water

Article
Flow Measurements Using a Sluice Gate; Analysis
of Applicability
Elżbieta Kubrak 1 , Janusz Kubrak 2, * , Adam Kiczko 2 and Michał Kubrak 3
1 Water Center of Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 6, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
elzbieta_kubrak@sggw.pl
2 Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland;
adam_kiczko@sggw.pl
3 Department of Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Building Services, Warsaw University of
Technology, 00-653 Warszawa, Poland; michal.kubrak@pw.edu.pl
* Correspondence: janusz_kubrak@sggw.pl; Tel.: +48-22-593-5275




Received: 10 February 2020; Accepted: 11 March 2020; Published: 14 March 2020


Abstract: This study analyzes the possibilities of using an irrigation sluice gate in submerged
conditions to measure water flow rate. Hydraulic experiments on sluice gate discharge capacity
were performed on a model made on a 1:2 scale. Measurements were taken for the submerged flow
of the sluice gate. Nomograms and relationships for discharge coefficients of the analyzed sluice
gate were developed. The possibility of using the existing nomogram for discharge capacity of the
submerged sluice gate to determine the discharge capacity of the modeled gate was also investigated.
The effect of narrowing of the sluice gate cross-section resulting from different mounting techniques
on its capacity was explained. The analyses confirmed the possibility of using the formulas for the
submerged sluice gate to estimate the flow through the irrigation sluice gate.

Keywords: discharge coefficient; submerged flow; sluice gate; irrigation channels

1. Introduction
The use of existing sluice gates in irrigation hydraulic constructions after their calibration to
measure the water flow rate is not a new problem [1–9]. The water flow through the sluice gate has
long been the subject of numerous theoretical analyzes, and laboratory and field experiments [10,11].
Depending on the water depth downstream the gate from its edge, two hydraulic conditions can be
distinguished: free and submerged flows. Free flow conditions are present when the downstream
water depth is below the gate invert and downstream water depth has no effect on the flow under the
gate. Submerged flow means the rise of downstream water level above the gate invert and downstream
water affects upstream water depth. On the basis of numerous hydraulic experiments, the values
of the discharge coefficients used in one-dimensional formulas were determined, linking the water
depths upstream and downstream, the gate, and the gate opening height and its width with the water
flow rate for both of these flow forms. Most of these experiments were carried out in a flume with a
horizontal bottom, a rectangular cross-section and a width, corresponding to the width of the gate.
The use of these formulas and coefficients to determine the flow rate for submerged gate outlets in
hydraulic structures of irrigation canals, such as intake gates, requires the clarification of many issues,
including the most important:

• Is it possible to use the given formulas and discharge coefficients determined for the submerged
gate outflow for structures with the gate installed in intake canals with trapezoidal cross-sections?

Water 2020, 12, 819; doi:10.3390/w12030819 www.mdpi.com/journal/water

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•• should the
Where should the downstream
downstream water
waterdepth
depthmeasured
measuredforforthe
thesubmerged
submergedgate
gatebe,
be,installed
installed
inin
a
a canal with rectangular cross-section, to ensure a good fit between measured and calculated
canal with rectangular cross-section, to ensure a good fit between measured and calculated flow
flow rates?
rates?
•• How does the construction of guides necessary for lifting the gate (changing the width of the
opening in relation to the width of the channel) affect the values of the flow coefficients for the
submerged flow conditions?
An
An attempt
attempttotoanswer
answerthese
thesequestions was
questions was thethe
goal of the
goal hydraulic
of the hydraulicexperiments undertaken
experiments and
undertaken
described in this work. Because, in practice, unsubmerged flow conditions in irrigation
and described in this work. Because, in practice, unsubmerged flow conditions in irrigation intake intake
structures
structures rarely occur, the
rarely occur, the study
study focuses
focuses on
on the
the submerged
submerged flow
flow in
in the
the sluice
sluicegate.
gate.

Methods
2. Methods

2.1. One-Dimensional
2.1. One-Dimensional Description
Description of
of the
the Sluice
Sluice Gate
Gate Flow
Flow
In submerged
In submergedconditions
conditions of aofsluice gate flow,
a sluice gatea flow,
hydraulic jump is formed
a hydraulic jump immediately downstream
is formed immediately
of the gate. This jump can take the form shown in Figure 1a, when the water
downstream of the gate. This jump can take the form shown in Figure 1a, when the water depth depth h z at the hgate
z at
outflow is noticeably lower than the water depth h in a downstream
the gate outflow is noticeably lower than the water depth h in a downstream channelchannel (h z < h) or
(hza<form
h) orof a
the submerged
form hydraulic
of the submerged jump (Figure
hydraulic jump 1b), when
(Figure thewhen
1b), waterthe
depth
waterhzdepth
is close
hzto
is the water
close depth
to the water in
the downstream
depth in the downstream (hz ≈ h).(h
channel channel The water
z ≈ h). Theprofile downstream
water profile of the gate
downstream of thefor thefor
gate hydraulic jump
the hydraulic
formed
jump is unstable
formed and wavy
is unstable (Fig. 1a).
and wavy (Figure 1a).

Figure
Figure 1.
1. Submerged
Submerged flowflow under
under the
the gate:
gate: (a)
(a) water
water depth
depth h hzz immediately
immediately downstream
downstream of of the
the gate
gate is
is
noticeably lower than the downstream water depth h (h < h), (b) the tailwater curve is always
noticeably lower than the downstream water depth h (hz < h), (b) the tailwater curve is always above
z above
the
the jump
jump curve (hzz ≈≈h).
curve (h h).

The flow rate of the submerged sluice gate is calculated on the basis
basis of
of velocity
velocity vv11 at depth hzz
determined using the equation of energy conservation between Sections 0-0 and
and 1-1:
1-1:
= 2q( − ℎ ) (1)
Q = µab 2g(H0 − hz ) (1)
The values of the discharge coefficient µ for free flow (unsubmerged) are = ϕ, where ε—
contraction coefficients,
The values of the defined as the
discharge ratio of µ
coefficient a final cross-sectional
for free are µopening,
area of the gate
flow (unsubmerged) = εφ, ifwhere
only
normal stresses act, the magnitude of this coefficient will depend entirely on the boundary
ε—contraction coefficients, defined as the ratio of a final cross-sectional area of the gate opening, if only geometry
(H/a);
normalφ—velocity
stresses act,coefficients defined
the magnitude as coefficient
of this the ratio between
will depend the actual velocity
entirely on theof a water stream
boundary geometry at
vena-contracta and theoretical velocity of the stream and depth in cross-section
(H/a); φ—velocity coefficients defined as the ratio between the actual velocity of a water stream at1-1 given by ℎ = a.
The values of contraction
vena-contracta coefficients
and theoretical velocityεofforthethe free flow
stream conditions
and depth are determined
in cross-section on the
1-1 given h1 = εa.
by basis of
hydraulic
The valuesexperiments,
of contraction which can be found
coefficients ε for inthethe literature
free [12,13]. Inare
flow conditions a one-dimensional
determined on the description
basis of
of the submerged
hydraulic sluicewhich
experiments, gate flow,
can bethe location
found in theof literature
cross-section 1-1, In
[12,13]. where the depth hz necessary
a one-dimensional descriptionin
Equation (1) should
of the submerged be measured,
sluice gate flow,isthe
notlocation
clearly defined. With the1-1,
of cross-section submerged
where the jump,
depthit is
hzassumed
necessarythat
in
the depth h is equal to the depth of the downstream i.e., h ≈ h (Figure 1b).
Equation (1) should be measured, is not clearly defined. With the submerged jump, it is assumed that
z z

To calculate
the depth the to
hz is equal flow
the of the of
depth submerged
the downstream sluice gate
i.e., hwith
z ≈ ha(Figure
submerged
1b). jump, the relationship
derived for a free flow is also used, where the depth in cross-section 1-1 is given with the relationship
ℎ = a [14]:
= 2 (2)
Water 2020, 12, 819 3 of 14

To calculate the flow of the submerged sluice gate with a submerged jump, the relationship
derived for a free flow is also used, where the depth in cross-section 1-1 is given with the relationship
Water 2020, 12, x 3 of 15
h1 = εa [14]: p
Q = Cd ab 2gH (2)
The discharge coefficient Cd (2) is defined as follows:
The discharge coefficient Cd (2) is defined as follows:
=
ε (3)
C =1 + q d (3)
1 + ε Ha
According to Swamee (1992) [15], the sluice gate is submerged, if the following condition (Figure 2)
is fulfilled:
According to Swamee (1992) [15], the sluice gate is submerged, if the following condition (Figure 2)
is fulfilled: ℎ !. 0.72
H < 0.81h h (4)
H < 0.81h (4)
a
where H—water depth upstream the gate, h—water level downstream the gate, a—gate opening
where
height.H—water depth upstream the gate, h—water level downstream the gate, a—gate opening height.

Figure
Figure 2.2.Sluice gategate
Sluice flow: (a) free
flow: (a)flow
freeatflow
outflow (unsubmerged);
at outflow (b) submerged
(unsubmerged); outflow [15].
(b) submerged outflow
(Swamee, 1992).
Swamee (1992) [15], based on the Henry (1950) [16] studies on free and submerged flows under
Swamee
the sluice (1992)
gate, [15], based
confirmed lateronbythe Henry (1950)
Rajaratnam and [16] studies on(1967)
Subramanya free and[17],submerged
developedflows under
regression
the sluice gate,for
dependencies confirmed later coefficients
the discharge by Rajaratnam and
Cd. In theSubramanya (1967)
case of the free flow[17], developed
conditions, theregression
discharge
coefficients
dependencies depended on the upper
for the discharge water depth
coefficients H the
Cd . In andcasethe opening height
of the free flow of the gate a.the
conditions, However,
dischargein
the case of the
coefficients submerged
depended on theoutflow,
upper water depth H and
it is necessary to condition
the openingits height
value on downstream
of the gate water
a. However, in
depth
the caseh.ofSwamee (1992) [15]
the submerged provided
outflow, a relationship
it is necessary describing
to condition theondependency
its value the downstream of the discharge
water depth
h. Swameefor
coefficient the [15]
(1992) submerged
provided sluice in the following
a relationship describingform:the dependency of the discharge coefficient
for the submerged sluice in the following form: .
− .
ℎ .
C = 0.611 ( −ℎ) . 0.32 0.81ℎ −
+15  !0.72 0.7 −1
H − a 0.072 h

(5)
 
(H − h)0.7  0.7 
  
Cd = 0.611 0.32 0.81h − H + ( H − h ) (5)
   
H + 15a (

a
 
.
+ − ℎ)

   


Introducing the above equation to Equation (2) allows computation of flow rate:
Introducing the above equation to Equation (2) allows computation of flow rate:
 0.7 −1
 ℎ . h 0.72 . 

p −  H. − a 0.072  ! 
0.7  0.7 
Q = 0.864ab gH ( ( H. − h ) 0.32 0.81h − H  + (H −. h) 
( (6)

Q = 0.864ab − ℎ) 0.32 0.81ℎ − + − ℎ)  (6)
+ 15 H + 15a

a

  
 



The variability
variabilityofofthethe discharge
discharge coefficient
coefficient givengiven by Equation
by Equation (5) as a(5) as a function
function of depthsof depths
upstream
H h
and downstream
upstream the gate, and
and downstream the gate
gate,opening
and gateheight = f a ; a ,=is given
Cd height
opening ; in, is
Figure
given3.in Figure 3.
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Figure 3. Values of discharge coefficient for different H/a and h/a ratios in the case of a free and
Figure 3. Values
submerged of discharge
flow through coefficient
the sluice for different H/a and h/a ratios in the case of a free and
gate [15].
submerged flow through the sluice gate [15].
The given relationships for submerged sluice gate flow were determined for hydraulic experiments
carried
Theout in a horizontal
given channel
relationships for with a rectangular
submerged sluicecross-section
gate flow andwerethedetermined
width equal for
to the width of
hydraulic
the gate. The flow through the irrigation sluice gate takes for different inflow conditions,
experiments carried out in a horizontal channel with a rectangular cross-section and the width equal shaped by
thethe
to trapezoidal
width ofcross-section
the gate. Theof the
flowupstream
throughandthedownstream channels.
irrigation sluice gate takes for different inflow
conditions, shaped by the trapezoidal cross-section of the upstream and downstream channels.
2.2. Studies on Submerged Flow through Irrigation Sluice Gate
2.2. Studies on Submerged
Hydraulic Flow
experiments onthrough Irrigation
discharge Sluice
capacity usingGate
a model of the irrigation sluice gate installed in
the trapezoidal
Hydraulic canal were performed
experiments on discharge in a hydraulic laboratory
capacity using a modelat theof Faculty of Civilsluice
the irrigation and Environmental
gate installed
Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW).
in the trapezoidal canal were performed in a hydraulic laboratory at the Faculty The gate model was ofbuilt on aand
Civil 1:2
scale, comparedEngineering,
Environmental to the prototype Warsaw structures used inofpractice
University [18]. The
Life Sciences gate is made of The
(WULS-SGGW). rectangular
gate model PVC
with dimensions of 0.43 ×
was built on a 1:2 scale, compared to the prototype structures used in practice [18]. The gate is made1
0.50 m and thickness of 0.018 m. Two test cases were included. In Case
(V1),
of the gate guides
rectangular PVC with were narrowingof
dimensions the width
0.43 of the
× 0.50 m andopening fromof
thickness 0.40 m to
0.018 = 0.34
m.b Two m cases
test (Figurewere4a).
In Case 2 In
included. (V2),
Casethe1 guides were
(V1), the gateshaped
guidesin the narrowing
were abutment walls in such
the width a way
of the that they
opening from did notmreduce
0.40 to b =
the opening width. The channel width at the outflow was b = 0.40 m
0.34 m (Figure 4a). In Case 2 (V2), the guides were shaped in the abutment walls in such a way that (Figure 4b).
Thenot
they did sluice gatethe
reduce model was width.
opening supplied The from a closed
channel widthwater
at thecycle of thewas
outflow hydraulic
b = 0.40laboratory.
m (Figure 4b). The
water flow rate was measured by an induction flow meter. It was
The sluice gate model was supplied from a closed water cycle of the hydraulic laboratory. Thepossible to change downstream
water flow
water conditions
rate was by fixing
measuredthe water
by andepth.
induction A hinged overflow
flow meter. gatepossible
It was mountedtoatchangea distance of 3.20 m
downstream
belowconditions
water the sluice gate was used
by fixing for this.
the water The overflow
depth. A hingedgate settinggate
overflow allowed to simulate
mounted the downstream
at a distance of 3.20 m
water depth in the drainage channel, shaped by changing flow conditions,
below the sluice gate was used for this. The overflow gate setting allowed to simulate the downstream caused in practice by the
increase of flow resistance in the canal due to vegetation growth.
water depth in the drainage channel, shaped by changing flow conditions, caused in practice by After stabilizing the water levels,
the
upstreamofand
increase flow downstream
resistance in depths were due
the canal measured in the channel
to vegetation growth. axis using
After pin gauges
stabilizing theequipped with
water levels,
a contact indicator.
upstream and downstream The accuracy
depthsofwere the pin gauge was
measured 0.1 mm.
in the channel Theaxis
downstream
using pinwatergauges depths were
equipped
measured
with in a indicator.
a contact cross-sectionThelocated
accuracy 3.035ofm thebelow the valve,
pin gauge waswhile
0.1 mm. the The
water depths in the
downstream upper
water stand
depths
were measured in a cross-section located 3.035 m below the valve, while the water depths in and
were measured at a distance of 2.0 m in front of the gate model (Figure 4c). The measured upper the
downstream
upper stand were water depths were
measured used to of
at a distance calculate
2.0 m inthe flow
front of coefficients
the gate model for the submerged
(Figure 4c). The flow of the
measured
sluice and
upper gate.downstream
Depth measurements
water depths were made
were usedfortogate openings
calculate the aflow
within (0.031 ÷ for
coefficients 0.101)
them. In the V1
submerged
400 and V2 1200 experiments, Q ∈ ( 10.7 ÷ 51.0 ) dm 3 s−1 was performed. The experiment was initiated
flow of the sluice gate. Depth measurements were made for gate openings a within (0.031 ÷ 0.101)
withInthe
m. smallest
the V1 400 flow rateV2
and at which it was possible to∈obtain
1200 experiments, (10.7 ÷ a 51.0)
submerged sluice wasgate flow. The flow
performed. The
rate was then
experiment wasincreased
initiatedtowith
a value the at which the
smallest flowupstream wateritdepth
rate at which H did not
was possible toexceed
obtainchannel banks.
a submerged
sluice gate flow. The flow rate was then increased to a value at which the upstream water depth H
did not exceed channel banks.
Water 2020, 12, 819 5 of 14
Water 2020, 12, x 5 of 15

Figure 4. The4.sluice
Figure Thegate model:
sluice gate(a) the view
model: (a) from the downstream
the view stand in casestand
from the downstream V1, (b)
indepth measurement
case V1, (b) depth
pointsmeasurement
in case V1, (c)points
depthinmeasurement pointsmeasurement
case V1, (c) depth in case V2 (dimensions in meters).
points in case V2 (dimensions in meters).

In addition,
addition,ininCase
CaseV1V138,38,
downstream
downstream water profiles
water were
profiles taken
were on the
taken onbasis of measured
the basis water
of measured
depths,
water along the
depths, channel
along axis, using
the channel axis, ausing
water gauge gauge
a water mounted on a carrier.
mounted The first
on a carrier. Themeasuring cross-
first measuring
section was 0.035
cross-section was m below
0.035 the gate.
m below theThe distances
gate. between
The distances successive
between sectionssections
successive were equal
weretoequal
0.10 m.
to
After exceeding the distance of 1.035 m below the gate, subsequent sections were at a distance of 0.50
m. The last measuring section was at a distance of 3.035 m below the gate (Figure 4b).
Water 2020, 12, 819 6 of 14

Water 2020, 12, x 6 of 15

0.10 m. After exceeding the distance of 1.035 m below the gate, subsequent sections were at a distance
The
of 0.50 m.downstream water depth
The last measuring sectionh was
wasdefined as the depth
at a distance inm
of 3.035 thebelow
trapezoidal
the gatecross-section
(Figure 4b).channel
with The
a width in the bottom equal to 0.20 m, slope inclination 1:1, bottom
downstream water depth h was defined as the depth in the trapezoidal cross-section fall 0.5‰, and variable
channel
roughness coefficients: 0.031 m −1/3s, 0.034 m−1/3s and 0.037 m−1/3s. The values of Manning roughness
with a width in the bottom equal to 0.20 m, slope inclination 1:1, bottom fall 0.5%, and variable
coefficientscoefficients:
roughness were calculated
0.031 by
m−1/3 thes, relationship
0.034 m−1/3 s given by Gwinn
and 0.037 m−1/3 s. and
The Ree (1980)
values [19], which
of Manning makes
roughness
their values dependent on grass height, product of water velocity v in the channel,
coefficients were calculated by the relationship given by Gwinn and Ree (1980) [19], which makes their and hydraulic
radius dependent
values vR. The downstream water
on grass height, levelsofwere
product watersetvelocity
up using
v inathe
weir mounted
channel, downstream
and hydraulic of the
radius vR.
laboratory flume (Figure 4), based on the calculated flow curves for given
The downstream water levels were set up using a weir mounted downstream of the laboratory flume values of roughness
coefficients.
(Figure 4), based on the calculated flow curves for given values of roughness coefficients.

3. Results
Based on the downstream water profiles measured in Case V1, the water flow rate Q Qcc and the
Q−Qc
percentage deviation ∆Q ΔQ of the
the measured
measured flowflow Q Q from
from the
thecalculated
calculated(∆Q (Δ = Q ⋅· 100
100 [% ]) using
relationship (6) were obtained. On this basis, it was possible to determine the downstream
relationship (6) were obtained. On this basis, it was possible to determine the downstream water depth
water
h d , which allowed to obtain a flow rate equal to the measured one, i.e., the percentage deviation
depth hd, which allowed to obtain a flow rate equal to the measured one, i.e., the percentage deviation was
zero ∆Q = 0 (Figure 5). The analysis allowed us to specify the measurement cross-section,
was zero ΔQ = 0 (Figure 5). The analysis allowed us to specify the measurement cross-section, where where depth
h d washobserved
depth at distance Ld from
d was observed at distance Ldthe gate
from the(Figure 5).
gate (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Procedure to determine the measurement cross-section for downstream water depth hd ,
Figure 5.that
ensuring Procedure to determine
the discharge theusing
calculated, measurement cross-section
Equation (6), for observed
is equal to the downstream water
one; Lc —thedepth hd,
distance
from the gate
ensuring thattothe
thedischarge
measurement cross-section.
calculated, using Equation (6), is equal to the observed one; Lc—the
distance from the gate to the measurement cross-section.
The water level profiles measured in the V1 case for the conditions of submerged sluice gate
flow The
and water
irrigation
levelcanal capacity,
profiles parametrized
measured in the V1using a constant
case for value ofofroughness
the conditions submerged coefficient in
sluice gate
select experiments, are shown in Figure 6. The figure also shows the percentage deviation ∆Q
flow and irrigation canal capacity, parametrized using a constant value of roughness coefficient in of the
measured flow rate are
select experiments, from the calculated
shown in Figurevalues.
6. The figure also shows the percentage deviation ΔQ of the
The distance
measured flow rateLdfrom
from the
the gate to the
calculated cross-section in which the measured downstream water
values.
depth hd ensures agreement between the calculated and observed flow rates is independent from the
roughness coefficient in the downstream channel and increases with the height of the gate opening a.
For the opening height a = 0.06 m, the depth hd should be measured in the cross-section located at
a distance Ld ≈ 10a downstream of the gate valve. Increasing the sluice gate opening to a height of
a = 0.08·m means that the downstream water depths should be measured at a distance of about Ld ≈
15a. Increasing the gate opening to a = 0.10 m shifts the measuring cross-section to a distance of Ld ≈
18a (Figure 7).
Water 2020, 12, 819 7 of 14
Water 2020, 12, x 7 of 15

-1/3
a=0.06m, n=0.031 m s -1/3
a=0.06m, n=0.031 m s
0.50
15
0.45
10
0.40
5

ΔQ=(Q-Qc)/Q*100 [%]
0.35
water depth [m]

0
0.30
-5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.25
-10
0.20
-15
0.15 Q=0.015 m3/s
Q=0.019 m3/s -20 Q=0.015 m3/s , H=0.229 m
0.10 Q=0.022 m3/s Q=0.019 m3/s , H=0.287 m
Q=0.026 m3/s -25 Q=0.022 m3/s , H=0.333 m
0.05
Q=0.029 m3/s -30 Q=0.026 m3/s , H=0.388 m
0.00 Q=0.029 m3/s , H=0.447 m
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 -35
distance from the sluice gate [m]
distance from tle sluice gate [m]
-1/3
-1/3
a=0.08m, n=0.031 m s
a=0.08m, n=0.031 m s
0.50 15
0.45 10
0.40 5

ΔQ=(Q-Qc)/Q*100 [%]
0.35 0
water depth [m]

0.30 -5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

0.25 -10
0.20 -15
0.15 Q=0.015 m3/s -20 Q=0.015 m3/s , H=0.216 m
Q=0.020 m3/s Q=0.020 m3/s , H=0.268 m
0.10 Q=0.025 m3/s -25 Q=0.025 m3/s , H=0.328 m
0.05 Q=0.030 m3/s -30 Q=0.030 m3/s , H=0.395 m
Q=0.035 m3/s Q=0.035 m3/s , H=0.444 m
0.00 -35
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 distance from the sluice gate [m]
distance from the sluice gate [m]
-1/3
-1/3 a=0.10m, n=0.031 m s
a=0.10m, n=0.031 m s 15
0.50
10
0.45
5
ΔQ=(Q-Qc)/Q*100 [%]

0.40
0.35 0
water depth [m]

0.30 -5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

0.25 -10
0.20 -15
0.15 -20
Q=0.018 m3/s Q=0.018 m3/s , H=0.221 m
0.10 Q=0.023 m3/s Q=0.023 m3/s , H=0,258 m
Q=0.025 m3/s
-25
0.05 Q=0.025 m3/s , H=0.276 m
Q=0.034 m3/s -30 Q=0,034 m3/s , H=0.352 m
0.00
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 -35
distance from the sluice gate [m] distance from the sluice gate [m]

Figure 6. Measured
Figure 6. Measuredwater
water level profilesdownstream
level profiles downstream of theofgate
the in
gate
CaseinV1Case V1 experiments
experiments for the for the
submerged
submerged sluice gate
sluice gateand
andconstant roughness
constant roughness coefficients
coefficients in theinchannel,
the channel, with percentage
with percentage deviation deviation
Water 2020, 12, x 8 of 15
∆Q ofΔQ of measured
the the measured flowrate
flow rate Q
Q from
from the
thecalculated Qc Qc
calculated on the
onbasis of the of
the basis measured depths. depths.
the measured

The distance 3.0

Ld from the gate to the cross-section in which the measured downstream water
2.8 a =0.06m, n=0.031 m-1/3s from the
depth hd ensures agreement
2.6
between the calculated and observed flow rates is independent
a =0.06m, n=0.034m-1/3s
roughness coefficient
2.4 in the downstream channel and increases with the height of the gate opening
a. For the opening2.2
height a = 0.06 m, the depth hd should be measured inathe=0.06m, n=0.037m-1/3slocated at
cross-section
2.0 a =0.08m, n=0.031m-1/3s
a distance Ld ≈ 10a1.8downstream of the gate valve. Increasing the sluice gate opening to a height of a
Ld [-]

= 0.08 m means that a =0.08m,

1.6the downstream water depths should be measured at a distance n=0.034m-1/3s
of about Ld ≈ 15a.
Increasing the gate1.4opening to a = 0.10 m shifts the measuring cross-section
a =0.08m,
to an=0.037m-1/3s
distance of Ld ≈ 18a
1.2
(Figure 7). a =0.10m, n=0.031m-1/3s
1.0
0.8 a =0.10m, n=0.034m-1/3s
0.6 a =0.10m, n=0.037m-1/3s
0.4
0.2
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
H/a

Figure 7. Changes in the Ld distance between the gate and the cross-sections, wherein the measured
Figure 7. Changes in the Ld distance between the gate and the cross-sections, wherein the measured
downstream water depth hd ensures that calculated flow rate equals the measured one, showed in the
downstream water depth hd ensures that calculated flow rate equals the measured one, showed in the
function of H/a.
function of H/a.

The downstream water depths thus determined were compared with the depths h measured at
a distance of 3.035 m from the gate, corresponding to the downstream measurement location of the
real structure (Figure 8).

0.32 hd - a =0.06m, n=0.031m-1/3s

 0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
H/a

Figure 7. Changes in the Ld distance between the gate and the cross-sections, wherein the measured
Water 2020, downstream
12, 819 water depth hd ensures that calculated flow rate equals the measured one, showed in the 8 of 14
function of H/a.

The downstream
The downstream water depths
water thus
depths thusdetermined
determined were comparedwith
were compared withthe
thedepths
depths h measured
h measured at at a
distance of 3.035
a distance of m from
3.035 the gate,
m from corresponding
the gate, to the
corresponding downstream
to the downstreammeasurement
measurement location ofthe
location of the real
real structure
structure (Figure 8).
(Figure 8).

0.32 hd - a =0.06m, n=0.031m-1/3s

hd - a =0.06m, n=0.034m-1/3s
0.30 hd - a =0.06m, n=0.037m-1/3s
hd - a =0.08m, n=0.031m-1/3s
0.28 hd - a =0.08m, n=0.034m-1/3s
hd - a =0.08m, n=0,037m-1/3s
0.26 hd - a =0.10m, n=0.031m-1/3s
hd, h [m]

hd - a =0.10m, n=0.034m-1/3s
hd - a =0.10m, n=0.037m-1/3s
0.24
h - a =0.06 m, n=0.031 m-1.3s
h - a =0.06 m, n=0.034 m-1/3s
0.22
h - a =0.06 m, n=0.037 m-1/3s
h - a =0.08 m, n=0.031 m-1/3s
0.20 h - a =0.08 m, n=0.034 m-1/3s
h - a =0.08 m, n=0.037 m-1/3s
0.18 h - a =0.10 m, n=0.031 m-1/3s
h - a =0.10 m, n=0.034 m-1/3s
0.16 h - a =0.10 m, n=0.037 m-1/3s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
H/a [-]

Figure 8. Comparison
Figure 8. Comparison of of
thethe
water
waterdepths
depthshh measured inthe
measured in thecross-section
cross-section 3.035
3.035 m downstream
m downstream of theof the
gate and
gate the
and depth
the depthhd hensuring
d ensuring agreement
agreement between themeasured
between the measured and
and calculated
calculated discharge,
discharge, according
according
to Equation (6). (6).
to Equation

At large gategate
At large openings
openings (a (a= =0.10 m, aa =
0.10m, 0.08 m)
= 0.08 m)and
andsmall
smallh/ah/a ratios
ratios (for(for downstream
downstream waterwater
depths),
depths), e.g.,e.g., = 2 =and
(h/a(h/a 2 and = =3),3),the
h/ah/a thedifferences
differences between
betweenthe thedepth
depth hdhused
d usedto calculate
to the
calculate flow
the Qc Qc
flow
and the depth h measured at the end of the analyzed section, at a distance
and the depth h measured at the end of the analyzed section, at a distance of 3.035 m from the gate, of 3.035 m from the gate,
are small;
are small; as aas a result,
result, thethe flow
flow ratesmeasured
rates measured and and calculated
calculated are areequal.
equal.TheThevalues of the
values of discharge
the discharge
coefficient calculated on the basis of the measured flow rate and flow rate determined on the basis of
coefficient calculated on the basis of the measured flow rate and flow rate determined on the basis
relationship (5) using the measured depth are also equal. With smaller openings (a = 0.06 m) and
of relationship (5) using the measured depth are also equal. With smaller openings (a = 0.06 m) and
large h/a ratios, the differences between h and hd depths noticeably increase (Figure 8). For example,
largewith
h/a ratios, the differences
the opening between
height a = 0.06 m andhthe and hd H/a
ratio depths noticeably
= 7.85, the depth increase (Figure 8).water
of the downstream For example,
was
with hthe opening
d = 0.255 m (Figure = 0.06
height8)aand shouldm and the ratioatH/a
be measured = 7.85,from
a distance the depth
the gateofLdthe downstream
= 0.65 m (Figure 7).water
The was
hd = calculated
0.255 m (Figure
ratio of8)the
anddownstream
should be measured
water depth at atodistance from the height
the gate-opening = 0.65then
gate Ldwould m (Figure
be equal7). The
calculated ratio The
hd/a·=·4.25. of the downstream
measured water depth
cross-section to the distance
at constant gate-openingfrom theheight
gatewould then
at 3.035 be equal h
m provides a d /a =
measured downstream water depth equal to h = 0.283 m, changing the
4.25. The measured cross-section at constant distance from the gate at 3.035 m provides a measuredvalue of the ratio h/a =·4.72.
downstream water depth equal to h = 0.283 m, changing the value of the ratio h/a = 4.72. Changing
this ratio from hd /a = 4.25 to h/a = 4.72 results in different values of the discharge coefficient as that
shown in Figure 3. The discharge coefficient calculated for the depth in the cross-section, in which the
measured flow corresponds to the calculated flow, is determined from the curve in Figure 3, given by
the ratio hd /a = 4.25 ≈ 4.0, while the discharge coefficient calculated for the depth hd measured in a
constant measuring cross-section is given by a curve for h/a = 4.72 ≈ 5.0. This means that the discharge
coefficients calculated on the basis of the downstream water depth measured in the cross-section
located at a constant distance from the valve equal to 3.035 m will be grater. Figure 9 compares the
discharge coefficients Cd calculated directly from the measurements and Cdc from relationship (5).
3, given by the ratio hd/a = 4.25 ≈ 4.0, while the discharge coefficient calculated for the depth hd
measured in a constant measuring cross-section is given by a curve for h/a = 4.72 ≈ 5.0. This means
that the discharge coefficients calculated on the basis of the downstream water depth measured in
the cross-section located at a constant distance from the valve equal to 3.035 m will be grater. Figure
9 compares the discharge coefficients Cd calculated directly from the measurements and Cdc from
Water 2020, 12, 819 9 of 14
relationship (5).

0.60 0.60
0.55 0.55
0.50 0.50
0.45 0.45
0.40 0.40
Cd, Cdc

Cd, Cdc
0.35 0.35
0.30 0.30
0.25 0.25
h/a=6, Cd
0.20 h/a=2, Cd 0.20
0.15 h/a=2, Cdc
0.15 h/a=6, Cdc
0.10 0.10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
H/a H/a

0.60 0.60
0.55 0.55
0.50 0.50
0.45 0.45
Cd, Cdc

0.40 0.40

Cd, Cdc
0.35 0.35
0.30 0.30
0.25 h/a=3, Cd 0.25 h/a=7, Cd
0.20 0.20
0.15 h/a=3, Cdc 0.15 h/a=7, Cdc
0.10 0.10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
H/a H/a

0.60 0.60
0.55 0.55
0.50 0.50
0.45 0.45
Cd, Cdc

Cd, Cdc

0.40 0.40
0.35 0.35
0.30 0.30
0.25 0.25
h/a=4, Cd 0.20 h/a=8, Cd
0.20
0.15 h/a=4 Cdc 0.15 h/a=8, Cdc
0.10 0.10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
H/a H/a

0.60 0.60
0.55 0.55
0.50 0.50
0.45 0.45
Cd, Cdc

0.40 0.40
Cd, Cdc

0.35 0.35
0.30 0.30
0.25 0.25
0.20 h/a=5, Cd h/a=9, Cd
0.20
0.15 h/a=5, Cdc. 0.15 h/a=9, Cdc
0.10 0.10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
H/a H/a

Figure 9. Discharge coefficients Cd calculated on the basis of measurements in experiments in the V2

Figure 9. Discharge coefficients Cd calculated on the basis of measurements in experiments in the V2
case and from the Swamee [15] Cdc relationship (5).
case and from the Swamee [10] Cdc relationship (5).
Because there is a clear relationship between depth hd and depth h measured in the measuring
cross-section located at a distance of 3.035 m from the gate (Figure 8), it was assumed that it is possible
to calculate the correct flow rate for the submerged outflow of the sluice gate using a correction factor
for the discharge coefficient (or flow rate) for depth h measured at the end of the analyzed section.
Percentage deviation of the Cd and Cdc discharge coefficients calculated for the V1 and V2
experimental cases are shown in Figure 10 as a function of h/a. Cd was calculated using relationship
(2) with measured value of the flow rate Q and upper water depth H, while Cdc with relationship (5),
Water 2020, 12, x 10 of 15

Because there is a clear relationship between depth hd and depth h measured in the measuring
cross-section located at a distance of 3.035 m from the gate (Figure 8), it was assumed that it is possible
to calculate
Water 2020, 12,the
819 correct flow rate for the submerged outflow of the sluice gate using a correction factor10 of 14
for the discharge coefficient (or flow rate) for depth h measured at the end of the analyzed section.
Percentage deviation of the Cd and Cdc discharge coefficients calculated for the V1 and V2
based on upper
experimental water
cases aredepth
shownHinand downstream
Figure h in the of
10 as a function cross-section
h/a. Cd waslocated at a distance
calculated of 3.035 m
using relationship
from the gate. The percentage deviation is defined as follows:
(2) with measured value of the flow rate Q and upper water depth H, while Cdc with relationship (5),
based on upper water depth H and downstream h in the cross-section located at a distance of 3.035
Cd − Cdc
m from the gate. The percentage deviation ∆Cd = is defined as· 100 [%]
follows: (7)
Cd
−
Logarithmic curves were fittedΔto the = points in ⋅Figure
100 %10: (9)
• For V1: curves were fitted to the points in Figure 10:
Logarithmic
∆Cd = 25.083 ln(h/a) − 22.008 (8)
For V1: Δ = 25.083 ln(ℎ/ ) − 22.008 (10)
• For V2:
∆CdΔ= 21.705
For V2: = 21.705 ln(ℎ/ ) − 12.680
ln(h/a) − 12.680 (11)
(9)

a) Variant V1
45.0
40.0 h/a=2 h/a=3
h/a=4 h/a=5
h/a=6 h/a=7
35.0 h/a=8 h/a=9
ΔCd=(Cd-Cdc )/Cd)*100

h/a=10 v
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0 y = 25.083Ln(x) - 22.008
5.0 2
R = 0.893
0.0
-5.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
-10.0 h/a
-15.0

b) Variant V2
45.0
h/a=2 h/a=3
40.0 h/a=4 h/a=5
h/a=6 h/a=7
35.0 h/a=8 h/a=9
h/a=10
ΔCd=(Cd-Cdc )/Cd)*100

30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
y = 21.705Ln(x) - 12.680
5.0 2
R = 0.882
0.0
-5.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
-10.0 h/a
-15.0

Figure 10. Percentage deviation of the Cd discharge coefficients calculated on the basis of measurements
Figure
from the10.
CdcPercentage deviation
obtained using of the(5):C(a)
relationship d discharge coefficients
Case V1, (b) Case V2. calculated on the basis of
measurements from the Cdc obtained using relationship (5): (a) Case V1, (b) Case V2.
Equation (7) shows that the discharge coefficients obtained from the measurements and calculated
usingEquation
the Swamee
(9) [15]
showsEquation (5) are
that the related coefficients
discharge to each otherobtained
with the following
from the relationship:
measurements and
calculated using the Swamee [15] Equation (5) are related to each other with the following
Cdc
relationship: Cd = (10)
∆C
1 − 100d

The following relationship was thus proposed to calculated the discharge coefficient Cdcc for the
submerge sluice gate flow.
 C =
Δ (12)
1−
100
The following
Water 2020, 12, 819 relationship was thus proposed to calculated the discharge coefficient Cdcc for the
11 of 14
submerge sluice gate flow.
Case V1:
Case V1:
C == Cdc
Cdcc . ( / ) . (13)
(11)
25.083 ln(h/a)−22.008
1− 100
Case V2:
Case V2:
Cdc
C ==
Cdcc . ( / ) . (12)
(14)
21.705 ln(h/a)−12.680
1− 100
Figure
Figure 1111compares
compares the the values
values of the of the discharge
discharge coefficients
coefficients calculated calculated
on the basis on the basis of
of measurements
measurements Cd and from
Cd and that obtained that obtained
the Swameefromrelationship
the Swamee(5) relationship (5) Cdcc, but
Cdcc , but corrected corrected
it with it with
the factor the
given
factor given in Equation (13b). In Figure 11, only exemplary points of C d and Cdcc were given (as a
in Equation (9). In Figure 11, only exemplary points of Cd and Cdcc were given (as a function
function of H/a)
of H/a) from from selected
selected experiments
experiments in the V2in the V2 variant.
variant. All discharge
All discharge coefficients
coefficients determined
determined on
on
the basis of measurements and calculated from relationship (5), with a correction (8,9), show aa
the basis of measurements and calculated from relationship (5), with a correction (13), show
satisfactory agreement.
satisfactory agreement.

0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
Cd, Cdcc

0.40
0.35
0.30 h/a=3, Cd
h/a=3, Cdcc
0.25 h/a=5, Cd
0.20 h/a=5, Cdcc
0.15 h/a=7, Cd
h/a=7, Cdcc
0.10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
H/a

Figure 11. Discharge coefficients determined from measurements Cd and calculated using relationship
Figure 11. Discharge coefficients determined from measurements Cd and calculated using relationship
(5) with correction (9) for h/a ratios 3, 5, and 7 in the V2 case.
(5) with correction (13 b) for h/a ratios 3, 5, and 7 in the V2 case.
The percentage deviation of the Cd discharge coefficients determined directly by the measurements
Thecalculated
of those percentage deviation
using of the
relationship Cd with
(11,12), discharge coefficients
correction determined
Cdcc in cases directly
V1 and V2, by h/a,
as function the
measurements of those12.
is presented in Figure calculated using relationship (13-14), with correction Cdcc in cases V1 and V2,
as function h/a, is presented
As previously stated, the in percentage
Figure 12. deviations of the discharge coefficients determined from
the Cd measurements and relationship (5) given by Swamee [15] Cdc are in the range of (−5 ÷ 40)%
a) Variant
(Figure 10). The values of the Cdcc discharge coefficients V1
calculated from Equation (5) with the correction
16.0
∆Cdcc differ from the discharge 14.0 coefficients Cd obtained from measurements by ± 9% (Figure 12)
The discharge coefficients 12.0obtained from the measurements and calculated using relationship (5)
ΔCdcc =(Cd-Cdcc)/Cd*100

10.0
with correction (8,9) for both cases
8.0 are shown in Figure 13.
In case V1, the sluice gate 6.0guides narrowed the opening to a width of b = 0.34 m, while in case
4.0
V2, the guides were installed 2.0 in the wall of the abutments in such a way that they did not reduce the
opening width, which was b =0.00.40 m. Reduced by the guides, the opening width in case V1 had such
-2.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
an effect that for same opening -4.0height a, flow rate Q and downstream water h, the upstream depth H
h/a
increases in relation to depth -6.0
in the V2 experiments. Thus, the H/a ratio increases, as a result of which
-8.0
the determined discharge coefficient
-10.0 values are higher than in variant V2 (Figure 14).
-12.0 h/a=2 h/a=3 h/a=4 h/a=5 h/a=6
-14.0
h/a=7 h/a=8 h/a=9 h/a=10
-16.0
 Figure 11. Discharge coefficients determined from measurements Cd and calculated using relationship
(5) with correction (13 b) for h/a ratios 3, 5, and 7 in the V2 case.

The percentage deviation of the Cd discharge coefficients determined directly by the

measurements of those calculated using relationship (13-14), with correction Cdcc in cases V1 and V2,
Water 2020, 12, 819 12 of 14
as function h/a, is presented in Figure 12.

a) Variant V1
16.0
14.0
12.0

ΔCdcc =(Cd-Cdcc)/Cd*100
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
-4.0
h/a
-6.0
-8.0
Water 2020, 12, x -10.0 12 of 15
-12.0 h/a=2 h/a=3 h/a=4 h/a=5 h/a=6
-14.0
h/a=7 h/a=8 h/a=9 h/a=10
-16.0
b) Variant V2
16.0
14.0
12.0
ΔCdcc =(Cd-Cdcc)/Cd*100

10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
-4.0
h/a
-6.0
-8.0
-10.0
-12.0 h/a=2 h/a=3 h/a=4 h/a=5 h/a=6
-14.0 h/a=7 h/a=8 h/a=9 h/a=10
-16.0

Figure 12. Percentage deviation in values of discharge coefficients obtained on the basis of measurements
Cd andFigure 12. Percentage deviation in values of discharge coefficients obtained on the basis of
calculated with correction Cdcc : (a) case V1, (b) case V2.
measurements Cd and calculated with correction Cdcc: (a) case V1, (b) case V2.

As previously stated, the percentage a) deviations

Variant V1 of the discharge coefficients determined from
the Cd measurements0.65 and relationship (5) given by Swamee [15] Cdc are inh/a=2the
h/a=2
- Cdcc
- Cdrange of (−5÷40)%
0.60 h/a=3 - Cdcc
(Figure 10). The values of the Cdcc discharge coefficients calculated fromh/a=3 Equation (5) with the
0.55 - Cd
correction ΔCdcc differ
0.50
from the discharge coefficients C d obtained from h/a=4
measurements
- Cdcc by ± 9%
h/a=4 - Cd
(Figure 12) 0.45 h/a=5 - Cdcc
h/a=5 - Cd
Cd, Cdcc

The discharge coefficients

0.40 obtained from the measurements and calculated using relationship
h/a=6 - Cdcc
h/a=6 - Cd
(5) with correction (13-14)
0.35 for both cases are shown in Figure 13.
h/a=7 - Cdcc
0.30 h/a=7 - Cd
h/a=8 - Cdcc
0.25 h/a=8 - Cd
0.20 h/a=9 - Cdcc
h/a=9 - Cd
0.15 h/a=10, Cdcc
0.10 h/a=10 - Cd
Free flow
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

H/a

b) Variant V2
0.65 h/a=2 - Cdcc
h/a=2 - Cd
0.60 h/a=3 - Cdcc
h/a=3 - Cd
0.55
h/a=4 - Cdcc
0.50 h/a=4 - Cd
h/a=5 - Cdcc
0.45 h/a=5 - Cd
Cd, Cdcc

0.40 h/a=6 - Cdcc

h/a=6 - Cd
0.35 h/a=7 - Cdcc
0.30 h/a=7 - Cd
h/a=8 - Cdcc
0.25 h/a=8 - Cd
0.20 h/a=9 - Cdcc
h/a=9 - Cd
0.15 h/a=10 - Cdcc
h/a=10 - Cd
0.10 Free flow
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

H/a

Figure 13. Discharge coefficients obtained from measurements Cd and calculated using Equation (5)
with correction (11-12) Cdcc for: (a) case V1; (b) case V2.
Water 2020, 12, 819 13 of 14
Water 2020, 12, x 14 of 15

Variant V1 i V2
0.65 V1 - h/a=2
0.60 V1 - h/a=3
V1 - h/a=4
0.55 V1 - h/a=5
V1 - h/a=6
0.50 V1 - h/a=7
0.45 V1 - h/a=8
V1 - h/a=9
0.40 V1 - h/a=10
Cdcc

V2 - h/a=2
0.35 V2 - h/a=3
0.30 V2 - h/a=4
V2 - h/a=5
0.25 V2 - h/a=6
V2 - h/a=7
0.20 V2 - h/a=8
0.15 V2 - h/a=9
V2- h/a=10
0.10 Free flow
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

H/a

Figure 14. Nomogram to calculate the discharge coefficients Cdcc developed on the basis of dependence
Figure 14. Nomogram to calculate the discharge coefficients Cdcc developed on the basis of
(5), including correction (8-9) for experiments performed in cases V1 and V2.
dependence (5), including correction (13) for experiments performed in cases V1 and V2.
4. Conclusions
4. Conclusions
The performed studies on the capacity of the sluice gate, used in irrigation systems allowed us to
The performed
formulate the followingstudies on the capacity of the sluice gate, used in irrigation systems allowed us
conclusions:
to formulate the following conclusions:
1.
1. As As itit was
was notnot possible
possible toto clearly
clearly determine
determine thethe position
position of of the
the cross-section
cross-section in in which
which depth
depth hhzz
should be measured, relationship (1) is not useful for calculating water flow
should be measured, relationship (1) is not useful for calculating water flow rates on the basisrates on the basis of
of
the depths measured upstream and downstream of
the depths measured upstream and downstream of the sluice gate. the sluice gate.
2.
2. TheThe location
location ofof the
the cross-section
cross-section forfor measuring
measuring downstream
downstream water water depth
depth h,h, used
used toto calculate
calculate
downstream discharge coefficients C using the Swamme relationship
downstream discharge coefficients Cdd using the Swamme relationship (5), changes with (5), changes with thethe
opening height
opening height of
of the
the gate
gate a.
a.
3. ItIt is
is possible
possible toto use
use the
the Swamme
Swamme relationship
relationship (5)
(5) to calculate the discharge coefficients on the
basis of
basis of the
the downstream
downstream water water depth
depth measured
measured in in aa fixed cross-section
cross-section as in the practice of
adopting corrections
adopting correctionsprovided
providedin inrelationships
relationships(10),
(8), (9).
(11). Calculated
Calculated on on the
the basis of measured
depths,
depths, upstream H, downstream h and gate opening height a with
H, downstream h and gate opening height a with Equation Equations (11)(13),
andthe
(12),flow
the
flow factors
factors allowallow
us tousachieve
to achieve compliance
compliance between
between thethe calculated
calculated flowrates
flow ratesand
andmeasured
measured rates
with
with accuracy of about 10%, confirming the practical usefulness of this method
of about 10%, confirming the practical usefulness of this method in estimating in estimating flow
through
flow the sluice
through gate,gate,
the sluice as stated by Boiten
as stated (1992)
by Boiten [20]. [20].
(1992)
4. This approachmight
This approach might be useful
be useful in calibration
in calibration of otherof otherofdesigns
designs of sluice
sluice gates for flowgates for flow
measurements.
measurements.
Contributions: Conceptualization,
Author Contributions: E.K.Elżbieta
Conceptualization, and J.K.;Kubrak
Formal analysis, E.K.,Kubrak;
and Janusz J.K. and Formal
M.K.; Funding acquisition,
analysis, Elżbieta
J.K.; Investigation,
Kubrak, Janusz Kubrak E.K.,and
J.K.Michał
and M.K.; Methodology,
Kubrak; E.K. and J.K.;
Funding acquisition, Software,
Janusz A.K.
Kubrak; and M.K.; Writing—original
Investigation, Elżbieta Kubrak,
draft, E.K., J.K., A.K. and M.K.; Writing—review & editing, A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published
Janusz Kubrak and Michał Kubrak; Methodology, Elżbieta Kubrak and Janusz Kubrak; Software, Adam Kiczko
version of the manuscript.
and Michał Kubrak; Writing – original draft, Elżbieta Kubrak, Janusz Kubrak, Adam Kiczko and Michał Kubrak;
This research
Funding:– review
Writing was
& editing, funded
Adam by the National Centre for Research and Development, grant number
Kiczko.
(347837/11/NCBR/2017), “Technical innovations and system of monitoring, forecasting and planning of irrigation
and drainage
Funding: Thisforresearch
precise water management
was funded by theon the scaleCentre
National of drainage/irrigation
for Research and system”.
Development, grant number
Acknowledgments: We are grateful Zygmunt Pietraszek for preparing the sluice gate model. and planning of
(347837/11/NCBR/2017), “Technical innovations and system of monitoring, forecasting
irrigation and drainage for precise water management on the scale of drainage/irrigation system”.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the
study; in the collection,
Acknowledgments. Weanalyses, or interpretation
are grateful of data;for
Zygmunt Pietraszek in preparing
the writingthe
of sluice
the manuscript, or in the decision to
gate model.
publish the results.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the
study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to
publish the results.

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