eet FOCUS ON EXAMS Pearson ee ' +INTRODUCTION ZNO - the Ukrainian External Independent Evaluation ~ is an exam which high school leavers take in order to go to university. This resource helps you both enrich your language in the USE OF ENGLISH part and familiarise yourself with the exam format in the ZNO PRACTICE part. The English-language ZNO exam consists of four parts: - Listening «Posyminia Mosu Ha cay» ~ Tasks 1-3 (16 questions) = Reading «4uraniins ~ Tasks 4-7 (22 questions) = Use of English «Buxopucraniia Moni» ~ Tasks 8-9 (20 questions) = Writing «Mucemon - Task 10 ‘The duration of the test is 2h 30 min, so while practising for the test remember to time yourself and make sure you manage your time effectively. Good luck! Pearson and Dinternal Education teams CONTENTS Pages Part 1: USE OF ENGLISH 26 Multiple Choice 7-9 Mini-dialogues 10-12 Sentence Paraphrasing 13-15 Sentence Pairs Part 2: ZNO PRACTICE 16-20 Listening 21-27 Reading 28-31 Use of English 32. WritingKetering, Uneveduichok USE OF ENGLISH: Multiple Choice Read the text and choose the correct answers. Circle the letter a, b or c, TASK1 IT'S AS EASY AS APP What are the besic skills that 1 child starting school should learn? For many centuries the obvious answer ‘was: reading, writing and arithmetic. Quite recently computer classes (ICT) have been made an obligatory part of national curriculurns to teach students haw to use basic programmes. These days, 2___, more and more countrias are starting, to realise that to succeed in the 21st century pupils should be able to create their awn software, i In fact, some schools in the UK are planning to get rid of, ICT lessons and replace them 3 programming classes that would involve building websites, designing games and mobile phone apps. They hope that today's generation of children, who are already familiar with using smartphones: and practically living in the world of social media, will soon become the designers of the future. Education authorities have no problem convincing students'parents that 4___ sklls are important, A recent survey shows that 9496 of them believe that computer skills ores for the job market. Examples of British teenagers who have managed to sell their apps to big corporations also help make the decision easy. Afterall, wha wouldn't want their child to become a millionaire? Tasome ball cany 2aalthough bhowever despite Bator with from 4aso bthis esuch Saessential lbunnecessary modern TASK THE ZEBRA MYSTERY For many years scientists have wondered 1__ have black and white stripes. Some believe that the stripes create an optical ilusion which hides a zebra's movernents, and in this way protect it from being attacked. When lions: see a group of zebras, the stripes make it difficult for them to assess the zebras’ size and speed. However, one study has found that lions are particularly good 2 catching, zebras, There have been other popular theories too. One claims that each zebra has a unique pattern of stripes so 3____ one individual can recognise another. There Is also a theory that suggests that the stripes help zebras with thermoregulation and protect them from the strong African A team of US researchers has 4 found evidence that the zebra got its stripes for different reasons. The zebra's short hair makes it easy for dangeraus African fies to bite and infect the animal with different 5__ It seems that flies find it harder to lend on stripes and during their evolution zebras have developed a perfect way to keep the Mies avy. ‘The stripes are narrow on the lower legs and on the head, the areas which actract fies the most. 1 awhich bwhy what 2ain ior cat Bathat bas cto 4anever bever recently Saallergies diseases. vaccines TASK3 RUTH FLOWERS: AGE IS NO EXCUSE When you think of your grandparents’ hobbies, gardening, knitting or Nordic walking come to mind. 1 Ruth Flowers was not your average grandmother. When she was in her late sixties, she became a world-famous 0} working under the narne Mamy Rock. She was brought 2 in a very musical family and for many years worked a5 a singer and singing teacher. It was only when she got invited to her grandson's birthday party at fa club that she 3 in love with dance music. Ruth said that at first the security didn’t want to let her in because of her age, but she insisted and she enjoyed it very much, She was 6 Intouch with a young French producer who helped her develop her sound and image. In her mixing, she used her favourite artists like the Rolling Stones or Freddie Mercury together with electro music. As for clothes, she loved colourful outfits and cool sunglasses. Ruth gave her first gig during the 2009 Cannes Film Festival, after which she became internationally known.5__ then she played in major clubs throughout the world and even had her own reality show called "Rack It Granny’, tayet although elim spite of 2aback bup. cover 3 afalls bfell chas fallen Saput bstayed ckept 3a From Until esince TASK 4 WHERE ARE YOUR MANNERS? ‘While tis true that mobile devices are convenient and help us stay better connected, cur social sills seem to be getting worse and worse. According to a recent survey, the majority of people 1 that smartphones, lagtops, tablets and social media have made us ruder. People texting in public places or shouting into their phones on public transport are @ common Very ‘often we pay more attention to our Facebook account than the person siting in front of us. This obsession with digital devices and the need to stay online all the time make people start phone conversations while watching afm at the cinema or forget 3 off their mobilen the theatre, at schoal or even in church, Many institutions are trying to bring good old etiquette back. Shops across the UK are putting up signs informing customers that they won't be served while talking 4 the phone. Banks and post offices forbid the use of mobile phones too. There are also numerous online campaigns that make people aware of the basic rules of polite behaviour, All of them come down co a simple fact: use your comman sense and 5____you think itwill be rude, dort do it Tathinks —bhasthought e's thinking 2aview bpicture esight Batoswitch — bswitching _cabaut switching, aby through eon Baunless if ce providedUSE OF ENGLISH: Multiple Choice Read the text and choose the correct answers. Circle the letter a, b or c. TASKS ‘SUPERMARKET MIND GAMES We all know it too well, we go to a supermarket and we often end 1_____ buying more than we planned. Having ‘a shopping list in your hand doesn’t always help because Supermarkets use all kinds of psychological tricks aimed at making us 2 up our trolleys. Ir all starts in the car park where potential customers see red signs advertising discounts and bargains. As soon as they see this colour inside, they will automatically associate it with low prices 3____ some red labels will only be used to confuse them. Then it the usual: background music will ‘get shoppersin the right frame of mind and so will the artificial smell of @____ baked bread, Shelves with basic procucts, such as meat, bread and butter, are situated far avay from each other so that you have to walk through many aisles and, (on the way, be tempted to get items you don't need ‘And just when you think it’s aver, there are so-called golden zones, displays with all inds of sweets located near checxouts that encourage customers and their children to think that they deserve 2 reward while they 5____to pay for their shopping. vaup bwith about 2afiling to fil fil Badespite — Beventhough ctherefore aahardy freshly quickly Saare waiting bwill be waiting chave been waiting TASKS DON'T WASTE IT Statistics show that US households throw away a shocking 40% of perfectly goad food, At the same time about 50 milion Americans don't have 1 to eat and many suffer from hunger. However, if US families managed to 2__ food ‘waste by 15 per cent, It would felp feed 25 million people. ‘The big questionis: whatcan be done to solve the problem? To start with, you should plan your meals well ahead, make se of shopping lists and avoid buying on impulse. Ifyou don't know what to do with the leftovers in your fridge, check online uides for suggestions on how to waste less. Alternatively, you Can get a useful mobile app which will provide you with creative 3 ‘Some peopie get rid of food because the sell-by date has passed and they are afraid they might get sick, 4__they dont realise is that most food praducts can be safely eaten past these dates, you know you won't have the chance to eat Something, you can always freeze t$_ it goes bad There's also an option af donating food to local food banks. Remember that lots of people need the food yau throw away, taplenty bitte cenough 2afedupwith bcutdownon ctake away Barecipes receipts prescriptions aaThat bWhat Which Saafter bbefore while TASKT Do U hava job 4me? Believe it or not, but many employers nowadays do get letters of application written in ‘text speak’ And it is not the only reason why mnare and more employers 1 that the recruitment process is a nightmare. Many youngapplicarts‘ailto understandthe requirements for the jobs they apply 2-__. Thay send off identical CVs regardless of the post. In addition, they find ie dificult to show Up punctually for a job interview, have 3___ idea what ta vrear on formal occasions and lack basic social skills, eg they are unable to make eye-contact with the interviewer Or expiain why they nant a given job. And that's not to mention their poor knowledge of the company they want to work for. ‘it doesn’t prevent young people from 4__ unrealistic expectations of the job market. They are mostly interested in professions related to popular culture, the medie and sport. Moreover, they think they can just walk into their dream job, because they believe they deserve only the best. 5__, all ofthe above greatlylimityoung people's working opportunities ‘and contribute to the high rates of youth unemployment. raaccuse deny complain 2ator bto about 3asome bany eno 4ahave bto have having saPreviously bUnfortunately ¢ Eventually TASKS HUNGER FOR POWER If you think that politics Is boring, you haven't watched House of Cords, an American political drama, It is directed by David Fincher, who is known 1.___ Seven and Fight Club, among others, This TV series is set in the capital of the USA ‘and tells the story of Francis Underwood (Kevin Spacey), a fictional Democratic congressman. Kevin Spacey 2___ the role of @ ruthless politician who wants to take revenge on the people that have betrayed him, inchiding the President of the United States himself He is very cynical and uses a young polltical reporter to reveai his rivals’ dark Secrets to the press. His power-hungry wife is no angel 3____. They both stop at nothing to reach their goals, ‘and destroy their enemies. The series is a remake of the 1990s British political miniseries and has become @ great success, receiving many 4_____ for excellent acting and directing, Viewers around the world seem to appreciate the fact that it presents the reality of political life as many people suspect it to be 5 cruel world of empty promises and corruption, with no place for ideslism. Tafrom bfor about 2asters b plays acts 3atoo also ceither ‘4aprizes brewards —cawards, Saa ban etheUSE OF ENGLISH: Multiple Choice Read the text and choose the correct answers. Circle the letter a, b or c. TASKS ARE CHEAP AIRLINES REALLY CHEAP? Go to Majorca now for only £10! Pay €5 to fly to Crete! Budget airlines 1 your attention with bargain ticket prices in their eye-catching advertisements. What they will rot tell you, however, is 2__they have all kinds of tricks up thelr sleeve to make much mare money out of you later. To start with, the price of a cheap alr fare only looks attractive atthe beginning, It often does not inciude obligatory costs such as taxes, an online check-in charge, service charge ‘orcreditcard usage fee. 3__they are added, the final ill is far from what you expected, Then there are luggage fees, IF your hand luggage is not the correct size or your suitcase is too heavy, the excess baggage fee you wil have to pay at the airport 4 ‘uln your holiday mood. Not to mention high extra charges if you forget to print your boarding pass at home or make a spelling mistake in your name. Somext time you are sitting at your desk to |_that online booking, make sure you are well-resied and ready to face a very tough opponent vadraw bpay cturn 2awhy thet such, 3aUniess Once Wheres 4amust bshould may Samake bdo prepare TASK 10 MOBILES AND HEALTH ISSUES Forty years ago mobile phones did not even exist butsoon, mare than 2 billion people will be using them on a daily basis, This fairly recent 2. has proved very useful but the fact that we are constantly boribarded by electromagnetic waves, may have long-term effects on our health 2____ Suggests that our favourite gadget, which we look at 150 times a day, contributes to ail kinds of health Issues. Staring at your phone for too long may lead to serious, problems with your eyesight. 3___, mobile phone users, suifer from headaches, neck and shoulder pains, tiredness, poor hearing as well as prablems with sleeping. So maybe tisworth4.__our personal habits when it comes to using mobile phones? Experts suggest holding the devices @ few centimetres away from your ear and switching ears every few moments. It is recommended not to use them for more than 15 minutes at a time and f0 leave them 5 your bedroom at night. ‘Ang don't forget to clean your phone every ance in a while The average phone is a paradise for all kinds of bacteria, iadiscovery invention —_e creativity 2aResearch Opinion ——_c Examination Baallinall Firstly Moreaver Gareconsider brecansidering cto reconsider Saopposite — bhehind coutside TASK 11 SMART HOUSE Have you ever left your house wondering ifyou had locked the front door or turned off the cooker? Now you can stop worrying if you decide to turn your hame 1_a smart fone, Technology that was onice reserved for the rich is hecaming mare and more available 2___the popularity ‘of mobile phones and tablets, Setting up a smart home is all about connecting all the devices and household 3. into @ network that you can contral from any place in the world. Whether you are at work or on holiday, you can check what fs going on in your house and react accordingly. A security system will detect a fire or inform you in case 2 burglar 4___ to break in. Asmart home will contral the lighting and room temperature, resulting in lower electricity and heating bills. Once the house knaws that you are getting up, twill urn on the coffee maker in the kitchen or put your favourite news programme on the 1. ‘The list of cal smart home tricks goes on and they are all sat making your life easier and more convenient. taup bon into Zaowingto binspiteof apart from Batools furniture appliances 4atries bull ry etried Saaiming —_balmed being aimed TASK 12 READING BOOKS CAN BE COOL ‘At present many publishing houses are experiencing ‘a crisis libraries are not as popular as they 1_be and fewer and fewer people are buying books. That is why in 1995 UNESCO started World Book Day, an annual event celebrated ‘worldwide on 23 April 2_____main aim is to encourage and promote reading. it was Gecided that it would be held on this day because the date is also the anniversary of the birth and death of Willam Shakespeare and the death of Miguel de Cervantes Every year hundreds of interesting book-related events 3 place in bookshops, schools and libraries. In Spain, for example, Cervantes's Don Quixote is read during 2 two- day reading marathon. In Catalonia, where this day is called The Day of the Rose, traditionally men gave women roses and 4 women gave men books. Nowadays it is stil customary to exchange books on this day and in the main streets of Barcelona and other cities in the region you can buy something to read for your loved ones. UNESCO believes that reading books $___to the social and cultural progress of humanity and leads to bulding peace around the world Jawereusedto busedto — egotusedto awhich ‘that cewhose Batake bhave egwe Saonaverage binreturn efor instance Sahelps contributes eprovidesUSE OF ENGLISH: Multiple Choice Choose the option that fits the gap correctly. Circle the letter a, b orc. TASK 13 1 Weneed tofind 2 place where wecan a break down b putup blow out ‘our tent. 2 How long, him? adoyou know b did you know have you known _____ inthe photo is a surgeon. Can you guess which one? Some women One of the women «Either of the women 4 ___ live in the house on the left. Browns b The Browns The Browns’ 5 Idliketo adraw catch «pay ‘your attention to this unusual painting, TASK 18 1 Iwenttoa____in London when I was 5. a primary school b middle school estate school Do you really think | should apologise? Maybe _ ‘a you have the right byouare right e you agree 3 Let'smect___ a for 15 minutes b by 15 minutes in 15 minutes 4 Doyou think this scarf afts b matches suits my black winter coat? 5 fhe acalls wil call chas called let me know, OK? TASK 15 1 You and your older brother used to fight alot, _ adontyou aren't you didn't you 2 , but | dan't agree. a |see your point b That's whatyou think You might think that 3 on Friday night. I'd love you to come, 2 organise a party bb amlicely to give a party cam having a party 4 Doyouhave any a further another « following, questions? 5 The doctor says | should drinks. a cutin with cut dawn on cutout for fast food and fizzy TASK 16 1 How does your brother 2 ado fora living beara living © pay fora living at very hot here every summer. aused tobe b tends to get usually becomes 3. | know the person the local park. awhose bthat which sculptures are on display in 4 Hewantéd to know that French film, a where cid | see where | had seen ‘cwhere | saw 5 You ____to teach your dog same new tricks. amust b should cought,USE OF ENGLISH: Multiple Choice Choose the option that fits the gap correctly. Circle the letter a, b orc. TASK 7 2 Who did break b Who broke ‘cwiho was broken 1 my favourite vase? 2 Id ike to aplease request cask yous favour. 3 fhe a didnt have to b mustn't chadnit _ he would never get up before 8 o'clack 4 Have you ever abeen to b gone to ‘been on Alaska? a _ three or four times yesterday. a called you Iwas calling you «Hwould call you TASK 18 1 You know very well that you shouldr’t b youre unable to you aren't allowed ___go there alone, 2 | have two neighbours, but pool in their garden, a not one of them bone of them neither ofthem has a swimming, weather! Let's go for a walk. ‘it's such a beautiful 'b What beautiful ‘¢But for the beautiful ___last week that | couldn't study there. al told bl was told lt was told 5 Hl have chicken for the alead main principal TASK 19 1 very afew biictle small people knew about the secret room: 2 Terrorists tried to agive up bset up blow up the bridge 3 Couldyou _. a excuse b apologise toher now? _____your phone number with her a She mustn't had bb She may not have had She needr’t have 5 Yes, | believe it’ in the living room | doubt it bb Idon’t think so Let me think TASK20 1. You can join them tomorrow. _ a That's fine with me bb | haven't got any doubts about it ‘elim sure about that 2 He lived asince bfor from were the beginning of 1990, 3 Where is she? a She had to be here bb She was supposed to be here She should be here ‘at half past one, 4 Weare terribly sorry, butwe a couldn't won't be able to ‘might not help you at all 5 What’s the average afomnily retirement salary in Ukraine?USE OF ENGLISH: Multiple Choice Choose the option that fits the gap correctly. Circle the letter a, b or c. TASK 21 1 ___there alone. a You had better not go blfonly you didn't go Suppose you don't go 2. Bring an umbrella airitrained bin case it rains ‘eunless it rains 3 He told me that he got civorced ahe is married bhewas married che had been married for thirty-three years before 4 _. td sellit a could be you could have your place were you 5 __ some brothers, a lregret not having bifonly Ididnthave cel wish | had TASK 22, 1. im sorry about your jeans. all get you new ones. bill buy you a new one. «rll have the nev ones. 2 Doyouknow that alused to get up im used to getting up cl got used to getting up very early in the morning? 3 I suggest atogo byou go ‘cyou could go to the theatre with your nephew. 4. She looked absolutely athrilled bamazing cbored Inher new dress. | ll give him the invitation aunless bb supposing ¢ provided I see him, TASK 23 1 bout I think you've dropped something, fl'm sorry that linterrupt, b Sorry to interrupt May linterrupt 2. I don’t know why he refused a signing brosign esign _ that letter, 3. Atthe end of the meeting everybody started shouting a ateach other bat themselves con their own 4. Our flight to London was cancelled bad weather. adueto b because thanks to 5 Did you hear their latest right? article b column commercial Task 24 1 ___many people at the party when Dorothy a They werentt b There was no There weren't 2 We didn't win the match all year, a although bcespite c however practising really hard 3 Vlwait here until a he won't come bhe doesn't come he comes yesterday in the city centre. a It's Impossible to see him You mustr't see him You can’t have seen him 5 Doyou know. ? a how much itis how expensive is it chow much does it costUSE OF ENGLISH: Mini-dialogues Complete the mini-dialogues by choosing the correct opti TASK 1 Xs Listen, | really — Ye OK, let's keep in touch, acould brright must Could | have my keys back, please? bbe going now. x: Thanks. Don't mention i b Go ahead, Il wait. Here you are, Allthe tickets have been sold Let's goto the park. Good ides. Let_me change int something more comfortable. though binstead ceither Who does this car belong to? X: Well, whose iit, then? ‘Don't look st me. It's net mine bits the latest model « She's had it for less than a year. 5X: What's on TV tonight? a Have you got any interesting news for me? b it's an amazing story. | heard it on the news. Nothing interesting, Let's just watch the news TASK 1X: You look great! Thanks,|___twice a week aeat out bowork out chang out How about visiting her together? '@ Sounds fantastic! BOF course what sit? Thanks. tm OK How long have you known he? aTerew er for along time B since December Think Unt recently you ask ne What's the point in elng the boss about it? Wellbemn teuble OK. Do what you have t do aifine dont Ditwe erent Cifwe wort wonder ifyou could help me, iat would you Ike metodo? ihe Same to you € ou welcome n. Circle the letter 2, b or c. TASK. 1X: Let's use dad's computer for this. Ye But what fhe finds our? x: alimairaid he will b He wont, trust me. el think so, too. What time should we ? The plane leaves at midnight, 50 we have to be at the airport at about 10 pm, aa check in fb move out sign up 3X: Would you like to come to our wedding? 2 Allthe best! Bb It doesn't sound very goad. lid love to, ¢ Why did you take his toys? You should be ashamed of yourself Ye Ireally regret X: So apologise to your brother now! adoit bto doit, edoing it © Gladly a Where are your manners? 'b Can you give this package to him? ‘What will you say to their proposal? TASK 1% Iilbe back tomorrow at five Ye Shall from the airport? X: That would be nice, a drop you off baskyou out pick you up Hm afraid my mobile phone is faulty. Could you please replace i? Y: Could! see the __, please? arecipe breceipt « reception 3X Wsthe thirdeime. about ourmother’sbirthday! ; Don’t get angry! 'm so absent-minded. a |willremind you bi remind you | have reminded you 4X: Why do you keep biting your fingernails? " 3 leant stand it bi can't help it, I canit doit Do you want another sandwich? a No, thanks. I'm on a diet b Please do. aZNO PRACTICE: Reading Read the texts below. Match choices A-H to the texts 1-5. There are three choices you do not need to use. TASKS 5 tips for taking the perfect selfie on your travels, One of the key things to think about when you're taking a travel selfie isto remember what's behind you. f you're taking a sel with the Eiffel Tower, you don’t want to place yourself where the tower looks ike i's growing out of your head. Be mincful in a busy environment of other people in your shot. Just make sure you don’t have anyone making any nasty hand gestures or pulling, any funny faces, Trust me, you think you have the perfect shot then up pops a random tourist with their tongue out and ruins your picture ~ not a good! look ae If you want all of the Elffel Tower or the Leaning Tower of Pisa in your shot, you may have to think about holding the camera lower down so that the angle faces up. I(s something to be aware of when looking at taking portrait selfies with tall monuments or buildings, Be creative; ty titing the camera slightly to fit everything in and to ensure you capture the best image of you and the best background. 3 There is nothing worse than taking a great selfie and then looking back att and it's blurred and unclear. Itcan be difficult ro keep the phone stlland push the button on the screen at tie same time. IFit's possible, use your external button (depending on whet phone you have}, That way, you are nct trying to do hand yoga with your camera while trying to take the image. 4 Too many times | see pouting or over-posed selfies. In a travel selfie, we are trying to capture a memory. You might never get ‘back ta this special location again in your life, 50 the last thing you want isa picture ofa wonderful moment andilocation with you pouting or pulling a funny face. Relex, smile naturally, and rememiver where you are, Take in the wonder of that special iocation and enjoy who and where you are at that time. The picture will reflect you, if you are truly natural and yourself. 8, Ifyou've managed to get the best light for your selfe, then in reality you won't need to edit it. Remember you are trying to take a picture that encapsulates the memory of your travel experience, 50 a lot of editing can actually make that memory campletely different or false. Ifyou feel alittle extra saturation may be a help, or changing the image to black and white will help with over ‘exposure, then these are the only things | would ecit, along with a litle cropping. a B © D E | Dont over-edit Hold steady ‘Adjust angles Enjoy the moment Remember about your background ght it up G | Avoid people | Relaxwherever you are 2ZNO PRACTICE: Reading Read the texts below. Match choices A-H to the texts 1-5. There are three choices you do not need to use. Task Rules to follow if you go to Denmark 1 Riging a bike can cost you 231 dollars if you do it while drunk. There isnt a legal limit for alcohol intake, but if policeman believes a rider cannot ride a bike properly, that person will nat only get a fine but will also have to leave their bicycle and walk home as well ‘At the entrance of Freetown Christiania, visitors will see a sign with the district's rules. Sometimes foreigners don't notice it or just ignore it, However, the sign clearly stresses that running and taking photos on Pusher Street isn't allowed because running Causes panic and Christianites prefer not ta have pictures taken of them. 3 Many have felt the need to stroke someone else's dog that is just t00 cute to ignare and pass by. In most cases, the owner ‘waits patiently and smiles before getting on their way. That's not the case in Denmark. Danes prefer to be left alone. Strangely enough, their dogs share the same look of disapproval when a stranger approaches them, 50 it's better to just admire them from afar, 4 while packing for a summer trip, travellers usually include T-shirts fpflops, sunglasses, and sunscreen lotion, When traveling to Denmark, make sure to add an extra sweater, a raincoat, and winter shoes no matter the time of year. Summer doesn't always reach Denmark and even ifit does, it may only be for a couple of days or even hours, It's better to be prepared than to have to deal with the harsh-Scandinavian terpperatures wearing summer clothes. 5 It's an unspoken rule among Danes that privacy is to be respected at all times. That is probably why they rarely bother to close their windows or even to hang curtains. While walking zround the streets of a Danish city, you're likely to see buildings and houses that offer a clear view inside a ground-level bedroom or a ving room. Most foreigners are tempted to peak inside to see ‘what a typical-Danish house looks like. To avoid any misunderstandings, try not to stare, © Don't drink and bike-ride Don't ride a bike ifyou do not know the rules Dont take surnmer clothes to Denmark _ Pack carefully (Do not ery out your Danish skills Resist the desire to peep Do not take pictures in forbidden places | 2aZNO PRACTICE: Reading Read the texts below. Match choices A-H to the texts 1-6. There are two choices you do not need to use. TASKS Old-fashioned ways of keeping time 4 Sundial ‘As the sun moves across the sky, shadows change direction and length, a simple sundial can measure the length of @ day. It ‘was quickly noticed that the length ofthe day varies at cifferent times of the year. Another discovery was that sundials had to bbe specially mace for different latitudes because the Sun's altitude in the sky decreases at higher latitudes, producing longer shadows than at lower latitudes. 2 Obelisk Obelisks aren't just impressive monuments, they also have lang shadows that are perfect for timekeeping, In Pari, you can stil see an obelisk being used as a sundial: The Luxor Obelisk in the center of the Place dela Concorde aligns its shadow with points fon the pavement to show pedestrians the time. 3 Water clack ‘A sundial becomes rather useless after sunset, so another ancient timekeeping device appeared. The water clock dates back to at least 1500 BC, basically it’s a device that uses the rel able flow of water to represent the passing of time. Water clocks appear throughout the ancient world, from Egypt to Greece ta the Arabic world, and became quite incredible in their complicated designs, 4.Church bells Before every household had a clock, communities could keep track of time by listening for the locel church bells. The word clock ‘actually comes fram clocca ~ Latin for bell ~ as many of the church clacks that began to be builtin che 14th century involved striking bells. Ifyou live near a church that stil rings the bell every hour, you're getting the time like a medieval person. 5 Hour glasses or sandglasses {As the technology of glass-blowing developed, somewhere in the 74th century it became possible to make sandglasses ‘Originally, sandglasses were used 35 a measure of periods of time, but then sendglasses were adjusted to measure specific periods of time, and to decide the correct duration af university lectures and even periods of torture, 6 Candle clocks Marked candles were used for telling the time in China from the 6th century. There is 8 popular story that King Alfred the Great invented the candle clock but we know they were in usein England from the 10th century. However, the speed of burning depends toni Blowing, and the quality of the wax, This is why candles were used to mark the passage of time from one event to another, rather than to tell the time of day. Which time-tracking device __ depended on the quality of the material and on the wind had to be specially made for a specific area could measure tme only during the night saw signalled the time to everyone, who ved nearby Used diferent colours to signal the time Faso has architectural value G__ was used to tell how longa certain event should be 1 | was already used a couple thousand years ago in a number of Arabic countriesZNO PRACTICE: Reading Read the texts below. Match choices A-H to the texts 1-6. There are two choices you do not need to use. TASKS Wedding traditions around the world Germany Guests at traditional German weddings bring the hapoy couple different porcelain plates, and then smash them in the belief that this will scare off evi spirits. The couple are then expected to clean up the mess together, learning that married life will not bbe easy, but that by working together, they can overcome any challenge. 2 Ireland In Ireland, the bride's feet must stay on the floor at all times when she and the groom are dancing, This is due to the belief that ifthey don't, evil fairies will come and sweep her away. 3 Mauritania In Mauritania, girls aged between five and fifteen are sent to “fat farms" before their wedding to put on the pounds. If a bride has stomach rolls, stretch marks and overlapping thighs, ic signals that her husband is wealthy enough to keep her satisfied 4 Guatemala After the wedding, everyone typically goes to the groom's house. Hanging over the doorway is a white ceramic bell filed with rice, flour, and other different types of grain - all of which represent weaith. As the couple arrives, the mother of the graom welcomes them and ceremonially breaks the bell, bringing the couple wealth and good luck, Sindia When the groom takes off his shoes on the way to the mandap (altar), the bride's family promptly tries to steal and hide his footwear. The groom's Family must try and protect the shoes at all casts ~ and so the battle of the families begins! Ifthe bride's family gets away with the shoes, the groom must pay @ ransom to get them back Spain After the wedding, usually during the reception, the groom will be surrounded by his groomsmen and closest friends, who will Cut the tle from around his neck! The tie will then be cut into small pleces and auctioned off to the medding guests, bringing B01 IuCk to everyone who manages to get a piece In which country __? can bad creatures steal a bride ‘must a bride pay to get her family back isa bell broken to bring money ‘ight the groom have to pay for his shoesZNO PRACTICE: Reading Read the text below. For questions 1-5 choose the correct answer A, B, Cor D. TASKT What is the official language of the US? Do you know what the official language of the United States is? if you answered English, guess again. Although, at the moment English is the most widely spoken language in the nation, Spanish is catching up with over forty million Hispanics speaking their native language at home, at work, and in their daily lives. This brings us to anather point: Why does the US, which is considered an English-speaking country, feel obliged to offer services for Spanish speakers and those speaking many other languages, some of which you might not even know about? ‘Well let's not forget that since 1776 the US has been - and continues to be - a multilingual nation, Back then, itwasn't uncorwmon to near up to 20 different languages spoken in daily lif. Today 322 languages are spoken in the country, So having one offical language would limit the rights of individuals who cannot communicate in English, individuals who are paying taxes and wha should have the same rights as those who speak English, Nevertheless, in 1780, John Adams proposed to the Continental Congress that English should be declared the official language of the United States. Debate over the official language has been going an for years, with people on both sides ofthe fence, but so far a decision has not been made, This doesn't mean that the individual states have not declared an offical language because ‘many already have, Twenty-seven states, to be exact, have declared English as their offical language. But, to protect the rights of those speaking any other languages, there is something called Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Although twenty-seven states have declared English as thelr official language, in order to receive federal financial assistance ‘these states still have to follow Title VI, which requires that important materials be available in the language the person speaks if they want to be subsidised by the Federal Government. Title Vi ofthe Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 2000 Executive Order No. 13166 require that public organizations receiving federal funels must have all vital documents available in every language that their clents speak: every language, not just Spanish. Why? Because the US has never declared an official language and because of this, the Thie V ofthe Civil Rights Act of 1964 still applies. 1. What is NOT true about the Spanish language in the US? A over 40 million people use it B Spanish is spoken at home and at wark Cthe number of people who speak its growing Ditis the most widely spoken language 2. Why isn't there an official language in the US? [A because of the Immigrants that might come to the country Because every citizen speaks many languages to encourage people to pay taxes to protect the rights of those whose English Is limited 3 What language was suggested to be made the official language of the US in the 18th c? English Spanish German Drone 4. Where in the LIS is English the official language? Ain 27 states Beverywhere but for 27 states Citis nat Deverywhere with few exceptions 5 What language must all important documents be in? A English Bany language, Just not Spanish any language the person speaks Dany official languageZNO PRACTICE: Reading Read the text below. For questions 1-5 choose the correct answer A, B, Cor D. TASKS Why is a baker's dozen not 12? Request a dozen eggs froma farmer, a dozen steaks froma butcher, or a dozen pencils from a travelling office supplies salesman, ‘and you will almast certainly receive 12 of your chosen item (although counting errors do happen). But a baker's dozen is commonly understood to mean 13. Are bakers just bad at counting? Not quite. ‘There are a few theories as to why a baker's dozen became 13, but most think it has its origins in the fact that many societies throughout history have had extremely strict laws concerning bakers’ products. This is due to the fact that itis fairly easy for bakers to cheat customers and sell them less than what they think they are getting. ‘These societies took this very seriously as bread was a primary food source for many people. So in Britain from the mid-13th century up to the 19th century there was the Assize of Bread and Ale law. This law set the price of ale and what weight a loaf of bread should be. So basicaly, in terms of bread, i settled the relationship between the price and quality of wheat and what the price and quality of a loaf of bread from a certain quantity of wheat should be. Even though this law appeared at the request of bakers, it still caused a problem for them. If they happened to accidentally cheat a customer by giving them less than what they were supposed to according to the law, the punishment and fines were severe, Depending an where the lawbreaker lived, it could include for example losing a hand. In those timas it wasn’t that hard to accidentally cheat a customer. Making 2 loaf of bread with an exact weight was nearly impossible by hand without modern day tools. So, bakers began giving more than what the statute cutlined to make sure they ‘went over and never under. Specifically, in terms of the “baker's dozen", ifa vendor ar other customer were to order a dozen or several dozen loaves of bread from a baker, the baker would give them 13 for every dozen they ordered. Likewise, when selling quantities of anything, they'd give 13 measures when only 12 were purchased ‘This practice eventuslly made its way into the Worshipful Company of Bakers (London) guild cade. This guild was actually started inthe 12th century and had a large part in putting together the conditions of the Assize of Bread and Ale law. 1. Why did many societies have strict laws about bread products? ‘A Customers wanted more bread than bakers could praduce B Bakers were not very good at counting twas not very difficult for bakers to give customers less than they paid for. D it was easy for bakers to sell more bread. 2. What did the Assize of Bread and Ale law regulate? Athe weight ofa loaf Bihe price of bread the quality of bread Dallofthe above 3 Why wes the Assize of Bread and Ale statute a problem for bakers? ‘A They did not want it to appear, They had to pay money or recieve another punishment if caught cheating They had to take less money for products. D They all lost a hand if they made a mistake. 4 Why wasn't it hard to accidentally cheat a customer? ‘All the loaves were underweight, No one knew how big a loaf should be. Cit was hard ta make loaves which were all the same weight. D They did not use any tools, 5 How did the bakers make sure they did not cheat customers? A They gave one extra loaf if anyone bought 12 loaves. Bthey always sold 13 loaves. They did not sell bread to vendors. D They always gave the exact amount of bread the law ordered,ZNO PRACTICE: Use of English Read the text below. For questions 1-10 choose the correct answer A, B, Cor D. TASK1 Cinderella's story \Weall know Cinderella, She's a princess, She 1_abeautiful dress with a shiny tiara, glass shoes, and long white gloves, She lives with a wicked stepmother and stepsisiers, wha treat her as their maid, With some help she meets and dances with avery 2 prince, then hurries home before the clock 3__midnight and her 4 _becomes a pumpkin again, But that's not the real Cinderella. That's the Disney Cinderella, the one from the 1950 animated film and the new 5 in cinemas right now. The real Cinderellaisr’t so easy to describe. She is a6 __ who mixes tagether centuries of storytelling from many different cultures. In total, more than 500 versions of the Cinderella story have been found in Europe alone, and the Cinderella we know best comes fram there, However, the first recorded story with a Cinderella-tke figure 7__backto the sixth century BC in Greece. In that ancient story, @ Greek woman named Rhodopis has one of her shoes stolen by an eagle, who flies it all the way across the Mediterranean and dropsit inthe 8 af an Egyptian king. ‘Taking the shoe drop as a 9 from the heavens (both literally and metaphericaly), the king goes on a mission to find the 10___ of the shoe. When he finds Rhodapis, he marries her, lifting her fram her low status to the throne. TASK2 How potatoes became popular in Greece Count John Kapodistrias was elected as the first head of state of independent Greece (1827-33) after a long 1 in European politics and diplomacy. He is considered the founder of the 2____Greek state, and the founder of Greek independence, among other things, in an effort to raise the living 3 ___ of the population he intraduced the cultivation, ofthe potato into Greece, 4 __ to legend, Kapodistrias ordered that potatoes should boS ‘to anyone who was interested. However the population was unwiling at first to accept the offer. The legend ‘continues, that he then ordered that the whole shipment of potatoes was unloaded on public display on the docks of Nafplion, and placed it under guard to make the people 6 _____that they were valuable. Soon, people would7___to look at the guarded potatoes and some started to steal ther The guards had been ordered in advance to turn a blind 8 __~ to such behaviour, and soon the potatoes had all been, ‘stolen’ and Kapodistrias’planto9__ them to Greece had succeeded. And now some of the most famous Greek dishes, like moussaka, use potatoes as a basic 10 came lower [eles [poaes E 2 modern _|B]latest clsish —_[D recent 3 B|colides |] smacks codes 8 rules [Claws |p| szanaaras | lalcransit |B carriage |€|transportation| D | caver As reported 8 | According clAsstated |b ustas 5 [Alreshape _[B remosel_[¢ redo = applied ‘[e|nended our[b assigned [alquatty —[Blnature D [character accent eluuse __[o/aame 7 al determines [| registers |e [dates Dicomes | her (Bcotec —|clsetect plgrow | alan [olonie [ely [ole |) “Tale [elaron loa] sales [alsin [c[bal Dirote | [alalannounce |Bloesn __[clerter _|rwroauce | fdaloeper —[alower [e[vatrer [lshorw | hdelaaame —plngreaenr [c|eenert larZNO PRACTICE: Use of English Read the text below. For questions 1-10 choose the correct answer A, 8, Cor D. TASK3 Captain returned to prison to escape (On 24 August 1914, during World War 1, Captain Robert Campbell of the British Army's tst Battalion East Surrey Regiment was captured while serving an the front lin. He was taken to 2 1___ for prisoners-of-war in Magdeburg, Germany. During histime there, he 2____a letter saying that his mother was dying of cancer. Wishing to see his mother one last time before she died, Campbell wrote a touching 3 to the German Kaiser. Surprisingly, the Kaiser 4___his request ~as longs Robert Campbell returned. Campball gave his S_and returned t0 the UK- likely through the Netherlands. Therehe6___time ‘with his dying mother, who died in February 1917, After her death, he kept his 7 ____. and came back. Most surprisingly, however, is that Campbell then tried to & soon after his recurn, Unfortunately, no other British 9 in German captivity were shawn compassion of this sort, after the British 10 a similar request from 4 German prisoner-of-war called Beter Gastreich, hale [tlalcamp cottage | received ofr ] 2\alcollcted |B earned | ip —slleter —[e/sgn Plena | |alaladopted |B|tked —_[¢|wetcomed Diaccepted | slalvow | dedarevon|e|ward _[) statement 6|A devoted clvasied ies [la assurence |B] oromise _[c|eonsent Dl contract [slarun [Bly clescape [Dl avoia S.A picones (Blnomages (cleans Djcrinae Hola reectec _|B|ismissed |¢|elrinated |b) disbelieved | TASK 4 The history of money From the earliest days of human beings on Earth bartering was the way people exchanged goods and services. If you grew rice, for example, you could trade 1__ofrice for the other goods and services you needed, ‘Over time, though, bartering wasn't always possible. Sometimes people couldn't 2 an what goods were worth in exchanges. In other situations, people simply might not want to trade for what you had available. These situations led to the 3__ of commodity money. Cornmodities are basic items used by almost everyone. In the past, popular commodities included salt, tea, cattle, and seeds and using these items of ‘money 4 _"_ some of the problems of bartering. However, commodities weren't always easy ta transport and often they were diffcult to store. These 5 ___with commodities led peaple to create coins out of 6 metals ta use as money. No one knows for sure who first 7___ such money, but historians believe metal objects were first used as money as early 35 5.000 B.C Eventually, societies moved away from using metals to make money. Known 2s representative money, the new paper 8___and coins made of non-precious metals represented certain values that everyone in those societies could agree upon. Governments ar banks would promise to exchange representative money fora specific 9___ af silver ar gold. Today, most modern currency is not 10 _ by silver or gold. Instead, today's money is known as fiat money. Fiat is a Latin word that means “let it be done’, Money has a certain value today because it was given that value by government fiat or decree. Legal tender laws now make it illegal to refuse legal currency in favour of some other form of payment. 1.8 pieces, [B[baes —[c/iumps [| loaves zlvaime |slperme —[claecte loagree 3/aldevelopment|8| progress |_| event oceurence| 4)plextained [s|detrmined|c| deat [0|soved | Sialtopics — [Biissues [c|mater _[D|argunent 6A ‘dear Biprzed —|C|precious _|p|rich 7lAjcame up _|B|aiscovered |Clinvented_[D|planned Islalcheck _|Binotes _[Climoces [D|debrs | fil iranced [al sponsored fc |encouagedln|bacedZNO PRACTICE: Use of English Read the text below. For questions 1-5 choose the correct answer A, 8, Cor D. TASKS ‘A mathematician’s life work reduced to 40 seconds ‘schoolmaster and amateur mathematician William Shanks (1812-82) spent the greater part of his life warking out __ value of Pi (the ratio ofa circle's circumference to its diameter) to 707 decimal places. More than 60 years after his death, ‘mathematician DF Ferguson, 2__a mechanical calculator, pointed out that Wiliam 3_ the last 180 of these decimal places wrong, lin the late 1940s an ENIAC computer took 70 hours 4 2,037 digits of Pi. in 1958 an IBM computer 5 ___ in 40. seconds what Willam Shanks had done in a fatima. The rmillnth digit of Pi was found in 1973 and the billionth i 1935, (i]alme a 7 7] |2lal beng used] radused| cushy |b, wat used |a/Alwas got_[B[been got [Cl got___[D|had'gor [4 alto cio B| cotctate |c| cleared" 4 [Sialhaddone [B[dd [has done [has been done TASKS How the Austrian army defeated iselt The Battle of Karansebesin 1788 was caused 1___ friendly fre. The Austrian Army at thal tine 2 -- of Austrians, Czechs, Germans, Frenchmen, Serbs, Croats, and Poles. This made communication difficult and resulted in an army that ‘was poorly organized During the night some soldiers got into an argument over alcohol and a shot was fired. Suddenly the main camp was shouting "Turks, Turks!” and chaos followed. Austrian officers were shouting "Malt, Halt!” in German, 3___to reestablish ‘order but the majority of the soldiers did not speek German and believed they were hearing the Turks screaming ‘Allah Allah” 3s they attacked. Suddenly everyone 4 anything that moved in the darkness. A commander, believing the (Ottoman cavalry was attacking the camp, decided 5 __his ‘own men with artillery fire! This is whet led to 10.000 dead Austrian soldiers, The Turkish Army? Well, they dic not arrive until 2 days later and took control of the town of Karansebes, (ale Talon ——Te Tor — [ppc ih was made |; [had been | [2Almadeup (Buy | © mage up [2/Alying __18/ were. ving} ¢ jaltaa been yer shootin *|porbar B shooting _| dol eartacel | portars TASK7 Lord Byron and a pet bear George Gordon Byron is one of 1 __ British poets of all times, well known for his love of animals, During his life, Byron kept a countless number of animals. When Byron 2 ___at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1805 to 1808, he even had a bear. A this time, according to the statutes of the college, dogs 3 __. Lora Byron was angry with the college rules, so he brought a tame bear as a pet. The college authorities had an argument with the poe, but since there was no mention of pet bears in the statutes of the college, they had no legal right to expel 4 bear or its owner. Byron walked the bear on a chain and treated it lke & dog, When Byron left Cambridge, in 1808, he S_the bear with him to his house in London, ; Tie 7, nor 1A preatest iP greater |2|al lead Pt [sured [2 sree ening P Gana g|werenct | lwasnot |p vals icleesret o ‘Bite (ean Napoleon and the battle of the rabbits This battle happened in July 1807, after Napoleon signed 1 Treaties of Tilsit. To celebrate the occasion, he proposed a rabbit hunt with his men and asked Alexandre Bertier 2 it Berthier collected somewhere 3__ several hundred and 3.000 rabbits. On the day of the hunt the cages with rabbits were placed all slong the edges of a massive field. When Napoleon and his guests arrived, the animals 4___ and the hunt began. However, instead of running away the raobits bombarded Nagoleon and his men. There were so many of them that Napoleon had to escape in his carriage, Wh the rabbits so courageous? The answer is simple: id not trap wild rabbits, he simply took tame ©: 5 _farmers in nearby towns, And these were nc? oman. | organizeZNO PRACTICE: Use of English Read the text below. For questions 1-5 choose the correct answer A, B, C or D. TASKS How Charlie Chaplin failed Charlie Chaplin will always be regarded 25 one of 1 __ comedians of alltime and a pioneer of fm comedy.2_1915 {and 1921 there was 2 popular rumour that Chaplin entered 3 ___ Chaplin lookalike contest and lost. This was not an uusbslevable stary and infact, if Chaplin ever entered such a contest he probably made sure that he didn't win just so that he could 4 ____ the absurdity of the situation 5 _____ August of 1920, The Straits Times from Singapore was, the first newspaper to publish the story of Chaplin entering a contest and trying to impersonate himself, butwe will probably never know how true it was. TASK 11 The 50-Star American flag got a 8 as a school project The lagwe know today andit’s arrangement ofstars 1__ by a high schooler - before Alaska and Hawail were even states. It was 1958, and America only contained 48 United States. The flag at that time 2 —___ six rows of eight stars. Heft’s history teacher assigned a class project, asking to redesign the flag, Heft decided to use the flag he had at home and added some changes to his3_48-star flag. His teacher, however, was not impressed and gave the project a B minus, But Heft protested the low grade. His teacher told him 4 _ itaccepted into Washington if he wanted a better grade. Heft spent the next two years making calls and writing letters tothe White House. After Alaska and Hawaii gained statehood, Tgimore [eg] the] _Heft got the call hed been hoping for. President Etzenhower [Pliconic Chiconicer [DY onicest. told him that his flag design 5 ‘out of over a thousand, from” |¢|reo [pi wh “| ‘And, yes, his teacher did update his gradi to an A Clan ipla Fe have olen fa] was Twas been c pier |1]a)designes | D —jeclved nioy [eleieret designed irom} alajteaures 8|texures_|c|feaueng 3/A|pareit |B parents —[€| parents —[D| parents — TASK 10 4 Alto get [Bi get [elgot D| to have got| 1 Was had had been ‘The biggest human migration on Earth Sjalchose [Pi chosen chosen _ |P {chosen Chunyun (The Lunar New Yean, or spring migration, Is the world’s largest annual human migration, The migration lasts 1 40 days, The Lunar New Year, or Spring Festiva, is thé riost important holiday in the Chinese cultural calendar. 2 as a time of family reunions and reconnection, prompting separated members to travel long distances and sit together at one table, No matter how far parents or their offspring have to travel in China, they are always wiling the journey home during The Chinese New Year. College students and migrant workers are the main travellers during the holiday. These workers usually come from the rural parts of China. 4___ long distances to find work opportunities, they rave to big cities far from home. For many, the Chinese New Year is thelr only holiday, and a rare chance to spend time with family - including therr chiloren, who are normally §___in the care of grandparents, Blirom C]since _[D[ under |zlalhesscen —|B|nas seah”"[€/isseen”—[D/ sees wl rcxing Tol Pewa note [Bltomate [eirakng fol hens Travelling |B {Travel [C/ Travelled _[D| will travel been left [B|beingieft | C|leave Diet || ZNO PRACTICE: Writing =, oe) Your friend wants to start working as a courier in his dream company and then try to build a career there. His parencs think thathe should get higher education first and then apply for a more prestigious job, Write aletter to your friend where you ~ compare the advantages of getting work experience with those connected to getting a higher education ~ give your friend some advice about what might be better for him and why = tell him about your plans for after you graduate from school write 3 letter of at least 100 words. Do not write your own name, any dates, addresses or any other personal information, Start and finish your letter in an appropriate way. Your school magazine has announced a contest for the best reorganization idea for the gym area which will then be adopted. write letter to an editor where you ~ briefly outline haw the gym area looks now give your idea on reorganization and explain how it will improve school life = suggest how the local community (students, parents, teachers) can help Write a letter of atleast 100 words. Do not use your real name ‘any other personal information. Start and finish your letter in an appropriate way. we [7 You are helping to organise a schonl-Jeaving event for this year's graduates. You asked the headmaster of your school for help and he asked you to send him an email with what you need, Write an email where you briefly describe the types of activities you plan to organise say which school facilities are necessary to hold the activities you planned and why assure him that everything will be cleaned afterwards and explain how you plan to do that write an email of at least 100 words. Do not write your ‘own name, any dates, addresses, or any other personal Information. Startand finish your letter in an appropriate way, 2 You have seen an announcement about a competition in your school magazine. The task is to write a short article about sport in yaur school. Write an article in which you say which sport is popular with the students and what sports teams you can join at school ~ talk about any recent sports events in your area conclude with what you think can be done to promote sport, in your school Write an article of at least 100 words. Start and finish in an appropriate way. | faa The mayor of your town wants to make school uniform biigatory for every school in the area. Write him a letter in which you ~ state what types of clothes students can wear at your school = explain why you think itis a good or a bad idea to have a school uniform give examples to support your opinion Wirite a letter of at least 100 words. Do not include your own name, any dates, addresses or any other personalinformation, 800K Review TASK6 =—_/ Youve seen a competition announcement for the best review ‘of your favourite book. Write a review in which you give the name of the author, the book title and a brief description of the story. analyse and evaluate the book, and give examples to support your opinion say why you recommend reading it Write a review of at least 100 words. Start and finish ie In an ‘appropriate way,