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Laughter
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Main page Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Laughter (disambiguation), Laugh (disambiguation), Laughing (disambiguation), Giggle (disambiguation)
Contents and Snickers (disambiguation).
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Random article Laughter is a physical reaction in humans consisting usually of rhythmical, often audible contractions of the diaphragm
About Wikipedia and other parts of the respiratory system resulting most commonly in forms of "hee-hee" or "ha-ha". It is a response to
Contact us certain external or internal stimuli. Laughter can arise from such activities as being tickled,[1] or from humorous stories
Donate or thoughts.[2] Most commonly, it is considered a auditory expression of a number of positive emotional states, such as
joy, mirth, happiness, relief, etc. On some occasions, however, it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as
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embarrassment, surprise, or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh. Age, gender, education, language,
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and culture are all indicators[3] as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation. Some other species
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Recent changes of primate (chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans) show laughter-like vocalizations in response to physical contact
Upload file such as wrestling, play chasing or tickling.

Laughter is a part of human behavior regulated by the brain, helping humans clarify their intentions in social interaction
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and providing an emotional context to conversations. Laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group—it signals
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Related changes acceptance and positive interactions with others. Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious, and the laughter of one
Special pages person can itself provoke laughter from others as a positive feedback.[4]
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The study of humor and laughter, and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body, is called
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gelotology. Workers laughing in a clothing
Cite this page factory.
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Contents [hide]
Print/export 1 Nature Laughter
Download as PDF 2 The brain 0:00 MENU
Printable version 3 Health A short clip of a woman laughing.
4 In interaction Problems playing this file? See media help.
In other projects
5 Causes
Wikimedia Commons
6 Types
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6.1 Human laugh structure and anatomy
Languages 7 Negative aspects
‫ا‬ 8 Laughter therapy
Български 9 Research
Español 9.1 Ancient Greece
ह ी 9.1.1 Herodotus
Bahasa Indonesia
9.2 Modern laughter and humor
Bahasa Melayu
9.2.1 Hobbes
Русский
9.2.2 Schopenhauer
‫اردو‬
中⽂ 9.2.3 Nietzsche
9.2.4 Bergson
67 more
9.2.5 Ludovici
Edit links
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links

Nature [ edit ]

Laughter might be thought of as an audible expression or appearance of excitement, an inward feeling of joy and happiness. It may ensue from jokes, tickling,
and other stimuli completely unrelated to psychological state, such as nitrous oxide. One group of researchers speculated that noises from infants as early as
16 days old may be vocal laughing sounds or laughter,[5] however the weight of the evidence supports its appearance at 15 weeks to four months of age.

Laughter researcher Robert Provine [es] said: "Laughter is a mechanism everyone has; laughter is part of universal human vocabulary. There are thousands of
languages, hundreds of thousands of dialects, but everyone speaks laughter in pretty much the same way." Babies have the ability to laugh before they ever
speak. Children who are born blind and deaf still retain the ability to laugh.[6]

Provine argues that "Laughter is primitive, an unconscious vocalization." Provine argues that it probably is genetic. In a study of the "Giggle Twins", two happy
twins who were separated at birth and only reunited 43 years later, Provine reports that "until they met each other, neither of these exceptionally happy ladies
had known anyone who laughed as much as they did." They reported this even though they had been brought together by their adoptive parents, who they
indicated were "undemonstrative and dour". He indicates that the twins "inherited some aspects of their laugh sound and pattern, readiness to laugh, and
maybe even taste in humor".[7]

Norman Cousins developed a recovery program incorporating megadoses of Vitamin C, along with a positive attitude, love, faith, hope, and laughter induced
by Marx Brothers films. "I made the joyous discovery that ten minutes of genuine belly laughter had an anesthetic effect and would give me at least two hours
of pain-free sleep," he reported. "When the pain-killing effect of the laughter wore off, we would switch on the motion picture projector again and not
infrequently, it would lead to another pain-free interval."[8][9]

Scientists have noted the similarity in forms of laughter induced by tickling among various primates, which suggests that laughter derives from a common origin
among primate species.[10][11]

A very rare neurological condition has been observed whereby the sufferer is unable to laugh out loud, a condition known as aphonogelia.[12]

The brain [ edit ]

Neurophysiology indicates that laughter is linked with the activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, that produces
endorphins.[13] Scientists have shown that parts of the limbic system are involved in laughter. This system is involved
in emotions and helps us with functions necessary for humans' survival. The structures in the limbic system that are
involved in laughter are the hippocampus and the amygdala.[14]

The December 7, 1984, Journal of the American Medical Association describes the neurological causes of laughter as
follows:

"Although there is no known 'laugh center' in the brain, its neural mechanism has been the subject of much, albeit
inconclusive, speculation. It is evident that its expression depends on neural paths arising in close association with
the telencephalic and diencephalic centers concerned with respiration. Wilson considered the mechanism to be in
the region of the mesial thalamus, hypothalamus, and subthalamus. Kelly and co-workers, in turn, postulated that
the tegmentum near the periaqueductal grey contains the integrating mechanism for emotional expression. Thus,
supranuclear pathways, including those from the limbic system that Papez hypothesised to mediate emotional
Woman laughing in Laos.
expressions such as laughter, probably come into synaptic relation in the reticular core of the brain stem. So while
purely emotional responses such as laughter are mediated by subcortical structures, especially the hypothalamus,
and are stereotyped, the cerebral cortex can modulate or suppress them."

Some drugs are well known for their laughter-facilitating properties (e. g. ethanol and cannabis), while the others, like
salvinorin A (the active ingredient of Salvia divinorum), can even induce bursts of uncontrollable laughter.[15]

A research article was published December 1, 2000 on the psycho-evolution of laughter (Panksepp 2000).[16]

Health [ edit ]

A link between laughter and healthy function of blood vessels was first reported in 2005 by researchers at the
University of Maryland Medical Center with the fact that laughter causes the dilatation of the inner lining of blood
vessels, the endothelium, and increases blood flow.[17] Drs. Michael Miller (University of Maryland) and William Fry
(Stanford) theorize that beta-endorphin like compounds released by the hypothalamus activate receptors on the
endothelial surface to release nitric oxide, thereby resulting in dilation of vessels. Other cardioprotective properties of
nitric oxide include reduction of inflammation and decreased platelet aggregation.[18] A man laughing.

Laughter has proven beneficial effects on various other aspects of biochemistry. It has been shown to lead to
reductions in stress hormones such as cortisol and epinephrine. When laughing the brain also releases endorphins that can relieve some physical pain.[19]
Laughter also boosts the number of antibody-producing cells and enhances the effectiveness of T-cells, leading to a stronger immune system.[20] A 2000 study
found that people with heart disease were 40 percent less likely to laugh and be able to recognize humor in a variety of situations, compared to people of the
same age without heart disease.[21]

In interaction [ edit ]

A number of studies using methods of conversation analysis and discourse analysis have documented the systematic workings of laughter in a variety of
interactions, from casual conversations to interviews, meetings, and therapy sessions.[22] Working with recorded interactions, researchers have created
detailed transcripts that indicate not only the presence of laughter but also features of its production and placement.

These studies challenge several widely held assumptions about the nature of laughter. Contrary to notions that it is spontaneous and involuntary, research
documents that laughter is sequentially organized and precisely placed relative to surrounding talk. Far more than merely a response to humor, laughter often
works to manage delicate and serious moments. More than simply an external behavior “caused” by an inner state, laughter is highly communicative and helps
accomplish actions and regulate relationships.

Causes [ edit ]

See also: Theories of humor

Common causes for laughter are sensations of joy and humor; however, other situations may cause laughter as well.

A general theory that explains laughter is called the relief theory. Sigmund Freud summarized it in his theory that laughter
releases tension and "psychic energy". This theory is one of the justifications of the beliefs that laughter is beneficial for one's
health.[23] This theory explains why laughter can be used as a coping mechanism when one is upset, angry or sad.

Philosopher John Morreall theorizes that human laughter may have its biological origins as a kind of shared expression of relief
at the passing of danger. Friedrich Nietzsche, by contrast, suggested laughter to be a reaction to the sense of existential
loneliness and mortality that only humans feel.
Laughter is a common
For example: a joke creates an inconsistency and the audience automatically tries to understand what the inconsistency response to tickling.
means; if they are successful in solving this 'cognitive riddle' and they realize that the surprise was not dangerous, they laugh
with relief. Otherwise, if the inconsistency is not resolved, there is no laugh, as Mack Sennett pointed out: "when the audience
is confused, it doesn't laugh." This is one of the basic laws of a comedian, referred to as "exactness". It is important to note that sometimes the inconsistency
may be resolved and there may still be no laugh.[citation needed] Because laughter is a social mechanism, an audience may not feel as if they are in danger, and
the laugh may not occur. In addition, the extent of the inconsistency (and aspects of its timing and rhythm) has to do with the amount of danger the audience
feels, and how hard or long they laugh.

Laughter can also be brought on by tickling. Although most people find it unpleasant, being tickled often causes heavy laughter, thought to be an (often
uncontrollable) reflex of the body.[24][25]

Types [ edit ]

Laughter can be classified according to:

1. intensity: the chuckle, the titter, the giggle, the chortle, the cackle, the belly laugh, the sputtering burst.[26][27]
2. the overtness: snicker, snigger, guffaw.
3. the respiratory pattern involved: snort.
4. the emotion it is expressed with: relief, mirth, joy, happiness, embarrassment, apology, confusion, nervous laughter,
paradoxical laughter, courtesy laugh, evil laughter.
5. the sequence of notes or pitches it produces. It may be subjectively measured on the Andreoli scale for heartiness, with
a higher measure denoting greater robustness, generally in a manly aspect.

There are 10 different types of laughter:[28]

1. Etiquette laughter: even when things aren't funny, people rely on laughter to get along with others. Two laughing men by
2. Contagious laughter: a chain reaction of laughter. Hans von Aachen, circa 1574.

3. Nervous laughter: anxiety can oftentimes trigger laughter in a subconscious attempt to reduce stress and calm down.
4. Belly laughter: when something is truly hilarious, people clutch their bellies and gasp for air.
5. Silent laughter: involves the same type of deep breathing that comes with belly laughter but it makes no noise.
6. Stress-relieving laughter: encompasses many forms, but occurs mostly in an outburst.
7. Pigeon laughter: laughing without opening your mouth with your lips sealed, producing a humming sound.
8. Snorting laughter: when laughter occurs through the nose.
9. Canned laughter: commonly referred to as the "laugh track," real laughter oftentimes heard in the background of TV sitcoms.
10. Cruel laughter: laughing at others' expense.

Human laugh structure and anatomy [ edit ]

A normal laugh has the structure of "ha-ha-ha" or "ho-ho-ho". It is unnatural, and one is physically unable, to have a laugh structure of "ha-ho-ha-ho". The usual
variations of a laugh most often occur in the first or final note in a sequence- therefore, "ho-ha-ha" or "ha-ha-ho" laughs are possible. Normal note durations
with unusually long or short "inter-note intervals" do not happen due to the result of the limitations of our vocal cords. This basic structure allows one to
recognize a laugh despite individual variants.[29]

It has also been determined that eyes moisten during laughter as a reflex from the tear glands.[20]

Negative aspects [ edit ]

Laughter is not always a pleasant experience and is associated with several negative phenomena. Excessive laughter can lead to cataplexy, and unpleasant
laughter spells, excessive elation, and fits of laughter can all be considered negative aspects of laughter. Unpleasant laughter spells, or "sham mirth," usually
occur in people who have a neurological condition, including patients with pseudobulbar palsy, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. These patients
appear to be laughing out of amusement but report that they are feeling undesirable sensations "at the time of the punch line".

Excessive elation is a common symptom associated with manic-depressive psychoses and mania/hypomania. Those who suffer from schizophrenic psychoses
seem to suffer the opposite—they do not understand humor or get any joy out of it. A fit describes an abnormal time when one cannot control the laughter or
one's body, sometimes leading to seizures or a brief period of unconsciousness. Some believe that fits of laughter represent a form of epilepsy.[30]

Laughter therapy [ edit ]

Laughter has been used as a therapeutic tool for many years because it is a natural form of medicine. Laughter is available to everyone and it provides
benefits to a person's physical, emotional, and social well being. Some of the benefits of using laughter therapy are that it can relieve stress and relax the
whole body.[31] It can also boost the immune system and release endorphins to relieve pain.[32] Additionally, laughter can help prevent heart disease by
increasing blood flow and improving the function of blood vessels.[33] Some of the emotional benefits include diminishing anxiety or fear, improving overall
mood, and adding joy to one's life. Laughter is also known to reduce allergic reactions in a preliminary study related to dust mite allergy sufferers.[34]

Laughter therapy also has some social benefits, such as strengthening relationships, improving teamwork and reducing conflicts, and making oneself more
attractive to others. Therefore, whether a person is trying to cope with a terminal illness or just trying to manage their stress or anxiety levels, laughter therapy
can be a significant enhancement to their life.[35][36]

Ramon Mora-Ripoll in his study on The Therapeutic Value Of Laughter In Medicine, stated that laughter therapy is an inexpensive and simple tool that can be
used in patient care.[37] It is a tool that is only beneficial when experienced and shared. Care givers need to recognize the importance of laughter and possess
the right attitude to pass it on. He went on to say that since this type of therapy is not widely practiced, health care providers will have to learn how to effectively
use it. In another survey, researchers looked at how Occupational Therapists and other care givers viewed and used humor with patients as a means of
therapy.[38] Many agreed that while they believed it was beneficial to the patients, the proper training was lacking in order to effectively use It.[38] Even though
laughter and humor has been used therapeutically in medical conditions, according to Mora-Ripoll, there was not enough data to clearly establish that laughter
could be used as an overall means of healing. It did suggest that additional research was still needed since "well-designed randomized controlled trials have
not been conducted to date validating the therapeutic efficacy of laughter."[37]

In 2017, an institution in Japan conducted an open-label randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of laughter therapy on quality of life in patients with
cancer.[39] The study used laughter yoga, comedy, clown and jokes. The result showed that laughter therapy was helpful in improving quality of life and cancer
symptoms in some areas for cancer survivors. Improvements were seen in the area of depression, anxiety and stress levels. There were limited harmful side
effects. Laughter therapy should be used in conjunction with other cancer treatment.[39]

Research [ edit ]

Laughter in literature, although considered understudied by some,[40] is a subject that has received attention in the written word
for millennia. The use of humor and laughter in literary works has been studied and analyzed by many thinkers and writers,
from the Ancient Greek philosophers onward. Henri Bergson's Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic (Le rire, 1901)
is a notable 20th-century contribution.

Ancient Greece [ edit ]

Herodotus [ edit ]

For Herodotus, laughers can be distinguished into three types:[41]

Those who are innocent of wrongdoing, but ignorant of their own vulnerability
Those who are mad
Those who are overconfident
Late 19th-century or early
According to Donald Lateiner, Herodotus reports about laughter for valid literary and historiological reasons. "Herodotus 20th-century depiction of
different stages of laughter on
believes either that both nature (better, the gods' direction of it) and human nature coincide sufficiently, or that the latter is but
advertising cards.
an aspect or analogue of the former, so that to the recipient the outcome is suggested."[41] When reporting laughter, Herodotus
does so in the conviction that it tells the reader something about the future and/or the character of the person laughing. It is
also in this sense that it is not coincidental that in about 80% of the times when Herodotus speaks about laughter it is followed by a retribution. "Men whose
laughter deserves report are marked, because laughter connotes scornful disdain, disdain feeling of superiority, and this feeling and the actions which stem
from it attract the wrath of the gods."[41]

Modern laughter and humor [ edit ]

There is a wide range of experiences with laughter. A 1999 study by two humor researchers asked 80 people to keep a
daily laughter record, and found they laughed an average of 18 times per day. However, their study also found a wide
range, with some people laughing as many as 89 times per day, and others laughing as few as 0 times per day.[42]

See also: Theories of humor

Hobbes [ edit ]

Thomas Hobbes understood the superiority of the laughter in a much wider sense than the aesthetic and quasi-moral
sense of Aristotle, the seeds of the superiority theory are definitely Greek.[43] In Hobbes' own words: "The passion of
laughter is nothing else but sudden glory arising from sudden conception of some eminency in ourselves, by
comparison with the infirmity of others, or with our own formerly."

Schopenhauer [ edit ]

Philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer devotes the 13th chapter of the first part of his major work, The World as Will and
Comedian Harold Lloyd laughing.
Representation, to laughter.

Nietzsche [ edit ]

Friedrich Nietzsche distinguishes two different purposes for the use of laughter. In a positive sense, "man uses the comical as a therapy against the restraining
jacket of logic, morality and reason. He needs from time to time a harmless demotion from reason and hardship and in this sense laughter has a positive
character for Nietzsche."[44] Laughter can, however, also have a negative connotation when it is used for the expression of social conflict. This is expressed, for
instance, in The Gay Science: "Laughter -- Laughter means to be schadenfroh, but with clear conscience."[45]

"Possibly Nietzsche's works would have had a totally different effect, if the playful, ironical and joking in his writings would have been factored in better"[46]

Bergson [ edit ]

In Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic, French philosopher Henri Bergson, renowned for his philosophical studies on materiality, memory, life and
consciousness, tries to determine the laws of the comic and to understand the fundamental causes of comic situations.[47] His method consists in determining
the causes of the comic instead of analyzing its effects. He also deals with laughter in relation to human life, collective imagination and art, to have a better
knowledge of society.[48] One of the theories of the essay is that laughter, as a collective activity, has a social and moral role, in forcing people to eliminate their
vices. It is a factor of uniformity of behaviours, as it condemns ludicrous and eccentric behaviours.[49]

Ludovici [ edit ]

Anthony Ludovici developed the thoughts of Hobbes and Darwin even further in The Secret of Laughter. His conviction is that there's something sinister in
laughter, and that the modern omnipresence of humour and the idolatry of it are signs of societal weakness, as instinctive resort to humour became a sort of
escapism from responsibility and action. Ludovici considered laughter to be an evolutionary trait and he offered many examples of different triggers for laughter
with their own distinct explanations.[50]

See also [ edit ]

Agelast
Death from laughter
Evil laughter
Gelotology
Laughter in animals
Laughter Yoga
Nervous laughter
Paradoxical laughter
Pathological laughing and crying

References [ edit ]

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Further reading [ edit ]

Bachorowski, J.-A., Smoski, M.J., & Owren, M.J. The acoustic features of human laughter. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110 (1581) 2001
Bakhtin, Mikhail (1941). Rabelais and His World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34830-2.
Chapman, Antony J.; Foot, Hugh C.; Derks, Peter (editors), Humor and Laughter: Theory, Research, and Applications , Transaction Publishers, 1996.
ISBN 1-56000-837-7. Books.google.com
Cousins, Norman, Anatomy of an Illness As Perceived by the Patient, 1979.
Davila-Ross, M.; Allcock, B.; Thomas, C.; Bard, K.A. (2011). "Aping expressions? Chimpanzees produce distinct laugh types when responding to laughter
of others". Emotion. 11 (5): 1013–1020. doi:10.1037/a0022594 . PMID 21355640 .
Fried, I., Wilson, C.L., MacDonald, K.A., and Behnke EJ. Electric current stimulates laughter. Nature, 391:650, 1998 (see patient AK)
Goel, V. & Dolan, R. J. The functional anatomy of humor: segregating cognitive and affective components. Nature Neuroscience 3, 237 - 238 (2001).
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External links [ edit ]

Did laughter make the mind? , Aeon magazine

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The Origins of Laughter , chass.utoronto.ca media related to laughing.
Human laughter up to 16 million years old , cosmosmagazine.com
More information about Gelotology from the University of Washington , faculty.Washington.edu Wikiquote has quotations
related to: Laughter
WNYC's Radio Lab radio show: Is Laughter just a Human Thing? , wnyc.org
Transcriptions of laughter , writtensound.com Look up laughter in
Recordings of people laughing , 99 audio examples of human laughter Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.
Comprehensive summary of research on the benefits of laughter

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