SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - as WWI soldier, he published his thoughts about Hindsight Bias

“social perception” - the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - became one of the first people to experimentally outcome
study on how people’s behavior changes based on - one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned
Social Psychology – is a science that studies the their group environment when he immigrated to U.S. out
influences of our situations, with special attention to - also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon
how we view and affect one another. - Lewin’s Equation:
B = f (P, E) Social Facilitation
Sociology - the study of people in groups and societies. - the tendency of people to perform simple or well-
where: B is behavior, P is person, and E is environment. learned tasks better when others are present.
Big Ideas under Social Psychology - the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely)
“Every person’s behavior is the state of the person and responses in the presence of others.
SOCIAL at the same time on the environment.”
PSYCHOLOGY Research Methods in Social Psychology
Mary Whiton Calkins 1. Forming and Testing Hypotheses
- fought to study Psychology at Harvard University  Theory – is an integrated set of principles that
Social Social considering the policy blocking women from enrolling explain and predict observed events.
Social
- contribution: memory, self-concept, and social justice
Thinking Influence Relations
- first female president of American Psychological  Hypothesis – a testable proposition that describes
Association and American Philosophical Association a relationship that may exist between events.
• How we • Culture • Prejudice
perceive • Pressures to Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark 2. Correlation Research
• Aggression
ourselves and conform - Doll Studies (study the psychological effects of - location:
• Attraction
others • Persuasion segregation on African-American children)  Laboratory – controlled situation
and intimacy
• What we • Groups of - contribution: internalized racism, negative self-esteem  Field – everyday situations
• Helping
believe people in some children
• Judgments - Kenneth is the first African-American president of the - method:
we make American Psychological Association  Correlational – naturally occurring relationships
• Our attitudes among variables
Muzafer Sherif
- Realistic Conflict Theory (a social psychological model  Experimental – seeks clues to cause-effect
wherein when two or more groups that are tasked to relationships by manipulating one or more
BRIEF HISTORY OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY seek the same limited resources, intergroup conflict variables while controlling others
arises)
Kurt Lewin (1890 – 1947) - Robbers Cave Experiment (aims to prove that Ψ Correlation and Causation – allows us to predict
- sometimes referred to as the “father of social intergroup conflict and hostility arises when there is but not tell whether changing one variable will cause
psychology” competition for limited resources, causing them to changes in another.
- born in Poland and came from a conventional Jewish, have negative thoughts and behavior towards the
middle-class family that valued education other groups) Ψ Survey Research
- was absent-minded, habitually late, mechanically  Random sample
inclined tinkerer who loved long, friendly conversations Alice Eagly  Unrepresentative samples
- late in high school: shown some academic promise - Social Role Theory (posits that gender stereotypes  Order of questions
and first considered becoming a country doctor stem from men's traditional role as the primary  Response options
- courageous college activist who organized students breadwinner and women's as homemakers)  Wording of questions
to teach working-class people for free  Framing
- joined the German army (trench soldier for 4 years) Shelly Taylor and Susan Fiske
- wounded and awarded the Iron Cross but his brother - social cognition
died in conflict
- sensed the danger for the WWII and urged her mother Claude Steele and Mahzarin Banaji
to flee with him to America - social cognition
CHAPTER 2: THE SELF AND THE WORLD Ψ Culture and Cognition - example like kung bet mo ng flavor ng ice cream is
a. Independent Self – an individual’s ideal self is chocolate, ina-assume mo na most people also like
Spotlight Effect – the belief that others are paying more largely based on internal, personal qualities chocolate flavor when in fact hindi naman haha char
attention to our appearance and behavior than they
really are. b. Interdependent Self – an individual’s ideal self is False Uniqueness Effect
largely based on social, especially relationships - the tendency to underestimate the commonality of
Illusion of Transparency – the illusion that our with others one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful
concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read behaviors
by others. Ψ Culture and Self-Esteem - is the belief that we are more unique than others
Collectivist Culture Individualistic Culture when it comes to socially desirable traits
Ψ Our ideas and feelings about ourselves affect how Self-esteem is more - similar to Lake Woebegone (the human tendency to
we respond to others, and others help shape our sense Self-esteem tends to overestimate one’s achievements and capabilities in
personal and less
of self. be malleable relation to others)
relational
- example like ikaw nag-e’exercise regularly, you tend
Upward comparison
Self-Concept – what we know and believe about Comparison with others to assume na special ka kase yung ibang tao di naman
is made to facilitate
ourselves. boost their self-esteem. nag-e’exercise
self-improvement

Social Comparison Self-Presentation Theory

3. Self-Schema Theory
- evaluating one’s abilities and opinions by comparing - the tendency to adjust the self and perform in slightly
- we create mental structure that direct the self’s
oneself with others different ways for varying others to gain social influence
attention
- is sometimes based on incomplete information and - inclined with impression management
- beliefs about self that organize and guide the
can also diminish our satisfaction in other ways - includes three tactics:
processing of self-relevant information.
 Other-enhancement and Opinion Conformity
Theories in Acquiring Self-Concept a. Other-enhancement – a short-term
Planning Fallacy
1. Social Comparison Theory impression management tactic where people
- is one specific type of optimistic bias
- we compare ourselves to others compliment another person and seem to
- is unjustified confidence that one’s own project, unlike
- proposes that we use social comparisons to construct admire them to increase liking and attraction
similar projects, will proceed as planned
our self-concept, especially when we have no other and gain social influence
objective standard available to us
Impact Bias - overestimating the enduring impact of
- has two types: b. Opinion Conformity – a person tends to
emotion-causing events.
a. Upward Social Comparison – compares in order change his own opinion in order to conform to
to get ideas or tips on how to look better. the different opinions held by other people.
Self-Esteem – pertains to the individual’s subjective,
personal evaluation of their self-concept, including
b. Downward Social Comparison – compares in  Self-Enhancement and Entitlements
judgments made about self-worth.
order to uplift one’s negative experience into a a. Self-Enhancement – people imply that their
good one. actual accomplishments are more significant
Self-Efficacy – is the degree to which individuals believe
than they appear to be.
that they are capable of completing a specific task or
2. Social Identity Theory
achieving a particular goal.
- culture creates expectations about how the self b. Entitlement – a person takes credit for
should behave positive events he or she was not a part of.
Self-Serving Bias – a tendency to perceive oneself
- includes:
favorably.
a. Individualism - the concept of giving priority to  Conspicuous Consumption – publicly displaying
one’s own goals over group goals and defining the use of expensive products in an attempt to
False Consensus Effect
one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather impress others.
- named and described by Lee Ross
than group identifications.
- the tendency to overestimate the commonality of
References:
one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful
b. Collectivism - giving priority to the goals of one’s
behaviors
group (often one’s extended family or work group) Bacani, M. K. (2019). Powerpoint Presentations and
- the false assumption that other people share our
and defining one’s identity accordingly. Syllabus in Social Psychology
values, perceptions and beliefs
Myers, D. and Twenge, J. (2015). Social Psychology (12th
Edition)