3.Using the mouse click on the Buttons to display the Description
4.Click the Close button when you are finished
– Toggle the visibility of toolbars
1.From the Toolbar list, toggle the check boxes to control the visibility of the toolbars
2.Click the Close button when you are finished

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Introduction
Overview Training Manual
• Ansoft HFSS Desktop

– The Ansoft HFSS Desktop provides an intuitive, easy-to-use interface for developing passive RF device models.
Creating designs, involves the following:
1. Parametric Model Generation – creating the geometry, boundaries and excitations
2. Analysis Setup – defining solution setup and frequency sweeps
3. Results – creating 2D reports and field plots
4. Solve Loop - the solution process is fully automated
– To understand how these processes co-exist, examine the illustration shown on the next page.

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Introduction
Overview Training Manual
Design
Solution Type
Boundaries
Parametric Model
Geometry/Materials
Excitations
Mesh
Operations
Analysis
Solution Setup
Frequency Sweep
Mesh
Analyze Solve
Refinement
Results
2D Reports NO
Converged
Fields
Solve Loop
YES
Update
Finished

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Introduction
Opening a Design Training Manual
• Opening a HFSS project

– This section describes how to open a new or existing project.
– Opening a New project

• To open a new project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > New.
2. Select the menu Project > Insert HFSS Design.
– Opening an Existing HFSS project

• To open an existing project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window,
select the menu File > Open.
Use the Open dialog to select
the project.
2. Click Open to open the project
– Opening an Existing Project from Explorer

• You can open a project directly from the Microsoft Windows Explorer.
• To open a project from Windows Explorer, do one of the following:
– Double-click on the name of the project in Windows Explorer.
– Right-click the name of the project in Windows Explorer and select Open from the shortcut menu.

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Introduction
Set Solution Type Training Manual
• Set Solution Type

– This section describes how to set the Solution Type. The Solution Type defines the type of results, how the excitations
are defined, and the convergence. The following Solution Types are available:
1. Driven Modal - calculates the modal-based S-parameters. The S-matrix solutions will be expressed in terms of
the incident and reflected powers of waveguide modes.
2. Driven Terminal - calculates the terminal-based S-parameters of multi-conductor transmission line ports. The S-
matrix solutions will be expressed in terms of terminal voltages and currents.
3. Eignemode – calculate the eigenmodes, or resonances, of a structure. The Eigenmode solver finds the resonant
frequencies of the structure and the fields at those resonant frequencies.
– Convergence
• Driven Modal – Delta S for modal S-Parameters. This was the only convergence method available for Driven
Solutions in previous versions.
• Driven Terminal – Delta S for the single-ended or differential nodal S-Parameters.
• Eigenmode - Delta F
– To set the solution type:

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Solution Type
2. Solution Type Window:
1. Choose one of the following:
1.Driven Modal
2.Driven Terminal
3.Eigenmode
2. Click the OK button

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Introduction
Converting older files Training Manual
• Converting Older HFSS file to HFSS v11

– Because of changes to the HFSS files with the development of HFSS v11, opening a HFSS document from an earlier
release may take more time than you are used to experiencing. However, once the file has been opened and saved,
subsequent opening time will return to normal
– Ansoft HFSS v11 provides a way for you to automatically convert your HFSS projects from an earlier version to the
HFSS v11 format.
– To access HFSS projects in an earlier version.
• From HFSS v11,
1. Select the menu item File > Open
2. Open dialog
1.Files of Type: Ansoft HFSS Project Files (.hfss)
2.Browse to the existing project and select the .hfss file
3.Click the Open button

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Ansoft HFSS - User Guide
Chapter 2 – Simulation Basics

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© 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-1
2-1 Inventory #002704
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• What is HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator)?

– “HFSS is the industry-standard software for S-parameter, full-wave SPICE extraction and
electromagnetic simulation of high-frequency and high-speed components. HFSS is widely used for
the design of on-chip embedded passives, PCB interconnects, antennas, RF/microwave components,
and high-frequency IC packages.”
– “HFSS improves engineering productivity, reduces development time, and better assures first-pass
design success. The latest release of HFSS delivers significant productivity gains to Microwave/RF
engineers and expands electromagnetic co-design to a new segment of engineers working in the
areas of RF/analog IC and multi-gigabit designs as well as EMI/EMC.”

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Introduction
Training Manual
GUI
Mesh Solver

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Introduction
HFSS – Methodology Training Manual
• HFSS uses the Finite Element Method (FEM) to solve Maxwell‘s equations.
– The primary advantage of the FEM for solving partial differential equations lies in the ability of the basic building blocks
used to discretize the model to confrom to arbitrary geometry.
– The arbitrary shape of the basic building block (tetrahedron) also allows HFSS to generate a coarse mesh where fewer
cells are needed to yield an accuate solution, while creating a finely discretized mesh where the field is rapidly varying
or higher accuaracy is needed to obtain an accurate global solution.
• The FEM has been a standard for solving electromagnetic problems since the
inception of HFSS in 1990.
– The FEM has been a standard for solving problems in structure mechanics since the mid 1950‘s.
Tetrahedron

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Introduction
HFSS - Technology Training Manual
• Tangential Vector Finite Elements

Vertex: Explicitly
Solved
Edge: Explicitly
Solved
Face:
Interpolated
• Transfinite Element Method
• Adaptive Meshing
Initial Converged

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#002593
Introduction
HFSS – Automated solution process Training Manual
• The “Solve”
Create Initial
Start Mesh
Solve fields using the

Generate New Mesh
Finite Element Method
no Calculate local
∆S|)<goal?
Max(|∆
Solution error
yes
Calculate broad band

s-parameters (if desired)

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Introduction
1D FEM Example Training Manual
• The finite element method (FEM) can be used to approximate the

unknown curve F(x).
w0 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6
F(x) w1
1
0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6
• The model is “discretized” into 6 individual cells. w0 – w6 are the
piecewise linear “basis functions” from which the approximate
solution will be built.

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Introduction
• In the FEM, the unknown function is expressed as a weighted sum of the

piecewise continuous basis functions.
Σai wi
F’(x)=Σ
F(x)
1
x
Node 1 2 3 4 5 6
The approximate solution resulting from the FEM
calculation is F’(x) shown as a dotted line.

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#002593
Introduction
• A key feature of the FEM, as it is implemented in HFSS, is the ability to locally

determine the error. Recall that F(x) is not known, but the ERROR can be
determined1.
Error!
Σai wi
F’(x)=Σ
F(x)
x
Node 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 D.
K. Sun, Z. Cendes, J.-Fa Lee, „Adaptive Mesh Refinement, h-Version, for Solving Multiport
Microwave Devices in Three Dimensions, IEEE Trans Magnetics, pp 1596-1599, Vol. 36, N.4, July 2000

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#002593
Introduction
• The mesh density is increased where the error is largest. Hence, the final
(and computationally most expensive) solution will have a mesh that yields
the greatest accuracy with the fewest possible mesh cells.
Σai wi
F’(x)=Σ
F(x)
1
x
Node 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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#002593
Introduction
The key to success Training Manual
• Finite elements and adaptive meshing

– Optimal, geometrically conformal mesh created automatically by the
software
• Remove requirements for “meshing expertise”
Vertex: Explicitly Solved
Edge: Explicitly Solved
Face: Interpolated

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Introduction
Adaptive Meshing - Example Training Manual
• Example
– 11.5GHz patch antenna
– Mesh elements concentrate at the perimeter of the patch
– Optimal mesh automatically generated by HFSS

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Introduction
Quick Start Training Manual
• Quick Example – Coax Tee • HFSS – High Frequency Structure

Simulator
– Full-Wave 3D field solver
– Solves for the fields in an arbitrary volume
Coax Center Pin
Coax Dielectric
Outer Boundary
Coax Shield

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#002593
Introduction
HFSS – Start to Finish Training Manual
• The Process Design
Solution Type
Boundaries
Parametric Model
Geometry/Materials
Excitations
Mesh
Operations
Analysis
Solution Setup
Frequency Sweep
Mesh
Analyze Solve
Refinement
Results
2D Reports NO
Converged
Fields
Solve Loop
YES
Update
Finished

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#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Starting HFSS
– Click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs, and select Ansoft > HFSS 11 > HFSS 11
– Or Double click on the HFSS 11 icon on the Windows Desktop
• Adding a Design
– When you first start HFSS a new project with a new design will be automatically added to the Project Tree.
Toolbar: Insert HFSS Design
– To include additional designs into an existing project, select the menu item Project > Insert HFSS Design
– Alternatively to open a new project with a new design manually, select the menu item File > New.

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#002593
Introduction
Ansoft Desktop Training Manual
Menu
bar
Toolbars
Project
Manager 3D Modeler
with project Window
tree
Property
Window
Progress
Message Window
Manager
Status
bar

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#002593
Introduction
Project Manager Training Manual
• Ansoft Desktop – Project Manager

– Multiple Designs per Project
– Multiple Projects per Desktop
– Integrated Optimetrics Setup
• Requires License for Analysis
Project Manager Window
Project
Design
Design Setup
Design Automation
•Parametric
Parametric
•Optimization
Optimization
•Sensitivity
Sensitivity
•Statistical
Statistical
Design Results

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#002593
Introduction
3D Modeler Training Manual
Modeler Window
Graphics Model
area
Context menu
Modeler
design tree Edge
Vertex
Coordinate System (CS)

Plane
Origin
Face
Model
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#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Set Solution Type

– To set the solution type:
• Select the menu item HFSS > Solution Type
• Solution Type Window:
– Choose Driven Terminal
– Click the OK button
• HFSS - Solution Types

– Driven Modal - calculates the modal-based S-parameters. The S-matrix solutions will be expressed in terms of the
incident and reflected powers of waveguide modes.
• Generalized S-parameters
– Driven Terminal - calculates the terminal-based S-parameters of multi-conductor transmission line ports. The S-matrix
solutions will be expressed in terms of terminal voltages and currents.
– Eigenmode – calculate the eigenmodes, or resonances, of a structure. The Eigenmode solver finds the resonant
frequencies of the structure and the fields at those resonant frequencies.
– Convergence
• Driven Modal – Delta S for modal S-Parameters.
• Driven Terminal – Delta S for the single-ended or differential nodal S-Parameters.
• Eigenmode - Delta F

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Introduction
Training Manual
• Set Model Units

– To set the units:
• Select the menu item Modeler > Units
• Set Model Units:
– Select Units: mm
• Set Default Material

– To set the default material:
• Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose Select
• Select Definition Window:
– Type pec in the Search by Name field

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Introduction
3D Modeler – Create a Primitive Training Manual
Point 1
Point 1
Grid Plane
Point 3
Base Rectangle
Point 2
Point 2
Point 3
• The Coordinate Entry fields allow equations to be entered for position values.
– Examples: 2*5, 2+6+8, 2*cos(10*(pi/180)).
– Variables are not allowed in the Coordinate Entry Field
• Note:
Note Trig functions are in radians

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Introduction
3D Modeler – Object Properties Training Manual
Attributes
Commands
Commands
Attributes

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Introduction
3D Modeler - Attributes Training Manual

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#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Set Grid Plane

– To set the Grid Plane:
• Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > YZ
• Create Coax Pin

– To create the coax pin:
• Select the menu item Draw > Cylinder
• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center position
– X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: 0.0, Press the Enter key
• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius of the cylinder
– dX: 0.0, dY: 0.86, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height of the cylinder
– dX: 6.0, dY: 0.0 dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
– Continued on Next Page

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Introduction
Training Manual
• Create Coax Pin (Continued)

– To Parameterize the Height
• Select the Command tab from the Properties window
• Height: H
• Press the Tab key
• Add Variable Window
– Value: 6mm
– To set the name:
• Select the Attribute tab from the Properties window.
• For the Value of Name type: Coax_Pin
– To set the color:
• Click the Edit button
– To set the transparency:
• Click the OK button
– To finish editing the object properties
– To fit the view:
• Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View

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#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Modeler - Views
– View > Modify Attributes >
• Orientation – Predefined/Custom View Angles
• Lighting – Control angle, intensity, and color of light
• Projection – Control camera and perspective
• Background Color – Control color of 3D Modeler background
– View > Active View Visibility - Controls the display of: 3D Modeler
Objects, Color Keys, Boundaries, Excitations, Field Plots
– View > Options – Stereo Mode, Drag Optimization, Color Key Defaults,
Default Rotation
– View > Render > Wire Frame or Smooth Shaded (Default)
– View > Coordinate System > Hide or Small (Large)
– View > Grid Setting – Controls the grid display
Toolbar: Toggle Grid Visibility

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Introduction
Changing the View Training Manual
Rotate Around
Current Axis Zoom In/Out Fit Selected
Predefined View Angles
Pan Top
Fit All
Rotate Around
Rotate Around Screen Center Dynamic Zoom
Model Center
– Context Menu
Left Right
Bottom
– Shortcuts
• Since changing the view is a frequently used operation, some useful shortcut keys exist. Press the appropriate
keys and drag the mouse with the left button pressed:
– ALT + Drag – Rotate
• In addition, there are 9 pre-defined view angles that can be selected by holding the ALT key and double clicking on the
locations shown on the next page.
– Shift + Drag - Pan
– ALT + Shift + Drag – Dynamic Zoom

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#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Set Default Material

– To set the default material:
• Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose vacuum
• Create Coax
– To create the coax:
• Select the menu item Draw > Cylinder
• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center position
– X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: 0.0, Press the Enter key
• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius of the cylinder
– dX: 0.0, dY: 2.0, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height of the cylinder
– dX: 6.0, dY: 0.0 dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
– To Parameterize the Height:
• Select the Command tab from the Properties window
• Height: H
– To set the name:
• For the Value of Name type: Coax
• Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View

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#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Create Excitation
– Face Selection
• Select the menu item Edit > Select > Faces
• By moving the mouse, graphically highlight the top face of the Coax object
• Click the left mouse button to select the face
– Assign Excitation
• Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Wave Port
• Reference Conductors for Terminals
– Conducting Objects: Coax_pin
– Press OK
– Note: Reference conductors are not shown because we are using Outer boundary condition as the
reference conductor. Port properties can be accessed by double clicking on Waveport1 in Project tree

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Introduction
Automatic Terminal Assignment Training Manual
Step 1: Assign Port Step 2: Choose Conductors/Reference

Note: Dialog Remembers Reference Conductors
Finished

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#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Duplicate boundaries with geometry

– Works with all boundaries and excitations
– Select the menu item Tools > Options > HFSS Options
– HFSS Options Window:
• Click the General tab
– Use Wizards for data entry when creating new boundaries: Checked
– Duplicate boundaries with geometry: Checked
– Example:
• Assign an Excitation to the face of an object
• Duplicate the object around an axis three times
• The Excitation is automatically duplicated

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#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Set Object Selection

– Set select to objects
• Select the menu item Edit > Select > Objects
• Create Tee
– To create Tee:
• Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible. Or press the CTRL+A key.
• Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Around Axis.
– Axis: Z
– Angle: 90
– Total Number: 3
• Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View.

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Unite Conductors
– Select Conductors
• Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
• Select Object Dialog,
– Select the objects named: Coax_Pin, Coax_Pin_1, Coax_Pin_2
– Unite
• Select the menu item Modeler > Boolean > Unite
• Unite Coax
– Select Coax
• Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
• Select Object Dialog,
– Select the objects named: Coax, Coax_1, Coax_2
– Unite
• Select the menu item Modeler > Boolean > Unite

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Solution Setup Training Manual
• Creating an Analysis Setup

– To create an analysis setup:
• Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
Add Solution Setup
• Solution Setup Window:
– Click the General tab:
• Solution Frequency: 10.0 GHz
Adapt Frequency

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Adding a Frequency Sweep

– To add a frequency sweep:
• Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Sweep
Add Sweep
– Select Solution Setup: Setup1
• Edit Sweep Window:
– Sweep Type: Fast
– Frequency Setup Type: Linear Step
• Start: 1.0 GHz
• Stop: 10.0 GHz
• Step: 0.1 GHz
• Save Fields: Checked
• HFSS – Frequency Sweep

– Discrete – Solves using adaptive mesh at every frequency
• Matrix Data and Fields at every frequency in sweep
– Fast - ALPS
• Matrix Data and Fields at every frequency in sweep
– Interpolating – Adaptively determines discrete solve
points using the adaptive mesh
• Matrix Data at every frequency in sweeps
• Fields at last adaptive solution

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Interpolating Sweep
– The calculation of wide-band s-parameters in HFSS is achieved using the interpolating sweep. This method fits s-
parameter data to a rational polynomial transfer function using a minimum number of discrete finite element method
(FEM) solutions.
– The interpolating sweep yields the poles and zeros of the transfer function. This information can be directly used in the
Laplace Element from which a Full-Wave SPICE™ model can be generated (HSPICE, Spectre RF, PSPICE).
βq (s − zq )(s − zq−1 )...(s − z1 )

S=
αq (s − pq )(s − pq−1 )...(s − p1 )
Rational Polynomial:
See: IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 46, No. 9, Sept. 1998
Example: Interpolating Sweep

5 cm microstrip transmission line
S11 (dB)

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
DONE!
Adaptive Frequency
S11 (dB)

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Save Project
– To save the project:
• In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
• From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_coax_tee
• Click the Save button
• Analyze
Validate Analyze All

• Model Validation
– To validate the model:
• Select the menu item HFSS > Validation Check
• Click the Close button
– Note: To view any errors or warning messages, use the Message Manager.
• Analyze
– To start the solution process:
• Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze All

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Create Reports
– To create a report:
• Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Terminal Solution Data Report> Rectangular Plot
• New Report Window:
– Solution: Setup1: Sweep1
– Domain: Sweep
• Category: Terminal S Parameter
• Quantity: St(coax_pin_T1, coax_pin_T1), St(coax_pin_T1, coax_pin_T2), St(coax_pin_T2,
coax_pin_T3) Note: Hold Ctrl key to select multiple traces
• Function: db
• Click New Report button
• Click Close button

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Field Overlays
– To create a field plot:
• Select an object to overlay fields
– Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
– Select Object Dialog,
• Select the objects named: Coax
• Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Fields > E > Mag_E
• Create Field Plot Window
– Solution: Setup1 : LastAdaptive
– Quantity: Mag_E
– In Volume: All
– Click the Done button
– To modify the attributes of a field plot:
• Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Modify Plot Attributes
• Select Plot Folder Window:
– Select: E Field
• E-Field Window:
– Click the Scale tab
• Scale: Log
– Click the Plot tab
• IsoValType: IsoValSurface
• Click the Apply button.
• Click the Close button
23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Core Technology
– HFSS – High Frequency Structure Simulator
– Arbitrary 3D Volumetric Full-Wave Field Solver
• Ansoft Desktop
– Advanced ACIS based Modeling
– True Parametric Technology – Dynamic Editing
– Powerful Report Generation
– Dynamic Field Visualization
– Design Flow Automation
• Optimetrics/Ansoft Designer/AnsoftLinks
• Advanced Material Types
– Frequency Dependent Materials
– Non-linear Materials
– Anisotropic Materials
• Advanced Boundary Conditions
– Radiation and Perfectly Matched Layers
– Symmetry, Finite Conductivity, Infinite Planes, RLC, and Layered Impedance
– Master/Slave – Unit Cells
• Advanced Solver Technology
– Automatic Conformal Mesh Generation
– Adaptive Mesh Generation
– Internal/External Excitations – Includes Loss
– ALPS Fast Frequency Sweep
– Eigenmode

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Common HFSS Applications

– Antenna
• Planar Antennas - Patches, Dipoles, Horns, Conformal Cell Phone Antennas, Spirals
• Waveguide – Circular/Square Horns
• Wire – Dipole, Helix
• Arrays - Infinite Arrays, Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) & Photonic Band Gaps (PBG)
• Radar Cross Section (RCS)
– Microwave
• Filters – Cavity Filters, Microstrip, Dielectric
• EMC/EMI – Shield Enclosures, Coupling, Near- or Far-Field Radiation
• Connectors – Coax, SFP/XFP, Backplane, Transitions
• Waveguide – Filters, Resonators, Transitions, Couplers
• Silicon/GaSa - Spiral Inductors, Transformers
– Signal Integrity/High-Speed Digital

• Package Modeling – BGA, QFP, Flip-Chip
• PCB Board Modeling – Power/Ground planes, Mesh Grid Grounds, Backplanes
• Connectors – SFP/XFP, VHDM, GBX, NexLev, Coax
• Transitions – Differential/Single-ended Vias

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
HFSS - Results Training Manual
• Matrix Data
– Modal/Terminal/Differential
• S-, Y-, and Z-Parameters
• VSWR
– Excitations
• Complex Propagation Constant (Gamma)
• Zo
– Full-Wave Spice
• Full-Wave Spice – Broadband Model
• Lumped RLC – Low Frequency Model
• Partial Fraction - Matlab
• Export Formats – HSPICE, PSPICE, Cadence Spectre, and Maxwell SPICE
– Common Display Formats:
• Rectangular, Polar
• Smith Chart
• Data Tables
– Common Output Formats:
• Neutral Models Files (NMF) (Optimetrics only)
– Parametric Results
• Touchstone, Data Tables, Matlab,
• Citifile
• Graphics – Windows Clipboard

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
HFSS - Results Training Manual
• Fields
– Modal/Terminal/Differential
• Electric Field
• Magnetic Field
• Current (Volume/Surface)
• Power
• Specific Absorption Rate
– Radiation
• 2D/3D Far-/Near-Fields
• Arrays – Regular and Custom Setups
• RCS
– Field Calculator
• User Defined Field Calculations
– Common Display Formats
• Volume
• Surface
• Vector
• 2D Reports – Rectangular, Polar, Radiation Patterns
– Common Output Formats:
• Animations – AVI, GIF
• Data Tables
• Graphics – Windows Clipboard, BMP, GIF, JPG, TIFF, VRML

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Modeler – Model Tree

– Select menu item Modeler > Group by Material
Material
Object
Object Command
History
Grouped by Material Object View

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Modeler – Commands
– Parametric Technology
• Dynamic Edits - Change Dimensions
• Add Variables
– Project Variables (Global) or Design Variables (Local)
– Animate Geometry
– Include Units – Default Unit is meters
• Supports mixed Units

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Modeler – Primitives
– 2D Draw Objects
• The following 2D Draw objects are available:
– Line, Spline, Arc, Equation Based Curve,
Rectangle, Ellipse, Circle, Regular Polygon,
Equation Based Surface
– 3D Draw Objects
• The following 3D Draw objects are available:
– Box, Cylinder, Regular Polyhedron, Cone,
Sphere, Torus, Helix, Spiral, Bond Wire
Toolbar: 2D Objects Toolbar: 3D Objects

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Modeler – Boolean Operations/Transformations

• Modeler > Boolean >
– Unite – combine multiple primitives
• Unite disjoint objects (Separate Bodies to separate)
– Subtract – remove part of a primitive from another
– Intersect– keep only the parts of primitives that overlap
– Split – break primitives into multiple parts along a plane (XY, YZ, XZ)
– Split Crossing Objects – splits objects along a plane (XY, YZ, XZ) only where they intersect
– Separate Bodies – separates objects which are united but not physically connected into individual objects
Toolbar: Boolean
• Modeler > Surfaces > Move Faces – Resize or Reposition an objects face along a normal or vector.
• Edit > Arrange >

– Move – Translates the structure along a vector
– Rotate – Rotates the shape around a coordinate axis by an angle
– Mirror – Mirrors the shape around a specified plane
– Offset – Performs a uniform scale in x, y, and z.
Toolbar: Arrange
• Edit > Duplicate >

– Along Line – Create multiple copies of an object along a vector
– Around Axis – Create multiple copies of an object rotated by a fixed angle around the x, y, or z axis
– Mirror - Mirrors the shape around a specified plane and creates a duplicate
Toolbar: Duplicate
• Edit > Scale – Allows non-uniform scaling in the x, y, or z direction

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Modeler - Selection
– Selection Types
• Object (Default)
• Face
• Edge
• Vertex
– Selection Modes
• All Objects
• All Visible Object
• By Name
– Highlight Selection Dynamically – By default, moving the mouse pointer over an object will dynamically
highlight the object for selection. To select the object simply click the left mouse button.
• Multiple Object Selection – Hold the CTRL key down to graphically select multiple objects
• Next Behind – To select an object located behind another object, select the front object, press the b key to get
the next behind. Note: The mouse pointer must be located such that the next behind object is under the mouse
pointer.
• To Disable: Select the menu item Tools > Options > 3D Modeler Options
– From the Display Tab, uncheck Highlight selection dynamically
Selected
Dynamically Highlighted
(Only frame of object)

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Modeler – Moving Around
Step 1: Start Point Step 2: Hold X key and select vertex point
Edge Center Snap
Toolbar: Snap Mode
Step 3: CTRL+Enter Keys set a local reference Step 4: Hold Z key and set height

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Modeler – Coordinate System

– Can be Parameterized
– Working Coordinate System
• Currently selected CS. This can be a local or global CS
– Global CS
• The default fixed coordinate system
– Relative CS
• User defined local coordinate system.
– Offset
– Rotated
Toolbar: Coordinate System
– Both
– Face CS (setting available to automatically switch to face coordinate system in the 3D Modeler Options)
Step 1: Select Face Step 2: Select Origin
Cone created with Face CS
Change Box Size and Cone is

automatically positioned with
Step 3: Set X-
X-Axis New Working CS the top face of the box
23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Overlapping Geometry
– Definition: When an object occupies volume in multiple 3D objects. This does not apply to sheet objects
– Solution:
• Metal Overlapping Dielectrics
– Resolution: Set Material Override
• Menu item: HFSS > Set Material Override
• Dielectrics Overlapping Dielectrics
– Resolution: Correct the Overlap
• Split the overlapping object into multiple pieces
• Subtract the overlapping geometries
(Overlap between two cylinders)

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Automatic Feature Removal Training Manual
Blends
Holes
Step 1: Enter Feature Detection Options

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Automatic Feature Removal Training Manual
Step 2: Select Features to Remove
Removed
Note: There are two modes of operation for the feature removal: Healing
and Model Analysis. Model Analysis was used here and allows the user to
manually select which geometry features are removed. For healing, all
features that meet the user defined criteria are automatically removed.
Both options are found in the menu item Modeler > Model Analysis

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• HFSS – Matrix Data

– HFSS > Results > Solution Data
– Export
• NMF, Touchstone, Data Tables, Citifile, MATLAB (*.m)
• NOTE: Make sure the Simulation is set to a Sweep before exporting. The Adaptive Passes will only export a
single frequency point.
– Equivalent Circuit Export
• HSPICE, PSPICE, Spectre, Maxwell SPICE

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Results – Data Management

– HFSS > Results > Browse Solutions
• Solved model variations are retained.
Unless otherwise notified by HFSS.
– HFSS > Results > Clean Up Solutions
– HFSS > Results > Import Solutions

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Results – Create Reports

– HFSS > Results > Create Report
– Output Variables
• User Defined Equations

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Fields
– Select Object Volume, Surface, or Line to display fields
– HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields >
– Modify Plot – Solution/Frequency/Qty
– Plot Attributes
– Edit Sources – Change Excitation

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Mesh Display
– Field Overlay
• Select an object
• Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Mesh

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Measure
– Modeler > Measure >
• Position – Points and Distance
• Length – Edge Length
• Area – Surface Area
• Volume – Object Volume

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Solver Technology
Mesh
Operations
Mesh
Solve
Refinement
NO
Converged
Solve Loop
YES
Finished

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Higher-Order Basis Functions Training Manual
• Solver - Higher-Order Basis Functions

– Basis functions are hierarchical
– Increased Accuracy with less elements
– Convergence is a function of basis order
H0(curl)
elements
H1(curl)
elements
H2(curl)
elements
1st Order 2nd Order

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Iterative Solver Training Manual
• How does it work?

– The Iterative Matrix Solver works by “guessing” a solution to the matrix of unknowns, and then
recursively updating the “guess” until an error tolerance has been reached
• What is the advantage?
– Reduced RAM and Simulation Time
• Where do you control the Iterative Solver?
– Options Tab from Solution Setup dialog
Initial guess
Preconditioner
Update solution and search

direction
no
Converges ?
yes

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Example – Basis Functions & Iterative Solver Training Manual
How many passes on computer w/8GB RAM?

• Direct: 3 Passes
• Iterative: 11 Passes
Increased Capacity (4x)
Volume: 447cubic wavelengths

4x Capacity on Same Machine
Copper Wall
Direct Iterative
2x Unknowns – 2x Memory

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
Iterative Direct
Iterative and Direct
Converge in 3 Passes
3.2x Less RAM
Iterative Direct
6.4x Faster

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Options – General
– Tools > Options > General Options
• Temp Directory – Location used during solution process
– Make sure it is at least 512MB free disk.
• Options - HFSS
– Tools > Options > HFSS Options > Solver
• Number of Processors – Requires additional license
• Desired RAM Limit – leave it unchecked for auto-detect
• Maximum RAM Limit – leave it unchecked for auto-detect
• Process Priority – set the simulation priority from Critical
(highest) to Idle (lowest)

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Project Files
– Everything regarding the project is stored in an ascii file
• File: <project_name>.hfss
• Double click from Windows Explorer will open and launch HFSS v11
– Results and Mesh are stored in a folder named <project_name>.hfssresults
– Lock file: <project_name>.lock.hfss
• Created when a project is opened
– Auto Save File: <project_name>.hfss.auto
• When recovering, software only checks date
– If an error occurred when saving the auto file, the date will be newer then the original
– Look at file size (provided in recover dialog)
• Converting Older HFSS Projects HFSS v9 and HFSS v10 to HFSS v11
– From HFSS v11.0,
• Select the menu item File > Open
• Open dialog
– Files of Type: Ansoft HFSS Project Files (.hfss)
– Browse to the existing project and select the .hfss file
– Click the Open button
• Legacy License
– The v11 license allows users to run HFSS v9.2.1, v10.1.3 or 11.x.
• NOTE: Once a project is saved in v11 it can no longer be opened in previous versions

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Recommended Service Packs (SP) – PC only

– Microsoft Windows XP - SP2 or higher
• Memory allocation 32-bit Windows

– Since the release of HFSS v9.2 you can access sup to 3GB of Ram on a 32-bit PC
– All about 3GB switch, supported OS
• http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;291988
– How to use /3GB switch
• http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/ddtools/hh/ddtools/bootini_1fcj.asp
– Possible problems
• http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;328269
• Increasing Memory allocation HFSS v11

– Since the release of HFSS v10, the solver in HFSS is 64bit and can access a large memory footprint.
• Linux Operating Systems

– Red Hat Enterprise 3 and 4
– SUSE Linux Enterprise 9.x
– Note: Requires OpenGL
– Note: Please perform required OS updates outlined in readme file on the CD

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Distributed Solve Option Training Manual
• Distributed Analysis
– Automated parser management and reassembly of data
– Parametric tables and studies
– Frequency sweeps for discrete, fast, and interpolating
– Per license, distributed analysis allows up to 10 parallel simulations on remote machines, providing
near-linear reduction of simulation run times

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• Scripts
– Default Script recorded in v11
• Visual Basic Script
• Distributed/Remote Solve
– Tools > Options > General Options > Analysis Options
• Uses Windows DCOM
Local Remote Distributed

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
• For Technical Support

– The following link will direct you to the Ansoft Support Page. The Ansoft Support Pages provide additional
documentation, training, and application notes. Web Site: http://www.ansoft.com/support.cfm
• Application Engineers for North America

– The names and numbers in this list may change without notice
• 9-4 EST:
– Pittsburgh, PA
– Burlington, MA
• 9-4 PST:
– San Jose, CA
– Portland, OR
• (503) 906-7947
– Irvine, CA
• (714) 417-9311 x6

23, 2009
#002593
Chapter 3 – Boundary
Conditions

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Boundary Conditions Training Manual
• Why are They Critical?

– For most practical problems, the solution to Maxwell’s equations requires a
rigorous matrix approach such as the Finite Element Method (FEM) which
is used by Ansoft HFSS.
• The wave equation solved by Ansoft HFSS is derived from the

differential form of Maxwell’s equations.
– For these expressions to be valid, it is assumed that the field vectors are:
• single-valued,
• bounded, and have a ∂B
• continuous distribution (along with their derivatives) ∇×E=−
∂t
– Along boundaries of media or at sources, ∂D
∇×H = J +
• Field vectors are discontinuous
∂t
• Derivatives of the field vectors have no meaning
∇⋅D= ρ
∇⋅B=0
discontinuous
Boundary Conditions define the field behavior across discontinuo us boundaries

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Why do I Care?
– They Force the fields to align with the definition of the boundary condition
• As a user I should be asking
– What assumptions, about the fields, do the boundary conditions make?
– Are these assumptions appropriate for the structure being simulated?
– Model Scope
• To reduce the infinite space of the real world to a finite volume, Ansoft HFSS automatically
applies a boundary to the surface surrounding the geometric model
– Outer boundary
– Default Boundary: Perfect E
– Model Complexity
• To reduce the complexity of a model, the boundary conditions can be used to improve the:
– Solution Time
– Computer Resources
inconsistent
Failure to understand boundary conditions may lead to inconsistent results

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• What are Common Ansoft HFSS Boundary Conditions?

– Excitations
• Wave Ports (External)
• Lumped Ports (Internal)
– Surface Approximations Largely the users responsibility

• Perfect E or Perfect H Surface
• Finite Conductivity Surface
• Impedance Surface
• Layered Impedance Surface
• Lumped RLC
• Symmetry Planes
• Radiation Surface
• Perfectly Matched Layer (PML)
– Strictly not a surface approximation
• Master/ Slave
– Material Properties Transparent to the user

• Boundary between two dielectrics
• Finite Conductivity of a conductor

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Perfect E – Forces the electric field perpendicular to the surface

– Outer Surface – Default Boundary
– PEC/Perfect Conductor Material Property
– Model complexity: Reduced by eliminating conductor loss Perfect E Surface
• Perfect H – Forces the electric field tangent to the surface

Perfect H Surface
• Finite Conductivity – Lossy electric conductor.
– Forces the tangential electric field at the surface to: Zs(n x Htan).
• The surface impedance (Zs) is equal to, (1+j)/(δσ δσ),
δσ
• Model complexity: Reduced by eliminating conductor thickness
• Impedance Surface – Represent surfaces of a known impedance

– Forces the tangential electric field at the surface to: Zs(n x Htan).
• The surface impedance (Zs) is equal to, Rs + jXs (Ohms/Square)
– Layered Impedance – Models multiple thin layers in a structure as an Impedance Surface
– Lumped RLC – Parallel combination

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Symmetry Planes – Enable you to model only part of a structure

– Perfect E or Perfect H Symmetry Planes
• Must be exposed to the outer surface
• Must be on a planar surface
• Remember! Mechanical Symmetry does not Equal Electrical Symmetry
– Model complexity: Reduced by eliminating part of the solution volume
Perfect E Symmetry
Full Model
Perfect H Symmetry

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Radiation Surface – Allows waves to radiate infinitely far into space.

– The boundary absorbs wave at the radiation surface
– Can be placed on arbitrary surfaces
– Accuracy depends on
• The distance between the boundary and the radiating object
– The radiation boundary should be located at least one-quarter of a wavelength from a radiating structure. If
you are simulating a structure that does not radiate, the boundary can be located less then one-quarter of a
wave length (The validity of this assumption will require your engineering judgment).
• The incident angle
– The radiation boundary will reflect varying amounts of energy depending on the incidence angle. The best
performance is achieved at normal incidence. Avoid angles greater then ~30degrees. In addition, the
radiation boundary must remain convex relative to the wave.
• Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) – Allows waves to radiate infinitely far into space.
– Not a Boundary Condition.
– Fictitious materials that fully absorb the electromagnetic fields impinging upon them.
– These materials are complex anisotropic.
• Types
– Free Space Termination or Reflection Free Termination
• Can only be placed on planar surface
• Model complexity: They do not suffer from the distance or incident angle issues, but should be place at least
one-tenth of a wave length from strong radiators

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Infinite Ground Planes – Simulate the effects of an infinite ground plane

– Only affects the calculation of near- or far-field radiation during post processing
– Types: Perfect E, Finite Conductivity, or Impedance Surface
• Frequency Dependent Boundary Conditions

– The following boundary parameters can be assigned an expression that includes Freq:
• Finite Conductivity
• Impedance
• Lumped RLC
• Layered Impedance
– Supported Frequency Sweeps
• Single Frequency
• Discrete Sweep
• Interpolating Sweep

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Excitations Training Manual
• Ports
– Unique type of boundary condition
• Allow energy to flow into and out of a structure.
• Defined on 2D planar surface
• Arbitrary port solver calculates the natural field patterns or modes
– Assumes semi-infinitely long waveguide
• Same cross-section and material properties as port surface
– 2D field patterns serve as boundary conditions for the full 3D problem
Port 1
• Excitation Types
– Wave Port (Waveguide) – External
Port 4
• Recommended only for surfaces exposed to the background
• Supports multiple modes (Example: Coupled Lines) and deembedding
• Compute Generalized S-Parameters
Measurements – Frequency dependent Characteristic Impedance (Zo) Port 3
Constant Zo Port 2
– Perfectly matched at every frequency
– Lumped Port – Internal

• Recommended only for surfaces internal to geometric model
• Single mode (TEM) and no deembedding
• Normalized to a constant user defined Zo

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Wave Equation
– The field pattern of a traveling wave inside a waveguide can be determined by solving Maxwell’s equations. The
following equation that is solved by the 2D solver is derived directly from Maxwell’s equation.
 1 
∇ ×  ∇ × E ( x, y ) − k02ε r E ( x, y ) = 0
 µr 
– where:
• E(x,y) is a phasor representing an oscillating electric field.
• k0 is the free space wave number,
• µr is the complex relative permeability.
• εr is the complex relative permittivity.
– To solve this equation, the 2D solver obtains an excitation field pattern in the form of a phasor solution, E(x,y). These
phasor solutions are independent of z and t; only after being multiplied by e-γz do they become traveling waves.
– Also note that the excitation field pattern computed is valid only at a single frequency. A different excitation field pattern
is computed for each frequency point of interest.

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Modes, Reflections, and Propagation

– It is also possible for a 3D field solution generated by an excitation signal of one specific mode to contain reflections of
higher-order modes which arise due to discontinuities in a high frequency structure.
– If these higher-order modes are reflected back to the excitation port or transmitted onto another port, the S-parameters
associated with these modes should be calculated.
– If the higher-order mode decays before reaching any port—either because of attenuation due to losses or because it is
a non-propagating evanescent mode—there is no need to obtain the S-parameters for that mode.
• Wave Ports Require a Length of Uniform Cross Section

– Ansoft HFSS assumes that each port you define is connected to a semi-infinitely long waveguide that has the same
cross section as the Wave Port
uniform cross section

no uniform cross section added for each Wave Port
at Wave Ports

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Wave Port Boundary Conditions

– Perfect E or Finite Conductivity
• Default: All outer edges are Perfect E boundary.
– Port is defined within a waveguide.
– Easy for enclosed transmission lines: Coax or Waveguide
– Challenging for unbalanced or non-enclosed lines: Microstrip, CPW, Slotline, etc.
– Symmetry or Impedance
• Recognized at the port edges
– Radiation
• Default interface is a Perfect E boundary

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Lumped Port Boundary Conditions

– Perfect E or Finite Conductivity
• Any port edge that interfaces with a conductor or another port edge
– Perfect H
• All remaining port edges
Perfect E
Perfect H
Perfect H
Perfect E

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Excitation – Calibration
– Ports must be calibrated to ensure consistent results. Determines:
• Direction and polarity of fields
• Voltage/ Current calculations.
– Solution Type: Driven Modal

• Expressed in terms of the incident and reflected powers of the waveguide modes.
– Definition not desirable for problems having several propagating quasi-TEM modes
• Coupled/Multi-Coupled Transmission Lines
• Always used by the solver
• Calibration: Integration Line
– Phase between Ports
– Modal voltage integration path: Zpi, Zpv, Zvi
– Solution Type: Driven Terminal

• Linear combination of nodal voltages and currents for the Wave Port.
– Equivalent transformation performed from Modal Solution
• Calibration: Terminal Assignments
– Polarity
– Nodal current integration path

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Example Solution Types:
Mode 1
(Even Mode) Integration Line
Mode 2
(Odd Mode) Integration Line
Port1 Port2
Modal
2 Modes 2 Modes
Modes to Nodes
Transformation
T1 T2
T1 T1
SPICE
Port1 Terminal Port2
Differential Pairs
T2 T2
23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Boundary Conditions Application Training Manual
• Application of Boundary Conditions - Case 1

– Emulate laboratory measurements
• Verification/Validation before production
Picture courtesy of Tektronix

Picture courtesy of Delphi

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Boundary Conditions Application Training Manual
• Application of Boundary Conditions - Case 2

– Isolate part of a structure (i.e. Exciting arbitrary transmission lines)
• Not physically possible to measure in the laboratory
• Full-Wave analysis not required for total system
– Or total system too complex
• Design work/Component level optimization
• Post production problem solving
Total System
Isolated Component – Via Transition

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Coax to Stripline Example Training Manual
• Example Structure
– Coax to Stripline
LAYER 1 (TOP SIDE)
LAYER 2 (SIGNAL)
LAYER 3 (BOTTOM SIDE)

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Material Properties
– All 3D (Solid) objects have material definitions
• To complete the model shown previously we must include the air
that surrounds the structure.
air
Note: Substrate/Air boundary

included in structure

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
– Remember! Material Boundary conditions are transparent to the user

• They are not visible in the Project Tree
• Example Material Boundary: Conductors Surface Approximations

– Perfect Conductors Perfect E Boundary (Boundary Name: smetal)
• Forces E-Field perpendicular to surface
– Lossy Conductors Finite Conductivity Boundary
δσ))(n
δσ
• Forces tangential E-Field to ((1+j)/(δσ x Htan).
• Assumes one skin depth – User must manually force Ansoft HFSS to
solve inside lossy conductors that are ≤ a skin depth
smetal

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Surface Approximations
– Background or Outer Boundary
• Not visible in the Project Tree
• Any object surface that touches it Perfect E Boundary
• Default boundary applied to the region surrounding the geometric model
– Model is encased in a thin metal layer that no fields propagate through
outer
Override with
Radiation Boundary

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• What Port Type Should I Use?

– Example is easy decision
• Port touches background (External)
• Cross Section is Coax (Enclosed Transmission Line)
– Wave Port
• Solution Type: Driven Terminal
– SPICE Output
Identify Port Type & Assign Excitation & Define Default

Cross Section Calibrate Port Post Processing

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Is it Really that Simple?

– Yes, but the geometric model was setup with several considerations
1.Only the face of the coax dielectric was selected for the port face
– Port Boundary conditions define outer conductor
– Material Definitions define inner conductor
2.Uniform port cross-section

– Only supports a single mode
– Higher-order modes caused by reflections would attenuate before port
• Modes attenuate as a function of e-ααz, assuming propagation in the z-direction.
• Required distance (uniform port length) depends on modes propagation constant.
Uniform cross-
cross-section
Rule of Thumb: 5x
Critical Distance

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• How often is the Setup that Simple?

– If you are emulating laboratory measurements? [Case 1 ]
• Most of the time!
– Laboratory equipment does not directly connect to arbitrary transmission
lines
• Exceptions
– Emulating Complex Probes with a Port Understanding of Probe
– If you are isolating part of a structure? [Case 2 ]

• For “real” designs - usually only by dumb luck!
– User Must Understand and/or Implement Correctly:
1.Port Boundary conditions and impact of boundary condition
2.Fields within the structure
3.Assumptions made by port solver
4.Return path

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Side Note: Problems Associated with Correlating Results [Case 2]

– Can be broken into two categories of problems
1.Complex Structure
– BGA, Backplane, Antenna Feed, Waveguide “Plumbing”, etc
– Most common problems result from
• Measurement setup – Test fixtures, deembedding, etc.
• Failing to understand the fields in the structure Boundary Problem
• Return path problems – Model truncation
2.Simple Structures
– Uniform transmission lines
• Equations or Circuit Elements
– Most common problems result from
• Improper use of default or excitation boundary conditions
• Failure to understand the assumptions used by “correct” results
(Equations or Circuit Elements)

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Why are they critical?

– Any current injected into a system must return to the source
• DC
– Chooses path of least resistance
• AC
– Chooses path of least inductance
– A signal propagates between the signal trace and its reference plane
– Reference plane is just as important as signal trace!
• Why do I care?
– Many real designs have nonideal return paths
• These effects are only captured by full-wave simulators
– Isolating parts of a structure
• Failure to maintain the correct return path will
– Limit correlation to measurements
– Mask or create design problems
• Port and Boundary setup is the most common source of error in model setup

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
No Return Path Training Manual
Port2 Port3
No DC
Return Path
Port1
23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
DC Return Path Training Manual
Port2 Port3
DC
Return Path
Port1
23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
DC/AC Return Path Training Manual
DC & RF
Return Path
S21
S31
S11

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Isolate part of structure - Case 2

– Isolate Transition
• Deembed
• Recombine using Ansoft Designer - Circuit
Wave Port

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Ansoft Designer - Circuit

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• What went wrong?

– Isolate Port from Discontinuity?
• Yes
– Uniform Cross-Section?
• NO – The cross section of the port (including its boundaries) is not maintained
– Maintain Return Path?
• NO – Boundary on port shorts the planes together at edges
– Identical to placing vias at port edge!
– All Modes Accounted for?
• NO – Did not consider Parallel Plate mode
– Even if we did, the via (port edge) cuts off mode Reason vias are used!

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
2 Terminals
Parallel
Plate
Ansoft Designer - Circuit

Stripline
Wave Port

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Lumped Port
Port Influences
Results
No DC
Return Path

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
Signal
GND
Power
SIDE
T2 T1
T3
Lumped Gap Port

G
GND
P
Power
Terminal Line
TOP
BOTTOM
23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
Lumped Gap Port

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
Differential Lumped Gap Ports

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Training Manual
Port
G S G

23, 2009
#002593
Chapter 4 – Appendix:
Boundary Conditions

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Excitations and Boundary Conditions Training Manual
• Majority of HFSS errors are related to improper usage of excitations and boundary conditions
• Boundary conditions are important because they significantly impact electromagnetic solution
• Determine model scope
– To truncate infinite space to finite volume, HFSS applies PEC boundary to surface surrounding
geometric model
• Can reduce model complexity
– Boundary conditions can be used to reduce solution time and computing resource demands
tE e Sy Perf
ec Plan mm ec
r f etr t H
Pe etry yP
lan
mm e
Sy
TE10 Cavity
Resonator Pyramidal
Horn
Antenna

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
User-Defined Boundary Conditions Training Manual
• Surface approximations
– Perfect E surface
– Perfect H surface
– Finite conductivity surface
– Impedance surface
– Layered impedance
– Lumped RLC boundary
– Symmetry planes
– Radiation (absorbing) boundary surface
– Perfectly matched layer (PML)
• Strictly not boundary condition, but effectively behaves like one
∂B
– Master/slave (linked or periodic) boundaries
∇×E =−
– Screening impedance ∂t
• Excitations
∂D
– Wave ports (external) ∇×H = J +
– Lumped ports (internal) ∂t
∇⋅D = ρ
∇⋅B =0

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Perfect E and Perfect H Boundaries Training Manual
• Perfect E is perfect electrical conductor (PEC)

– Forces E-field perpendicular to surface
– Represents metal surfaces, ground planes, ideal cavity walls, etc.
– Infinite ground plane option simulates effects of infinite ground plane in post-processing radiated fields
• Perfect H is perfect magnetic conductor (PMC)
– Forces H-field perpendicular to surface and E-field tangential
– Does not exist in real world
– Useful boundary constraint for electromagnetic models
– Represents openings in metal surfaces, etc.
• Parameters
– None
E-field Perpendicular to surface
E-field Parallel to surface
Perfect E Boundary Perfect H Boundary
When you define a solid object as a

‘perf_conductor,’ a Perfect E boundary
condition is applied to its exterior surfaces.

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Four Surface Loss Modeling Methods Training Manual
• All methods utilize an equivalent surface impedance applied to the field as it travels across
the surface
Finite Conductivity Impedance

1+ j
Zs =
t >> δ
σδ Zs specified as Ω/sq
2
δ=
ωσµ
Layered Impedance Lumped RLC

500 µin Nickel 500 µin Gold
Parallel RLC Circuit
0.7mil Copper
Zs,Au Zs,Ni Zs,Cu

LAu LNi LCu
Zs,input
23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Finite Conductivity Boundary Training Manual
• Lossy electrical conductor

– Forces E-field perpendicular to surface
– Surface impedance includes resistive and reactive surface losses
• Used for non-ideal conductor analysis
• Infinite ground plane option simulates effects of infinite ground plane in post-
processing radiated fields
• Parameters t >> δ
– Conductivity (S/m)
– Relative permeability (unitless) Good conductor in
skin depth regime
When you define a solid object as a non-
ideal metal (e.g. copper or aluminum), and it
is set to ‘Solve Surface’, a finite conductivity
boundary is applied to its exterior faces.
2 1+ j
δ= Zs =
ωσµ σδ
Skin Depth Surface Impedance Field Relationship

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Impedance Boundary Training Manual
• User-defined surface impedance

– Represents thin film resistors or reactive loads
• Infinite ground plane option simulates effects of infinite surface in post-processing
radiated fields
• Calculate required impedance from desired lumped value, width, and length
– Length (in direction of current flow) ÷ width = number of “squares”
– Impedance per square = desired lumped impedance ÷ number of squares
• Parameters:
– Resistance (Ω/square)
– Reactance (Ω/square)
Example: Resistor in Wilkinson Power Divider
Resistor is 3.5 mils long (in direction of flow) and

4 mils wide. Desired lumped value is 35 Ω.
3. 5
N= = 0.875
4
R 35
Rsheet = lumped = = 40 Ω / square
N 0.875

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Layered Impedance Boundary Training Manual
• Models multiple thin layers in a structure as single impedance surface

– Effect is same as impedance boundary, except that HFSS calculates surface impedance based on
data entered for layered structure
– Surface roughness can be included
– Plating layers can be modeled by using an equivalent surface impedance
• Not available for fast frequency sweeps
• Parameters
– Layer thicknesses
– Material properties
Zs,Au Zs,Ni Zs,Cu
– Surface roughness (optional) LAu LNi LCu
500 µin Nickel 500 µin Gold Zs,input
Impedance of the layered structure is calculated by

0.7mil Copper recursively calling the impedance calculation
formulation from transmission line theory

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Lumped RLC Boundary Training Manual
• Represents any combination of parallel-connected lumped RLC elements on surfaces

in terms of circuit definition
– Supply values for R, L, and C
– HFSS determines impedance per square of lumped RLC boundary at any frequency
• Fast frequency sweeps are supported
• Parameters
– Resistance
– Inductance
– Capacitance
– Line for current flow

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Symmetry Plane Training Manual
• Allows for modeling portion of entire structure

• For Driven Modal solutions
• Two symmetry options are available
– Use perfect E when electric field is perpendicular to symmetry plane
– Use perfect H when electric field is tangential to symmetry plane
• Involve further implications to boundary manager and fields post-processing
– May need to specify impedance multiplier
– Existence of symmetry boundary allows for near- and far-field calculation of entire structure
• Parameters
Waveguide contains symmetric propagating
– Type mode which could be modeled using half the
– Impedance multiplier volume vertically or horizontally.
Conductive edges on Perfect H Symmetry Perfect E Symmetry

all four sides (left side) (bottom)

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Symmetry Plane Impedance Multiplier Training Manual
• When symmetry is used, Zpi and impedance line-dependent Zpv and Zvi calculations
will be incorrect since entire port aperture is not represented
– Impedance is halved for model with Perfect E symmetry plane
– Impedance is doubled for model with Perfect H symmetry plane
• Port impedance multiplier is renormalizing factor used to obtain correct impedance
– Value applied to all ports
– Global parameter set during assignment of any port
Rectangular WG Half Rectangular WG Half Rectangular WG

(No Symmetry) (Perfect H Symmetry) (Perfect E Symmetry)
Impedance Multiplier = 0.5 Impedance Multiplier = 2
23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Symmetry Plane Mode Implications Training Manual
• Geometric symmetry does not necessarily imply field symmetry for higher-order
modes
• Symmetry boundaries can act as mode filters
– Next higher propagating waveguide mode is not symmetric about vertical center plane of waveguide
– Therefore one symmetry case is valid while the other is not
• Use caution when using symmetry planes to assure that real behavior is not filtered
out by boundary conditions
Perfect H Symmetry
(right side)
Perfect E Symmetry (top)
Properly represented Mode cannot occur

TE20 mode in full model
with Perfect E symmetry with Perfect H
symmetry

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Radiation Boundary Training Manual
• Mimics continued propagation beyond boundary plane

– Absorption achieved via 2nd order radiation boundary
– Place at least λ/4 from strongly radiating structure
– Place at least λ/10 from weakly radiating structure
– Absorbs best when incident energy flow is normal to surface
– Must be concave to all incident fields from within modeled space
• Parameters
– Advanced options used for incident wave and HFSS DataLink problems
Boundary is λ/4 away from Radiation boundary functions

horn aperture in all directions well for incident angles less
than 25°-30°

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) Training Manual
• Fictitious lossy anisotropic material which fully absorbs electromagnetic fields

• Two types of PML applications
– “PML objects accept free radiation” if PML terminates free space
– “PML objects continue guided waves” if PML terminates transmission line
• Guidelines for assigning PML boundaries
– Use PML setup wizard for most cases
– Manually create a PML when base object is curved or inhomogeneous
• Parameters
– Uniform thickness
– Minimum frequency
– Minimum radiating distance (between PML and antenna)
PML functions well for

incident angles less
than 65°-70°

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Radiation Boundary vs PML Training Manual
Radiation Boundary PML
Type 2D 3D
(occupies volume)
Incident angle from normal < ~30° < ~70°
Distance from radiator > λ/4 > λ/10
Setup complexity Low Medium

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Master/Slave Boundaries Training Manual
• Used to model unit cell of periodic structure

– Also referred to as linked or periodic boundaries PML (top)
• Master and slave boundaries are always paired

– Fields on master surface are mapped to slave surface with a phase shift
– Phase shift specified either as absolute phase value or using scan angle
• Constraints
Slave
– Master and slave surfaces must be identical in shape and size Boundary
Master
– Coordinate systems must be created to identify point-to-point Boundary
correspondence
• Parameters
– Master/slave pairing
– UV coordinate systems V-
axis
– Phase shift method
Ground Plane
U-axis
WG Port
(bottom)
Unit Cell Model of Waveguide Array

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Screening Impedance Boundary Training Manual
• Used to efficiently represent periodic screens or grids with impedance boundary

condition
– Can be anisotropic (different values in x and y directions)
– Can be frequency-dependent
• Periodic grid characterized by unit cell
– Dynamic link support to import impedance values from unit cell
– Includes effects of polarization
• Parameters
– Resistance and reactance (Ω/square)
– Coordinate system if anisotropic
– HFSS design for dynamic link

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Default Outer Boundary Training Manual
• Any exterior face of modeled geometry not given user-defined boundary condition is
assumed to be Perfect E boundary
– Default boundary called “outer”
• Imagine entire model buried in solid metal unless HFSS is instructed otherwise
• Use HFSS → Boundary Display to view all boundary assignments
– Graphical window shows both user and auto-assigned boundaries

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
• Provide means for energy to enter and exit model

• Types of excitations
– Ports
• Wave ports
• Lumped ports
• Floquet ports
– Voltage sources
– Current sources
– Magnetic biases
– Incident waves
• Plane waves
• Hertzian dipole
• Cylindrical wave
• Gaussian beam
• Linear antenna wave
• Far-field wave
• Near-field wave
• Only ports provide S-parameters

– This presentation will focus on this type of excitation

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Driven Modal vs Driven Terminal Solutions Training Manual
• Driven modal
– S-matrix solution expressed in terms of incident and reflected powers of waveguide modes
– Always used by wave solver
– Integration lines set phase between ports and modal voltage integration path (Zpv and Zvi)
– Use for modal-based S-parameters of passive, high-frequency structures such as microstrips,
waveguides, and transmission lines
• Driven terminal
– S-matrix solution expressed in terms of linear combination of nodal voltages and currents for wave
port
– Equivalent “modes-to-nodes” transformation performed from modal solution
– Use for terminal-based S-parameters of multi-conductor transmission line ports (with several quasi-
TEM modes, etc.)

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Ports Training Manual
• Ports are unique type of boundary condition

– Allow energy to flow into and out of structure
– Defined on 2D planar surface
– 2D field patterns serve as boundary conditions for full 3D problem
• Incorrect port setup will produce incorrect results
– If port fields are incorrect, then solution will be incorrect
– Assumed boundary condition on port edges should always be considered
Seeding and
Initial Port Solution
Lambda Refinement
Mesh (Adaptive)
(Single Frequency)
Full
Volumetric
Solution

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Wave Ports Training Manual
• External port type

• Arbitrary port solver calculates natural waveguide field patterns (modes)
– Assumes semi-infinitely long waveguide with same cross-section and material properties as port
surface
• Recommended only for surfaces exposed to background object
• Supports multiple modes, de-embedding, and re-normalization
• Computes generalized S-parameters
– Frequency-dependent characteristic impedance
– Perfectly matched at every frequency
Port 1
Port 4
Port 3
Port 2

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Port Solver Training Manual
• Wave port solver solves two-dimensional wave equation

• Field pattern of traveling wave inside waveguide can be determined by solving
Maxwell’s equations
• Wave equation is derived directly from Maxwell’s equations
 1 
∇ ×  ∇ × E ( x, y ) − k02ε r E ( x, y ) = 0
 µr 
• where
– E(x,y) is phasor representing oscillating electric field
– k0 is free space wave number
– µr is complex relative permeability
– εr is complex relative permittivity
• 2D solver obtains excitation field pattern in form of phasor solution E(x,y)
– Phasor solutions are independent of z and time
– Only after being multiplied by e-γz do they become traveling waves
– Different excitation field pattern is computed for each frequency point of interest

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Wave Port Boundary Conditions Training Manual
• All outer edges are assigned Perfect E boundary by default

– Port is defined within waveguide
– Simple setup for enclosed transmission lines (coax, waveguide, etc.)
– Challenging setup for unbalanced or non-enclosed lines (microstrip, CPW, slotline, etc.)
• Symmetry or impedance boundaries also recognized at port edges
• For port on same surface as radiation boundary, default interface is Perfect E
boundary
– Can set option to use radiation boundary on port edges during port solution
• Creating port edges too close to current-carrying lines will allow coupling from trace to
port walls
– Causes incorrect modal solution which will suffer immediate discontinuity as energy is injected past
port into model
Port too narrow

Correct port size
(fields coupled to sidewalls)
23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Wave Port Sizing Guidelines Training Manual
• Microstrip port height between 6h and • Extend stripline port height from upper
10h to lower groundplane (h)
– Tend towards upper limit as dielectric • Stripline port width
constant drops and fringing fields increase – 8w for w ≥ h
– Make bottom edge of port co-planar with – 5w, or on order of 3h to 4h, for w < h
upper face of ground plane
• Can also make side walls of port Perfect
• Microstrip port width
H boundaries
– 10w for w ≥ h
– 5w, or on order of 3h to 4h, for w < h
8w, w ≥ h
10w, w ≥ h
or
or
5w (3h to 4h), w < h 5w (3h to 4h), w < h
w
h
6h to
10h
w Port sizing guidelines are not inviolable rules. If meeting height

and width requirements result in rectangular aperture larger than
λ/2 in one dimension, the substrate and trace may be ignored in
h
favor of a waveguide mode. When in doubt, run a ports-only
solution to determine which modes are propagating.

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Wave Port Sizing Guidelines Training Manual
• Slotline port height at least 4h or 4g • Coplanar waveguide port height at least

(whichever is larger) 4h or 4g (whichever is larger)
– Include air above and below substrate – Include air above and below substrate
– If ground plane is present, port should – If ground plane is present, port should
terminate at ground plane terminate at ground plane
• Port width should contain at least 3g to • Port width should contain 3-5g or 3-5s of
either side of slot or 7g total minimum side grounds (whichever is larger)
– Port boundary must intersect both side – Total width ~10g or ~10s
ground planes or they will ‘float’ and become – Port outline must intersect both side grounds
signal conductors or they will ‘float’ and become signal
conductors
Approx 7g minimum
Larger of approx. 10g or 10s
Larger of 4h or 4g
g Larger of 4h or 4g
s
h
h g
For Driven Modal solutions, use

Zpv for impedance calculation

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Wave Port Implications Training Manual
• Modes, reflections, and propagation

– It is possible for 3D field solution generated by excitation signal of one specific mode to contain
reflections of higher-order modes which arise due to discontinuities
– If higher-order mode is reflected back to excitation port or transmitted onto another port, its S-
parameters should be calculated
– If higher-order mode decays before reaching any port (because of attenuation or because it is a non-
propagating evanescent mode), there is no need to obtain its S-parameters
• Wave ports require a length of uniform cross-section
– HFSS assumes that each port is connected to semi-infinitely long waveguide with same cross-section
as wave port
No uniform cross section Uniform cross-

cross-section
at wave ports added for each wave port

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Internal Wave Ports Training Manual
• Wave ports can be placed internal to model by providing boundary condition normally
seen by external wave port
– Create PEC “cap” to back the wave port and enable excitation in proper direction
Example coax feed within solution volume
Coaxial antenna feed

with coaxial wave port
capped by PEC object

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Integration Lines Training Manual
• Applicable to driven modal solution types

• Port vector which can serve several purposes
• Calibration line which specifies direction of excitation electric field pattern at port
– Define separate integration line for each mode on multi-mode ports
• Impedance line along which to compute Zpv or Zvi port impedance
– Select two points with maximum voltage differential
Microstrip line Slotline

Waveguide

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Lumped Ports Training Manual
• Recommended only for surfaces internal to model

– Single TEM mode with no de-embedding
– Uniform electric field on port surface
– Normalized to constant user-defined Z0
• Lumped port boundary conditions Dipole element
with lumped port
– Perfect E or finite conductivity boundary for port edges which interface
with conductor or another port edge
– Perfect H for all remaining port edges
Zo
Uniform electric field

User-defined Zo

23, 2009
#002593
Introduction
Wave Ports vs Lumped Ports Training Manual
Wave port Lumped port

Accessibility External Faces Internal to Model
Higher order modes Yes No
De-embedding Yes No
Re-normalization Yes Yes
Setup complexity Moderate Low

23, 2009
#002593
Example – UHF Probe Training Manual
The Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Probe

This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyze a
UHF probe, using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20, 2009

© 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
5.1-1 Inventory #002704
Ansoft HFSS Design Environment

The following features of the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment are used to
create this passive device model
3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Cylinders, Boxes
Boolean Operations: Unite, Subtract
Boundaries/Excitations
Ports: Wave Ports
Analysis
Sweep:: Fast Frequency
Results
Cartesian plotting
Field Overlays:
3D Far Field Plots

5.1-2 Inventory #002704
Getting Started
Launching Ansoft HFSS

1. To access Ansoft HFSS, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs,
Programs and select
the Ansoft, HFSS 11 program group. Click HFSS 11. 11
Setting Tool Options

To set the tool options:
Note: In order to follow the steps outlined in this example, verify that the
following tool options are set :
1. Select the menu item Tools > Options > HFSS Options
2. HFSS Options Window:
1. Click the General tab
Use Wizards for data input when creating new boundaries::

Checked
Duplicate boundaries with geometry:: Checked
3. Select the menu item Tools > Options > Modeler Options.
Options
4. Modeler Options Window:
1. Click the Operation tab
Automatically cover closed polylines:: Checked

2. Click the Drawing tab
Edit property of new primitives:: Checked


5.1-3 Inventory #002704
Opening a New Project

To open a new project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, click the On the Standard toolbar, or select
the menu item File > New.
2. From the Project menu, select Insert HFSS Design.
Set Solution Type

To set the solution type:
1. Choose Driven Terminal

5.1-4 Inventory #002704
Creating the 3D Model
Set Model Units

To set the units:
1. Select the menu item Modeler > Units
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: in (inches)
Set Default Material

To set the default material:
1. Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose Select
2. Select Definition Window:
1. Type copper in the Search by Name field

5.1-5 Inventory #002704
Creating Annular Rings

Creating a ring is accomplished by creating a cylinder that represents the outer
radius and a cylinder that represents the inner radius. By performing a Boolean
subtraction, the resulting geometry is a ring.
For this model, two sets of rings are necessary. Instead of manually creating
both rings, we will create one ring, copy it, and edit the dimensions of the copy.
Create Ring 1
1. Select the menu item Draw > Cylinder
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the cylinder position
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
0.0 Press the Enter key
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius:
dX: 0.31,
0.31 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
4. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height:
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
To set the name:
1. Select the Attribute tab from the Properties window.
2. For the Value of Name type: ring_inner
To fit the view:

1. Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View. Or press the CTRL+D
key

5.1-6 Inventory #002704
Creating Annular Rings (Continued)

Create Ring 1 (Continued)
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.37,
0.37 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 5.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: ring_1
To select objects to be subtracted:

1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2. Select Object Dialog,
1. Select the objects named: ring_1, ring_inner
To subtract:
1. Select the menu item Modeler > Boolean > Subtract
2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: ring_1

Tool Parts: ring_inner
Clone tool objects before subtract: Unchecked
Click the OK button

5.1-7 Inventory #002704
Creating Annular Rings (Continued)

Create Ring 2
1. Select the objects named: ring_1
3. Select the menu item Edit > Copy
4. Select the menu item Edit > Paste
Change the dimensions of Ring 2

1. To change the dimensions of ring_2, expand the model tree as shown
below. It should be noted that order of the editing is important. If you make
the inner radius > then the outer radius, a invalid object will result and it will
be removed from the model.
2. Using the mouse, double click the left mouse button on the CreateCylinder
command for ring_2
3. Properties dialog
1. Change the radius to: 0.5 in
4. Using the mouse, double click the left mouse button on the CreateCylinder
command for the ring_inner1
5. Properties dialog
1. Change the radius to: 0.435 in

5.1-8 Inventory #002704
Create Arm_1
To create Arm_1
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the box position
X: -0.1,
0.1 Y: -0.31,
0.31 Z: 5.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the base
rectangle:
dX: 0.2,
0.2 dY: -4.69,
4.69 dZ: -0.065,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Arm_1
To fit the view:

1. Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View. Or press the CTRL+D
key.
Group Conductors
To group the conductors:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible. Or press the CTRL+A key
2. Select the menu item, Modeler > Boolean > Unite

5.1-9 Inventory #002704
Create the Center pin

To create the center pin
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.1,
0.1 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 5.1,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: center_pin

5.1-10 Inventory #002704
Create Arm_2
To create Arm_2
X: -0.1,
0.1 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 5.1,
rectangle:
dX: 0.2,
0.2 dY: 5.0,
5.0 dZ: -0.065,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Arm_2
To fit the view:

1. Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View.

5.1-11 Inventory #002704
Create the Grounding Pin

To create the grounding pin
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 1.0,
1.0 Z: 0.0, Press the Enter key
dX: 0.0625,
0.0625 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 5.1,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: pin
Group Conductors
1. Select the objects named: Arm_2, center_pin, pin
Note: Use the Ctrl + Left mouse button to select multiple

objects

5.1-12 Inventory #002704
Create the Wave port

To create a circle that represents the port:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Circle
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center position
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius of the circle:
dX: 0.31,
0.31 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: p1

5.1-13 Inventory #002704

Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose vacuum
Create Air
To create Air
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -10.0,
rectangle:
dX: 10.0,
10.0 dY: 20.0,
20.0 dZ: 12.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Air
3. Set the Display Wireframe option to Checked
To fit the view:

To deselect all objects:

1. Select the menu item Edit > Deselect All.
Create Radiation Boundary

To create a radiation boundary
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > Faces
2. While holding the CTRL key, select all of the faces of the Air vacuum
object except the face on the XY plane. Use the rotate button in between
selections to access the back side faces.
3. Once the 5 faces are selected, go to the menu item HFSS > Boundaries
>Assign> Radiation
4. Radiation Boundary window
1. Name: Rad1

5.1-14 Inventory #002704
Create Wave Port Excitation 1 (Continued)

To select the object p1:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > Objects
1. Select the objects named: p1
To assign wave port excitation
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Wave Port
2. Place Arm_2 in the Conducting Object list and Arm_1 in the Reference
Conductor list
Rename the Wave Port and Terminal

1. Double click on WavePort1 under Excitations in the project tree.
2. Rename the port to p1
4. Double click on the terminal named Arm_2_T1
5. Rename the terminal to T1

5.1-15 Inventory #002704
Create Infinite Ground Plane

To create an Infinite ground
2. Graphically select the face of the Air object at Z=0
3. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign> Finite Conductivity
4. Finite Conductivity Boundary window
1. Name: gnd_plane
2. Use Material: Checked
3. Click the vacuum button
1. Type copper in the Search

by Name field
5. Infinite Ground Plane: Checked
Create a Radiation Setup

To define the radiation setup
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Radiation > Insert Far Field Setup > Infinite
Sphere
2. Far Field Radiation Sphere Setup dialog
1. Infinite Sphere Tab
1. Name: ff_2d
2. Phi: (Start: 0, Stop: 90, Step Size: 90)
3. Theta: (Start: -180, Stop: 180, Step Size: 2)

5.1-16 Inventory #002704
Add Length Based Mesh Operation to the Radiation Boundary

Far fields are calculated by integrating the fields on the radiation
radiation surface. To
obtain accurate far fields for antenna problems, the integration surface should be
forced to have a λ/6 to λ/8 maximum tetrahedra length.
To create a length based seed on the radiation boundary:
Switch back to object selection by selecting the menu item Edit > Select
Objects
Select the Air object by left clicking it in the drawing window
While the Air object is selected, move the mouse to the project tree and
right click on Mesh Operations > Assign > On Selection > Length Based
Name: LengthOnRadiation
Maximum Length of Elements: 3.5in (this is about λ/6 at 0.55GHz)
0.55GHz
Click the OK button

5.1-17 Inventory #002704
Analysis Setup
Creating an Analysis Setup

To create an analysis setup:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
2. Solution Setup Window:
1. Click the General tab::
Solution Frequency:: 0.55 GHz

Maximum Number of Passes: 10
Maximum Delta S per Pass: 0.02
2. Click the Options tab:
Enable Iterative Solver: Checked

3. Maximum Click the OK button
Adding a Frequency Sweep

To add a frequency sweep:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Frequency Sweep
1. Select Solution Setup: Setup1
2. Edit Sweep Window:
1. Sweep Type:: Fast
2. Frequency Setup Type:: Linear Count
Start: 0.35GHz
Stop:: 0.75GHz
Count:: 401
Save Fields: Checked

5.1-18 Inventory #002704
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_uhf_probe
3. Click the Save button
Model Validation
To validate the model:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Validation Check
2. Click the Close button
Note: To view any errors or warning messages, use the Message

Manager.
Analyze
To start the solution process:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze All

5.1-19 Inventory #002704
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
To view the Profile:

1. Click the Profile Tab.
To view the Convergence:

1. Click the Convergence Tab
Note: The default view is for convergence is Table.

Table Select
the Plot radio button to view a graphical representations of
the convergence data.
To view the Matrix Data:
1. Click the Matrix Data Tab
Note: To view a real-time update of the Matrix Data, set the

Simulation to Setup1, Last Adaptive
To view the Mesh Statistics:
1. Click the Mesh Statistics Tab.

5.1-20 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Terminal S-
S-Parameter Plot - Magnitude
To create a report:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Terminal Solution Data
Report > Rectangular Plot
Traces Window::
2.
1. Solution: Setup1: Sweep1
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Category: Terminal S Parameter
4. Quantity: St(T1,T1)
5. Function: dB
6. Click the New Report button
Change the x-
x-axis label settings:
1. Double click on the numbers on the plot’s x-axis to bring up the properties
window
2. Change the Number Format from Auto to Decimal
3. Change the Field Precision from 2 to 0

5.1-21 Inventory #002704
Far Field Overlays
Create Far Field Overlay

To create a 2D polar far field plot :
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Far Fields Report >
Radiation Pattern
2. Traces Window::
1. Solution: Setup1: LastAdaptive
2. Geometry: ff_2d
3. In the Trace tab
1. Category: Gain
2. Quantity: GainTotal
3. Function: dB

5.1-22 Inventory #002704
Example – Conical Horn Training Manual
Dual Mode Conical Horn

waveguide horn antenna using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.

5.2-1 Inventory #002704

create this passive device model:
3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Cylinders
Boolean: Union, Subtract, Connect
Excitations: Wave Ports
Boundaries: Radiation
Results
Plotting: Radiation Pattern

5.2-2 Inventory #002704
Design Review
Port Size/Type
Since the port is external to the model we could use a Wave Port. The size
of the port is determined by the physical dimensions of the waveguide.
Because the waveguide is circular, we must Polarize the E-Field for the
port definition.
Free Space
Since we are evaluating a radiating structure, we need to create a free
space environment for the device to operate in. This can be achieved by
using the Radiation Boundary condition or a Perfectly Matched Layer
(PML). We will use a Radiation Boundary since the surface will be
cylindrical.
The Radiation Boundary needs to be placed at least λ/4 from radiating
devices. For our example we will assume that ~λ/4 (0.6in)

5.2-3 Inventory #002704
Getting Started

Programs and
select the Ansoft, HFSS 11 program group. Click HFSS 11

Use Wizards for data entry when creating new boundaries::

Checked
Options
4. 3D Modeler Options Window:



5.2-4 Inventory #002704

1. In the Ansoft HFSS desktop, a new project is automatically inserted.
2. When a new project is automatically opened, a new HFSS Design is also

automatically inserted into the project.
Set Solution Type

1. Choose Driven Modal

5.2-5 Inventory #002704
Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: in

Create Circular Waveguide

Create waveguide
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0 Press the Enter key
dX: 0.838,
0.838 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0 Press the Enter key
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Waveguide
To fit the view:

Or press the CTRL+D key

5.2-6 Inventory #002704
Create Offset Coordinate System

Create CS
1. Select the menu item Modeler > Coordinate System > Create > Relative
CS > Offset
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the origin
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
Create Transition Region

Create waveguide transition
1. Select the menu item Draw > Cone
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the lower radius:
dX: 0.838,
0.838 dY: 0.0,
4. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the upper radius:
dX: 0.709,
0.709 dY: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Taper

5.2-7 Inventory #002704

Create CS
CS > Offset
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
Create the Throat

Create Throat
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
dX: 1.547,
1.547 dY: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Throat
To fit the view:


5.2-8 Inventory #002704
Group Objects
To group the objects:
Rename group
To rename the group of objects:
1. From the Model tree, select the only object shown
2. Click the Properties button
1. For the Value of Name type: Horn_Air
3. Click the Done button
Set Working Coordinate System

To set the working coordinate system:
1. Select the menu item Modeler > Coordinate System > Set Working CS
2. Select Coordinate System Window,
1. From the list, select the CS: Global
2. Click the Select button

1. Type pec in the Search by Name field

5.2-9 Inventory #002704
Create the Horn Wall

Create horn
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
dX: 1.647,
1.647 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ:: 0.0 Press the Enter key
dX:: 0.0,
0.0 dY:: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Horn
To fit the view:

Complete the Horn

To select the object
Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible. Or press the CTRL+A key
To complete the horn:
2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Horn

Tool Parts: Horn_Air
Click the OK button

5.2-10 Inventory #002704

Create Air
Create Air
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z:: 0.0 Press the Enter key
dX:: 2.2,
2.2 dY:: 0.0,
dX:: 0.0,
0.0 dY:: 0.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:


1. Select the objects named: Air
3. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign> Radiation
1. Name: Rad1

5.2-11 Inventory #002704

X:: 0.0,
0.0 Y:: 0.0,
dX:: 0.838,
0.838 dY:: 0.0,
To set the name:


5.2-12 Inventory #002704

2. Wave Port : General
1. Name: p1
2. Click the Next button
3. Wave Port : Modes
1. Number of Modes: 2
2. For Mode 1, 1 click the None under Integration Line column and select
New Line
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vector position
X:: -0.838,
0.838 Y:: 0.0,
4. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vertex
dX:: 1.676,
1.676 dY:: 0.0,
5. Polarize E Field: Checked
4. Wave Port : Post Processing
5. Click the Finish button

5.2-13 Inventory #002704

Create CS
CS > Offset
X:: 0.0,
0.0 Y:: 0.0,

Sphere
Infinite Sphere Tab
1. Name: ff_2d
1. Coordinate System Tab
1. Select Use local coordinate system
2. Choose RelativeCS3

5.2-14 Inventory #002704
Analysis Setup


Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_chorn
Analyze
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze

5.2-15 Inventory #002704
Solution Data



Table Select


5.2-16 Inventory #002704
Far Field Overlays
Edit Sources
To Modify a Terminal excitation:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Edit Sources
2. Edit Sources window
1. Source: p1:1
1. Scaling Factor: 1
2. Offset: 0
2. Source: p1:2
1. Scaling Factor: 1
2. OffsetPhase: 90

Radiation Pattern
2. Traces Window::
2. Geometry: ff_2d
3. Category: Gain
4. Quantity: GainLHCP, GainRHCP
5. Function: dB

5.2-17 Inventory #002704
Ansoft Corporation Radiation Pattern 1 HFSSDesign1

0 Curve Info
dB(GainLHCP)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
-30 30 Freq='5GHz' Phi='0deg'
6.00 dB(GainLHCP)
Freq='5GHz' Phi='90deg'
dB(GainRHCP)
-8.00 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='5GHz' Phi='0deg'
-60 60 dB(GainRHCP)
-22.00 Freq='5GHz' Phi='90deg'
-36.00
-90 90
-120 120
-150 150
-180

5.2-18 Inventory #002704
Example – Probe Feed Patch Antenna Training Manual
The Probe Feed Patch Antenna

probe feed patch antenna using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.
Patch (Signal)
Sub1 (Dielectric) 0.32cm
Infinite Ground

5.3-1 Inventory #002704
Getting Started

Programs and select
the Ansoft > HFSS 11 program group. Click HFSS 11. 11


Checked
Options



5.3-2 Inventory #002704

Set Solution Type


5.3-3 Inventory #002704
Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: cm

1. Type Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (tm) in the Search by Name field

5.3-4 Inventory #002704
Create Substrate
To create the substrate:
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -4.5,
4.5 Z: 0.0,
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the box
dX: 10.0,
10.0 dY: 9.0,
9.0 dZ: 0.32,
To set the Attribute
2. For the Value of Name type: Sub1
3. Set Transparent level to 0.7
To fit the view:

1. Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View. Or press the CTRL+D key

5.3-5 Inventory #002704
Create Infinite Ground

To create the infinite ground:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Rectangle
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the rectangle position
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -4.5,
4.5 Z: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the rectangle:
dX: 10.0,
10.0 dY: 9.0,
9.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Inf_GND
To fit the view:

Assign a Perfect E boundary to the Infinite Ground

To select the trace:
1. Select the objects named: Inf_GND
To assign the Perfect E boundary

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Perfect E
2. Perfect E Boundary window
1. Name: PerfE_Inf_GND
2. Infinite Ground Plane: Checked

5.3-6 Inventory #002704
Create Infinite Ground Cut Out

To create the cut out:
X: -0.5,
0.5 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.16,
0.16 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Cut_Out
To fit the view:

1. Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View
Complete the Infinite Ground

To select the objects Inf_GND & Cut_Out:
1. Select the objects named: Inf_GND, Cut_Out
To complete the ring:

2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Inf_GnD

Tool Parts: Cut_Out
Click the OK button

5.3-7 Inventory #002704
Create Patch
To create the patch:
X: -2.0,
2.0 Y: -1.5,
1.5 Z: 0.32,
dX: 4.0,
4.0 dY: 3.0,
3.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Patch
To fit the view:

Assign a Perfect E boundary to the Trace

1. Select the objects named: Patch

1. Name: PerfE_Patch

5.3-8 Inventory #002704

1. Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose vacuum
Create the Coax

To create the coax:
X: -0.5,
0.5 Y: 0.0,
dX: 0.16,
0.16 dY: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: -0.5 Press the Enter key
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Coax
To fit the view:


5.3-9 Inventory #002704

Create the Coax Pin

To create the coax pin:
X: -0.5,
0.5 Y: 0.0,
dX: 0.07,
0.07 dY: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: -0.5 Press the Enter key
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Coax_Pin
To fit the view:


5.3-10 Inventory #002704

X:: -0.5,
0.5 Y:: 0.0,
0.0 Z:: -0.5 Press the Enter key
dX:: 0.16,
0.16 dY:: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Port1
To select the object Port1:

1. Select the objects named: Port1

2. In the pop up Reference Conductors for Terminals window, leave Pin in

Conducting Objects. Click OK

5.3-11 Inventory #002704
Create the Probe

To create the probe:
X: -0.5,
0.5 Y: 0.0,
dX: 0.07,
0.07 dY: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Probe
To fit the view:


5.3-12 Inventory #002704

Create Air
To create the air:
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -4.5,
4.5 Z: 0.0,
dX: 10.0,
10.0 dY: 9.0,
9.0 dZ: 3.32,
To set the Atttribute:
To fit the view:


5.3-13 Inventory #002704

Picking the faces:
2. Graphically select all of the faces of the Air object except the face at Z=0.0cm

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign> Radiation
1. Name: Rad1

Sphere
1. Select the Infinite Sphere Tab
1. Name: ff_2d

5.3-14 Inventory #002704
Analysis Setup


2. Click the Option tab:
Solution Operations/ Order of Basis Functions: Second Order

Enable Iterative Solver Checked

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Sweep
Start: 1.0GHz
Stop:: 3.5GHz
Count:: 201

5.3-15 Inventory #002704
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_probepatch
Analyze
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze

5.3-16 Inventory #002704
Solution Data



Table Select

To view the Mesh Statistics
1. Click the Mesh Statistics Tab

5.3-17 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Terminal S-
To create a report:
Report> Rectangular Plot
2. Traces Window::
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Click the Trace tab
2. Quantity: St(coax_pin_T1,coax_pin_T1) Function: dB
Mark all traces

1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All
2. Select the menu item Report 2D > Marker > Add Minimum
3. When you are finished, select the menu item Report 2D > Marker > Clear
All to remove the marker.
Ansoft Corporation XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1

0.00
-5.00
Curve Info
Name X Y dB(St(coax_pin_T1,coax_pin_T1))
m1 2.3625 -21.4575 Setup1 : Sweep1
dB(St(coax_pin_T1,coax_pin_T1))
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
m1
-25.00
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Freq [GHz]

5.3-18 Inventory #002704
Far Field Overlays

Radiation Pattern
2. Traces Window::
2. Geometry: ff_2d
3. In the Families tab, change the frequency to 2.3625GHz
4. In the Trace tab
1. Primary Sweep: Theta
2. Category: Gain
3. Quantity: GainTotal
4. Function: dB
Ansoft Corporation Radiation Pattern 1 HFSSDesign1

0 Curve Info
dB(GainTotal)
-30 30 Setup1 : Sweep1
Phi='0deg'
4.00 dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : Sweep1
Phi='90deg'
-2.00
-60 60
-8.00
-14.00
-90 90
-120 120
-150 150
-180

5.3-19 Inventory #002704
Example – Slot Coupled Patch Antenna Training Manual
The Slot Coupled Patch Antenna

probe feed patch antenna using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.
Patch (Signal)
Slot (Plane)
Feed (Signal)
5.4-1 Inventory #002704
Getting Started

Programs and select
the Ansoft > HFSS 11 program group. Click HFSS 11

Use Wizards for data input when creating new boundaries::

Checked
Options



5.4-2 Inventory #002704

Set Solution Type


5.4-3 Inventory #002704
Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: cm

1. Type Rogers in the Search by Name field and select the row for
Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (tm)

5.4-4 Inventory #002704
Create Substrate
X: -7.0,
7.0 Y: -4.5,
4.5 Z: 0.0,
dX: 12.0,
12.0 dY: 9.0,
9.0 dZ: 0.32,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Sub1
3. Change the Color to Light Gray
4. Change the Trasparency to 0.6
To fit the view:


5.4-5 Inventory #002704
Create the Feed

To create the feed:
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -0.2475,
0.2475 Z: 0.0,
dX: 7.0,
7.0 dY: 0.495,
0.495 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Feed
3. Change the Color to Bright Blue
To fit the view:

Assign a Perfect E boundary to the Feed

To select the feed:
1. Select the objects named: Feed

1. Name: PerfE_Feed
2. Infinite Ground Plane: Unchecked

5.4-6 Inventory #002704
Create Ground
To create the ground:
X: -7.0,
7.0 Y: -4.5,
4.5 Z: 0.16,
dX: 12.0,
12.0 dY: 9.0,
9.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Ground
3. Change the Color to Red
4. Change the Transparency to 0.8
To fit the view:

Assign a Perfect E boundary to the Ground

To select the ground:
1. Select the objects named: Ground

1. Name: PerfE_Ground
2. Infinite Ground Plane: Unchecked

5.4-7 Inventory #002704
Create Slot Cut Out

To create the cut out:
X: -0.0775,
0.0775 Y: -0.7,
0.7 Z: 0.16,
dX: 0.155,
0.155 dY: 1.4,
1.4 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Slot
To fit the view:

Complete the Ground

To select the objects ground & slot
1. Select the objects named: Ground, Slot
To perform the boolean subtraction:

2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Ground

Tool Parts: Slot
Click the OK button

5.4-8 Inventory #002704
Create Patch
To create the patch:
X: -2.0,
2.0 Y: -1.5,
1.5 Z: 0.32,
dX: 4.0,
4.0 dY: 3.0,
3.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Patch
3. Change the Color to Orange
4. Change the Transparency to 0.4
To fit the view:


To select the patch:
1. Select the objects named: Patch

1. Name: PerfE_Patch

5.4-9 Inventory #002704

Create Air
To create the air:
X: -7.0,
7.0 Y: -4.5,
4.5 Z: -2.0,
dX: 12.0,
12.0 dY: 9.0,
9.0 dZ: 4.32,
To set the name:
3. Change the Color to Black
4. Change Display Wireframe to Checked
To fit the view:

5.4-10 Inventory #002704

Picking the faces:

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Radiation
1. Name: Rad1

Sphere
1. Select the Infinite Sphere Tab
1. Name: ff_2d

5.4-11 Inventory #002704
Add Length Based Mesh Operation to the Radiation Boundary

Far fields are calculated by integrating the fields on the radiation
radiation surface. To
obtain accurate far fields for antenna problems, the integration surface should be
forced to have a λ/6 to λ/8 maximum tetrahedra length.
To create a length based seed on the radiation boundary:
1. Select the Air object by left clicking it in the drawing window
2. While the Air object is selected, move the mouse to the project tree and
right click on Mesh Operations > Assign > On Selection > Length Based
3. Name: LengthOnRadiation
4. Maximum Length of Elements: 2cm (this is about λ/6 at 2.3GHz) 2.3GHz


5.4-12 Inventory #002704
Set Grid Plane

To set the grid plane:
1. Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > YZ
Create Source
To create source:
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -0.2475,
0.2475 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.495,
0.495 dZ: 0.16,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Source
3. Change the Color to Bright Green
To fit the view:


5.4-13 Inventory #002704
Assign Excitation
To select the object Source:
1. Select the objects named: Source
Note:
Note You can also select the object from the Model
Tree
To assign lumped port excitation
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Lumped Port
2. Place Feed in the Conducting Object list and Ground in the Reference
Conductor list
Rename the Lumped Port and Terminal

1. Double click on LumpPort1 under Excitations in the project tree.
2. Rename the port to p1
4. Double click on the terminal named Feed_T1
5. Rename the terminal to T1

5.4-14 Inventory #002704
Analysis Setup

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution
Setup
Maximum Delta S: 0.02
2. Click the Options tab:
Enable Iterative Solver: Checked

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Frequency
Sweep
Select Solution Setup: Setup1
1.
Start: 1.0GHz
Stop:: 3.5GHz
Count:: 201

5.4-15 Inventory #002704
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_slotpatch
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze

5.4-16 Inventory #002704
Solution Data



Table Select

To view the Mesh Statistics:
1. Click the Mesh Statistics Tab.

5.4-17 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Terminal S-
To create a report:
2. Traces Window::
2. Domain: Sweep
4. Quantity: St(T1,T1),
5. Function: dB
3. Add a minimum marker to the trace

1. Select the trace by left clicking on it
2. Go to Report2D > Marker > Add Minimum

Ansoft Corporation XY Plot 1 HFSSModel1
0.00
-2.00
Curve Info
dB(St(p1,p1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
Name X Y
m1 2.2875 -10.1263
-4.00
dB(St(p1,p1))
-6.00
-8.00
-10.00 m1
-12.00
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Freq [GHz]

5.4-18 Inventory #002704
Far Field Overlays

Radiation Pattern
2. Traces Window::
2. Geometry: ff_2d
3. In the Families tab, change the frequency to 2.2875GHz
4. In the Trace tab
1. Category: Gain
2. Quantity: GainPhi, GainTheta
3. Function: dB

Ansoft Corporation Radiation Pattern 1 HFSSModel1
0 Curve Info
dB(GainPhi)
Setup1 : Sweep1
-30 30 Freq='2.2875GHz' Phi='0deg'
0.00 dB(GainPhi)
Setup1 : Sweep1
Freq='2.2875GHz' Phi='90deg'
dB(GainTheta)
-20.00 Setup1 : Sweep1
-60 60 dB(GainTheta)
Setup1 : Sweep1
-40.00
-60.00
-90 90
-120 120
-150 150
-180

5.4-19 Inventory #002704
Example – Waveguide Array Example Training Manual
The Waveguide Array

Waveguide array antenna using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment
A WavePort will be used for the waveguide feed excitation
A Floquet Port will be used for the phased array’s free space excitation and
termination
Master/Slave boundary conditions will be used to create the array’s unit cell
Reference:
[1] N. Amitay, V. Galindo and C. Wu, “Theory and Analysis of Phased Array Antennas”, Wiley-Interscience,
1972, ISBN 0-471-02553-4, section5.2.1.

5.5-1 Inventory #002704
Design Review
Instead of modeling the entire array, we will make use of the master/slave
boundaries and only model a unit cell.
A Floquet Port will be used to excite and terminate the model from free space.
This port works in conjunction with the Master/Slave boundaries to enforce the
array’s periodicity and allow for a changing scan angle.

3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Box
Ports: Wave Ports, Floquet Ports
Boundaries: Master/Slave
Analysis
Sweep: Interpolating
Results
Cartesian plotting
Optimetrics
Parametric sweep

5.5-2 Inventory #002704

To access Ansoft HFSS, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs, and
select the Ansoft > HFSS 11 program group. Click HFSS 11

Select the menu item Tools > Options > HFSS Options
HFSS Options Window:
Click the General tab
Use Wizards for data entry when creating new boundaries:
Checked
Duplicate boundaries with geometry: Checked
Click the OK button
Select the menu item Tools > Options > Modeler Options.
3D Modeler Options Window:
Click the Operation tab
Automatically cover closed polylines: Checked
Click the Drawing tab
Edit properties of new primitives: Checked
Click the OK button

5.5-3 Inventory #002704

When Ansoft HFSS opens it should automatically open a new project.
Set Solution Type

Select the menu item HFSS > Solution Type
Solution Type Window:
Choose Driven Modal
Click the OK button
Set Model Units

To set the units:
Select the menu item Modeler > Units
Set Model Units:
Select Units: in
Click the OK button

Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, make sure that vacuum is the
default material

5.5-4 Inventory #002704
Create Waveguide
To create the waveguide:
Select the menu item Draw > Box
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the box position
X: -12.28,
12.28 Y: -12.28,
12.28 Z: -55,
55 Press the Enter key
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the box
dX: 24.56,
24.56 dY:: 24.56,
24.56 dZ: 55,
To set the name:
Select the Attribute tab from the Properties window.
For the Value of Name type: waveguide
Click on the Value of Transparent and change the Value to 0.8
Click the OK button to accept the transparency changes
Click the OK button
To fit the view:
Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View or press the CTRL+D
keys

5.5-5 Inventory #002704
Create Airbox
To create the airbox:
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the box position
X: -13.246,
13.246 Y: -13.246,
13.246 Z: 0.0,
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the box
dX: 26.492,
26.492 dY: 26.492,
26.492 dZ: 55.0,
To set the name:
Select the Attribute tab from the Properties window.
For the Value of Name type: Airbox
Click on the Value of Transparent and change the Value to 0.8
Click the OK button to accept the transparency changes
Click the OK button
To fit the view:
Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View or press the CTRL+D
keys
To deselect all object:
Select the menu item Edit > Deselect All

5.5-6 Inventory #002704
Create First Master Boundary

To select the Master boundary face
Select the menu item Edit > Select > Faces
Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
Select Face dialog: Select the object Airbox from the left column
Select different FaceIDs until the side face located on the
positive x-
x-axis of the Airbox is highlighted.
Click the OK button
To create the Master Boundary

Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Master
Complete Master Boundary dialog window
Name: Master1
Coordinate System: U Vector:
Vector Click the Undefined pulldown and
select New Vector.
Vector
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the start position
X:13.246
13.246,
13.246 Y: -13.246,
13.246 Z:0.0
0.0,
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the stop position of the
vector
dX: 0, dY: 26.492,
26.492 dZ: 0, Press the Enter key
vector check the Reverse Direction: Checked
For the V vector,
Click the OK button

5.5-7 Inventory #002704
Create Second Master Boundary

To select the Master boundary face
Select different FaceIDs
FaceID until the side face located on the
positive y-
y-axis of the Airbox is highlighted.
Click the OK button
To create the Master Boundary

Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Master
Complete Master Boundary dialog window
Name: Master2
Vecto click the Undefined pulldown and
select New Vector.
Vector
X:13.246
13.246,
13.246 Y: 13.246,
13.246 Z:0.0
0.0,
vector
dX: -26.492,
26.492 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
vector check the Reverse Direction: Checked
For the V vector,
Click the OK button

5.5-8 Inventory #002704
Create First Slave Boundary

To select the Slave boundary face
FaceID until the side face located on the
negative x-
x-axis of the Airbox is highlighted.
Click the OK button
To create the Slave Boundary

Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Slave
Complete General Data Tab
Name: Slave1
Master Boundary: click on Undefined pulldown and select: Master1
Vecto click the Undefined pulldown and
select New Vector.
Vector
X: -13.246,
13.246 Y: -13.246,
13.246 Z:0.0
0.0,
vector
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 26.492,
26.492 dZ: 0.0,
Click the Next button
Continued on next page

5.5-9 Inventory #002704
To create the Slave Boundary (Continued)

Complete Phase Delay Tab
Make sure that Use Scan Angles To Calculate Phase Delay is
checked
For Phi,
Phi enter a variable name phi_scan
For Theta,
Theta enter a variable name theta_scan
Click the Finish button
For the Add Variable dialog corresponding to phi_scan,
phi_scan
Enter 90deg
Click the OK button
For the Add Variable dialog corresponding to theta_scan,
theta_scan
Enter 0deg
Click the OK button
Create Second Slave Boundary

To select the Slave boundary face
FaceID until the side face located on the negative
y-axis of the Airbox is highlighted.
Click the OK button

5.5-10 Inventory #002704
Create Second Slave Boundary (continued)

To create Slave boundary
Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Slave
Complete General Data Tab
Name: Slave2
Master Boundary: click on Undefined pulldown and select: Master2
Vector click the Undefined pulldown and
select New Vector.
X: 13.246,
13.246 Y:: -13.246,
vector
dX: -26.492,
26.492 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
checked
For Phi,
For Theta,

5.5-11 Inventory #002704
Create WavePort
To select the Waveport face
Select the object waveguide from the left column
FaceID until the bottom face of the
waveguide is highlighted.
Click the OK button
To create WavePort:
Select the menu item HFSS > Excitation > Assign > WavePort
Complete the General Tab
Name: p1
Click Next
Complete the Modes Tab
Number of Modes: 2
Mode 1:1 click on the None pulldown located under the Integration
Line Column and select New Line
X: -12.28,
12.28 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: -55.0,
vector
dX: 24.56,
24.56 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,

5.5-12 Inventory #002704
To create WavePort (continued):

Complete Mode Tab (continued)
Mode 2: click on the None pulldown located under the Integration
Line Column and select New Line
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -12.28,
12.28 Z: -55,
vector
dX:0.0
0.0,
0.0 dY: 24.56,
24.56 dZ: 0.0,
Polarize E Field: Checked
Checking Polarize E Field will cause HFSS to use the
analytical waveguide mode solutions to properly polarize the
electric field in the port. The analytical solution is only
invoked for canonical waveguide structures like rectangular
waveguide, circular waveguide and coaxial waveguide. For
all other port geometries HFSS will enforce the polarization
with out the analytical solution. HFSS still performs a
numerical solution of the port’s modes, but will orient the field
polarizations through its knowledge of the analytical solution.
Complete the Post Processing Tab
Click Finish

5.5-13 Inventory #002704
Create FloquetPort
To select the FloquetPort face
Select the object Airbox from the left column
FaceID until the top face of the AirBox is
highlighted.
Click the OK button
To create FloquetPort:
Select the menu item HFSS > Excitation > Assign > Floquet Port
Complete the General Tab
Name: FP1
A Direction Lattice Coordinate: click on the Undefined pulldown
located and select New Vector
X: -13.246,
13.246 Y: -13.246,
13.246 Z: 55,55 Press the Enter key
vector
dX: 26.492,
26.492 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
B Direction Lattice Coordinate: click on the Undefined pulldown
located and select New Vector
X: -13.246,
13.246 Y: -13.246,
13.246 Z: 55,55 Press the Enter key
vector
dX:0.0
0.0,
0.0 dY: 26.492,
26.492 dZ: 0.0,
Click Next

5.5-14 Inventory #002704
To create FloquetPort (continued):

checked
For Phi,
For Theta,
Click the Modes Calculator button
Complete the Modes Setup Tab
Number of Modes: 10
Frequency: 299.79 MHz
checked
Phi: 90 deg
Theta: 90 deg
Click the OK button
•HFSS has a Modes Calculator to help determine the number of modes that should
be included in the Floquet Port. Any mode that is not defined in the Modes Setup
Tab will be short circuited at the port and reflected back toward the array. For
accurate results all modes that have a significant amount of energy at the port
must be included in the Modes Setup Tab.
• The Floquet Mode calculator is going to request the number of modes that should
be evaluated, a frequency and a scan angle to calculate each mode’s attenuation
constant. The modes with the least attenuation are going to occur at the highest
simulation frequency and at locations in the scan volume that are close to grating
lobes. Therefore, we are going to set these conditions in the Modes Calculator to
determine the attenuation in dB/length for each mode. We will then restrict the
number of modes to only include the modes with a significant contribution to the
array’s performance

5.5-15 Inventory #002704
Example – Waveguide Array Example
Training Manual
•Notice that the first 4 modes have an attenuation of 0.00 dB/length. This indicates that they
are propagating modes. The TE00 and TM00 modes correspond to the main beams of the x
and y polarized patterns. respectively. The TE0-1 and TM0-1 modes correspond to the
grating lobes of x and y polarized patterns.
•Modes 5 through 10 have attenuation of 1.67 dB/length or 2.06 dB/length depending the
mode. The length portion of this attenuation is calculated in the model’s unit (inches for this
example). To calculate a mode’s total attenuation from the array to the Floquet Port, the
attenuation value displayed in the Modes Setup Tab needs to be multiplied by the distance
between the array face and the Floquet Port.
•For this example this distance is 55in. Therefore the TE-1-1 mode experiences 1.67*55 =
91.85dB of attenuation as it propagates from the array face to the Floquet Port.
•Likewise the TE10 mode experience 2.06*55 = 113.3dB of attenuation across this same
distance.
•It therefore is safe to only include the first 4 modes in the Floquet Port definition.

5.5-16 Inventory #002704
To create FloquetPort (continued):

Change the Number of Modes:
Modes 4
Complete the 3D Refinement Tab
Complete the Post Processing Tab
•For this example we only included the modes that propagate at the highest simulated
frequency for the largest scan angle in the plane corresponding the closest grating
lobe. Although these modes are propagating for this instance, they may not be
propagating for other cases where the frequency is lower or the scan angle as
extreme. The cases where any of these modes are heavily attenuated can cause an
unusually dense mesh concentrated at the port. This will significantly decrease the
simulation efficiency and in many phased array cases there is more interest in
terminating these modes than exciting them. To improve the simulation’s efficiency
HFSS allows you to determine which Floquet Modes are excited for the purposes of
refining the mesh during the adaptive meshing process. Which modes affect the
adaptive meshing process is controlled by checking the box under the Affects
Refinement column on the 3D Refinement Tab. This exercise is only interested in
exciting the problem from the waveguide side. Therefore none of the Floquet Modes
are going to be excited in the adaptive mesh refinement

5.5-17 Inventory #002704

Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
Solution Setup Window:
Click the General tab:
Solution Frequency: 299.79 MHz
Click the Options tab:
Minimum Number of Passes: 5
Click the OK button
Creating a Frequency Sweep:

Select the menu item HFSS> Analysis Setup > Add Frequency Sweep
Choose Setup1 from pop-up window and click the OK button
Edit Sweep Window
Sweep Type: Interpolating
Frequency Setup Type: LinearStep
Start: 200MHz
Stop: 300MHz
Step: 0.1MHz
Click the OK button

5.5-18 Inventory #002704
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_array
Analyze
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze

5.5-19 Inventory #002704
Solution Data
Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Click the Profile Tab.
Click the Convergence Tab
Note:
Note The default view for convergence is Table. Select the
Plot radio button to view a graphical representations of the
convergence data.
Click the Matrix Data Tab
Note:
Note To view a real-time update of the Matrix Data, set the
Simulation to Setup1, Last Adaptive during solution.
Click the Close button when done viewing or simulation
complete.

5.5-20 Inventory #002704
Create Floquet Mode Plot vs Frequency

To create a Rectangular plot :
Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Modal Solution Data
New Report – New Traces Window:
Solution: Setup1: Sweep1
Category: S-Parameter
Quantity: S(FP1:3,P1:1), S(FP1:4,P1:1), S(P1:1,P1:1)
Function: dB
Click the New Report button
Click the Close button
•This plot shows how the X-Polarized Waveguide mode couples into the TE00 and TM00
modes at boresight as frequency is swept from 200MHz to 300MHz.
•Notice that just above 240MHz the return loss spikes to 0dB and the coupling to both the TE00
and TM00 modes show a sharp discontinuity. This is caused by the TE10 waveguide mode
transitioning out from being cutoff.

5.5-21 Inventory #002704
Optimetrics Setup
For this array design, we want to see the effect of scan angle on the input match
of the antenna. To do this, we must sweep the scan angle with a parametric
sweep.
Add a Second Solution Setup

Create an analysis setup:
Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
Solution Setup Window:
Setup Name: Setup2
Solution Frequency: 299.79 MHz
Minimum Number of Passes: 2
Click the OK button

5.5-22 Inventory #002704
Add a Parametric Sweep

To create a parametric setup
Select the menu item HFSS > Optimetrics Analysis > Add Parametric
Setup Sweep Analysis Window:
Click the Sweep Definitions tab:
Click the Add button
Add/Edit Sweep Dialog
Select Variable: theta_scan
Select Linear Step
Start: 0deg
Stop: 90deg
Step: 10deg
Click the Add >> button
Click the OK button
Click the OK button
Uncheck Setup1 Include
Check Save Fields and Meshes
Check Copy geometrically equivalent meshes
Click OK to accept the Parametric Sweep settings
Note: The plots shown for the parametric sweep contain

an additional sweep for theta_scan to improve the plot
resolution:
•Type: Linear Step
•Start: 27.1deg
•Stop: 27.9deg
•Step: 0.1deg

5.5-23 Inventory #002704
Save Project
In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save
Analyze Parametric Sweep

Expand the Project Tree to display the items listed under Optimetrics
Right-click the mouse on ParametricSetup1 and choose Analyze
Optimetrics Results
To view the Optimetrics Results:
Select the menu item HFSS > Optimetrics Analysis > Optimetrics Results
Select the Profile Tab to view the solution progress for each setup.
Click the Close button when you are finished viewing the results

5.5-24 Inventory #002704
Create Propagation Constant Plot

To create a report:
Traces Window:
Solution: Setup2: LastAdaptive
X: Switch to theta_scan
Category: Gamma
Quantity: Select All Quantities
Function: Im
•Noticethat Floquet Modes 1 and 2 do not start propagating until the array is scanned to 29deg.
These mode are the TE0-1 and TM0-1 modes respectively and represent the grating lobes
associated with the E-phi and E-theta patterns respectively. The main beams (TE00 and
TM00) are the 3rd and 4th Floquet Modes. These modes propagate to the edge of real space.

5.5-25 Inventory #002704
Create S-Parameter Plot

To create a report:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Modal Solution Data
2. Traces Window::
2. X: Switch to theta_scan
3. Category: S Parameter
4. Quantity: S(FP1:2,p1:2), S(FP1:4,p1:2), S(p1:2,p1:2)
5. Function: mag

1.00
Curve Info
mag(S(FP1:2,p1:1))
0.90 Freq='0.29979GHz'
mag(S(FP1:4,p1:1))
Freq='0.29979GHz'
0.80 mag(S(p1:1,p1:1))
Freq='0.29979GHz'
0.70
0.60
Y1
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00
theta_scan [deg]
•Notice the transmission for the 1st Floquet Mode is not significant until just below 30deg scan.
This mode corresponds to the TM0-1 mode which doesn’t propagate until 29deg scan. At this
same scan angle a scan blindness is observed in the return loss and the transmission for the
4th Floquet Mode (TM00) drops sharply.

5.5-26 Inventory #002704
Create Active Element Pattern

To create a report:
Traces Window:
Solution: Setup2: LastAdaptive
X: Switch to theta_scan
Y:
10*log(4*pi*701.8/39.361^2*mag(S(p1:2,FP1:4))^2*cos(theta_scan))
701.8 is the unit cell area in square inches
39.361inches is the wavelength in free space
Double click on the Y-axis of the plot
Click the Scale tab:
Specify Min: Checked
Min: -60
Spacing: 10
20.00
Curve Info
10*log(4*pi*701.8/39.361^2*mag(S(p1:1,FP1:4))^2*cos(theta_scan))
Freq='0.29979GHz'
10*log(4*pi*701.8/39.361^2*m ag(S(p1:1,FP1:4))^2*cos (theta_s can))
10.00
0.00
-10.00
-20.00
-30.00
-40.00
-50.00
-60.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00
theta_scan [deg]

5.5-27 Inventory #002704
Example – Magic T Training Manual
The Magic T
Magic T, which is a commonly used microwave device, using the Ansoft HFSS
Design Environment.
Length
Height
Width
Port1
Nominal Design:
Waveguide:
Width = 50.0 mm
Port2
Height = 20.0 mm
Length = 75.0 mm
Port3 Port4

6.1-1 Inventory #002704

The following features of the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment are used to create
this passive device model
3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Box
Boolean Operations: Unite, Duplicate
Excitations
Ports: Wave Ports
Analysis
Sweep:: Interpolating Frequency
Results
Cartesian plotting
Fields
3D Field Plots, Animations

6.1-2 Inventory #002704
Getting Started

Programs and select


Checked
Options



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By default, when HFSS first starts up, a new project will be opened.
opened.
If you have been working in HFSS and need to open a new project:
2. Expand the folder and review the sub-folders in the Project Manager
Set Solution Type


6.1-4 Inventory #002704
Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: mm

1. Using the 3D Modeler Materials picklist in the toolbar, choose vacuum
Create Top Arm

To create arm 1:
2. Press the Tab key to move the cursor to the coordinate entry fields
fields
X: -25.0,
25.0 Y: -10.0,
10.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 50.0,
50.0 dY: 20.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Arm
To fit the view:


6.1-5 Inventory #002704
Create Wave Port Excitation 1

Picking the port face:
2. Graphically select (click on) the top face of the arm at Z=75mm

1. Name: p1
Top face
Wave Port Face

6.1-6 Inventory #002704
Set Object Selection

Set select to objects
Create Arm 2
To create arm 2:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible. Or press the CTRL+A key.
2. Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Around Axis.
1. Axis: X
2. Angle: 90
3. Total Number: 2
5. Click OK in the Properties dialog
To fit the view:
Create Arm 3 & 4

To select the object Arm_1:
1. Select the objects named: Arm_1
To create arm 3 & 4:
1. Axis: Z
2. Angle: 90
3. Total Number: 3
5. Click OK in the Properties dialog
To fit the view:

6.1-7 Inventory #002704
Group the Arms

To group the arms:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Deselect All. Or press the CTRL+SHIFT+A key
3. Select the menu item Modeler > Boolean > Unite
4. Select the menu item Edit > Deselect All. Or press the CTRL+SHIFT+A
key
Boundary Display
To verify the boundary setup:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundary Display (Solver View)
2. From the Solver View of Boundaries, toggle the Visibility check box for the
boundaries you wish to display.
Note: The background (Perfect Conductor) is displayed as the outer
boundary.
Note: The Perfect Conductors are displayed as the smetal boundary.
Note: Select the menu item, View > Active View Visibility to hide all
of the geometry objects. This makes it easier to see the boundary
conditions.
3. Click the Close button when you are finished

6.1-8 Inventory #002704
Analysis Setup

Solution Frequency:: 4.0GHz

2. Click the Options Tab
1. Minimum Converged Passes: 3

1. Sweep Type:: Interpolating
Start: 3.4GHz
Stop:: 4.0GHz
Count:: 1001

6.1-9 Inventory #002704
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_magic_t
Analyze
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze

6.1-10 Inventory #002704
Solution Data



Table Select
Note: To view a real-time update of the Matrix Data during

analysis, open this dialog and set the Simulation to Setup1,
Last Adaptive

6.1-11 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Modal S-
S-Parameter Plot vs. Adaptive Pass
Note: If this report is created prior or during the solution process, a real-time
update of the results are displayed
To create a report:
2. Report Dialog::
1. Solution: Setup1: AdaptivePass
1. X: Pass
3. Quantity: S(p1,p1), S(p1,p2), S(p1,p3), S(p1,p4) (Note: Hold

down the Ctrl key to select multiple Quantities)
4. Function: dB
A n s o f t C o r p o r a ti o n X Y P lo t 2 H F S S D e s ig n 1
0 .0 0
-1 0 .0 0
C u r ve In fo
-2 0 .0 0 d B (S (p 1 , p 1 ))
S e t u p 1 : A d a p t i ve P a s s
F r e q = '4 G H z '
-3 0 .0 0 d B (S (p 1 , p 2 ))
Y1
F r e q = '4 G H z '
-4 0 .0 0 d B (S (p 1 , p 3 ))
F r e q = '4 G H z '
d B (S (p 1 , p 4 ))
-5 0 .0 0
-6 0 .0 0
-7 0 .0 0
1 .0 0 1 .5 0 2 .0 0 2 .5 0 3 .0 0 3 .5 0 4 .0 0
P as s

6.1-12 Inventory #002704
Create Modal S-
S-Parameter Plot vs. Freq
To create a report:
2. Report Dialog::
2. Domain: Sweep
1. X: Freq
3. Quantity: S(p1,p1), S(p1,p2), S(p1,p3), S(p1,p4) (Hold down

the Ctrl key to select multiple Quantities)
4. Function: dB

6.1-13 Inventory #002704
Create Field Overlay

To select an object:
1. Select menu item Windows > hfss_magic_T-
hfss_magic_T-HFSSDesign1-
HFSSDesign1-Modeler
1. Select the objects named: Arm
4. Select the menu Edit > Properties
1. Select Attribute Tab
2. Click on the Transparency button
3. Set Transparency to aprox .75
4. Click OK button
5. Click OK button to exit properties window
5. Press Ctrl-
Ctrl-A to ensure waveguide is selected.
6. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > E > Mag_E
7. Create Field Plot Window
1. Solution: Setup1 : LastAdaptive
2. Quantity: Mag_E
3. In Volume: All Objects
Field Animations
To Animate a Magnitude field plot:
1. Select the menu item View > Animate
2. In the Swept Variable tab, accept the defaults settings:
1. Swept variable: Phase
2. Start: 0deg
3. Stop: 180deg
4. Steps: 9
3. Click OK

6.1-14 Inventory #002704
Example – Coaxial Connector Training Manual
The Coaxial Connector

coaxial connector, using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.

6.2-1 Inventory #002704

3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Cylinders, Polylines,
Polylines, Circles
Boolean Operations: Unite, Subtract, and Sweep
Ports: Wave Ports and Terminal Lines
Analysis
Results
Cartesian plotting
Field Overlays:
3D Field Plots, Animations, Cut-
Cut-Planes

6.2-2 Inventory #002704
Getting Started

Programs and select


Checked
3. Select the menu item Tools > Options > 3D Modeler Options.
Options



6.2-3 Inventory #002704

opened.
Set Solution Type


6.2-4 Inventory #002704
Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: cm

1. Using the Modeler Materials toolbar, choose Select

6.2-5 Inventory #002704
Create the Conductor 1

To create the conductor
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,

dX: 0.152,
0.152 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,

dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 1.448,
To set the name:

2. For the Value of Name type: Conductor1
To fit the view:


To create an offset Coordinate System:
1. Select the menu item Modeler > Coordinate System > Create >
Relative CS > Offset
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
Create a Section
To section the conductor
2. Select the menu item Modeler > Surface > Section
3. Section Window
Section Plane: XY
Click the OK button

6.2-6 Inventory #002704
Rename the Section

To set the name:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > List
2. From the Model tab, select the object named Conductor1_Section1
3. Click the Properties button in the bottom
1. For the Value of Name type: Bend
Set Grid Plane

Create Conductor Bend

To create the bend:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Arc > Center Point
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vertex point:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.4,
0.4 Z: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radial point:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
4. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the sweep arc length:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.4,
0.4 Z: 0.4,
5. Using the mouse, right-click and select Done
6. Click the OK button when the Properties dialog appears
Sweep Bend:
1. Select the objects named: Bend, Polyline1
3. Select the menu item Draw > Sweep > Along Path
4. Sweep along path Window
Angle of twist: 0
Draft Angle: 0
Draft Type: Round
Click the OK button
6.2-7 Inventory #002704
Set Grid Plane

1. Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > XZ

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.4,

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.152,
0.152 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.436,
0.436 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:


1. Select the menu item Modeler > Coordinate System >
Create > Relative CS > Offset
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.436,
0.436 Z: 0.0,

6.2-8 Inventory #002704

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.225,
0.225 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 1.3,
1.3 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:

Group the Conductors

Select the menu item Edit > Deselect All
2. Select the menu item, 3D Modeler > Boolean > Unite
To fit the view:



6.2-9 Inventory #002704
Create the Female End

To create the female end:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.511,
0.511 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 1.3,
1.3 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Female
To fit the view:

Create the Female Bend

To create the bend:
X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: 0.0, Press the Enter key

dX:
dX: 0.351, dY:
dY: 0.0, dZ:
dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
dX:
dX: 0.0, dY:
dY: -1.236, dZ:
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: FemaleBend
To fit the view:


6.2-10 Inventory #002704

Set Grid Plane

1. Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > XY
Create the Male End

To create the male end:

dX:
dX: 0.351, dY:
dY: 0.0, dZ:
dX:
dX: 0.0, dY:
dY: 0.0, dZ:
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Male
To fit the view:


6.2-11 Inventory #002704
Group the Vacuum Objects

To unite the objects Female, FemaleBend and Male:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Deselect All
1. Select the objects named: Female, FemaleBend,

FemaleBend, Male
To fit the view:

Add New Material

To add a new material:
2. From the Select Definition window, click the Add Material button
3. View/Edit Material Window:
1. For the Material Name type: My_Ring
2. For the Value of Relative Permittivity type: 3

6.2-12 Inventory #002704
Create the Ring

To create the ring:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.736,
dX: 0.511,
0.511 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.236,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Ring
To fit the view:

Complete the Ring

To select the objects Ring and Male:
1. Select the objects named: Ring, Female
To complete the ring:

1. Select the menu item 3D Modeler > Boolean > Subtract
2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Ring

Tool Parts: Female
Clone tool objects before subtract: Checked
Click the OK button

6.2-13 Inventory #002704
Add New Material

1. For the Material Name type: My_Teflon
2. For the Value of Relative Permittivity type: 2.1
Create the Male Teflon

To create the teflon:
teflon:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.46,
dX: 0.511,
0.511 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.788,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: MaleTeflon
To fit the view:


6.2-14 Inventory #002704

Note: To simplify the instructions, a 2D object will be created to represent the
port. This is not a requirement for defining ports. Graphical face selection can
be used as an alternative.
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.351,
0.351 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:

Note:
Note You can also select the object from the Model Tree

6.2-15 Inventory #002704

2. Reference Conductors for Terminals window
1. Conducting Objects: Conductor1
2. Reference Conductors: blank
3. Rename port and terminal names
1. Highlight WavePort1 under the project tree, right click mouse, and
click rename, type p1,
p1 and press Enter key
2. Same steps apply to Conductor1_T1, and rename it to T1

1. From the list, select the CS: RelativeCS3
Set Grid Plane


6.2-16 Inventory #002704

Note: To simplify the instructions, a 2D object will be created to represent the
port. This is not a requirement for defining ports. Graphical face selection can
be used as an alternative.
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 1.3,
1.3 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.511,
0.511 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:


2. Reference Conductors for Terminals window
1. Conducting Objects: Conductor1
2. Reference Conductors: blank
3. Rename port and terminal names
1. Highlight WavePort1 under the project tree, right click mouse, and
click rename, type p2,
p2 and press Enter key
2. Same steps apply to Conductor1_T2, and rename it to T2

6.2-17 Inventory #002704
Create the Female Teflon

To create the Teflon:

dX:
dX: 0.511, dY:
dY: 0.0, dZ:
dX:
dX: 0.0, dY:
dY: -0.236, dZ:
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: FemaleTeflon
To fit the view:

Complete the Vacuum Object

To select the objects Female, MaleTeflon,
MaleTeflon, FemaleTeflon
1. Select the objects named: Female, MaleTeflon,

To complete the vacumm objects:

2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Female

Tool Parts: MaleTeflon,
Click the OK button

6.2-18 Inventory #002704
Complete the Model

To complete the model:
1. Select the objects named: Conductor1, Female, MaleTeflon,

MaleTeflon,
FemaleTeflon
4. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Female, FemaleTeflon,

FemaleTeflon, MaleTeflon
Tool Parts: Conductor1
Click the OK button
Boundary Display
boundary.
Note: Select the menu item, View > Visibility to hide all of the
geometry objects. This makes it easier to see the boundary

6.2-19 Inventory #002704
Analysis Setup


3. Click the Options tab::
Minimum Converged Passes: 2


Start: 0.1GHz
Stop:: 8.1GHz
Count:: 801

6.2-20 Inventory #002704
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_coax
Analyze
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze

6.2-21 Inventory #002704
Solution Data



Table Select


6.2-22 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Terminal S-
Note: If this report is created prior to or during the solution process, a
real-time update of the results are displayed
To create a report:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Terminal
Solution Data Report > Rectangular Plot
2. Traces Window::
1. Solution: Setup1: Adaptive
2. Click the X tab
1. X:: Pass
3. Click the Y tab
2. Quantity: St(T1,T1), St(T1,T2),
3. Function: dB

6.2-23 Inventory #002704
Create Terminal S-
To create a report:
2. Traces Window::
2. Click the X tab
1. X:: Freq
3. Click the Y tab
3. Function: dB

6.2-24 Inventory #002704
Create Terminal S-
S-Parameter Plot - Phase
To create a report:
2. Traces Window::
2. Click the X tab
1. X:: Freq
3. Click the Y tab
3. Function: ang_deg

6.2-25 Inventory #002704
Field Overlays
Select the menu item Window > hfss_coax – HFSSDesign1 - Modeler

To create a field plot:
1. Select the Global YZ Plane
1. Using the Model Tree, expand Planes
2. Select Global:YZ
2. Quantity: Mag_E
3. In Volume: All Objects
To modify a Magnitude field plot:

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Modify Plot Attributes
2. Select Plot Folder Window:
1. Select: E Field
3. E-Field Window:
1. Click the Scale tab
1. Select Use Limits
2. Min: 1.0
3. Max: 1000.0
4. Scale: Log

6.2-26 Inventory #002704
Edit Sources
To Modify a Terminal excitation:
2. Select T2 from the Edit Sources window
Check the Terminated box

To Select the Electric Field plot:

1. Expand the Project tree
2. Expand the Field Overlays
3. Click on the E Field or Mag_E1 to

display the field plot
Field Animations
2. In the Swept Variable tab, accept defaults settings:
2. Start: 0deg
3. Stop: 180deg
4. Steps: 9
5. Click: OK

6.2-27 Inventory #002704
Example – 180° Ring Hybrid Training Manual
The 180° Ring Hybrid

This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyze a ring
hybrid, using Ansoft HFSS.

6.3-1 Inventory #002704
Getting Started

Programs and
select the Ansoft, HFSS 11 program group. Click HFSS 11. 11


Checked
Auto-assign terminals on ports:: Checked
Options



6.3-2 Inventory #002704

Set Solution Type


6.3-3 Inventory #002704
Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: mm

1. Using the Modeler Materials picklist in the toolbar, choose Select
1. Click the Add Material button
1. For the Material Name type: My_Sub
3. For the Value of Dielectric Loss Tangent type: 4.29e-

4.29e-4

6.3-4 Inventory #002704
Create Substrate
1. Select the menu item Draw > Regular Polyhedron
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: -1.143,
dX: 22.345mm/cos(30*pi/180), dY: 0.0,

0.0 dZ: 0.0,
5. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height
dX: 0.0 dY: 0.0,

0.0 dZ: 2.286,
6. Segment Number Window
Number of Segments: 6
Click the OK button
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Substrate
To change the transparency of the substrate object:

1. Click the button labeled 0 next to the Transparent attribute.
2. Change the value to 0.8
3. Click OK to dismiss the Transparency
4. Click OK
To fit the view:


6.3-5 Inventory #002704
Create Trace
To create the trace:
X: -0.89154,
0.89154 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 1.78308,
1.78308 dY: 22.345,
22.345 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Trace
To fit the view:


1. Select the objects named: Trace

1. Name: PerfE_Trace

6.3-6 Inventory #002704

Note: This structure requires 4 ports with 1 terminal lines per port. We could use
face selection to select the ends of the substrate that represent the port, define
terminal lines, assign excitation, and repeat for port2-4. Since we can duplicate
port definitions, it is more efficient to define a rectangle with the appropriate port
definition and copy it to the location of ports 2-4. The second method is
described here:
To set grid plane
To set the view

Select the menu item View > Modify Attributes > Orientation
Select Viewing Direction form the List Window
1. From the list select the view name: Right
2. Click the Apply button
To create the rectangle graphically:

2. Using the mouse, position the active position indicator such that it snaps to
the vertex of the lower left corner of the substrate face. The shape of the
active position indicator will change to a square when it snaps to the vertex
3. Click the left mouse button to select this point as the start position.
4. Continued on next page…

6.3-7 Inventory #002704

4. Using the mouse, position the active position indicator such that it snaps to
the vertex of the upper right corner of the substrate face. The shape of the
active position indicator will change to a square when it snaps to the vertex
5. Click the left mouse button to set the opposite corner of the rectangle.
To set the name:

2. For the Value of Name type: Port
To fit the view:


6.3-8 Inventory #002704

1. Select the objects named: Port
4. Reference Conductors Dialog
1. Conducting Objects: Trace
2. Reference Conductors: <Empty>
Wave Port Face

Trace Object

6.3-9 Inventory #002704
Create the remaining Traces and Wave Ports

To select objects:
1. Select the objects named: Trace, Port
To duplicate the objects:

1. Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Around Axis
2. Duplicate Around Axis Window
1. Axis: Z
2. Angle: 60deg
3. Total Number: 4
Create Outer Ring

To set grid plane
1. Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > XY
To create the ring:

2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the position
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 11.795,
11.795 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Outer
To fit the view:

1. Select the menu item View > Fit Drawing.

6.3-10 Inventory #002704
Group the Conductors

1. Deselect all objects by selecting the menu item Edit > Deselect All
2. Using the model tree, while holding down the Ctrl key, select the following
objects in this order: Trace, Trace_1, Trace_2, Trace_3, Outer
1. The Trace object needs to be selected first as the Boolean
operations are order dependent, and the Perfect E boundary should
propagate to the other objects.
To fit the view:

1. Select the menu item View > Fit Drawing.
Create Inner Ring

To create the ring:
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the position
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 10.795,
10.795 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Inner
Select objects:
1. Deselect all objects by selecting the menu item Edit > Deselect All
2. Using the model tree, while holding down the Ctrl key, select the following
objects in this order: Trace, Inner
3. Select the menu item, Modeler > Boolean > Subtract
4. Subtract Window
1. Blank Parts: Trace
2. Tool Parts: Inner
3. Clone tool objects before subtracting:: Unchecked
To fit the view:

1. Select the menu item View > Fit Drawing. Or press the CTRL+D key

6.3-11 Inventory #002704
Analysis Setup



2. Frequency Setup Type:: Linear Step
Start: 2.0 GHz

Stop:: 7.0 GHz
Step:: 0.05 GHz

6.3-12 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Terminal S-
To create a report:
2. Traces Window::
1. X: Pass
3. Quantity: St(Trace_T1,Trace_T1), St(Trace_T1,Trace_T2),

St(Trace_T1,Trace_T3), St(Trace_T1,Trace_T4) (hold down
the Ctrl key to select multiple quantities)
4. Function: dB

6.3-13 Inventory #002704
Create Terminal S-
To create a report:
2. Traces Window::
2. Domain: Sweep
1. X: Freq
3. Quantity: St(Trace_T1,Trace_T1), St(Trace_T1,Trace_T2),

St(Trace_T1,Trace_T3), St(Trace_T1,Trace_T4) (hold down
the Ctrl key to select multiple quantities)
4. Function: dB

6.3-14 Inventory #002704
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_ringhybrid
Analyze
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze

6.3-15 Inventory #002704
Solution Data



Table Select


6.3-16 Inventory #002704
Terminal S-
Terminal S-

6.3-17 Inventory #002704
Example – Coax Stub Resonator Training Manual
The Coaxial Stub Resonator

This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and optimize a
coaxial stub resonator, using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.

6.4-1 Inventory #002704

create this passive device model:
3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Cylinders
Boolean: Unite
Duplicate: Around Axis
Excitations: Wave Ports
Analysis
Sweep: Fast Frequency
Optimization
Parametrics Setup
Optimetrics Setup
Results
Data: Tabular
Plotting: Cartesian

6.4-2 Inventory #002704
Getting Started

Programs and select


Checked
Options



6.4-3 Inventory #002704
Set Solution Type


6.4-4 Inventory #002704
Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: mm


6.4-5 Inventory #002704
Set Grid Plane


X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.86,
0.86 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: -6.0,
6.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
1. Select the Attribute tab from the Properties window
2. For the Value of Name type: Conductor
To fit the view:


6.4-6 Inventory #002704
Create the Stub

To create the stub
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.86,
0.86 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 4.75,
4.75 dZ: 0.0,
To parameterize the object:
1. Select the Command tab from the Properties window
2. For Height,
Height type: L, Click the Tab key to accept
Add Variable L: 4.75mm,
4.75mm Click the OK button
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Stub
To fit the view:



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Create the Body

To create the body
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 2.0,
2.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: -6.0,
6.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Body

To select surface for Wave Port 1
1. Press the F key on keyboard ( Select Faces mode)
2. Click on the end surface of Body as shown
To assign reference conductors for Terminals

1. Select the menu item HFSS>Excitations>Assign>Wave Port
2. In the pop up Reference Conductors for Terminals window, leave

Conductor in Conducting Objects. Click OK

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Create Port 2 Arm

To select the objects Conductor & Body
1. Select the objects named: Body, Conductor
Note: Use the Ctrl + Left mouse button to select multiple objects
To create the port 2 arm:

1. Axis: X
2. Angle: -90
90
3. Total Number: 2
To fit the view:

Create Stub Body

Duplicate boundaries with geometry:: Unchecked

To select the objects Body:

1. Select the objects named: Body

6.4-9 Inventory #002704
To create the stub body:

1. Select the menu Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Around Axis.
1. Axis: X
2. Angle: 180
3. Total Number: 2
To fit the view:

Group the Body Objects

To select the objects Body, Body_1, Body_2:
1. Select the objects named: Body, Body_1, Body_2
To fit the view:

Group the Conductor & Stub Objects

To select the objects Conductor, Conductor_1, Stub:
1. Select the objects named: Conductor, Conductor_1, Stub
To fit the view:


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Boundary Display
boundary.
Mesh Operations
To select the object Body
1. Select the objects named: Body
To create a mesh operation:

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Mesh Operations > Assign > Inside
Selection > Length based
2. Element Length Based Refinement Window:
1. Name:: Body_Mesh
2. Restrict Length of Elements:: Unchecked
3. Restrict the Number of Elements: Checked
1. Maximum Number of Elements: 2000

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Analysis Setup



2. Frequency Setup Type:: Linear Step
Start: 5.0 GHz

Stop:: 20.0 GHz
Step:: 0.01 GHz

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Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_stub_resonator
Analyze
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze all

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Solution Data



Table Select


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Create Terminal S-
To create a report:
2. Traces Window::
2. Domain: Sweep
2. Quantity: St(Conductor_T1,Conductor_T1),
St(Conductor_T1,Conductor_T2)
3. Function: dB
Data Markers
Mark All Traces
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All
2. Select the menu item Report 2D > Marker > Add Minimum
3. When you are finished, select the menu item Report 2D > Marker > Clear
All to remove the marker.

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Optimetrics Setup – Parametric Sweep

During the design of a microwave device, it is common practice to develop
design trends based on swept parameters. Ansoft HFSS with Optimetrics
Parametric Sweep can automatically create these design curves.

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Optimetrics Analysis > Add Parametric
2. Setup Sweep Analysis Window:
1. Click the Sweep Definitions tab::
1. Click the Add button
2. Add/Edit Sweep Dialog
1. Select Variable: L
2. Select Linear Count
3. Start: 4.0mm
4. Stop: 5.5mm
5. Count: 5
1. Save Fields and Mesh: Checked
Analyze Parametric Sweep

1. Expand the Project Tree to display the items listed under Optimetrics
2. Right-click the mouse on ParametricSetup1 and choose Analyze
Optimetrics Results
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Optimetrics Analysis > Optimetrics Results
2. Select the Profile Tab to view the solution progress for each setup.
3. Click the Close button when you are finished viewing the results

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Create Terminal S-
S-Parameter Plot – S12 at each L
To create a report:
2. Traces Window::
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Click the Families tab
1. Sweeps: Variable L will Value All
1. Primary Sweep: Freq: All
3. Quantity: St(Conductor_T1,Conductor_T2)
4. Function: dB

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Optimetrics Setup – Optimization

The Parametric Sweep was useful for generating design curves. For this simple
design with only a single variable we could use the design curves to make
educated guesses at performance targets that are not contained in the
Parametric Sweep. Ansoft HFSS and Optimetrics with Optimization takes the
guess work out of achieving performance targets. To demonstrate this we will
target a minimum S12 at 13GHz. Since this device has a very high Q, we will
consider anything <= -40dB at 13GHz to be a minimum. From the Parametric
Sweep, we can see that the search range can be limited to the range 4.7-5.1mm.
Since we are only interested in obtaining an optimum solution for 13GHz, we will
add an additional Solution Setup that does not include the frequency sweep.
This will reduce the amount of simulation time required to achieve the
performance goal.
Add an Analysis Setup


Define Optimization Design Variables

To Define Optimization Design Variable
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Design Properties
2. Click the Optimization radio button::
1. Name: L
2. Include: Checked
3. Min: 4.0 mm
4. Max: 5.5 mm

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Add Optimization Setup

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Optimetrics Analysis > Add Optimization
2. Setup Optimization Window:
1. Click the Goals tab:
2. Optimizer: Quasi-
Quasi-Newton
3. Max. No. of Iterations: 10
4. Click the Setup Calculations button
5. Setup Output Variables dialog:
2. Quantity: St(Conductor_T1,Conductor_T2)
3. Function: mag
4. Click the Add Calculation button
6. From the Solution Column, click on the Setup1:Sweep1 and select

Setup2:LastAdaptive from the list of solutions
7. Condition: <=
8. Click on Edit Goal/Weight button
1. Goal Value:0.01
0.01
2. Click on Weight tab,
3. Set All Weight to 1,
4. Click on Set button
5. Click OK button
9. Acceptable Cost: 0
10. Click the Variables tab:
1. Min: 4.7 mm
2. Max: 5.1mm
1. Parametrics Analysis: click on N/A and select Paramatric

Setup1
2. Select Parametric Sweep before Optimization

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Analyze Optimization
2. Right-click the mouse on OptimizationSetup1 and choose Analyze
Optimetrics Results
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Optimetrics Analysis > Optimetrics Results
2. Click the Close button when you are finished viewing the results

6.4-20 Inventory #002704
Training Manual
Create Terminal S-
S-Parameter Plot of Optimum Result
Select the menu HFSS> Optimetrics Analysis > Optimerics Results
View: select Table
Select the iteration with optimal result: the lowest cost (cost =0)
Click on Apply button
To analyze the optimum design
1. Right click Setup1 under Analysis in the project tree, and click Analyze
To view the plot

The existing XY Plot 1 will automatically be updated when the solution
completes.
To change to the XY Plot 1 window, select the menu item Window > XY
Plot 1.

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Example – Microstrip Wave Port Training Manual
Microstrip Wave Port

This example is intended to show you how wave port size can influence the
results of any simulation using the Ansoft HFSS Version Design Environment.

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Ansoft Design Environment

3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Boxes, Rectangle
Boolean Operations: Duplicate Along Line
Boundary/Excitation
Ports: Wave Ports and Integration Lines
Analysis
Solution: Ports Only
Results
Cartesian plotting
Fields Overlays
Port Field Display

6.5-2 Inventory #002704
Getting Started

Programs and


Checked
Options



6.5-3 Inventory #002704
Design Review
Generally speaking when we assign a wave port to a microstrip line, or any

quasi-TEM line, we need to include some area around the actual transmission
line. The big question is, “how much area?”
Below you will see the cross section of a simple microstrip line with naming
conventions shown.
~10w
~8h
w
h
As a rule of thumb, we typically create a 2D rectangle to represent the wave port

stimulus for this type of structure. The dimensions of the rectangle are roughly
ten times the width of the transmission line by eight times the height of the
substrate.
REMEMBER: These are only guidelines !!!
The height of the port will be affected by the permittivity of the substrate. The
higher the permittivity, the less the fields will propagate in the air, and the shorter
the port can be made.
The width of the port will affect the port impedance and
propagating modes. The narrower the width (image on
right), the more the fields will couple to the side walls of
the port. This effect may not be physical. The wider the
port, the greater chance that a higher frequency
waveguide mode can propagate.
This example will explore this last phenomenon.

6.5-4 Inventory #002704

1. In the Ansoft HFSS desktop, a new project is automatically inserted.
2. When a new project is automatically opened, a new HFSS Design is also

automatically inserted into the project.
Set Solution Type

Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: mil

6.5-5 Inventory #002704
Add New Material

1. Material Name: My_Rogers
2. Relative Permittivity: 3.38

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Create Substrate
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -400.0,
400.0 Z: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the box:
dX: 200.0,
200.0 dY: 800.0,
800.0 dZ: 8.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:



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Create Trace
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -9.25,
9.25 Z: 8.0,
dX: 200.0,
200.0 dY: 18.5,
18.5 dZ: 1.4,
To set the name:
To fit the view:

Create Ground
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -400.0,
400.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 200.0,
200.0 dY: 800.0,
800.0 dZ: -1.4,
To set the name:
To fit the view:


6.5-8 Inventory #002704

Create Air
To create the Air:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -400.0,
400.0 Z: -1.4,
dX: 200.0,
200.0 dY: 800.0,
800.0 dZ: 200.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:


To select the object Air:

2. Radiation Boundary Window
Name: Rad1
Click the OK button

6.5-9 Inventory #002704
Set Grid Plane

Create the Wave Port

To create a rectangle that represents the port:
X:: 0.0,
0.0 Y:: -200.0,
200.0 Z:: 0.0, Press the Enter key
dX:: 0.0,
0.0 dY:: 400.0,
400.0 dZ:: 50.0
50 0, Press the Enter key
2. For Position,
Position type: 0mil, -Port_Width/2, 0mil,
0mil Click the Tab key to accept
Add Variable Port_Width:
Port_Width 400mil,
400mil Click the OK button
3. For YSize,
YSize type: Port_Width,
Port_Width Click the Tab key to accept
To set the name:

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Assign the Excitation 1


1. Name: p1,p1
1. Number of Modes: 5
2. For Mode 1, click the None in the Integration Line column and
select New Line
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vector position
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
4. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vertex
dX:: 0.0, dY: 0.0,

For Mode 1, click the Zpi column and select Zpv

6.5-11 Inventory #002704

To duplicate the port:

1. Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Along Line
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the first point of the duplicate vector
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the second point of the duplicate
vector
dX: 200.0,
200.0 dY: 0.0,
4. Duplicate Along Line Windows
1. Total Number: 2

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Boundary Display
boundary.

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Analysis Setup

Solution Frequency:: 20GHz

2. Check Solve Ports Only

1. Sweep Type: Interpolating
Start: 0.1GHz
Stop:: 50.1GHz
Count:: 81

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Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_waveports
Analyze
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze

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Solution Data


1. Check the Gamma radio button
2. Uncheck the Zo radio button
3. Click the pulldown that displays Sweep1,

Sweep1 and change to PortOnly

6.5-16 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Propagation Constant vs. Frequency

To Create a report:
2. New Traces Window::
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Category: Gamma
4. Quantity: Gamma(p1:1),Gamma(p1:2), Gamma(p1:3),

Gamma(p1:4), Gamma(p1:5)
5. Function: im
8. See next page for plot and discussion of results

6.5-17 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Discussion
What does this plot tell us?
Given the physical size of the wave port object that we created, the fundamental
mode (p2:1) is a quasi-TEM mode that propagates from DC on up.
This also shows that higher order modes can propagate (β>0) at a high enough
frequency. The second modes starts propagating at ~14 GHz.
Therefore, if we only needed to simulate up to 10 GHz, we wouldn’t need to size
our port any different, however, if we need to simulate up to 50 GHz, then we
need to resize our port to eliminate the higher order propagating modes.
The last part of the exercise will explore this.

6.5-18 Inventory #002704
Field Pattern Plots

Select the menu item Window > hfss_waveports – HFSSdesign1 - Modeler
It might be illuminating to look at the field patterns at the port to discover which
modes are excited.
To display the Mode field patterns in the modeler:
1. From within the project manager, expand the section Port Field Display
2. Expand p1,p1 and select Mode 2

1. The field pattern will be overlaid on the 3D model. From the plot
below, Mode 2 is clearly not a microstrip mode, but a TE10-like
waveguide mode.

6.5-19 Inventory #002704

1. Variable: Port_Width
2. Select Linear Step
3. Start: 200mil
4. Stop: 600mil
5. Step: 100mil
6. Click the Add >> button

6.5-20 Inventory #002704
Save Project
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save.
Analyze
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze

6.5-21 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Propagation Constant vs. Frequency vs. Port_Width

To Create a report:
2. Traces Window::
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Category: Gamma
4. Quantity: Gamma(p1:2),
5. Function: im
8. See next page for plot and discussion of results

6.5-22 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Discussion
What does this plot tell us?
This shows that as we decrease the width of the port, the frequency at which the
higher order mode starts to propagate increases.
Therefore, by properly sizing the wave port, you can eliminate any higher order
propagating modes if you believe that they do not exist.
You need to use caution if you are simulating very high frequencies, i.e.,
millimeter wavelengths, as you may not be able to make the ports small enough
to eliminate these modes. You probably shouldn’t even try as the higher order
modes might represent real world effects.

6.5-23 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Propagation Constant vs. Port Width at a fixed frequency

To Create a report:
2. Traces Window::
1. Solution: Setup1: PortOnly
2. Domain: Sweep
3. X: PortWidth
4. Category: Gamma
5. Quantity: Gamma(p1:2),
6. Function: im

6.5-24 Inventory #002704
Create Reports

6.5-25 Inventory #002704
Example – Ferrite Circulator Training Manual
The Waveguide Circulator

waveguide ferrite circulator, using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment, and
Ansoft Maxwell Design Environment.
This example will utilize Maxwell to calculate the magnetic field bias in the ferrite
core, and then HFSS will utilize this non-uniform bias distribution to solve the
microwave circulator.
We will start off by creating the ferrite object and electro-magnet in Maxwell, and
then adding the circulator objects within HFSS.
Nominal Design:
Waveguide:
Width = 0.9 in
Height = 0.4 in
Length = 2 in

6.6-1 Inventory #002704

3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Box
Boolean Operations: Unite, Duplicate
Excitations
Ports: Wave Ports
Analysis
Sweep:: Interpolating Frequency
Results
Cartesian plotting
Fields
3D Field Plots, Animations
Ansoft Maxwell Design Environment

The following features of the Ansoft Maxwell Design Environment are used to
3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Box
Boolean Operations: Unite, Duplicate, Subtract
Excitations
Terminal: Current
Analysis
Magnetostatic
Fields
3D Field Plots

6.6-2 Inventory #002704
Getting Started
Launching Ansoft Maxwell

1. To access Ansoft Maxwell, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs,
Programs and
select the Ansoft, Maxwell 12 program group. Click Maxwell 12.12

By default, when Maxwell first starts up, a new project will be opened.
If you have been working in Maxwell and need to open a new project:
project:
1. In an Ansoft Maxwell window, click the On the Standard toolbar, or
select the menu item File > New.
Inserting a New Design

We need to insert a new 3D design for the ferrite bias model.
Select Project > Insert Maxwell 3D Design
Set Solution Type

1. Select the menu item Maxwell 3D > Solution Type
1. Choose Magnetostatic

6.6-3 Inventory #002704
Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: in

1. Using the 3D Modeler Materials picklist in the toolbar, choose Select
2. In the material definition dialog, enter steel in the search box, and select
the steel_1010 material from the list.
Create Magnet Core

To create side1:
fields
X: 0.25,
0.25 Y: 0.25,
0.25 Z: 0.25,
rectangle:
dX: -0.5,
0.5 dY: 0.5,
0.5 dZ: -0.5,
0.5, Press the Enter key
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: core1_a
To fit the view:


6.6-4 Inventory #002704
Creating the 3D Model (cont’d)
Create Magnet Core

To continue side1:
fields
X: 0.25,
0.25 Y: 0.75,
0.75 Z: 0.25,
rectangle:
dX: -0.5,
0.5 dY: 0.5,
0.5 dZ: -1.5, Press the Enter key
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: core1_b
To fit the view:


6.6-5 Inventory #002704
Create Magnet Core

To duplicate side1:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible or simply press Ctrl + A
2. Select Edit > Duplicate > Around Axis
Axis: Z,
Angle:: 180 degrees
Total Number: 2
Press the OK key

6.6-6 Inventory #002704
Create Magnet Core

To create base:
fields
X: -0.25,
0.25 Y: -0.75,
0.75 Z: -1.25 Press the Enter key
rectangle:
dX: 0.5,
0.5 dY: 1.5,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: core_base
To fit the view:


6.6-7 Inventory #002704
Create Magnet Core

To unite objects:
2. Select Modeler > Boolean > Unite

2. In the material definition dialog, enter copper in the search box, and select
the copper material from the list.
Create Coil
To create coil:
fields
X: 0.3,
0.3 Y: -0.375,
0.375 Z: -0.7 Press the Enter key
rectangle:
dX: -0.6 dY: 0.75,
0.75 dZ: -0.6, Press the Enter key
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: coil
To fit the view:


6.6-8 Inventory #002704
Create Coil (cont’

(cont’d)
To subtract the core from the coil
3. The object core1_a should be on the Tool parts side
Select object core1_a from the Blank Parts side, and press the
arrow pointing right
4. The object coil should be on the Blank Parts side
Select object coil from the Tool Parts side, and press the arrow
pointing left
5. Select the option to Clone tool objects before subtracting
6. Before pressing OK,

OK make sure the dialog looks as below:
7. Press the OK button

6.6-9 Inventory #002704

2. In the material definition dialog, click on the Add Material button
3. Under the Relative Permeability type column, select Simple,

Simple and then
choose Nonlinear from the pulldown.
4. Click on the B-H Curve button for the Relative Permeability
5. This opens up a new dialog where values describing the B-H curve for the
ferrite will be entered.
6. Using the fields on the left side of the dialog, enter the following values
H: 0, B: 0
H: 150,
150 B: 0.125
H: 160:
160 B: 0.13
H: 10160,
10160 B: 0.1425664
You can use the Tab key and Enter key to cycle through these
values
The units should be:
H: A_per_meter
B: tesla
7. Click OK to accept these changes to the B-H curve
8. Change the material name to TT1-109

9. Click OK to accept this material
10. Click OK to exit material library window
6.6-10 Inventory #002704
Create Terminal object

To create terminal current object:
1. From the Drawing Plane toolbar pulldown, select the XYplane
XY
fields
4. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center of the base
X: 0.25,
0.25 Y: -0.375,
0.375 Z: -1 Press the Enter key
5. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the size of the rectangle
dX: 0.05,
0.05 dY: 0.75,
0.75 dZ: 0 Press the Enter key
To set the name:

2. For the Value of Name type: terminal
To fit the view:

Assign the Current bias

To assign the current to the selected object:
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 3D > Excitations > Assign > Current
2. Enter the value bias_current in the entry for current and press Enter
3. This will bring up a dialog requesting the value of the newly created
variable, bias_current.
bias_current Enter 200A for the variable value, including the unit
factor “A”
4. Click OK to accept this value.

6.6-11 Inventory #002704
Create Ferrite
To create ferrite:
1. From the Drawing Plane toolbar pulldown, select the ZX plane
2. Select the menu item Draw > Regular Polyhedron
fields
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center of the base
4.
X: 0, Y: -0.2,
0.2 Z: -0 Press the Enter key
5. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius
dX: 0, dY: 0, dZ: 0.205 Press the Enter key

6. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter height
dX: 0, dY: 0.4,

0.4 dZ: 0, Press the Enter key
7. Number of segments: 3
8. Click OK button
To set the name:

2. For the Value of Name type: ferrite
Assigning Boundary Conditions

Assign Insulating Boundary condition
To select faces:
3. From the Object Name side of the dialog, select the coil object
4. From the Face ID side of the dialog, hold the Ctrl key and click on only
those face IDs which represent the interior faces of the coil object
1. NOTE: The numbers may be different than those shown below
5. Click OK

6.6-12 Inventory #002704
Assigning Boundary Conditions (cont’d)
Assign Insulating Boundary condition (cont’

(cont’d)
To assign boundary form selected faces:
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 3D > Boundaries > Assign > Insulating
2. Click OK
Create airbox
Select the menu item Draw > Region
Type 300 into Padding Percentage box
Click OK button
Setup solution
To setup solution for analysis:
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 3D > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
2. Accept all defaults, and click OK
Save Project
1. Select the menu item File > Save
2. Enter the name bias_magnet

6.6-13 Inventory #002704
Run Analysis
To run project validation before simulation:
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 3D > Validation Check
2. If all entries come back with a green checkmark, then the project is ready to
analyze.
To run project:
1. Select the menu item Maxwell 3D > Analyze All

6.6-14 Inventory #002704
Post-Process Field Data

To create a field overlay plot of the static bias field:
1. From the Model history tree, expand the section marked Planes, and select
the plane marked Global:YZ
2. Select the menu item Maxwell 3D > Fields > Fields > H > Mag H
3. Accept the defaults for the field overlay plot.
4. By zooming into the ferrite object, we can see the magnitude of the static H
field is around 7000 A/m.

6.6-15 Inventory #002704
Copy ferrite to clipboard

To copy an object to the clipboard
1. We want to use the ferrite object in its exact location in the HFSS project.
To accomplish this, we simply copy the object to the clipboard.
2. Select the menu item Edit > Select > Object
4. Select the object ferrite
5. Click OK
6. Select the menu item Edit > Copy
Getting Started

Programs and


Checked
Options



6.6-16 Inventory #002704

opened.
Set Solution Type


6.6-17 Inventory #002704
Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: in
Paste the ferrite object from clipboard

To paste the ferrite object:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Paste
Change the ferrite material properties

To edit the ferrite material properties
1. The ferrite material as imported from Maxwell 3D is not a valid definition for
an HFSS solution.
2. From the Project Manager,
Manager expand the section marked Definitions
3. Expand the section marked Materials
4. Double-click on the material TT1-

TT1-109
5. From the material properties dialog, change the values to those shown
below
Permittivity: 11.8
Permeability:
Type: Simple
Value: 1
Magnetic Saturation: 1300 Gauss
Lande G Factor: 1.98
DH: 162 Oe

6.6-18 Inventory #002704

1. Using the 3D Modeler Materials picklist in the toolbar, choose vacuum
Create Top Arm

To create arm 1:
fields
X: 0.45 Y: -0.2,
0.2 Z: 2 Press the Enter key
rectangle:
dX: -0.9,
0.9 dY: 0.4,
0.4 dZ: -2, Press the Enter key
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Arm
To fit the view:


6.6-19 Inventory #002704

2. Graphically select (click on) the top face of the arm at Z=2in

1. Name: p1
Top face

6.6-20 Inventory #002704
Set Object Selection

Create Arm 2 & 3

To select the object Arm:
1. Select the objects named: Arm
To create arm 3 & 4:
1. Axis: Y
2. Angle: 120
3. Total Number: 3
5. Click the OK button to exit property window
To fit the view:

6.6-21 Inventory #002704
Group the Arms

To group the arms:
2. In the field below the object list, you can enter a search term. Enter Arm*
and press Enter
3. Click OK
Assigning the Excitations
Select the Ferrite object

3. Select the object ferrite
4. Click OK
Assign the Magnetic bias to the ferrite object

To assign the magnetic bias:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Magnetic Bias
2. In the excitation setup, select the Non-Uniform radio button
3. Click the Setup Link button
4. General Tab
1. Save Source path relative to: This Project
2. Click on button to browse to location of saved Maxwell
project
5. Parameters Tab
1. In the field that is populated under the heading Value,
Value enter the
variable name bias_current.,
bias_current and press Enter
2. Enter a value of 200A for this variable, and click OK.
OK
3. Even though the Parameter shows bias_current,
bias_current we need to create
an HFSS-specific variable that can change the value in the Maxwell
project.
6. Click OK
7. Click Finish

6.6-22 Inventory #002704
Boundary Display
boundary.
Note: Select the menu item, View > Active View Visibility to hide all
of the geometry objects. This makes it easier to see the boundary
conditions.

6.6-23 Inventory #002704
Analysis Setup



Start: 8GHz
Stop:: 12GHz
Count:: 401

6.6-24 Inventory #002704
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: ferrite_circulator
Analyze
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze

6.6-25 Inventory #002704
Solution Data



Table Select
Note: To view a real-time update of the Matrix Data during

analysis, open this dialog and set the Simulation to Setup1,
Last Adaptive

6.6-26 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Modal S-
To create a report:
2. Report Dialog::
1. X: Pass
3. Quantity: S(p1,p1), S(p1,p2), S(p1,p3) (Note: Hold down the

Ctrl key to select multiple Quantities)
4. Function: dB

6.6-27 Inventory #002704
Create Modal S-
S-Parameter Plot vs. Freq
To create a report:
2. Report Dialog::
2. Domain: Sweep
1. X: Freq
3. Quantity: S(p1,p1), S(p2,p1), S(p3,p1), (Hold down the Ctrl

key to select multiple Quantities)
4. Function: dB
3. NOTE: The S21 of the circulator represents the insertion loss of the
through port, while the S31 represents the isolation characteristics.

6.6-28 Inventory #002704

Select the menu item Window > ferrite_circulator – HFSSDesign1 - Modeler
To select an object:
1. Select the objects named: Arm, ferrite
3. Select the menu Edit > Properties
1.Select Attribute Tab

2. Click on the Transparency button
3. Set Transparency to aprox .75
4. Press OK button
4. Press Ctrl-
Ctrl-A to ensure waveguide is selected.
2. Quantity: Mag_E
3. In Volume: AllObjects
Field Animations
2. In the Swept Variable tab, accept the defaults settings:
2. Start: 0deg
3. Stop: 180deg
4. Steps: 9
3. Click OK

6.6-29 Inventory #002704
Example – Bandpass Filter Training Manual
Bandpass Filter
bandpass filter using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.
Nominal Design:
Fcenter = 1.50 GHz
BW = 1 GHz
3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Cylinders, Boxes
Boolean Operations: Duplicate Around Axis
Boundary/Excitation
Ports: Wave Ports
Analysis
Sweep: Fast Frequency
Results
Cartesian plotting
Fields Overlays
2D & 3D Field Plots

7.1-1 Inventory #002704

Programs and


Checked
Options

2. Click the Display tab
Default Transparency: “0.4”

Operation Data Entry Mode:: “Dialog"

3. Select the menu item Tools > Options > Field Reporter Options.
Options
1. Group Field Overlays by Type:: Checked

7.1-2 Inventory #002704

In an Ansoft HFSS window, click On the Standard toolbar, or select the menu
item File > New.
From the Project menu, select Insert HFSS Design.
Set Solution Type

Select the menu item HFSS > Solution Type
Solution Type Window:
Choose Driven Modal
Click the OK button
Set Model Units

Select the menu item Modeler > Units
Select Units: in
Click the OK button

7.1-3 Inventory #002704
Create cavity
In CreateBox dialog box edit the Command and Attribute tabs as shown below.
Click the OK button
To fit the view:
1. Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View. Or press CTRL+D

7.1-4 Inventory #002704
Create coax outer diameter

Select the menu item Draw > Cylinder
In CreateCylinder dialog edit the Command and Attribute tabs as shown below.
Click the OK button
Fit the View with CTRL-
CTRL-D

7.1-5 Inventory #002704
Define new default material

Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose Select
Select Definition Window:
Type pec in the Search by Name field
Click the OK button

7.1-6 Inventory #002704
Create coax inner diameter

Select the menu item Draw > Cylinder
In CreateCylinder dialog edit the Command and Attribute tabs as
shown below.
Click the OK button
CTRL-D

7.1-7 Inventory #002704
Create the coax feed probe with copy/paste

Select the object feedin1 from the model tree.
Type CTRL-
CTRL-C/CTRL-
C/CTRL-V to create a copy.
In the model tree, double click on the resulting object feedin2.
In the Attribute tab change the name to feedprobe1.
In the model tree expand the feedprobe1 branch.
Double click on the command CreateCylinder
In the Command tab change the Height to “-0.15”.

7.1-8 Inventory #002704
Create first resonator

In CreateBox dialog edit the Command and Attribute tabs as shown
below.
Click the OK button
CTRL-D

7.1-9 Inventory #002704
Create second resonator

below.
Click the OK button
CTRL-D

7.1-10 Inventory #002704
Create third resonator

below.
Click the OK button
CTRL-D

7.1-11 Inventory #002704
Create fourth resonator

below.
Click the OK button
CTRL-D

7.1-12 Inventory #002704

2. Graphically select the end face of the coax line at X=1.75in
To assign the wave port excitation:

2. Wave Port: General
Name: p1
3. Wave Port: Modes
Accept the default settings for modes.

4. Wave Port: Post Processing
Accept the default settings for post processing

Note the addition of the port definition to the project tree

7.1-13 Inventory #002704
Create remainder of model with “DuplicateAroundAxis”

DuplicateAroundAxis”
Return Selection mode to “Object”
Object”
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > Object
To select objects to be duplicated:
1. Select the objects named: feed1, feedpin1, feedprobe1, l1, l2, l3, l4
Note: Use the Ctrl + Left mouse button to select multiple
objects
To create rest of model:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Duplicate > Around Axis
Axis: Z
Angle: 180
Total Number: 2
Click the OK button
Click OK when the Properties window appears
Fit the view with CTRL-D
Note the addition of the “p2” port definition to the project tree.

7.1-14 Inventory #002704
Boundary Display
boundary.
Note: You may need to expand the window size to see all the
boundaries listed below.

7.1-15 Inventory #002704
Setup an HFSS Driven Modal Analysis

Creating a Solution Setup
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup >
Add Solution Setup…
Setup…


1. In the project tree right-click on “setup1” under
the Analysis branch
1. Select “Add Frequency Sweep”

1. Sweep Type Pulldown:: Fast
Start: 0.6GHz
Stop:: 2.4GHz
Count:: 513

7.1-16 Inventory #002704
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: Filter_bpf
Analyze
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze

7.1-17 Inventory #002704
Solution Data
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data…
Data…


Table Select the Plot
radio button to view a graphical representations of the convergence
data. See below.


7.1-18 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create S-
S-parameter vs. Frequency
To Create a report:
2. Edit Report Window::
1. Solution: Setup1 : Sweep1
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Category: S-parameters
4. Quantity: S(p1,p1) and S(p2,p1)
Note: Use Ctrl key for multiple selection

5. Function: dB
6. Click New Report
7. Click Close

7.1-19 Inventory #002704

0.00
Curve Info
dB(S(p1,p1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
dB(S(p2,p1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
-10.00
-20.00
-30.00
Y1
-40.00
-50.00
-60.00
-70.00
0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40
Freq [GHz]
Note new plot “XY Plot 1” in project

tree

7.1-20 Inventory #002704
Add a Separate Y-
Y-axis and Change Plot Scale
In the Project tree left-click once on the branch HFSSDesign1 > Results > XY
Plot 1 > dB(S(p2,p1)).
In the Properties window in the Y-axis row click on Y1 and change to Y2
Double left click on a number of the resulting Y2 axis to the right side of XY Plot 1
Edit the Scaling tab as shown
Press OK

7.1-21 Inventory #002704
Rename Plot
In the Project tree right-click on the branch HFSSDesign1 > Results > XY Plot 1
Select Rename
Change name to S-params
<return>
Ansoft Corporation S-params HFSSDesign1

0.00 0.00
Curve Info
dB(S(p1,p1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
dB(S(p2,p1)) -0.10
Setup1 : Sweep1
-10.00
-0.20
-0.30
-20.00
-0.40
dB(S(p1,p1))
dB(S(p2,p1))
-30.00 -0.50
-0.60
-40.00
-0.70
-0.80
-50.00
-0.90
-60.00 -1.00
0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40
Freq [GHz]

7.1-22 Inventory #002704
Field Overlays
Select the Menu item Window> filter_bpf - HFSSDesign1 - Modeler
In the Model tree select the branch Planes > Global:XY
Move the mouse pointer into the model window
Right-click and select Plot Fields > E > Mag_E
Click Done

7.1-23 Inventory #002704
Rescale and Animate Field Overlay

In the model window right-click on the color scale and select Modify
Edit the Scale tab as shown
Press Close
In the project tree right-click in the branch HFSSDesign1 > Field

Overlays > EE--field > Mag_E1 and select Animate
Click the OK button.

7.1-24 Inventory #002704
Example – LVDS Differential Pair Training Manual
LVDS Differential Pair

This differential pair example is intended to show you how to create, simulate,
and analyze a differential pair using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.
Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) technology is used for high-

performance backplanes. The LVDS technology is used for multi-point
communications and uses a bus similar to the system shown below. The
following illustrations detail the passive device you will be creating.
Nominal Design:
Traces:
LAYER 1 (TOP SIDE)
Width= 6mil
LAYER 2 (SIGNAL 1) Spacing= 18mil

26mil
Thickness=0.7mil
LAYER 3 (BOTTOM SIDE) Length: 1000mil

Substrate:
Thickness=26mil
εr= 4.4

8.1-1 Inventory #002704

create this passive device model.
3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Box, Rectangles
Boolean Operations: Duplicate Along Line, Sweep Along Vector
Ports: Wave Ports
Analysis
Results
Cartesian and Smith Chart plotting
Field Overlays
3D Field Plots

8.1-2 Inventory #002704
Design Review
Before we jump into setting up this device lets review the design.
Trace Width = 6mils
Trace Length= 1000mils
Dielectric Height= 13mils x 2
1/2oz copper Traces/Grounds= 0.7mils
Port Size= ???
Port Width
The port width should be at least 3-5 times the stackup(78-130mils). Since
the traces are not centered, lets use 5x and add the pair spacing(18mils)
for a total port/model width of 220mils.
Trace Length
Since we are modeling a uniform transmission line, we do not need to
simulate the 1000mils length. Lets reduce the model to 100 mils and use
de-embedding to add the extra length.
Material Properties
To start with, lets make an engineering assumption that the material
properties are constant over frequency. In addition, we will assume that
modeling the traces as perfect conductors will not have an impact on the
performance of the device. This will speed up the simulation. As an
additional exercise, the model can be modified to include frequency
dependent materials and lossy conductors.
Ground Planes
Since we are ignoring the metal conductivity, we do not need to create
objects for the ground planes. Instead, we will utilize the background
(Perfect Conductor) boundary. If we need to investigate the effects of
copper, a finite conductivity boundary condition can be used to simulate the
copper ground planes.

8.1-3 Inventory #002704
Solution Setup
Since we are going to use the model for SPICE simulation, the frequency range
of interest is going to be determined by the rise-time(tr) of the input signal. The
maximum frequency is calculated by taking 0.5/tr, or the knee frequency, and
multiplying it by the number of samples per tr. The minimum frequency should
be selected as close to DC as possible.
The following values will be used for the Solution Setup

Rise-Time(tr): 330ps
Number of Samples: 5
Upper Frequency: (0.5/330ps)*5 ~ 7.58GHz or 8.0GHz
Lower Frequency: 0.01GHz
Frequency Spacing: 0.01GHz
Single(Adaptive) Frequency: 8.0GHz
Adaptive Passes: 10
Delta S: 0.02
Sweep Type: Interpolating

8.1-4 Inventory #002704
Getting Started

Programs and select


Checked
Auto-assign terminals on ports::: Checked
Options



8.1-5 Inventory #002704

Set Solution Type


8.1-6 Inventory #002704
Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: mil


8.1-7 Inventory #002704
Create Trace 1
To create trace 1:
1.Select the menu item Draw > Box

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 9.0,
9.0 Z: -0.35,
rectangle:
dX: 100.0,
100.0 dY: 6.0,

2. For Position,
Position type: 0.0mil, S/2, -0.35mil,
0.35mil Click the Tab key to accept
Add Variable S: 18mil,
3. For YSize,
YSize type: W, Click the Tab key to accept
Add Variable W: 6mil,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: trace1
To fit the view:

Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View.

8.1-8 Inventory #002704
Create Trace 2
To create trace 2:
2. Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Mirror.
1. Input the anchor point of the mirror plane:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
2. Input the target point of the vector normal to the mirror plane:
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: -1.0,
1.0 dZ: 0.0,
3. Click OK when the Property Window appears
To set the name:

1. Select the menu item HFSS > List
2. From the Model tab, select the object named trace1_1
3. Click the Properties button
1. For the Value of Name type: trace2
To fit the view:


8.1-9 Inventory #002704
Add New Material

1. Material Name: My_FR4

8.1-10 Inventory #002704
Create Substrate
To create substrate:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -100.0,
100.0 Z: -13.0, Press the Enter key
rectangle:
dX: 100.0,
100.0 dY: 200.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: substrate
To set the transparency:

2. Click the button for Transparency
1. Move the slide bar to 0.8 (Opaque=0, Transparency=1)
To fit the view:


8.1-11 Inventory #002704
Create Wave Port Excitation

To set grid plane
Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > YZ
To create a rectangle that represents the port:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -100.0,
100.0 Z: -13.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 200.0,
200.0 dZ: 26.0,
To set the name:

Note:
Note You can also select the object from the
Model Tree
To duplicate the object Port1:
1. Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Along Line
2. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the first point of the duplicate vector
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the second point of the duplicate
vector
dX: 100.0,
100.0 dY: 0.0,
4. Duplicate Along Line Windows
1. Total Number: 2
3. Click OK when the Property Window appears
5. From the Model tree select the object Port1_1.

Port1_1
6. In the Property window for the Value of Name type: Port2

8.1-12 Inventory #002704
Create Wave Port Excitation (Continued)

Select the object Port1. Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign >
Wave Port, a window appears and click OK.
OK The wave port and terminals are
automatically assigned.
Note: Reference Conductors are not shown

because we are using the Outer
boundary condition as the Reference Conductor
Set the name for excitations:

• Expand the Excitations in
Project Manager
• Click on WavePort1.
• Change the name in the
Properties window: P1
Set Differential pairs
• Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Differential pairs
• Click the New Pair button
• Click OK
Repeat the above steps to assign an excitation for the object Port2
and set the excitation name as P2. Then add a new diff pair.

8.1-13 Inventory #002704
Create Wave Port Excitation (Continued)

To set deembedding:
1. From the Project Manager,
Manager select the excitation named P2
2. In the Properties window:
1. Deembed Distance: -900mil (Positive Values are into the Port)
2. Deembed: Checked

8.1-14 Inventory #002704
Boundary Display
boundary.
3. Click the Close button when you are finished.

8.1-15 Inventory #002704
Analysis Setup


Do Lambda Refinement: Checked

Lambda Target: Use Default Value: Checked
Order of basis function:: Zero order.

2. Frequency Setup:
Type:: Linear Step

Start: 0.0GHz
Stop:: 8.0GHz
Step:: 0.01GHz
3. Interpolating Sweep Options:
Max Solutions:: 50
Error Tolerance:: 0.5%
4. Extrapolate to DC:: Checked
Minimum Solve Frequency:: 0.01 GHz


8.1-16 Inventory #002704
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_lvds_diffpair
Analyze
Model Validation
Note: To view any errors or warning messages, see the Message

Manager.
Analyze
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze Or click the icon
on the tool bar.

8.1-17 Inventory #002704
Solution Data



Table Select


8.1-18 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Differential Pair S-

S-Parameter Plot
To create a report:
2. Context Window:
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Trace Window
1. Category: Terminal S Parameters
2. Quantity: St(Diff1,Diff1), St(Diff1,Comm1), St(Diff1, Diff2)

Diff2
3. Function: dB
Ansoft Corporation XY Plot 1 HFSSModel1
0.00
-20.00
-40.00
Y1
-60.00
Curve Info
dB(St(Diff1,Diff1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
dB(St(Diff1,Comm1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
-80.00 dB(St(Diff1,p2_Diff1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
-100.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Freq [GHz]

8.1-19 Inventory #002704
Create Differential and Common Pair Impedances Data Table

To create a report:
Report > Data Table
2. Context Window: Solution: Setup1: LastAdaptive
3. Trace Window
1. Category: Terminal Port Zo
2. Quantity: Zot(Diff1,Diff1), Zot(Comm1,Comm1)
3. Function: mag
Matrix Data - Export S-

S-parameters to a file
1.Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data,
2.Solution Data dialog
1.Click the Matrix Data Tab
2.Simulation: Setup1, Sweep1
3.Click the Export button.
1.Filename: hfss_lvds_diffpair
2.Save as Type: Touchstone
3.Click the Save button
4.Click the OK button to accept 50 ohm

reference impedance
4.Click the Close button

8.1-20 Inventory #002704
Field Overlays
Set Sources: Common

To set the field excitation:
2. Edit Sources Window::
1. For Trace1_T1: Use the default value
2. For Trace2_T1: Scaling Factor: 1
3. For Trace1_T2: Terminated:: Checked
4. For Trace2_T2: Terminated:: Checked

8.1-21 Inventory #002704
Training Manual

Select the menu item Window> hfss_diff_pair – HFSSDesign1-
HFSSDesign1- Modeler
2. Quantity: Mag_E
3. In Volume: AllObjects
To modify the attributes of a field plot:

2. Select Plot Folder Window, Click the OK button
3. E-Field Window:
2. Min: 5
3. Max: 10000
4. Scale: Log
2. Click the Plot tab
1. IsoValType: Fringe
2. If real time mode is not checked, click the Apply button.

8.1-22 Inventory #002704
Training Manual
Create Field Overlay (Cont. )

3. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > E > Vector_E
2. Quantity: Vector_E
3. In Volume: All

1. Select: E Field
3. E-Field Window:
1. Click the Marker/Arrow tab
1. Type: Cylinder
2. Map Size: Unchecked
3. Arrow Tale: Unchecked

8.1-23 Inventory #002704
Set Differential Mode Field Excitation

To set the field excitation:
2. Edit Sources Window::
1. For Trace2_T1: Offset Phase: 180 Deg.
The field plots will automatically be updated to reflect the changes.

8.1-24 Inventory #002704

During the design of a device, it is common practice to develop design trends based on
swept parameters. Ansoft HFSS with Optimetrics Parametric Sweep can automatically
create these design curves.
We will parameterize this design using two variables:
1. Variable W will vary the width of traces: 6 ≤ W ≤ 12 mils

2. Variable S will vary the spacing between traces: 15 ≤ S ≤ 21 mils
6 ≤ W ≤ 12 mils
15 ≤ S ≤ 21 mils
W
S
In the post processor you will able to display results and see how Differential impedance
changes with the respect to trace width and spacing between traces.

8.1-25 Inventory #002704

1. Variable: S
3. Start: 15mil
4. Stop: 21mil
5. Count: 3
7. Variable: W
9. Start: 6mil
10. Stop: 12mil
11. Count: 3
2. Click on the Options tab::
1. Save Fields And Mesh:: Checked

8.1-26 Inventory #002704
Save Project
Analyze
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze

8.1-27 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Terminal Port Zo vs S

To Create a report:
2. Context Window:
3. Trace Window
1. X: S
2. Category: Terminal Port Zo
3. Quantity: Zot(Diff1,Diff1), Zot(Comm1,Comm1)
4. Function: Mag

120.00
100.00 Curve Info

mag(Zot(Comm1,C
Freq='8GHz' W='6mil'
80.00
mag(Zot(Comm1,C
mag(Zot(Comm1,C
Y1
60.00
mag(Zot(Diff1,Diff1
40.00 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
mag(Zot(Diff1,Diff1
20.00 Freq='8GHz' W='9mil'
mag(Zot(Diff1,Diff1
0.00
15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00
S [mil]

8.1-28 Inventory #002704
Field Overlays
Create Field Plot vs S

Using the project tree, expand the Field Overlay,
Overlay E Field.
Field
Double Click on Mag_E1 to make the field plot visible
Right-Click on Mag_E1 and select Animate
Setup Animation
Swept Variable: S
Click the OK button
The Animation dialog will appear.
Save Project
Exiting HFSS
To Exit HFSS:
1. Select the menu item File > Exit
1. If prompted Save the changes

8.1-29 Inventory #002704
Launching Ansoft Designer
To access Ansoft Designer, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs,
Programs select
Ansoft and select the Designer 4 program group. Click Ansoft Designer 4.4
To create a new project:

From the Project menu, select Insert Nexxim Circuit Design
Choose Layout Technology Window
Click None

8.1-30 Inventory #002704
Adding an HFSS Design – LVDS Diff Pair Model
To insert an HFSS Design select the menu item Project> Add Model> Add HFSS
Model..
The HFSS Dynamic Link window will appear
Change Name to: Diff_pair
File name: Click on the ... browse button
The Open window will appear
Browse to the location of hfss_lvds_diffpair.hfss
Click Open
Click on the Link Description tab
Transmission Line Model (Waveport1): Checked
Click OK to close the HFSS Dynamic Link window
Browse button

8.1-31 Inventory #002704
Placing Components
Place the HFSS model in the schematic
1. Click the Project tab in the Project Manager
2. Expand Definitions then expand Models

3. Select diff_pair,
diff_pair right click and select Place New Component…
Component…
4. Click No for Show Common Reference Port?
5. Left mouse click to place on the schematic. To finish hit Esc key.
Edit the Diff Pair component

1. Right mouse click on the Diff Pair component in the schematic and select
Properties
2. For the Value of HFSSLineLength type 1000mil.
1000mil
3. Press OK

8.1-32 Inventory #002704
Component Placement – continued

Place 3 Resistors in the schematic
1. In the Components Tab,
Tab under Lumped -> Resistors,
Resistors double click
Resistors
2. Click the left mouse button 3 times to place 3 resistors in the
schematic.
3. To end the placement, click the right mouse button and select
Finish.
Finish (You can also end the placement by pressing the space bar)
Note: Before placing a component on the schematic use the R key to

rotate. If a component is already placed, use the <ctrl> R key to rotate.
Change the value of the third resistor

1. Right mouse click the resistor shown on the right hand side of the
schematic and then select Properties in the pull down menu
2. Change the value of R from 50 to 100,
100 then hit Enter
Note: alternatively, you can double left mouse button click on the
resistor to bring up the Properties window (shown below) and
change the value from 100 to 50,50 then hit Enter

8.1-33 Inventory #002704

Place Piecewise Linear Source
1. In the Components Tab, under Independent Sources,
Sources double click
on VPWL Piecewise Linear Voltage Source.
Source
2. Left mouse click to place the source in the schematic
3. Press the space bar to finish the placement
Edit Properties of Voltage Source

1. Right mouse click on the source Properties in the pull down menu
2. Change value of Time2 to 330ps
3. Change value of Val2 to 1V

8.1-34 Inventory #002704

Place Second Piecewise Linear Source
Source

2. Change value of Time2 to 330ps
3. Change value of Val2 to -1V

1V

8.1-35 Inventory #002704

Adding Wiring to connect components
1. Select the menu item Draw -> Wire
2. Place the cursor (which is now an X) over a node and left mouse click once
3. Drag the mouse to the connection node and left mouse click once.
4. Repeat this procedure until the connections below are made
Adding Ground Connections

1. Select the menu item Draw > Ground (alternatively you can select the
toolbar icon)
2. Place 2 ground connections on the ends of the voltage sources as shown
below
Adding Voltage Probes

1. In the Components tab, expand the Probes.
2. Place 4 Voltage Probes and name them Vin1, Vin2, Vout1, Vout2 as shown
below.
3. Place a Differential Voltage Probe across the 100 Ohm resistor and name it
Vdiff as shown below..

8.1-36 Inventory #002704
Save Project
1. Select the menu item File > Save As.
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: lvds_diffpair_transient
Analysis Setup

1. Select the menu item Nexxim Circuit > Add Solution Setup > Transient
Analysis
2. Analysis Setup Window:
1. Analysis Control
1. Step: 1ps
2. Stop: 2ns
2. Click OK
3. Select the menu item Nexxim Circuit > Analyze

8.1-37 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Plot Input, Output and Difference waveforms

Create Report
1. Select the menu item Nexxim Circuit> Results > Create Standard Report>
Rectangular Plot
2. Traces Window::
1. Category: Voltage
2. Quantity: V(Vin1), V(Vin2), V(Vout1), V(Vout2)
3. Function: <none>

8.1-38 Inventory #002704
Example – Segmented Return Path Training Manual
Segmented Return Path

trace over a slot in the ground plant using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.
5 cm 6 mm 3.4 cm 1 cm
1 cm
3mm
8 mm
4 cm 6 cm
Nominal Design:
LAYER 1 (SIGNAL 1) Board:
Thickness= 1.3mm
1.3mm
εr= 4.5
LAYER 2 (BOTTOM SIDE) Trace:
Length= 8.2cm
47Ω
Termination: 47Ω

8.2-1 Inventory #002704

3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Box, Rectangles
Boolean Operations: Subtract
Ports: Lumped Port
Boundary Conditions: Lumped RLC, PML
Analysis
Sweep: Interpolating Sweep
Results
Cartesian and Smith Chart plotting
Field Overlays
Magnitude and Vector Field Plotting
Animation

8.2-2 Inventory #002704
Design Review
Trace Width = 3mm
Trace Length= 8.2cm
Dielectric Height= 1.3mm
Port Size/Type= ???
Free Space= PML or Radiation Boundary
Port Size/Type
Since the trace is internal to the model, let’s use a lumped gap source port
Trace Thickness/Material Properties

To start let’s make an engineering assumption that the trace thickness and
conductivity will not have an impact on the performance of the device. This
will speed up the simulation.
Free Space
We should expect some radiation to occur because of the slot in the ground,
however, it should not be very strong. Because there is limited radiation the
separation from the device and the free-space boundary can be kept to a
minimum. The incidence angle of the radiation is unknown, therefore we
should use a PML. The maximum spacing will be ~λ/20 @ 1GHz or about
1.5cm

8.2-3 Inventory #002704
Getting Started

Programs and select


Checked
Auto-assign terminals on ports: Checked
Options



8.2-4 Inventory #002704

Set Solution Type


8.2-5 Inventory #002704
Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: cm

1. For the Material Name type: My_FR4

8.2-6 Inventory #002704
Create Board
To create the board:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 6.0,
6.0 dY: 10.0,
10.0 dZ: -1.3mm,
1.3mm Press the Enter key
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Board
To fit the view:

Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View. Or press the CTRL+D key
Create Ground
To create ground:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: -1.3mm,
rectangle:
dX: 6.0,
6.0 dY: 10.0,
10.0 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:


8.2-7 Inventory #002704

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 5.0,
5.0 Z: -1.3mm,
Create Ground Cut Out

To create cut out:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 4.0,
4.0 dY: 6.0mm,
6.0mm dZ: 0.0,
4. Press OK when the Properties window appears
Select Ground & Rectangle1:

1. Select the objects named: Ground, Rectangle1
To complete the ground object:

2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Ground

Tool Parts: Rectangle1
Click the OK button

8.2-8 Inventory #002704

To select the ground:



X: 1.0,
1.0 Y: 8.0mm,
8.0mm Z: 0.0,

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Create Trace
To create trace:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 3.0mm,
3.0mm dY: 8.2,
8.2 dZ: 0.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:


1. Select the objects named: Trace

1. Name: PerfE_Trace

8.2-10 Inventory #002704
Set Grid Plane

Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > XZ
Create Source
To create source:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 3.0mm,
3.0mm dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: -1.3mm,
To set the name:
To fit the view:


8.2-11 Inventory #002704
Assign Excitation
Note:
2. Conducting Object: Trace
3. Reference Conductors: Ground
4. Click OK

1. Expand the Excitations in Project Manager
2. Click on LumpPort1.
3. Change the Name in the Properties window: p1

8.2-12 Inventory #002704

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 8.2,
8.2 Z: 0.0,
Create Resistor
To create source:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 3.0mm,
3.0mm dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: -1.3mm,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Resistor
To fit the view:


8.2-13 Inventory #002704
Assign Lumped RLC

To select the object Resistor:
1.Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2.Select Object Dialog,
1.Select the objects named: Resistor
2.Click the OK button
To assign lumped RLC boundary

1.Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries> Assign > Lumped RLC
2.Lumped RLC Boundary
1.Name: R
2.Resistance: Checked
3.Resistance: 47 Ohm
4.For Current Flow Line,

Line click Undefined and select New Line
5.Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vector position
X: 1.5mm,
1.5mm Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: -1.3mm,
6.Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the vertex
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 1.3mm,
7.Click the OK button

8.2-14 Inventory #002704

Create Air
To set the default material as Air
To create the air:
X: -1.5,
1.5 Y: -1.5,
1.5 Z: -1.5,
rectangle:
dX: 9.0,
9.0 dY: 13.0,
13.0 dZ: 3.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view:


8.2-15 Inventory #002704
Assign a Perfectly Matched Layer (PML)

To select the air:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select by name
2. Object Name: Air
To assign the PML boundary

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > PML Setup Wizard
2. PML Setup Wizard: Cover Objects
1. Select: Create PML Cover Objects on Selected Faces
2. Uniform Layer Thickness: 1cm
3. Create joining corner and edge objects: Checked
3. PML Setup Wizard: Material Parameters
1. Select: PML Objects accept Free Radiation
1. Min Frequency:: 0.01 GHz
2. Minimum Radiating Distance:: 56.33mm
2. Review settings on the PML Setup Wizard: Summary page.

8.2-16 Inventory #002704
Create a Face List

Since we are using the PML, we need to create a face list that will be used for the
radiation calculation.
To create a face list
2. FaceID:: <Select All>
4. Select the menu item Modeler > List > Create > Face List

Sphere
Infinite Sphere Tab
1. Name: Radiation

8.2-17 Inventory #002704
Boundary Display
boundary.

8.2-18 Inventory #002704
Analysis Setup



Lambda Target: Use Default Value Checked
Order of Basis function: First-
First-Order
Click the OK button

2. Frequency Setup:
Type:: Linear Step

Start: 0.0GHz
Stop:: 2.5GHz
Step:: 0.01GHz
Max Solutions:: 20
4. Extrapolate to DC:: Checked
Minimum Solve Frequency:: 0.01 GHz


8.2-19 Inventory #002704
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_seg_gplane
Analyze
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze

8.2-20 Inventory #002704
Solution Data



Table Select


8.2-21 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Terminal S-
To create a report:
2. Context Window:
3. Trace Window
2. Quantity: St(Trace_T1, Trace_T1)
3. Function: dB

8.2-22 Inventory #002704
Create Z-
Z-Parameter Plot – Real/Imaginary
2. Context Window:
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Trace Window
1. Category: Terminal Z Parameter
2. Quantity: Zt(Trace_T1,Trace_T1)
3. Function: Re, Im
4. To add an additional Y-Y-Axis

for im(Z(p1,p1))
1. Click Im(Z) in Project Manager
2. In the Properties window:
Select Y1 in Y Axis column

and toggle it to Y2

8.2-23 Inventory #002704
Create Terminal S-
S-Parameter Plot – Smith Chart
Report > Smith Chart
2. Context Window:
3. Trace Window
2. Quantity: St(Trace_T1, Trace_T1)
3. Function: <none>

8.2-24 Inventory #002704
Create 3D Polar Far Field Plot

To create a 3D Far Field Plot
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Far Fields Report >3D
Polar Plot
2. Context Window:
2. Geometry:: Radiation
3. Traces Window::
1. Category: rE
2. Quantity: rETotal
3. Function: dB

8.2-25 Inventory #002704
Field Overlays

1. Confirm you are in Object Select mode by right-clicking in the geometry
window, and selecting from context menu if necessary.
1. Select the objects named: Board
2. Quantity: Mag_E
3. In Volume: All
To modify a Magnitude field plot:

1. Select: E Field
3. E-Field Window:
2. Min: 1
3. Max: 4500
4. Scale: Log
2. Click the Plots Tab
1. Scalar Plot: IsoValSurface

8.2-26 Inventory #002704

3. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > Other >
Vector_RealPoynting
Create Field Plot Window
4.
2. Quantity: Vector_RealPoynting
3. In Volume: All

1. Select: Poynting
3. Poynting Window:
2. Min: 0.01
3. Max: 2500
4. Scale: Log
2. Click the Marker/Arrow tab, in the Arrow Option window
1. Type: Cylinder
2. Map Size: Unchecked
3. Arrow Tale: Unchecked
4. If real time mode is not checked, click the Apply button.

8.2-27 Inventory #002704

8.2-28 Inventory #002704
Z-Parameter Plot – Time Domain Response (TDR)

Create Z-
2. Context Window:
2. Domain: Time
3. Click TDR Options,

Options Options Window appears:
1. Input Signal: Step. Rise time: 1ns
2. Maximum Plot time: 6ns.
3. Delta time: 0.1ns
4. Click OK
4. Trace Window
1. X: Time
2. Category: Terminal TDR Impedance
3. Quantity: TDRZt(Trace_T1)
4. Function: None
5. Click the New Result button

8.2-29 Inventory #002704
Launching Ansoft Designer
To access Ansoft Designer, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs,
Programs select
Ansoft and select the Designer 4 program group. Click Ansoft Designer 4.4
To create a new project:

From the Project menu, select Insert Nexxim Circuit Design
Choose Layout Technology Window
Click None

8.2-30 Inventory #002704
Adding an HFSS Design – Segmented Ground Plane Model
To insert an HFSS Design select the menu item Project> Add Model> Add HFSS
Model..
The HFSS Dynamic Link window will appear
Change Name to: Seg_gplane
File name: Click on the ... browse button
The Open window will appear
Browse to the location of hfss_seg_gplane.hfss
Click Open
Click OK to close the HFSS Dynamic Link window
Browse button

8.2-31 Inventory #002704
Placing Components
Place the HFSS model in the schematic
1. Click the Project tab in the Project Manager
2. Expand Definitions then expand Models

3. Select seg_gplane,
seg_gplane right click and select Place New Component…
Component…
4. Click No for Show Common Reference Port?
5. Left mouse click to place on the schematic. To finish hit Esc key.

8.2-32 Inventory #002704

Place a Resistor in the schematic
Tab under Resistors,
Resistors double click Resistor
2. Click the left mouse button once to place a resistor in the schematic.
3. To end the placement, click the right mouse button and select
Finish.
Finish (You can also end the placement by pressing the space bar)

Place a Coaxial Cable in the schematic
Tab under Ideal Distributed,
Distributed double click
Transmission Line, Time Delay
2. Click the left mouse button once to place a coaxial cable in the
schematic.
Change the physical length of the coaxial cable

1. Right mouse click the component and then select Properties in the
pull down menu
2. Change the value of TD to 1ns,
1ns then hit OK

8.2-33 Inventory #002704

Place Piecewise Linear Source
Source

2. Change value of Time2 to 1ns
3. Change value of Val2 to 1V
4. Press OK

8.2-34 Inventory #002704
Adding Wiring to connect components

1. Select the menu item Draw -> Wire
2. Place the cursor (which is now an X) over a node and left mouse click once
3. Drag the mouse to the connection node and left mouse click once.
4. Repeat this procedure until the connections below are made
Adding Ground Connections

1. Select the menu item Draw > Ground (alternatively you can select the
toolbar icon)
2. Place a ground connection on the end of the voltage source
Adding Voltage Probes

1. In the Components tab, expand the Probes.
2. Place 2 Voltage Probes as shown below and name them v1, v2.

8.2-35 Inventory #002704
Save Project
1. Select the menu item File > Save As.
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: seg_gplane_transient
Analysis Setup

1. Select the menu item Nexxim Circuit > Add Solution Setup > Transient
Analysis
2. Analysis Setup Window:
1. Analysis Control
1. Step: .1ns
2. Stop: 7ns
2. Click OK
3. Select the menu item Nexxim Circuit > Analyze

8.2-36 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Plot Input, Output and Difference waveforms

Create Report
Rectangular Plot
2. Traces Window::
2. Quantity: V(V1), V(V2)
3. Function: <none>

8.2-37 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Plot TDR
To create a report:
Rectangular Plot
2. Click on Output Variables button to create TDR equation
1. Name: type TDR
2. Expression: V(V2)/(V(V1)-
V(V2)/(V(V1)-V(V2))*50
Note: To create the above expression, follow these steps:
2. Quantity: V(V2)
3. Click Insert Quantity into Expression button
4. Type / then type (
5. Quantity: V(V1)
7. Type -
8. Quantity: V(V2)
10. Type )
11. Type * 50

Traces Window::
Category: Output Variables
Quantity: TDR
Function: <none>
Click the Add Trace button
Click the New Report button (see next page for TDR plot)

8.2-38 Inventory #002704

8.2-39 Inventory #002704
Example – Non-Ideal Planes Training Manual
Non-Ideal Ground Plane

This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyze non-
ideal ground planes using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.
trace1
top_gnd Via
bot_gnd
trace2
Nominal Design:
Ground:
Thickness = 0.1 mm
Board:
Thickness = 0.9 mm
εr = 1
Trace:
Length = 10 mm
Width = 1 mm
Thickness = 0.1 mm
Via:
Diameter = 1 mm
Height = 0.9 mm

8.3-1 Inventory #002704

3D Solid Modeling
Primitives: Box, Rectangles, Cylinders
Boolean Operations: Subtract, Unite, Duplicate
Boundary
Boundary Conditions: Perfect H/Natural
Excitations
Ports: Lumped Gap Source Port
Analysis
Results
Cartesian plotting
Fields
Fast Frequency Sweep/Field Plots

8.3-2 Inventory #002704
Design Review
Port Size/Type= ???
Free Space= ???
Port Size/Type
Since the trace is internal to the model, lets use a lumped gap source port
Trace Thickness/Material Properties

To start with perfect conductor, lets make an engineering assumption that the
trace conductivity will not have an impact on the performance of the device.
This will speed up the simulation.
Free Space
Since we are only interested in the modes that occur between the ground
planes, we can use a Perfect H or open boundary condition. We should
expect to get the same answer using an Open(Perfect H) or
matched(Radiation) boundary. The radiation boundary takes longer to solve
since it requires a complex solve.
You do need to use some caution when using Perfect H boundary
conditions in place of radiation boundaries. The Perfect H and
Symmetry Perfect H are mathematically equivalent. Therefore if you
are simulating a subsection of a larger geometry, you have the
potential to create modes that are the result of the boundary condition
or non-physical. In our example, the Perfect H is applied to the outside
of the model and not along any symmetry planes.
It should be noted that the Perfect H boundary condition can be used
with the Driven and Eigenmode solver. The Radiation boundary is
only supported by the Driven Solution.

8.3-3 Inventory #002704
Getting Started

Programs and select


Checked
Options



8.3-4 Inventory #002704

Set Solution Type


8.3-5 Inventory #002704
Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: mm


8.3-6 Inventory #002704
Create Trace
X: -0.5,
0.5 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: -10.0,
10.0 dZ: 0.1,
To set the name:
3. Press OK
To fit the view:

Create Via Pad

To create the via pad:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
0.0 Press Enter key
dX: 0.75,
0.75 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
0.0 Press Enter
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.1,
0.1 Press Enter
To set the name:
1. Select the Attribute tab from Properties window.
2. For the Value of Name type: Via_pad
3. Press OK
To fit the view:


8.3-7 Inventory #002704
Group the Trace & Via Pad


X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: -0.2,
Create Ground
To draw the ground:
X: -10.0,
10.0 Y: -20.0,
20.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 20.0,
20.0 dY: 40.0,
40.0 dZ: 0.1,
To set the Attribute
4. Press OK
To fit the view:

view

8.3-8 Inventory #002704
Create Anti-
Anti-Pad
To create the anti-
anti-pad:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.1,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Antipad
3. Press OK
Select Ground & Antipad:

1. Select the objects named: Ground , Antipad
To complete the ground object:

2. Subtract Window
Blank Parts: Ground

Tool Parts: Antipad
Click the OK button

8.3-9 Inventory #002704


X: -0.5,
0.5 Y: -10.0,
10.0 Z: 0.0,
Set Grid Plane

Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > XZ

8.3-10 Inventory #002704
Create Source
To create source:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: -0.1,
To set the name:
To zoom in

8.3-11 Inventory #002704
Assign Excitation
Note:
2. Conducting Object: Via_pad (or Trace)
3. Reference Conductors: Ground
4. Click OK

3. Change the Name in the Properties window: p1

8.3-12 Inventory #002704


X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: -0.45,
Duplicate Objects
To duplicate the existing objects:
1. Axis: X
2. Angle: 180
3. Total Number: 2

8.3-13 Inventory #002704

Set Grid Plane

Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > XY
Create Via
To create the via:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.5,
0.5 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: -0.9,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Via
To fit the view:


X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -10.0,
10.0 Z: -0.2,

8.3-14 Inventory #002704
Create Ground Via

To create the Ground Via:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.5,
0.5 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: -0.5,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Via_GND
To fit the view:




8.3-15 Inventory #002704
Create Board
To create the board:
X: -10.0,
10.0 Y: -20.0,
20.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 20.0,
20.0 dY: 40.0,
40.0 dZ: -0.9,
To set the Attribute:
2. For the Value of Name type: Board
3. Set Transparent to 0.8
4. Press the OK
To fit the view:

Create Air
To create the Air:
X: -15.0,
15.0 Y: -25.0,
25.0 Z: -5.0,
rectangle:
dX: 30.0,
30.0 dY: 50.0,
50.0 dZ: 10.0,
To set the name:
3. Display Wireframe Checked
4. Press the OK
To fit the view:


8.3-16 Inventory #002704
Assign Perfect H/Natural Boundaries

To assign Perfect H Boundary

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries> Assign > Perfect H…
H…
Boundary Display

8.3-17 Inventory #002704
Analysis Setup



Order of Basis function: Zero Order
Click the OK button

Start: 0.1GHz
Stop:: 10.0GHz
Count:: 991

8.3-18 Inventory #002704
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_nonidealgnd
Analyze
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze
1. Click

8.3-19 Inventory #002704
Solution Data



Table Select


8.3-20 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Terminal S-
To create a report:
2. Context Window:
Solution: Setup1: AdaptivePass

3. Trace Window
1. X: Pass
3. Quantity: St((Trace_T1,Trace_T1), St(Trace_T1,Trace_T2)
4. Function: dB

Curve Info
0.00
dB(St(Trace_T1,Trace_T1))
Setup1 : AdaptivePass
Freq='10GHz'
Freq='10GHz'
-2.00
-4.00
Y1
-6.00
-8.00
-10.00
-12.00
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Pass

8.3-21 Inventory #002704
Create Terminal S Plot vs Frequency

To create a report:
2. Context Window:
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Trace Window
2. Quantity: St(Trace_T1,Trace_T1), St(Trace_T1,Trace_T2)
3. Function: dB
To add data marker to the Plots

1. Select the menu item Report2D > Marker > Add Marker
2. Move cursor to the resonant points on the plotting curve and click the left
mouse button
3. When you are finished placing markers at the resonances, Press ESC Or
right-click the mouse and select Exit Marker Mode.
Mode
0.00
Curve Info
Setup1 : Sweep1
Setup1 : Sweep1
-10.00
-20.00
m6
Y1
Name X Y
m1 1.7700 -40.0894
m2 4.2900 -36.3371
-30.00 m3 5.2500 -49.4293
m4 7.1200 -45.5499
m5 7.5100 -46.0011
m6 8.0900 -21.9133
m2
-40.00 m1
m4 m5
m3
-50.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
Freq [GHz]
8.3-22 Inventory #002704
Field Overlays

Select the Relative CS XY Plane
1. Using the Model Tree, expand Planes
1. Select Relative CS3 XY
Note: Relative CS3 XY plane is the plane between the two Ground
planes.
1. Solution: Setup1 : Sweep1
2. Intrinsic Variables: Freq: 1.9GHz; Phase: 0deg
3. Quantity: Mag_E
4. In Volume: Board

1. Select: E Field
3. E-Field Window:
2. Min: 5
3. Max: 3500
4. Scale: Log
2. Click the Plots Tab
1. Scalar Plot: Fringe

8.3-23 Inventory #002704
Create Field Overlay – Additional Frequency Points

To modify the Frequency of a field plot:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Modify Plot
2. Select Field Plot Window:
1. Select: Mag_E1
3. Modify Field Plot Window
1. Intrinsic Variables: Freq:

Freq 7.1 GHz
Exiting HFSS
To Exit HFSS:

8.3-24 Inventory #002704
Example – Return Path Training Manual
Return Path
This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyze the
return path examples used in the Boundary/Excitations Overview for the Ansoft
HFSS Design Environment.
Port2 Port3
Port1

8.4-1 Inventory #002704
Getting Started

Programs and select


Checked
Options



8.4-2 Inventory #002704

Set Solution Type


8.4-3 Inventory #002704
Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: mm


8.4-4 Inventory #002704
Create Conductor
To create the conductor:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Line
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -0.24,
0.24 Z: 0.1,
X: -1.0,
1.0 Y: -0.24,
0.24 Z: 0.1,
X: -1.0,
1.0 Y: -0.24,
0.24 Z: 1.1,
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: -0.24,
0.24 Z: 1.1,
7. Click the OK button when the Properties dialog appears

To create conductor profile:

X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -0.3,
0.3 Z: 0.1,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the base rectangle:
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.12,
0.12 dZ: 0.02,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Cond
3. Press the OK
To Sweep the profile:

3. Click the OK button when the Sweep along path dialog appears
To fit the view:

Or click the icon on the toolbar

8.4-5 Inventory #002704
Duplicate Conductor
To select the object:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible.
To duplicate the conductor:

1. Select the menu item, Edit > Duplicate > Along Line.
1. Click Close in Measure Data Window
2. First Point: X:: 0.0, Y:: 0.0, Z:: 0.0 Press the Enter key
3. Second Point: dX:: 0.0,

0.0 dY:: 0.24,
4. Total Number: 3
6. Click OK to exit from property window
Mirror Conductor
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
Group Conductors
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible.

8.4-6 Inventory #002704
Create Ground
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -1.0,
1.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 4.0,
4.0 dY: 2.0,
2.0 dZ: -0.02
0.02,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: GND
To fit the view:

Mirror Ground
To select the object GND:
1. Select the objects named: GND
To mirror the ground:

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,

8.4-7 Inventory #002704
Set Grid Plane

1. Select the menu item 3D Modeler > Grid Plane > YZ
Create Source
To create source:
X: 5.0,
5.0 Y: -0.06
0.06,
0.06 Z: 0.1,
rectangle:
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.12,
0.12 dZ: -0.1,
To set the name:
To fit the view:


8.4-8 Inventory #002704
Assign Excitation
2. Press the Enter key
Note:
2. Conducting Object: Cond
3. Reference Conductors: GND_1
4. Click OK

3. The Properties window: Name : p1

8.4-9 Inventory #002704
Create Source2
To select Source:
To mirror the source:

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
Create Source3
To select Source:
1. Select the objects named: Source_1
To mirror the source:

X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.12,
0.12 Z: 0.0,
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 1.0,
1.0 dZ: 0.0,

8.4-10 Inventory #002704
Assign Excitation (Cont.)
Note: Although ports have been duplicated, terminals need to be assigned using
“Auto Assign Terminals”
Auto Assign Terminals for Port 2
1. Select p2 from the project manager window.
2. Right click p2. Choose Auto assign Terminals
4. Reference Conductors: GND
5. Click OK
Auto Assign Terminals for Port 3

1. Select p3 from the project manager window.
2. Right click p3. Choose Auto assign Terminals
4. Reference Conductors: GND
5. Click OK

8.4-11 Inventory #002704
Add New Material

1. Material Name: My_FR4

8.4-12 Inventory #002704
Set Grid Plane

1. Select the menu item 3D Modeler > Grid Plane > XY
Create Substrate
To create substrate:
X: -5.0,
5.0 Y: -1.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the base rectangle:
dX: 4.0,
4.0 dY: 2.0,
To set the name:
1. Move the slide bar to 0.8 (Opaque=0, Transparency=1)
Mirror Substrate
To select the object substrate:
1. Select the objects named: Substrate
To mirror the ground:
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
0.0 Press Enter
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
0.0

8.4-13 Inventory #002704

Create Air
To create the Air:
X: -5.2,
5.2 Y: -2.0,
2.0 Z: -0.2,
rectangle:
dX: 10.4,
10.4 dY: 4.0,
4.0 dZ: 2.0,
To set the name:

1. Move the slide bar to 1 (Opaque=0, Transparency=1)
To fit the view:

Assign Radiation
To assign Radiation Boundary

1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries> Assign > Radiation

8.4-14 Inventory #002704
Boundary Display

8.4-15 Inventory #002704
Analysis Setup



Lambda Target:: Use Default Value: Checked
Order of Basis function: Zero-Order
Click the OK button

Start: 0.1GHz
Stop:: 15.1GHz
Count:: 301

8.4-16 Inventory #002704
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_returnpath
Analyze
Model Validation

Manager.
Analyze

8.4-17 Inventory #002704
Solution Data



Table Select


8.4-18 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Terminal S-
To create a report:
2. Context Window:
Solution: Setup1: AdaptivePass

3. Trace Window
1. X: Pass
3. Quantity: St(Cond_T1, Cond_T1) , St(Cond_T1, Cond_T2) and

St(Cond_T1, Cond_T3)
4. Function: dB

0.00
Curve Info
dB(St(Cond_T1,Cond_T1))
Freq='15.1GHz'
-5.00 dB(St(Cond_T1,Cond_T2))
Freq='15.1GHz'
-10.00 Freq='15.1GHz'
-15.00
Y1
-20.00
-25.00
-30.00
-35.00
-40.00
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Pass

8.4-19 Inventory #002704
Create Terminal S-Parameter Plot vs Frequency
2. Context Window:
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Trace Window
2. Quantity: St(Cond_T1, Cond_T1) , St(Cond_T1, Cond_T2) and

St(Cond_T1, Cond_T3)
3. Function: dB

0.00
-5.00
-10.00
-15.00
Y1
-20.00
-25.00 No DC Curve Info

Setup1 : Sweep1
Return Path dB(St(Cond_T1,Cond_T2))
Setup1 : Sweep1
-30.00
Setup1 : Sweep1
-35.00
-40.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
Freq [GHz]

8.4-20 Inventory #002704
Return Path – Add a DC Return Path

We will continue our investigation by adding a connection between the two
ground planes. The DC return path will be the path of least resistance.
DC
Return Path

8.4-21 Inventory #002704
Copy the Design

To copy the entire design:
1. Using the project manager,
HFSSDesign1 and choose Copy
1. Right-click on HFSSDesign1,
hfss_returnpath and choose Paste
1. Right-click on hfss_returnpath,
Open the 3D Model Editor

To open the 3D Model Editor:
1. Right-click on HFSSDesign2
and choose 3D Model Editor

Choose pec in Materials toolbar

8.4-22 Inventory #002704
Create DC Path
To create the DC path:
X: -1.0,
1.0 Y: 1.0,
1.0 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 2.0,
2.0 dY: -0.12,
0.12 dZ: 0.02,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: DCPath

8.4-23 Inventory #002704
Save Project
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save
Analyze
Model Validation
Analyze
To Open All Existing Report

To open all reports:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Open All Reports

0.00
Curve Info
Setup1 : Sweep1
-5.00 Setup1 : Sweep1
Setup1 : Sweep1
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
Y1
-25.00
-30.00
-35.00
-40.00
-45.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
Freq [GHz]

8.4-24 Inventory #002704
Return Path – Add a RF Return Path

We will continue our investigation by adding an RF return path between the two
ground planes. The RF return path will be the path of least inductance.
RF Return Path
Copy the Design

To copy the entire design:
HFSSDesign1 and choose Copy

1. Right-click on HFSSDesign1,
hfss_returnpath and choose Paste

1. Right-click on hfss_returnpath,
Open the 3D Model Editor

To open the 3D Model Editor:
Click on HFSSDesign3 in the project manager

1. Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose pec

8.4-25 Inventory #002704
Create RF Path
To create the RF path:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Line
X: -1.0,
1.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
3. Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radial point:
X: -0.972,
0.972 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
X: -0.972,
0.972 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 1.072,
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 1.072,

To create the profile:

X: -1.0,
1.0 Y: -0.06,
0.06 Z: 0.0,
rectangle:
dX: 0.0,
0.0 dY: 0.12,
0.12 dZ: -0.02
0.02,
4. Click OK button
To set the name:

2. For the Value of Name type: RFPath
To Sweep the profile:

1. Select the objects named: Polyline2, RFPath
4. Click the OK button when the Sweep along path dialog appears

8.4-26 Inventory #002704
Mirror Conductor
1. Select the objects named: RFPath
X: 0.0,
0.0 Y: 0.0,
0.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 1.0,
1.0 dY: 0.0,
0.0 dZ: 0.0,
Group Conductors
1. Select the objects named: RFPath, RFPath_1
3. Select the menu item, 3D Modeler > Boolean > Unite

8.4-27 Inventory #002704
Save Project
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save
Analyze
Model Validation
Analyze
To Open All Existing Report

To open all reports:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Open All Reports
0.00
-10.00
-20.00
Y1
-30.00
Curve Info
Setup1 : Sweep1
-40.00 dB(St(Cond_T1,Cond_T2))
Setup1 : Sweep1
Setup1 : Sweep1
-50.00
-60.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00
Freq [GHz]
Exiting HFSS
To Exit HFSS:

8.4-28 Inventory #002704
Example – On-Chip Spiral Inductor Training Manual
On-
On-Chip Passive Example
This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyze a 2.5
turn spiral inductor using the Ansoft HFSS Design Environment.

9.1-1 Inventory #002704
Getting Started

Programs and select


Checked
Options



9.1-2 Inventory #002704

Set Solution Type


9.1-3 Inventory #002704
Set Model Units

To set the units:
2. Set Model Units:
1. Select Units: um

1. For the Material Name type: My_Sub
3. For the Value of Bulk Conductivity type: 10

9.1-4 Inventory #002704
Create Substrate
X: -270.0,
270.0 Y: -270.0,
270.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 540.0,
540.0 dY: 540.0,
To set the name:
1. Select the Attribute tab from the Properties windows
2. For the Value of Name type: Sub
To fit the view

Set the default material:

1. For the Material Name type: My_Oxide

9.1-5 Inventory #002704
Create Oxide
To create the oxide layer:
X: -270.0,
270.0 Y: -270.0,
270.0 Z: 300.0,
dX: 540.0,
540.0 dY: 540.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Oxide
To fit the view

1. For the Material Name type: My_Pass

9.1-6 Inventory #002704
Create Passivation
To create the passivation layer:
X: -270.0,
270.0 Y: -270.0,
270.0 Z: 309.8,
dX: 540.0,
540.0 dY: 540.0,
To set the name:
2. For the Value of Name type: Pass
To fit the view


1. Using the Modeler Materials toolbar, choose vacuum
Create Air Box

To create the airbox:
X: -270.0,
270.0 Y: -270.0,
270.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 540.0,
540.0 dY: 540.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view


9.1-7 Inventory #002704

2. Select Object Dialog
Select the Object named: Air

Click the OK button
To create a radiation Boundary:
2. Radiation Boundary Window
1. Name: Rad1
Create Ground
1.Select the menu item Draw > Rectangular
X: -270.0,
270.0 Y: -270.0,
270.0 Z: 0.0,
dX: 540.0,
540.0 dY: 540.0,
To set the name:
To fit the view


9.1-8 Inventory #002704

To select the ground
1. Select the object named: Ground
2. Click OK button

2. Click OK button
Hide Dielectrics
To hide the dielectrics:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible
2. Select the menu item View > Hide Selection > All Views

1. For the Material Name type: My_Met
2. For the Value of Bulk Conductivity type: 2.8e7

Select the menu item Modeler > Coordinate Systems > Create > Relative CS >
Offset
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the origin
1. X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: 304.8, Press the Enter key

9.1-9 Inventory #002704

9.1-10 Inventory #002704

9.1-11 Inventory #002704

9.1-12 Inventory #002704

9.1-13 Inventory #002704

9.1-14 Inventory #002704

9.1-15 Inventory #002704

9.1-16 Inventory #002704

9.1-17 Inventory #002704
Create Source 1
To create source:
1. X: 142.0, Y: 7.5, Z: 1.0, Press the Enter Key
rectangle
1. dX: -15.0, dY: -15.0, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter Key
To set the name:

2. For the Value of Name type: Source1
Assign Excitation
1. Select the object named: Source1
2. Click OK button
Note: You can also select the object fom the Model Tree
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Lumped Port, a
window appears, highlight Ring and click Add ==>>,
==>> then click OK.
OK The
lumped port and terminal are automatically assigned.

9.1-18 Inventory #002704
Assign Excitation (Continued)

3. Change the name in the
Properties window: p1
Set the name for the pin
2. Expand p1,
p1 highlight Source1_T1
Properties window: 1

9.1-19 Inventory #002704
Create Source 2
To create source:
1. X: 131.0, Y: 7.5, Z: 1.0, Press the Enter Key
rectangle
1. dX: 15.0, dY: -15.0, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter Key
To set the name:

2. For the Value of Name type: Source2
Assign Excitation
1. Select the object named: Source2
2. Click OK button
Note: You can also select the object fom the Model Tree
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Lumped Port, a
window appears, and click OK.
OK The lumped port and terminal are
automatically assigned.

9.1-20 Inventory #002704
Assign Excitation (Continued)

Properties window: p2
Set the name for the pin
2. Expand p1,
p1 highlight Source1_T2
Properties window: 2

9.1-21 Inventory #002704
Show All
To Show all objects
1. Select the menu item View > Show All > All Views
Boundary Display
boundary.

9.1-22 Inventory #002704
Analysis Setup



Order of bases function:: Zero order.

2. Frequency Setup:
Type:: Linear Step

Start: 0.1GHz
Stop:: 20.0GHz
Step:: 0.1GHz
Max Solutions:: 20

9.1-23 Inventory #002704
Save Project
2. From the Save As window, type the Filename: hfss_spiral_inductor
Analyze
Model Validation
Note: To view any errors or warning messages, see the Message

Manager.
Analyze
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze All Or click the icon
on the tool bar.

9.1-24 Inventory #002704
Solution Data



Table Select


9.1-25 Inventory #002704
Create Reports
Create Differential Pair S-

S-Parameter Plot
To create a report:
2. Context Window:
2. Domain: Sweep
3. Trace Window
2. Quantity: St(1,1), St(2,1)
3. Function: dB

9.1-26 Inventory #002704
Custom Equations – Output Variables

Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Terminal Solution Data Report >
Rectangular Plot
Trace Window
1. Click the Output Variables button
2. Output Variables dialog
1. Name: Q11
2. Expression:
1. Category: Terminal Y Parameters
2. Quantity: Yt(1,1)
3. Function: im
4. Click the Insert into Expression button
5. Type: /
7. Function: re
4. Repeat for Q22,

Q22 by replacing Yt(1,1) with Yt(2,2)
4. Domain: Sweep
5. Click Y tab

Quantity: Q11, Q22
Function: abs
Ansoft Corporation Q Plot HFSSDesign1
6. Click the Close button 9.00
Curve Info
abs(Q11)
Setup1 : Sweep1
8.00
abs(Q22)
Setup1 : Sweep1
7.00
6.00
5.00
Y1
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
Freq [GHz]

9.1-27 Inventory #002704
Create Reports (Continued)

Custom Equations – Output Variables
Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Terminal Solution Data Report >
Rectangular Plot
Trace Window
1. Click the Output Variables button
Output Variables dialog
( )
2.
L11 = −im( Yt (1,1)) /(2 * pi * f * re(Yt (1,1) + im (Yt (1,1)
2 2
1. Name: L11
2. Expression:
3. Function: im
5. Type: *(--1)/(2*pi*freq*(
8. Function: im
10. Type: )*
13. Function: im
15. Type: )+
18. Function: re
20. Type: )*
23. Function: re
25. Type: ))

4. Domain: Sweep
5. Click Y tab
Quantity: L11
Function: none

9.1-28
© 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. 10.1-
Inventory#002704
28

9.1-29 Inventory #002704

9.1-30 Inventory #002704

9.1-31 Inventory #002704

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Ansoft HFSS – User Guide

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

Inventory Number: 002704

Copyright © 2008 SAS IP, Inc.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

1. Introduction 1-1 6. Examples – Microwave

4. Appendix – Boundary Conditions 4-1 8. Examples – Signal Integrity

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• Installing the Ansoft HFSS Software

• Starting Ansoft HFSS

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• Visiting the Ansoft Web Site

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• For Technical Support

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• Ansoft Desktop Terms

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

Project Manager Window

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• 3D Modeler Design Tree

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• To display or hide individual toolbars:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• Customize and Arrange Toolbars

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• Ansoft HFSS Desktop

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• Opening a HFSS project

– Opening a New project

– Opening an Existing HFSS project

– Opening an Existing Project from Explorer

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• Set Solution Type

– To set the solution type:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• Converting Older HFSS file to HFSS v11

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

Chapter 2 – Simulation Basics

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• What is HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator)?

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• Tangential Vector Finite Elements

• Transfinite Element Method

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

Solve fields using the

Calculate broad band

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• The finite element method (FEM) can be used to approximate the

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• In the FEM, the unknown function is expressed as a weighted sum of the

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• A key feature of the FEM, as it is implemented in HFSS, is the ability to locally

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 20,

• Finite elements and adaptive meshing