1 IUL-2018

Hydraulics
lab report
2018

AUGUST 24

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

presented to: ENG Hajar alamine
prepared by :
hasan awwad 45669
abeer faehat 45329
ahmad farha 45628
diala Kanaan 45894

2 IUL-2018
 TABLE OF CONTENTS:

I. Gravimetric hydraulic bench (H1)

II. Losses in piping system (H16)
 Pertes de charge singulieres
 Pertes de charge lineaires
III. Flow measurement technique (H10)
IV. Hydraulic flow channel (H12)
V. Discharge over notch (H6)
VI. HYDRAULICIS BENCH (P6100)
7. Centrifugal pump characteristic
8. Cavitation in centrifugal pumps
9. Centrifugal pump in series
10.Centrifugal pump in parallel
VII. Flow through an orifice (H4)
VIII. Impact of a jet (H8)
IX. Permeability tank (H312)
13. Coefficient de permeabilitie
14. Stability of slopes
15. Foundation
16. Filet du courant simple
17. Lateral pressure
18. Abstraction
19. Earth dam
20. Sheet pile
21. Ground water abstraction

3 IUL-2018
INTRODUCTION:

Hydraulics, the study of the science governing the behaviour of fluids at rest and in
motion. The hydraulics laboratory is a well equipped laboratory. Practicals are
undertaken to support theoretical concepts learnt in
subjects such as Fluid Mechanics and Water Resources,
modules which form part of the BEng(Hons) Civil
Engineering.

OBJECTIVES:
Practical sessions help student to better understand the
theoretical concepts covered in lectures.

Practicals in the Hydraulic laboratory are conducted as

from the second year of the study, when the student
studies the subject Fluid Mechanics. A more complex set
of fluid mechanics related practicals is undertaken in level 3.

The hydraulics laboratory is also equipped with a set of practicals related to the subject
Hydrology and Water Resources. Mini projects are carried out with these equipment.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of the practicals the student is able to:

 Understand and follow procedures, through practical handouts.

 Work in teams, as practicals are conducted in groups.

4 IUL-2018
  Prepare a technical report, as the findings of practicals have to be reported in
well structured format.

 Critically evaluate their results, by bench marking them with related published
information.

 Appreciate how the theoretical concepts are applied in practice.

 Understand how results of a practical are influenced by the status of the

apparatus.

5 IUL-2018
 Lab 1 Test
THE RESERVOIR
‘ GRAVIMETRIC HYDRAULIC BENCH (HI) ’

1. Definition: It is a machine that

provide a controlled recirculating
water supply and accurate gravimetric
measuring system for hydraulic and
fluid mechanics experiments.
The water is available under the reservoir
so as we turn on the machine the water
start to pass from below and into the
pipe and then get back to the reservoir so
it allows the outer steel will get up . after
that we will put the weight and start the stopwatch . We will wait until it hit the
upper part again ( at equilibrium ) so we can record the time .

2. Aim : This experiment is done in order to calculate the flux of fluid, which is the
quantity of matter in mass, or in volume of the flowing fluid per unit time.

The aim of this experiment is to find the water flow rate in a gravimetric
hydraulic bench.

3. Materials : Gravimetric hydraulic bench --- stopwatch.

6 IUL-2018
 4. Procedure:

 Check the correct water level in the sump.

 Lift the weight beam and slide the stop under the beam.
 Switch on the pump.
 Use the hand control to adjust the flow rate.
 Slide the weight beam stop t the right and
allow the beam to drop.
 Slide the stop back to the left.
 Start the timer as soon as the beam touches
the stop, then add the weights to the hanger.
 Stop the timer when the beam becomes
horizontal again and touches the stop.
 Move the stop to the right to allow the weight
tank to drop, pushing up its drain valve and
emptying the tank, ready for the next flow
measurements .
 Repeat the measurements three or four times
to check the accuracy.

7 IUL-2018
Step1: We start by opening the valve . Water will start to run until the beam hits the
upper part of the machine ( at equilibrium ) .

Step 2 : As it hit the machine we put

the weight and start to record the time
and wait for the beam to hit the edge
again and stop the stopwatch.

Step 3 : As we took the time needed we

turn off the machine and empty the
reservoir and turn the valve a little bit and
repeat the same process and record the
results.

5. Formulas :

The mass of the reservoir ( M ) is unknown. But, from

the static equilibrium equation we may get it.
 Sum of M = m*g*L2-M*g*L1=0 where
M*L1=m*L2
So L2=3*L1
M water * L1 = m*3*L1  M water= 3*m
m: mass of the weight
M: water mass(kg)
 The time recorded represents the duration
needed so that the flow delivers the required
mass M to reach equilibrium.

8 IUL-2018
  By dividing M over the time t we will obtain Q m : mass flow rate . Dividing it
again over the density P water=1 kg/L=10(-3) Kg/cm3 = 1000kg.m3 we will get
Qv : volumetric flow rate.
The massive flux Q m=QV*P= M/t , where density of fluid considered p=M/V

The flux in weight QP=QV*P*g=V/t , where g= acceleration of gravity .

Q=M water/10(-3) *t (cm3/s) so Q=M water/10(3) *t(m3/s)
M water =3*m .

6. Analysis:
In each case, after reaching equilibrium the time needed to fill the reservoir with water
sufficient to equalize the mass added is decreasing. This is logical, since the volume
flow rate is increasing as shown in the above procedure (inversely proportional) in a
linear manner .

7. Calculation:

Measurement of flow
n m (kg) M (kg) t (s) Qv (cm3/s)
1 1 3 57:45 52.22
2 1 3 16:88 177.73
3 1 3 15:88 188.91
4 1 3 14:29 209.93
5 2 6 1:26:58 69.30
6 2 6 55:57 107.97
7 2 6 45:55 131.72
8 2 6 38:71 154.99
9 3 9 1:56:50 77.25
10 3 9 1:12:76 123.69
11 3 9 51:89 173.44
12 3 9 40:12 224.33

9 IUL-2018
 8. Conclusion :
After the calculations , we found that the time increases with weight gain.

9. Graphs:
10 IUL-2018
 Mass=1 Kg Mass= 2 Kg
Qv Qv
250 180

160
200 140

120
150
100

80
100
60

50 40

20

0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Mass=3 Kg

Qv
250

200

150

100

50

0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Lab 2 Test
Losses in piping system
11 IUL-2018
 Perte de charge “head loss in straight pipes”
“Dark blue circuit and Gate valve”:

1. Definition: One of the most common problems in fluid mechanics is the

estimation of pressure loss. This apparatus enables pressure loss measurements
to be made on several small bore pipe circuit components, typical of those
found in central heating installations. This apparatus is designed for use with the
TecQuipment Hydraulic Bench H1, although the equipment can equally well be
supplied from some other source if required. However, al1 future reference to
the bench in this manual refers directly to the TecQuipment bench.

The apparatus, shown

diagrammatically in Figure 1.1,
consists of two separate hydraulic
circuits, one painted dark blue, one
painted light blue, each one containing
a number of pipe system components.
Both circuits are supplied with water
12 IUL-2018
 from the same hydraulic bench. The components in each of the circuits are as
follows: Dark blue circuit and Light blue circuit .

A Straight Pipe 13.7mm Bore

B 90° Sharp Bend (Mitre)
C Proprietary 90° Elbow
D Gate Valve
E Sudden Enlargement -
13.7mrn/26.4mm
F Sudden Contraction - 26.4mrn/13.7rnrn
G Smooth 90° Bend 50mm Radius
H Smooth 90° Bend 100mrn Radius
J Smooth 90° Bend lS0mm Radius
K Globe Valve
L Straight Pipe 26.4mm Bore

For an incompressible fluid flowing through a pipe the following equations apply:

Q=V 1 A1=V 2 A2 (Continuity)

P1 V 21 P2 V 22
z 1+ + =z 2 + + +h L1−2 (Bernoulli)
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g

Volume flow: 1m3/s = 1000 L/s

Gravimetric flow: 1 Kg/s = approximately 1 L/s or 0.001 m3/s of clean water at room
temperature.

1 bar = 100000 pascal = roughly 10.2 m of water at room temperature.

13 IUL-2018
Dark blue Piezometer tube or Light blue circuit Piezometer tube or
circuit gauge gauge
A) Straight pipe 3 and 4 E)Sudden expansion 7 and 8
(standard bore)
B) 90°sharp 5 and 6 F) Sudden contraction 9 and 10
bend (mitre)
C) 90° elbow 1 and 2 G) Smooth 90° bend 15 and 16
50 mm radius
D) Gate valve (gauge) H) Smooth 90° bend 11 and 12
100mm radius
J) Smooth 90° bend 13 and 14
150mm radius
K) Globe valve (gauge)
L) Straight pipe (large 8 and 9
bore)

The Head loss (h) and loss coefficient (k)

V2
HL=K×
2g

hL
K= 2
V /2 g

14 IUL-2018
  Friction factor (f)

Friction factor is a dimensionless value for the frictional losses due to a liquid passing
along a conduit or pipe.

4 × f × L ×V 2
hF= UK
2 dg

f × L ×V 2
hF= USA
2 dg

from these equations:

hL× 2 gd ❑
f= UK
4 LV 2

hL× 2 gd ❑
f= USA
LV2

 Head loss in straight pipes:

The head loss along a length, L, of straight pipe of constant diameter, d, is given by
the expression:

4 × f × L ×V 2
hF=
2 dg
where f is a dimensionless constant which is a function of the Reynolds
number of the flow and the roughness of the internal surface of the pipe

 Sudden expansion:

The head loss at a sudden expansion is given by the expression:

15 IUL-2018
 (Vu−Vd )2
hL=
2g

where K is a dimensionless coefficient which depends upon the area ratio as

shown in Table 2.1. This table can be found in most good textbooks on fluid
mechanics.

A2/ 0 0. 0 0.3 0.4 0. 0. 1.

A1
K 0.5 1
0. 0. 0.3 0.3 6
0. 8
0. 0
Table 2.10Loss Coefficient
46 . For Sudden
6 Contractions
0 18 06

 Sudden contraction:

As the fluid enters the narrower section, the sharp entrance forces the fluid to
separate from the wall, creating a smaller and turbulent jet for a short length of the
pipe. This causes a loss of head.
(Vc−Vd)2
hL=
2g
 Head loss due to bends(hb):

The head loss due to a bend is given by the expression:

KB∗V 2
h B=
2g

where K is a dimensionless coefficient which depends upon the bend

radius/pipe radius ratio and the angle of the bend.

Note:
The loss given by this expression is not the total loss caused by the bend but the
excess loss above that which would be caused by a straight pipe equal in length to
the length of the pipe axis.

2. Aim: to find k value and the pressure losses along pipes and across fittings and
to compare the theoritical friction factor with the actual one.

16 IUL-2018
 3. Materials : Gravimetric hydraulic bench --- stopwatch – losing pipe machine.

4. Procedure:

 Switch on the pump.

 Use the hand control to adjust the flow rate.
 The flow will start then Start the timer as soon as the beam touches the stop,
then add the weights to the hanger.
 When the weights are added start reading on the pipping system the 6 H
( from H1 and until H6).
 Stop the timer when the beam becomes horizontal again and touches the
stop.

17 IUL-2018
  Move the stop to the right to allow the weight tank to drop, pushing up its
drain valve and emptying the tank, ready for the next flow measurements .
 Repeat the measurements several times.

Step1: We start by opening the valve . Water will start to

run until the beam will hit the upper part of the machine ( at
equilibrium ) .

Step 2 : As it hit the machine we put the weight and start to

record the time.

Step 3 : After putting the weights we started to record the

pressures drops across each piezometer (in mm of water)
around the circuit.

Step 4 : The beam return back

and hit the edge so we stop the
stopwatch and take the time
needed then turn off the machine
and empty the reservoir and turn
the valve a little bit and repeat the
same process to record the results.

5. Measurements :

18 IUL-2018
 Q = M water / ( 10 3 * t )
DH 12 = H1 – H2 / L1 – L2
DH 34 = H3 – H4 / L3 – L4
DH 56 = H5 – H6/ L5 – L6
To calculate DH coude 1:
Delta H 12 = Delta H 12’ + Delta H 1’2
We need to calculate Delta H 12’
So we calculate Delta H 1’2 from the formula below:
J = Delta H 34 / L34 = Delta H 5’6 / L 5’6 = Delta H 1’2 / L 1’2
To calculate DH coude 5:
Delta H 56 = Delta H 56’ + Delta H 5’6
We need to calculate Delta H 56’
So we calculate Delta H 5’6 from the formula below:
J = Delta H 34 / L34 = Delta H 5’6 / L 5’6 = Delta H 1’2 / L 1’2

Delta H = ALFA * Q (n)

Log Delta H = Log ALFA * n Log Q
6. Calculation:

Measurements
n m Q H1 H2 DH12 H3 H4
1 1 0.000037 605 435
280 410 410
5
2 1 0.000113 463 340 153.75 436 368
3 1 0.000144 503 322 226.25 483 378
4 1 0.000191 570 290 350 572 393
5 1 0.00021 632 268 455 614 401
6 1 0.000229 640 270 462.5 631 402

19 IUL-2018
 Measurements
DH34 H5 H6 DH56 DH DH LOG10 LOG1 LOG1
COUD COUD DHc1 0 0Q
E1 E5 DHc2
27.35 734 710 27.27 388.12 3.20 2.58 0.50 4.42
74.39 754 604 170.4 1.97 3.94
94.24 104.98 2.02
5
114.8 802 596 234.0 2.12 3.84
134.35 133.00 2.12
7 9
195.8 900 570 375 2.28 3.71
193.33 202.66 2.30
4
233.0 964 546 475 2.42 3.67
268.57 269.92 2.43
4
250.5 980 544 495.4 2.41 3.64
262.10 274.97 2.44
4 5

20 IUL-2018
 7. Graphs:
Coude 1

Log Q
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

21 IUL-2018
 Coude 5

Log Q
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Lab 3 Test
Flow Measurements Apparatus:

22 IUL-2018
 1. Definition: The apparatus is designed such a way that to measure the
flow rate using different type of flow measuring devices such as
venturimeter, orifice and rotameter.

2. Aim: The aim of this experiment is to find the pressure drops in the
concil nozzles of circular section and in a diaphragm and to compare the
result.

3. Materials : Hydraulic bench –- stopwatch and the apparatus machine

containing 9 manometer tubes .

4. Procedure:

 Turn on the apparatus that is connected to the hydraulic bench and also the
pipes.

23 IUL-2018
  The flow will start then Start the timer as soon as the beam touches the stop,
then add the weights (1kg) to the hanger.
 When the weights are added start reading on the apparatus the 8 H
( from H1 and until H8).
 Stop the timer when the beam becomes horizontal again and touches the
stop.
 Move the stop to the right to allow the weight tank to drop, pushing up its
drain valve and emptying the tank, ready for the next flow measurements .
 Repeat the measurements several times.

Step1: We start by opening the valve . Water will start to flow until the beam will hit
the upper part of the machine ( at equilibrium ) .

Step 2 : As it hit the machine we put the weight and

start to record the time.

Step 3 : After putting the weights we start reading

on the apparatus the H ( from H1 and until H8).

Step 4 : The beam return back and hit the edge so

we stop the stopwatch and take the time needed then
turn off the machine and empty the reservoir and turn
the valve a little bit and repeat the same process and
record the results.

24 IUL-2018
25 IUL-2018
 5. Measurements :
First, we calculate Qr = M water / 10 -3 * t

DH 12 = H1 – H2 / L1 – L2
DH 34 = H3 – H4 / L3 – L4
DH 56 = H5 – H6/ L5 – L6
D1 = 26mm ; D2 = 16mm ; D3 = 26mm
D4 = 51.9mm; D5= 51.9mm; D6 = 20mm
S1 = 530.9mm2 ; S2= 201.1mm2 ; S3 = 530.9mm2
S4=211.6 mm2 ; S5= 211.6 mm2 ; S6= 211.6 mm2

6. Venturimeter: We apply the Bernoulli equation between A and B in

which:

(v12 / 2g) + (p1/ρg) (v22/2g) + (p2/ ρg)((v12-v22)/2g) = ((p2-p1)/ ρg ) = h1-h2 Then;

v1s1=v2s2
√ 2g (h1-h2)
Therefore; Q theoretical = v2s2 = s2 2
√1- (S2/S1 )
1 Orifice meter:
Between tapings E and F :
((vF2-vE2)/2g) = ((pE-pF)/ ρg ) – ΔH
Energy loss is expressed interms of the piezometric headloss using a coefficient

((vF2-vE2)/2g) = c2 ((pE-pF)/ ρg )

Where c depends on the radius of the diagram and conduit :

26 IUL-2018
 √ 2g (hE-hF)
Q=AF*VF=c*AF 2 (2)
√1- ( AF/AE )
Qreal differs from Qtheoretical the ratio between them is called the discharge
coefficient: Cq = Qreal/Qtheo. (3) where 0.95 <Cq< 0.99
The pressure drop due to the elbow is experimentally related to the flow rate by:
Qv = Kc(h7-h8)1/
Using continuity equation : Q1=Q2=constant
7. Calculation:
Measurements
n T m Qr H1 H2 DH 12 Qt 12
1 1:39:0 1 30.3 3.2
194 162 5444.6
0
2 49:00 1 61.22 132 130 0.2 1361.2
3 35:05 1 85.59 106 30 7.6 8390.7
4 28:04 1 106.9 1.4
212 198 3601.3
9
5 24:00 1 125 266 240 2.6 4907.7
6 20:10 1 149.2 3
126 96 5271.7
5
7 18:02 1 166.4 3.6
138 102 5774.9
8
8 16:16 1 185.6 4.4
156 112 6384.4
4
9 14:04 1 213.6 6
180 120 7455.4
7

Measurements
Cq 12 H3 H4 DH3 Cq H5 DH
Qt 34 H6
4 34 56
0.005 168 203 1.35 7150. 0.00 200 0.2
192
5 0 4 5
0.044 135 138 0.11 2093. 0.02 121 0.3
109
3 9 7

27 IUL-2018
 0.01 98 102 0.15 2417. 112 0.4
0.035 99
1 1
0.029 212 215 0.11 2093. 0.05 218 0.5
200
3 1 6
0.025 260 262 0.07 1709. 0.07 265 0.7
240
2 3 8
0.028 122 124 0.07 1709. 0.08 126 1.1
90
2 7 2
0.028 132 135 0.11 2093. 0.07 136 1.3
92
3 9 7
0.029 150 152 0.07 1709. 156 1.8
0.11 98
2 1
0.028 172 175 0.11 2093. 178 1.8
0.10 120
3 1

Measurements
Qt 56 Cq H7 H8
L
56
1874. 0.01 197 164
7
5 6
2295. 0.02 130 116
19
8 6
2389. 0.03 94 26
39
5 5
2811. 0.03 204 100
44
8 8
3313. 0.03 242 142
55
7 7
3976. 0.03 96 96
62
5 7
4396. 0.03 100 100
69
2 7
5047. 0.03 110 110
80
4 6
5047. 0.04 118 118
89
4 2

28 IUL-2018
 Lab 4 Test
Flow Channel ( H12) :

29 IUL-2018
 1. Definition: It is a branch of hydraulics and fluid mechanics, is a type of
liquid flow within a conduit with a free surface, known as a channel. The
other type of flow within a conduit is pipe flow. These two types of flow are
similar in many ways but differ in one important respect: the free surface.
Open-channel flow has a free surface, whereas pipe flow does not.

2. Aim: The aim of this experiment is to find the type of flow due to froude
number .

3. Materials : Hydraulic bench –- stopwatch – hydraulic flow channel.

4-Procedure:

 Turn on the flow channel that is

connected to the hydraulic bench .
 Place the first weight (5 kg) inside the
channel for 4 times and then we place
weight ( 7 kg).

30 IUL-2018
  The flow will start then Start the timer as
soon as the beam touches the stop, then
add the weights to the hanger.
 When the weights are added start reading
on the flow channel H1 , H2 and H3 .
 Stop the timer when the beam becomes
horizontal again and touches the stop.
 Move the stop to the right to allow the
weight tank to drop, pushing up its drain
valve and emptying the tank, ready for the
next flow measurements .
 Repeat the measurements several times.

Step1: We start by opening the valve .

Water will start to flow until the beam
will hit the upper part of the machine
( at equilibrium ) .

Step 2 : As it hit the machine we put

the weight and start to record the time.

Step 3 : After putting the weights we start reading on the flow channel the H ( frm
H1 , H2 and H3).

Step 4 : The beam return back and hit the edge so we stop the stopwatch and take
the time needed then turn off the machine and empty the
reservoir and turn the valve a little bit and repeat the same
process and record the results.
5-Measurments :
31 IUL-2018
We determine H1 , H2 and H3 and the time between the 2 equilibriums.
We calculate Q r = M water * 1000 / t
Where M water = m * 3

S = B * H ; where B = 7.5cm
V=Q/S

We calculate F = V / ( g*h)^0.5 , after that we can determine the type of flow inside
the channel .

We have 3 types of flow :

1- Sub-critical where F<1, V<VC , Y>Y c
2- Super-critical where F>1, V>VC , Y<Y c
3- Critical where F=Fc=1 , V=VC=(g*y c)^0.5 , Y=Y c
6. Calculation:
FOR
BAR
“A” Measurements
Mass n T Qr H1 S1 V1 F1 Regime
M=5 31.9 470.07 27.9662
Kg 1 1 21 0.8 6 78.34535 2 Torrential
M=5 24.9 600.72 2.09586
Kg 2 7 09 5.3 39.75 15.11247 4 Torrential
M=5 21.0 711.57 2.41398
Kg 3 8 5 5.4 40.5 17.56975 3 Torrential
M=5 22.0 680.88 1.70948
Kg 4 3 97 6.6 49.5 13.75535 4 Torrential
M=7 29.6 707.54 26.1078
Kg 1 8 72 1.1 8.25 85.76329 2 Torrential
M=7 20.8 1009.1 21.2261
Kg 2 1 3 1.6 12 84.09419 6 Torrential
M=7 16.2 1291.5 14.7872
Kg 3 6 13 2.4 18 71.75072 1 Torrential
M=7 15.6 1345.2 10.0045
Kg 4 1 91 3.2 24 56.05381 1 Torrential

32 IUL-2018
 FOR
BAR
“A” Measurements
H2 S2 V2 F2 Regime H3 S3 V3 F3 Regime
39.172 Torren 15.7 Torren
1.6 12 67 9.88755 tial 2.1 5 29.84585 6.57 tial
12. 47.115 11.5372 Torren 33.373 Torren
1.7 75 36 8 tial 2.4 18 38 6.87 tial
14. 49.935 Torren 20.2 35.139 Torren
1.9 25 08 11.5663 tial 2.7 5 5 6.82 tial
15. 43.231 9.52471 Torren 32.423 Torren
2.1 75 09 6 tial 2.8 21 32 6.18 tial
58.962 14.8826 Torren 39.308 Torren
1.6 12 26 3 tial 2.4 18 18 8.1 tial
16. 61.159 Torren 21.7 46.396 Torren
2.2 5 41 13.1649 tial 2.9 5 79 8.69 tial
19. 66.231 13.1142 Torren 50.647 Torren
2.6 5 43 4 tial 3.4 25.5 57 8.76 tial
24. 54.355 9.55321 Torren 49.825 Torren
3.3 75 21 9 tial 3.6 27 61 8.38 tial

FOR
BAR
“B” Measurements
Mass n T Qr H1 S1 V1 F1 Regime
M=5 23.4 639.93 18.3790
Kg 1 4 17 1.3 9.75 65.63402 4 Torrential
M=5 21.1 709.21 18.2260
Kg 2 5 99 1.4 10.5 67.54475 7 Torrential
M=5 18.0 831.94 19.2780
Kg 3 3 68 1.5 11.25 73.95082 4 Torrential
M=5 15.6 957.85 15.5694
Kg 4 6 44 1.9 14.25 67.21785 5 Torrential
M=7 33.4 628.17 20.3430
Kg 1 3 83 1.2 9 69.79759 1 Torrential
M=7 2 32.9 637.52 1.3 9.75 65.38695 18.3098 Torrential
33 IUL-2018
 Kg 4 28 5
M=7 31.9 657.07 16.8859
Kg 3 6 13 1.4 10.5 62.57822 2 Torrential
M=7 28.8 728.91 18.7321
Kg 4 1 36 1.4 10.5 69.42034 8 Torrential

FOR
BAR
“B” Measurements
H2 S2 V2 F2 Regime H3 S3 V3 F3 Regime
53.327 13.46 Torrenti 14.2 44.907 10.4 Torren
1.6 12 65 04 al 1.9 5 49 0 tial
14.2 49.769 11.52 Torrenti 39.401 Torren
1.9 5 81 80 al 2.4 18 1 8.12 tial
55.463 12.52 Torrenti 20.2 41.083 Torren
2 15 12 14 al 2.7 5 79 7.98 tial
15.7 60.816 13.39 Torrenti 45.612 Torren
2.1 5 15 90 al 2.8 21 11 8.70 tial
41.878 9.454 Torrenti 34.898 Torren
2 15 55 57 al 2.4 18 79 7.19 tial
38.637 8.316 Torrenti 32.693 Torren
2.2 16.5 74 98 al 2.6 19.5 48 6.47 tial
17.2 38.091 8.019 Torrenti 20.2 32.447 Torren
2.3 5 09 08 al 2.7 5 97 6.30 tial
40.495 8.345 Torrenti 34.710 Torren
2.4 18 2 71 al 2.8 21 17 6.62 tial

FOR
BAR
“C” Measurements
Mass n TQr H1 S1 V1 F1 Regime
M=5 675.980
Kg 1 22.19 2 1.6 12 56.33168 14.21865 Torrential
M=5 2 21.51 697.350 1.7 12.75 54.69412 13.39312 Torrential
34 IUL-2018
 Kg 1
M=5
Kg 3 20.59 728.509 1.9 14.25 51.12344 11.84156 Torrential
M=5 1098.90
Kg 4 13.65 1 2.3 17.25 63.70441 13.41131 Torrential
M=7 811.751
Kg 1 25.87 1 1.3 9.75 83.25652 23.31375 Torrential
M=7 942.972
Kg 2 22.27 6 1.4 10.5 89.80692 24.23323 Torrential
M=7 953.245
Kg 3 22.03 6 1.7 12.75 74.76436 18.30778 Torrential
M=7 1046.85
Kg 4 20.06 9 2.2 16.5 63.44603 13.6571 Torrential

FOR
BAR
“C” Measurements
H2 S2 V2 F2 Regime H3 S3 V3 F3 Regime
69.331 19.41 Torrenti 17.2 39.187 Torren
1.3 9.75 3 43 al 2.3 5 26 8.24 tial
66.414 17.92 Torrenti 18.7 Torren
1.4 10.5 29 10 al 2.5 5 37.192 7.51 tial
15.7 46.254 10.19 Torrenti 2.7 20.6 35.321 Torren
2.1 5 54 08 al 5 25 65 6.80 tial
17.2 63.704 13.41 Torrenti 48.840 Torren
2.3 5 41 13 al 3 22.5 05 9.00 tial
12.7 63.666 15.59 Torrenti 2.6 19.7 41.153 Torren
1.7 5 75 02 al 3 25 41 8.10 tial
69.849 16.62 Torrenti 21.7 43.355 Torren
1.8 13.5 82 24 al 2.9 5 06 8.12 tial
14.2 66.894 15.49 Torrenti 23.2 40.999 Torren
1.9 5 43 45 al 3.1 5 81 7.43 tial
53.685 10.62 Torrenti 43.619 Torren
2.6 19.5 1 99 al 3.2 24 14 7.78 tial

Lab 5
35 IUL-2018
 DISCHARGE OVER NOTCH:

1. ABSTRACT:
This experiment is about the measurement of flow of water by notches and
weirs which has been conducted on 11th may 2018 at hydraulics Laboratory
.Basically, the experiment that had conducted is to discuss about the flow
characteristics of water over the different notches. The notches that used to
examine the flow are rectangular and triangular (V) notches. Besides, the
experiment here is also to define the discharge coefficient of the fluid flow. In
order to achieve the objectives, all the data are recorded while conducting the
experiment. The manipulated variables from this experiment are the height of
water level and also the types of notches.

Based on the data that had been recorded, we construct a graph to analyzing the
characteristics of the flow. From the rectangular graphs, we can observed that
the discharge coefficient decrease slowly and it almost have a constant value for
the rest. Different with the rectangular notch, the discharge coefficient for the
triangular notch is smoothly but the value still higher than the rectangular notch.
Thus, we can conclude that the triangular notch showed the higher discharge
coefficient rather than the rectangular notch.

2. INTRODUCTION:
Nowadays, if we can see a structure that used to dam up a stream or river, over which
the water flows is known as weir and also can used notch. But the different between
the weir and notch is the structure. A weir is an opening in the sidewall of the tank at
the top. Besides, the notch and weir almost the same except the former is a small
structure and has sharp edges. A weir is generally an overflow structure, with a broad
crest, built across an open channel. The top of weir wall over which the liquid flows is
known as the sill or crest. While the head under which the weir is discharging is
measured from the crest to the free surface. Basically, a weir and notch is used for
measuring the flow of liquids.

36 IUL-2018
 3. OBJECTIVES:
1. To observe the flow characteristics over a rectangular and triangular (V) notches.
2. To determine the discharge coefficient of the fluid flow.

4. MATERIALS:
1.flow over weirs Appendix
2. Water
3. Hydraulics bench
4. Weir channel
5. ( V) Vee notch weir
6. Hook & point gauge
8. Volumetric measuring tank
9. Rectangular weir

37 IUL-2018
 (b) rectangular notch wier

(a) Triangle V notch wier

5. Producer:
1. Place the flow stilling basket of glass sphere into the left end of the weir channel
and attach
the hose from the bench regulating valve to the inlet connection into the stilling
basket.
2. Place the specific weir plate which is to be tested and hold it using the thumb
nuts. Ensure that the square edge of the weir faces is upstream.
3. Start the pump and slowly open the regulating valve until the water level
reaches the crest of the weir and measure the water level to determine the
datum level H zero`
4. Adjust the bench regulating valve to give the first required head level of
approximately 3m3 Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank until 3m3
5. Increase the height of the crest by 1cm and open the valve wider. Then, measure
the flow rate.
6. Repeat the experiment by increasing the flow a little bit by open the valve a little
bit and until the water reach the maximum height.
7. Close the valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the next weir
that need to be tested. Repeat the test procedure.

6. Calculation:

1. Rectangular wier: (with width b=3cm and hzero=7.3cm)

n M(kg T (s) Q real H 1 Q th1 logQreal log LogDH Cq1

38 IUL-2018
 3 3
) (m /s) (m /s) Q th1 1
1 1 12.32 243.50 9.8 3.50 2.386 - 0.397 695714.
* 10-4 3.45 28
2 1 11.78 254.66 10.5 5.07 2.405 - 0.505 502287.
* 10-4 3.29 96
3 1 10.45 287.08 10.6 5.31 2.458 - 0.518 540640.
* 10-4 3.27 30
4 1 9.68 309.91 11 6.30 2.491 - 0.568 491920.
* 10-4 3.20 63
5 1 8.16 367.64 11.1 6.56 2.565 - 0.579 569426.
* 10-4 3.18 82
6 1 7.99 375.46 11.2 6.82 2.574 - 0.591 550527.
* 10-4 3.16 85
DH= H 1 - hzero

Measurements
n M T Qth
(Kg (s) Qexp H2 2
) (m3/ (c (M3 Log(Qt Log
s) m) /S) h2) Qexp Log DH2
1 8.6 346. 11. 90.5 1.9569 2.539
1 7 020 2 7 84 102 0.633468
2 7.5 397. 11. 119. 2.0760 2.599
1 5 351 7 13 21 174 0.681241
3 5.9 508. 11. 131. 2.1203 2.706
1 0 474 9 92 11 269 0.69897
4 1 8.4 353. 12. 145. 2.1629 2.548 0.716003
39 IUL-2018
 8 773 1 52 23 725
5 8.5 350. 12. 152. 2.1836 2.545
1 5 877 2 62 11 155 0.724276
6 6.1 487. 12. 159. 2.2039 2.687
1 6 013 3 92 03 541 0.732394

Measurements
n M T Qth
(Kg (s) Qexp H3 3
) (m3/ (c (M3 Log(Qt Log
s) m) /S) h3) Qexp Log DH3
1 11. 257. 12. 42.6 1.6302 2.410 0.74036
1 67 0694 4 8 24 05 3
2 9.9 302. 13. 67.8 1.8316 2.481 0.81954
1 1 7245 5 6 14 048 4
3 9.6 311. 81.6 1.9120 2.493 0.85125
1 2 8503 14 7 63 946 8
4 8.7 344. 14. 97.0 1.9869 2.537 0.88081
1 1 4317 5 5 96 103 4
5 9.1 327. 14. 103. 2.0155 2.514 0.89209
1 7 1538 7 64 27 752 5
6 5.2 570. 114. 2.0570 2.756 0.90848
1 6 3422 15 04 57 136 5
1. Graph: rectangular wier (b=3cm)

40 IUL-2018
 Log Qth
3.5
3.45
3.4
3.35
3.3
Log Qth
3.25
3.2
3.15
3.1
3.05
3
0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65

Triangular weir(θ=45°)

41 IUL-2018
 Log Qth
2.25

2.2

2.15

2.1

2.05 Log Qth

1.95

1.9

1.85

1.8
0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74

Graph
log- Log Qth
log 2.5
result
2

1.5
Log Qth

0.5

0
0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92

Triangular weir(θ=15°)

Graph log-log result

Lab 6:
Impact of a Jet
42 IUL-2018
 1. Introduction:
Water turbines are widely used throughout the world to generate power. By allowing
fluid under pressure to strike the vanes of a
turbine wheel, mechanical work can be produced.
Rotational motion is then produced by the force
generated as the jet strikes the vanes. One of the
common types of water turbines is Peloton wheel.
In this type of water turbine, one or more water
jets are directed tangentially on to a vanes or
buckets that are fastened on the rim of the
turbine disc. The impact of the water on the vanes
generates a torque on the wheel causing it to rotate and to develop power. To predict
the output of a Peloton wheel and to determine its optimum rotational speed,
understanding on how the deflection of the jet generates a force on the buckets and
how the force is related to the rate of momentum flow in the jet are needed. This
experiment aims at assessing the different forces exerted by the same water jet on a
variety of geometrical different plates. Under this experiment, the force generated by
a jet of water striking a deflector is measured.

2. Objectives:
 To determine the reaction force produced by the impact of jet of water of
variety type of target vanes.
 To experimentally determine the force required to keep a target at a datum level
while it is subjected to the impact of water jet.
 The experimentally measured force is compare with the theoretical calculated
force.

3. Materials:
 Impact of a jet machine.
 Gravimetric Hydraulic Bench pump.
 Masses.
 Stop watch.

43 IUL-2018
 4. Procedure:
1. Turn the gravimetric bench pump on and open the flow valve.
2. Slide the weigh beam stop to the right and allow the beam to drop, then slide
the stop back to the left.
3. The water starts flowing and rises to a point where the water level hot an
obstacle placed above the jet.
4. The pressure of water raises the obstacle which makes the straight rod above
the obstacle oblique.
5. Adjust the cruiser to make the rod return to its initial position.
6. Start the timer as soon as the beam touches the stop, and then add the weights
to the hander.
7. Stop your timer when the beam becomes horizontal again and touches the stop.
8. Measure the displacement Y.
9. Repeat the same experiment 9 times with constant mass and obstacle.
10.Change the obstacle and repeat the same procedure 9 times for each obstacle.

5. Observations and calculation:

4∗Qv
- U= π∗D 2
- D=10mm
1
- U0= ( U 2 −2∗g∗S ) 2
- ṁ= ρ∗Qv
- 𝝆=1000kg/m3
- F Theo= ṁU 0(1−cos β)
- FExp= 4∗g∗y
FTheo
- C= FExp
- S= 35mm

44 IUL-2018
 6. Conclusion:
As a conclusion, the calculated force is correlated with the
measured force. Both of the forces will have directly proportional
relation. Theoretically, the calculated force should be the same as
the measured force. However, this cannot be achieved
experimentally due to the errors made during the experiment.
Form this experiment, the flow rate for the hemisphere is found
to be the lowest and thus require a longer time for the volumetric
tank to rise from 20 to 30 liters.

45 IUL-2018
 Y
m t Qv U U0
n (mm ṁ Ftheo Fexp C
(kg) (s) (m3/s) (m/s) (m/s)
)
(u2- ṁu0(1-
      (3*m/t)   4Qv/πD2 Qv 4gy Fexp/Fth
2gs)1/2 cosβ)
1 1 32.460 0.092 5 11.767 8.35 92.421 1544.331 19620 12.705
2 1 18.510 0.162 12 20.636 18.90 162.075 6126.104 47088 7.686
3 1 16.480 0.182 23 23.178 21.65 182.039 7880.791 90252 11.452
4 1 11.530 0.260 40 33.129 32.08 260.191 16691.430 156960 9.404
5 1 9.670 0.310 52 39.501 38.62 310.238 23963.829 204048 8.515
6 1 8.800 0.341 68 43.406 42.61 340.909 29050.589 266832 9.185
7 1 8.050 0.373 80 47.450 46.72 372.671 34822.891 313920 9.015
46 IUL-2018
8 1 7.860 0.382 89 48.597 47.89 381.679 36553.581 349236 9.554
9 1 6.070 0.494 100 62.928 62.38 494.234 61660.436 392400 6.364

7. And here’s the graph representing H0 as a function of the flow

rate Q:

H01/2 = f(Q)
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Figure 1
represents height H0 verses flow rate Q

Lab 7:
Hydraulics Bench P6100

47 IUL-2018
48 IUL-2018
 1. Introduction:

Centrifugal pumps are probably the single most

common pump in use and are therefore the most
important type of pump to be studied in a course on
the mechanics of fluids. Its advantages are numerous
and include:

1. Simplicity of construction-no valves, no piston

rings , etc.

2. High efficiency.

3. Ability to operate against a variable head.

4. Suitable for being driven from high speed prime movers such as turbines,
electric motors, internal combustion engines etc.
49 IUL-2018
 5. Continuous discharge.

A centrifugal pump if one of the rotodynamic class of turbo-machines. It has an

impeller (rotor) driven by a motor or (other prime mover), which is surrounded by a
stationary casing (stator). The stator is basically a diffuser, that is a passage of
increasing flow area, known as a volute. In very large centrifugal pumps the stator may
contain internal guide vanes to improve the efficiency of the diffusion process.

2. Theory

 General pump theory

The work done per unit mass of fluid by the pump will result in increases in the
pressure energy, kinetic energy, potential energy and thermal energy of the fluid.P2

The steady flow energy equation:

W P 2−P 1 V 22−V 12
= + +g (Z2-Z1) + 2CP (T2-T1)
M ρ 2

Since the suction and delivery pipes on the unit are of the same cross sectional area
and assuming in this case that water is incompressible, then the change in kinetic
energy will be zero.

The difference in height of the pressure gauge delivery pipes is very small.

For the size of pumps fitted in this equipment the change in fluid temperature is
negligible.

Then, the steady flow energy equation reduces to:

W P 2−P 1
=
M ρ

 Specific speed Ng

50 IUL-2018
The numerical value of ‘specific speed’ will depend on the system of units used but
using m3/s for quantity, meters for ‘head’ and revs/min. for rotational speed, the
specific speed for a centrifugal pump will lie between 10 and 150.

The specific speed is given by:

1
2
NS ¿ N Q
H

 Manometric head, Hm

The manometric head is defined as the total energy increase that is imparted to the
fluid by the pump impeller.

(Manometric head) = (total energy at outlet) – (total energy at inlet)

If the inlet and outlet velocities are equal and the levels of the inlet and outlet are the
same, then the kinetic energy and the potential energy terms disappear, hence

P 2−P 1
Hm ¿ ρg

 Power and efficiency

The hydraulic power supplied to the fluid is the product of the pressure rise and the
mass flow rate and the pressure rise produced by the pump may be written in terms of
the manometric head, Hm.

The volume flow rate may also be expressed in terms of mass flow M and the fluid
density to yield:

Ṁ
Ẇh = ρ g Hm ρ = g Hm Ṁ

Hydraulic Power
Overall efficiency = Imput Power
= ŋ0

51 IUL-2018
  Cavitation

The term cavitation includes the information existence and subsequent collapse of
bubbles that may be either air or vapor filled. Cavitation in the suction or impeller
passages of a centrifugal pump promotes a drastic reduction in pump performance.
More importantly the collapse of bubbles when they reach a zone of slightly higher
pressure causes high impact pressure on adjacent surfaces that can cause severe
damage in the form of pitting erosion.

EXPERIMENT 1- Centrifugal pump characteristics

3. Aim

To determine the total head-discharge characteristics , hydraulic power and efficiency

of a centrifugal pump at constant speed.

4. Equipment preparation

Pump arrangement: single variable speed centrifugal pump discharging into the weir
channel. If the second variable speed pump is fitted operate the isolating valves.

Watt meter : essential for measurement of electrical power input for pump efficiency
tests.

Pump speed display on inverter control: essential for constant speed tests.

Experimental procedure- constant speed pump

52 IUL-2018
Start the pump following the standard starting procedure detailed.

Set the speed of the pump using the inverter drive module and adjust the pump flow
by using the bench regulating valve. NOTE: the pump speed will be held constant by
the inverter despite changes in load (flow rate). Start the test with the regulating valve
fully closed and a pump speed of 60 rev/sec. record the pump suction and delivery
pressures and the pump speed.

Partially open the regulating valve to allow the pump to produce a discharge flow with
a pump discharge pressure some 10 to 20 % less the initial test figure. Measure the
flow rate either taking the time taken to collect a suitable volume of water in the
measuring tank, or by using the Rotameter. Record the pump suction pressure, the
pump delivery pressure, the flow rate and the pump speed.

Further readings are taken for pump heads at approximately equal increments of
pump discharge pressure until the bench regulating valve is fully open.

Repeat the test for pump speeds of 70 and 80 rev/sec.

5. Results and analysis:

If the volumetric measuring tank was used then calculate the volume flow rate from:

Q
Ȯ¿ t

Correct the pressure rise measurement across the pump by adding 0.07 bar to allow
for the difference of 0.714m in height between the measurement point for the pump
outlet pressure and the actual pump outlet connection. Then calculate the manometric
head from:

P 2−P 1
Hm ¿ ρg
53 IUL-2018
Calculate the hydraulic power from:

Ẇh = ρ g Hm Ȯ

and calculate the overall efficiency from:

Ẇh
ŋ0 ¿ Ẇ 1

Plot the pump characteristics as a single graph of manometric head against volumetric
flow rate for the results of the constant speed tests and the constant voltage test.

Plot graphs of hydraulic power and overall efficiency against flow rate for each set of
results. If required this graph can be used for interpolation to provide values to enable
contours of constant hydraulic power and constant efficiency to be drawn onto the
pump characteristics.

6. Graph:

Pump speed=1800 rev/sec:

H(m)
6

0
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
ŋ
0.05

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.01
54 IUL-2018
0.01

0
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
 H(m) Pu Pe ŋ
9 12 225 0.05
8 0.04
10 220
7 0.04
215
6 8
0.03
210
5
6 0.03
4 205
0.02
3 4 200 0.02
2
2 195 0.01
1
190 0.01
0 0
0.08 0.1 0.08 0.12 0.1 0.14 0.12 0.16 0.14 0.18 0.16 0.2
185
0.18 0.2 0
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.080.14 0.16 0.1 0.18 0.20.12 0.22 0.14
0.24 0.16 0.18 0.2

Pump speed=2255 rev/sec:

Pe
270

260

250

240 Pump speed= 3000rev/sec

230

220

210

200

190
0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

55 IUL-2018
 H(m) Pu
10
20
9
18
8
16
7
14
6
12
5 10
4 8
3 6
2 4
1 2
0 0
0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

Pe ŋ
430 0.05
420 0.04

410 0.04
0.03
400
0.03
390
0.02
380
0.02
370 0.01
360 0.01
350 0
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

Lab 8:
56 IUL-2018
 PERMEABILITY TANK H3 12:

1.INTRODUCTION:
The tank is clear so students can see the flow patterns. The sides are plate glass to resist
abrasion from the permeable medium. The rear of the tank contains pressure tapings. Each
tapping has filters that stop any unwanted particles. The tapings connect to a bank of
piezometer tubes at the side of the apparatus which allow measurement of the head
distribution along the tank. 

Removable stainless-steel mesh baffles at each end of the tank hold the permeable medium
(usually sand) in place. At each side of the baffles are end compartments with adjustable
overflow pipes for setting the water levels at each end of the model. The top of the tank is
open to allow students to fill the tank and set up model structures. 

Supplied are clear, self-sealing plates for students to build models of sheet piling, walls and
simulated dams. Included is a dye-injector system to help show flow lines. Around the front
edge of the glass tank are scales to help students position and measure flow nets correctly.
The self-contained apparatus needs only a mains water supply and drain.

2.OBJECTIVE:
TO determine the coefficient of permeability of a soil using constant head method.

3. MATERIALS:
1. Glass tank

2. Mesh screen

3. Rubber sheet

4. Pressure tapings

5. Marker pen and ruler

6. Sand

7. Water pump

4. Steps of process:
1. Set up the apparatus

57 IUL-2018
 2. Fill the glass tank with dry sand creating 3 different levels .Horizontal level = 20
and vertical level=26.8 then it is inclined with a steepest slope.
3. We plot the surface level by using pen and ruler.
4. Determine the angle of slope.
5. As water level rises the slope is liable to collapse and reform to the stability angle for
saturated soil.

5.THEORY AND EVALUATION:

After measuring the vertical(h1) and horizontal(L1) heights we obtain the internal
friction angle for dry soil by using tangential method.

Tan Q saturated =h1/L1

After that we measure L2 and h2 to obtain the internal friction angle for standard soil
by using also tangential method:

Tan Q saturated =h2/L2

Q saturated=tan^-1[(1- ρwater / ρdry)*tan{Qdry}]
Qdry: Internal friction for dry soil
Q saturated: internal friction for saturated soil
6.CALCULATION:
Tan Qdry=opposite/adjacent=20/26.8=0.74
Qdry=36.73
58 IUL-2018
 Tan Q saturated=opposite/adjacent=9/47=0.19
Q saturated=10.84
ρwet <ρdry

7.ANALYSIS :
After calculating the theoretical friction angle we compare it with the measured value .

The result obtained are approximately equal .

8. Here’s the graph representing (H02-H12) as a function of flow rate Q:

Qv
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2 2
Figure 2 represents difference in heights (H – H1 ) as a function of Q.
0

59 IUL-2018