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A brief history of $R_0$ and a recipe for its calculation.

Article  in  Acta Biotheoretica · February 2002


DOI: 10.1023/A:1016599411804

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1 author:

J.A.P. Heesterbeek
Utrecht University
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Acta Biotheoretica 50: 189–204, 2002.


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