Aswathy MAIN PROJECT PDF

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
During the last years, light steel structures have been extensively used as being the most
effective in practical application. The main advantages of such kind of structures are the
effective usage of materials and quick erection as well as their good exploitation characteristics.
Over the past two decades, solution of the buildings with tapered frames, manufactured from
high-tensile steel, have become a standard. The use of automatic welding techniques minimizes
the cost of such tapered members. Steel structural elements with variable cross-section, made of
welded plates, are largely used in the construction industry for both beams and columns in
accordance with the stress and stiffness demand in the structure. Steel members with non-
uniform cross-section are commonly used as columns in the design of various structures such as
building frames, cranes, masts etc., due to the effort to minimize the total weight and
subsequently the cost of the structure. The stability behavior of columns with non-uniform cross-
section has been studied by a number of researchers. A stability analysis of the entire structure is
required when designing such members, which leads to the determination of the exact buckling
load of each member as well. These types of elements are mainly used for the design of single
storey frames with pitched roof rafters and pinned column base. Rafters and columns can be
designed as tapered members made of steel welded plates, respecting the bending moment
diagrams for gravitational load combination.
Tapered steel members offer better cross-section utilization along the member, which makes
them an interesting and more economical alternative to prismatic ones. Yet, the design
methodologies available do not provide a clear and sufficient guidance for the stability
verification of such members. Some classic non-uniform members such as stepped or tapered
members have been investigated thoroughly, but there is not any available comparative study for
which shaped tapered member is better under axial loading.
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This work deals with analytical investigation on axially loaded I and tubular section steel columns
with tapered, stepped and double tapered cross sections are studied. Modelling and analysis is done by
using finite element software ANSYS 16.1 workbench.
(a) (b) (c)
(d)
Fig 1.1 (a) L-Shape, (b) V-Shape, (c) Double Tapered, (d) Stepped Steel Sections ( Trayana
Tankova (2018) [13] and Bo-Hao Zhang (2013) [2] )
1.2 NON-PRISMATIC COLUMN
Non-Prismatic column is also called Tapered column, ie column with different cross section
along their longitudinal axis. The tapered columns idea is based on the ancient Roman and Greek
design. The taper is a decreasing radius of the column from bottom. Metal building system
builders have an option to use tapered column ns to hold up the structure. In many metal
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buildings, straight columns may have more steel than they need. A tapered column design can
reduce the amount of steel used and reduce costs in several ways.
Fig 1.2 Steel building with tapered columns (http://images.app.goo.gl/8eBQY3tMpUf3TZv5)
Tapered columns framing works are mainly used in Agricultural buildings, aircraft hangars,
Indoor Tennis Courts, Larger churches etc.
1.3 PRISMATIC COLUMN
Prismatic columns means the cross-section is the same at any location across the longitudinal
axis.
Fig.1.3 Prismatic steel column
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1.4 OBJECTIVE
The main objectives of this study are:
 To study the structural behaviour of non-prismatic L and V shape columns subjected to

axial loading.
 To find the structural behaviour of double tapered and stepped L and V shape column.
 To investigate the effect of taper ratio on the structural behaviour of non-prismatic
columns.
 To evaluate the structural behaviour of non-prismatic steel columns of I and tubular
section.
1.5 SCOPE
 The work is limited to modelling and analysis using ANSYS.

 Work is concentrated on non-linear buckling analysis and vibrational analysis.
 Work is done under axial loading only.
 Taper ratio is limited to 2, 3 and 4.
 Mass of the column is restricted to 249 kg.
 Length of column is restricted to 6m.
 I and tubular sections are considered in this study.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
This chapter deals with a brief review of the past and recent study performed by researchers. A
brief review of previous studies focused on web tapered columns.
2.2 EXISTING LITERATURE

[13]
Trayana Tankova et.al; (2018) conducted a study on experimental buckling behaviour of
web tapered I-section steel column. This paper presented four full scale experimental tests on
the stability behavior of linearly web tapered steel columns and beam–column. The columns
were tested under constant axial force aiming for the assessment of their in plane flexural
buckling resistance and one member was tested under bending and axial force. The material
and geometrical properties of all members were characterized experimentally and detailed
global results were reported. The test campaign also includes residual stresses tests, where
four specimens with different geometries were tested. Numerical model is supported by the
experimental tests presented in this paper, it can be recommended as a good basis future
development in the area of stability design.
Trayana Tankova et.al; (2017) [14] conducted a study on numerical model for the buckling behaviour
of tapered steel members based on experimental tests. This article focused on the calibration of
numerical model for the buckling behaviour of non uniform steel members based on
experimental results. At this stage of the research, the modelling was limited to lateral-torsional
buckling of web-tapered steel beams. In all experiments, there were measurements of the
geometrical imperfections which allowed for the modelling of the initial geometrical
imperfections in the shape of the global buckling mode with amplitude from the real geometry.
In total 9 experiments was compared revealing good relation between the numerical and
experimental results. Furthermore, the model also exhibited good overall agreement in terms of
performance along the simulated tests. Hence, it is concluded that the chosen model is capable of
capturing the nature of the stability phenomenon.
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L. Marques et.al; (2013) [9] conducted a study on development of consistent design procedure
for a tapered columns.Validation of the numerical and analytical models for the flexural and
lateral-torsional buckling resistance of tapered beam-columns. Finally, regarding the stability
behaviour, it is noted that the characterization of imperfections (geometric and residual stresses)
is essential. In fact, these imperfections are known to be the main source of discrepancies
between theoretical and real values of the load carrying capacity of steel members. Therefore,
these imperfections were measured and taken into account during the calibration of the
numerical model.
[2]
Bo-Hao Zhang et.al; (2013) conducted a study on ultimate bearing capacity of
asymmetrically double tapered steel columns with tubular cross-section. As a new kind of non-
uniform member, the asymmetrically double tapered column with tubular cross-section is
composed of two tapered parts with different lengths. This kind of column is more effective and
economic to resist combination of axial load and transverse load, with both its ends hinged and
transverse load applied at the largest cross-section. Some classic non-uniform members such as
stepped or tapered members have been investigated thoroughly. In this study, the elastic buckling
behaviors of asymmetrically double tapered columns with solid circular and tubular cross-section
are studied respectively. Bessel functions and fitting processes are used to derive explicit
formulas of the critical load. Subsequently, the ultimate bearing capacity of asymmetrically
double tapered tubular columns subject to axial load is studied. And the results obtained by the
design formula proposed herein correlate well with these obtained by using finite element
numerical analysis. Finally, a P–M interaction formula for predicting in-plane strength of double
tapered tubular columns under axial load and uniaxial bending is suggested. Employment of a
detailed nonlinear finite element analysis demonstrates the accuracy of the interaction formula.
[8]
John Ch. Ermopoulos et.al; (2010) conducted a study on stability of tapered and stepped
steel columns with initial imperfections. In this paper, the elastic stability of eccentrically loaded
tapered or stepped columns with initial imperfection is studied. The formulation of the problem is
based on the exact solution of the governing equations for buckling. The initial imperfection is
assumed to have a parabolic shape, and its influence on the buckling load is studied compared to
the perfect member. A plasticity criterion is applied to determine material failure in the buckled
configuration. Various model cases are also analyzed via the finite element method and the
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corresponding results correlate well with the analytical ones. Although the stability behavior of
tapered or stepped columns has been studied by many researchers, no data are available
regarding the influence of initial imperfections on the stability of such members with
eccentrically applied axial loads. The presence of imperfections is responsible for a significant
reduction of the carrying axial compressive loads, and is thoroughly investigated.
[6]
Harvey JW et.al; (2005) conducted a study on buckling loads for stepped columns. In the
present study, the influence of initial imperfections on the stability of non-uniform steel members
that are subjected to eccentrically applied axial loading is thoroughly investigated. The presence
of imperfections is responsible for a significant reduction of the carrying capacity of structural
systems and especially those carrying axial compressive loads.
Eurocode et.al; (2003) [5] conducted a study on design of steel structures, Part 1.1: General rules
and rules for buildings. The problem is studied using web- tapered columns and stepped columns
with build-up cross- sections, an initial imperfection of parabolic shape and various boundary
conditions that are usually met in real life structures. The methodology is based on the exact
solution of the governing differential equation for buckling of columns with constant or variable
cross-section. In this model, eigenmode conform imperfections were considered for the second
order forces. As a result, as long as a second order failure location is known and an additional
imperfection factor is considered to account for the non- uniformity either of the loading or
of the cross section, the verification may be performed analogously to the rules for prismatic
columns. This second order failure location and additional imperfection factor were replaced
in some of the terms by an “over-strength” factor φ, which is given for a set of tapered ratios.
This approach only requires the determination of the location where the stresses due to the
applied forces are maximum, which is a straight-forward procedure’
M.Morell et.al; (2003) [10] conducted a study on bending and buckling strength of tapered
structural members. The authors per-formed an experimental study where fifteen tapered I-
section members were tested in bending and in a combination of bending and compression. The
tested members were chosen to fail in the inelastic range. These experiments assessed the
difference in the resistance of members manufactured using different fabrication procedures.
[11]
S.L. Chan et.al; (2001) conducted a study on buckling analysis of structures composed of
tapered members. Buckling and stability non-linear analysis of tapered members and structures
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consisting of tapered members are found in .The most recent studies for tapered steel members
are mostly based on analytical work which is validated by advanced non-linear numerical
simulations. The design rules for tapered columns and beams developed were used to propose a
verification format for the stability verification of web-tapered beam-columns.
[12]
Subramanian et.al; (1995) conducted a study on resolving the Disconnect between Lateral
Torsional Buckling Experimental Tests and Tests Simulations, and Design Strength Equations. In this
paper, a numerical model for non-uniform members is validated and refined, aiming for future
comparison with the design methods for non-uniform members. It is based on calibration to full-scale
experiments on web-tapered steel members performed at the University of Coimbra. Hence, in the
following sections, firstly the experimental programme is presented. It is then used for calibration of a
numerical model, which is further validated with experiments performed by other researchers, as
special attention is paid to the assumed the member imperfections.
[1]
A M Baptisa et.al; (1992) conducted a study on design of tapered compression members
according to Eurocode 3. Tapered members for beams and columns are an interesting solution
for the design of steel structures. They allow a gain of material which, for some particular cases,
should not be neglected. However, there are no specific rules for the design of such elements yet,
and the Eurocode 3 allows the designers to choose the method for the verification of the safety of
these members. Instability phenomena, such as global buckling for example, are usually those
that raise more difficulties to this verification. These elements must be checked using second-
order analysis or simplified methods based on modifications of the basic procedure for uniform
members. This paper presents a formulation for the design of such members.
[4]
Ermopoulos et.al; (1879) conducted a study on equivalent buckling length of non-uniform
members .established the elastic non-linear equilibrium equations of non-uniform members in
frames under compression for non- sway and sway modes. These equations were solved using
an iterative procedure and the corresponding critical loads and equivalent length factors were
presented in forms of tables and graphs.
[3]
D. Butler et.al; (1875) conducted a study on the elastic buckling of tapered beam-
columns.Welded Re-search supplement carried out experimental tests on the elastic stability of
tapered beam-columns.the authors per-formed an experimental study where fifteen tapered I-
section members were tested in bending and in a combination of bending and compression. The
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tested members were chosen to fail in the inelastic range. These experiments assessed the
difference in the resistance of members manufactured using different fabrication procedures.
[7]
H.H. Snijder et.al; (1873) conducted a study on experimental investigation of residual
stresses in roller bent wide flange steel sections. The procedure involves longitudinal and
transversal cuts which provoke the release of stresses locked in the test specimen, which in turn
cause deformations. Then it is possible to record these deformations and transform them further
into stresses using Hooke's law.
Timoshenko SP et.al; (1873) [15] conducted a study on theory of elastic stability. The problem is
studied using web- tapered columns and stepped columns with build-up cross- sections, an initial
imperfection of parabolic shape and various boundary conditions that are usually met in real life
structures. The methodology is based on the exact solution of the governing differential equation
for buckling of columns with constant or variable cross-section
2.3 RESEARCH GAP
From the literature survey, there is a gap for the comparison of I and tubular section non-
prismatic steel columns. Non-prismatic column with which shaped tapered member is better
under axial loading is not studied. Analysis of double tapered column and stepped column with L
and V shape under axial loading is very limited, this area is still an open field of study. A wide
area is open for the study of buckling behavior of web tapered V, L, double tapered and stepped
steel columns having different taper ratio with uniform mass under axial loading.
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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 GENERAL
In this chapter methodology of the present study is described. The methodology includes study
of Non-prismatic steel columns under axial loading using ANSYS software
3.2 METHODOLOGY
The whole thesis work is divided into the following sequential steps. The following flowchart
represents the methodology of the thesis work to be completed.
Literature Survey Experimental

Web result from
Validation tapered L3 journal
Comparison
column of results
Modeling using ANSYS Analytical
result using
I section and tubular section ANSYS
L Shape web tapered V Shape web tapered

column column
Taper ratio 2, 3 & 4
Double Tapered L Column Stepped column Double Tapered V Column
Non-Linear buckling analysis and Vibrational analysis
Comparison of results
Interpretation of results
Fig.3.1 Methodology flow chart

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3.2.1 Literature Survey
Literature survey is conducted on various web tapered steel columns under various loading
conditions. From various researches structural behaviour and other parametric behaviour of web
tapered steel column is studied.
3.2.2 Validation of Software
For the validation of project work the experimental results of the L-Shape column with taper
ratio 3 from the journal is used. The result obtained in terms of maximum deformation
corresponding to the loading which is compared with the result obtained in ANSYS software and
the percentage of variation is also calculated.
3.2.3 Modelling Using ANSYS
ANSYS is American Computer-aided engineering software which stands for Analysis of

Systems. ANSYS publishes engineering analysis software across a range of disciplines including
finite element analysis, structural analysis, computational fluid dynamics, explicit and implicit
methods and heat transfer. As per the ANSYS manual for software verification, the acceptance
criteria for error (i.e., the difference between ANSYS results and the independent results
obtained in the journals) should not exceed 15%.
In this work, L and V shape steel columns with I and tubular section having taper ratio 2, 3 and
4 having uniform mass and Double tapered and stepped columns of L and V shape with I and
tubular section of best taper ratio are modelled using Finite Element Software ANSYS.. The steel
grade of the steel plates is S355 (fy, = 355 Mpa).
3.2.4 Non-Linear Buckling Analysis
Analysis was done using ANSYS software. Non-Linear buckling analysis will be carried out for
the analysis of project work. Nonlinear buckling analysis provides greater accuracy than elastic
formulation. Applied loading incrementally increases until a small change in load level causes a
large change in displacement. This condition indicates that a structure has become unstable.
Nonlinear buckling analysis is a static method which accounts for material and geometric
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nonlinearities, load perturbations, geometric imperfections, and gaps. Either a small destabilizing
load or an initial imperfection is necessary to initiate the solution of a desired buckling mode .
Results may obtain in terms of deflection and load.
3.2.5 Vibrational analysis
Vibration-analysis studies pertain to elastic or deformable bodies vibrating about the position of
equilibrium. Different modules of FEA programs each handle different kinds of vibration
problems. However, a vibration analysis in FEA almost always starts with a modal analysis.
Modal analysis provides important results on its own that can also be used as inputs for other
types of vibrational analysis. Vibrational analysis also called frequency analysis; is to finds the
natural or resonant frequencies of a structure and the shape of the structure at each frequency. A
vibrational analysis generally used to find defects on structure like fracture. The presence of a
localized damage in a structure reduces the stiffness.
3.2.6 Comparison of Results
L-shape and V-shape column with varying taper ratio having uniform mass and double tapered
column and stepped columns of L and V shape with better taper ratio is modeled and the
resultant deformation and load carrying capacity of the columns are compared. The parameters
taken for the study are deformation and load carrying capacity. Vibrational analysis on the Non-
prismatic columns of shape L, V, Double tapered and stepped is conducted to determine the
stiffness.
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CHAPTER 4
VALIDATION
4.1 GENERAL
This chapter deals with software validation. It checks that the software product satisfies or fits
the intended use, i.e., whether the software meets the user requirements. In this study, ANSYS
software is used for the analysis of reinforced concrete column. Here, L-shape web tapered I-
section column with taper ratio 3 is used for validating the present model with the model already
developed in the journal [13]. The geometric, loading and modelling details are used for
validation are included in this chapter.
4.2 GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF L-SHAPE I-SECTION STEEL

COLUMN WITH TAPER RATIO 3
The specimens were web-tapered; with tapering ratio 3 having a length of 6m.It were meant to
validate the buckling analysis of a web tapered L- shape I-section column under axially loading.
The specimens were designed to assess their in-plane flexural buckling behaviour, being the
relevant parameter in the design of non-uniform member. They were simply supported on
both ends using pinned connections. The specimens are connected at their bases to a horizontal
profile. At the point of load application, the vertical and transversal movements of the
columns were restrained. The global buckling was prevented by the implementation of lateral
restraints at each meter length of the column. FEA analysis is carried out by using
Displacement convergence criteria.
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4.2.1 Structural Details
The dimensional details and material details of L-shape I-section steel column are given in Table
4.1 and Table 4.2
Table 4.1Dimensional details of L-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 3
hmax 360 mm
Taper ratio =3
hmin 120 mm
Weight of column 249 kg
btop 100mm
bbot 100mm
tw 10mm
tf, 16mm
Length 6m
Table 4.2 Material properties of L-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 3
Properties Value
Density 7860 kg/m3
Poisson ratio 0.3
Young's modulus 2×105Mpa
Yield strength 355 Mpa
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4.2.2 Modelling
Modelling of L-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 3 is done by using the steel grade of
the steel plates is S355 (fy, = 355 Mpa).
Fig.4.1 Solid model of L-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 3
4.2.3 Meshing and Loading
After having modelled the given column component, the meshing is done as quadrilateral mesh.
Here load is applied axially at the larger side of the column. The specimens are connected at
their bases to a horizontal profile. They were simply supported on both ends using pinned
connections. Analysis is done by using displacement convergence criteria. Displacement
value provided for the analysis is 50mm. From the analysis; maximum load carrying
capacity and corresponding deformation value is noted.
Fig.4.2 Mesh model of L-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 3
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Fig.4.3 Boundary conditions for L-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 3
4.3 ANALYSIS
Non-Linear buckling analysis is carried out in L-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 3
to find out the maximum deformation and load carrying capacity.
Fig.4.4 Total deformation of L-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 3
Deflection of L-shape column with taper ratio 3 = 10.734 mm
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4.4 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
As per the ANSYS manual for software verification, following are the acceptance criteria:
Exact: There is no difference between the ANSYS results and the independent results.
Acceptable: For maximum load carrying capacity and deformation the difference between the
ANSYS software and the independent results does not exceed fifteen percent (15%).
Unacceptable: For maximum load carrying capacity and deformation the difference between the
ANSYS software and the independent results exceeds fifteen percent (15%).
4.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The result obtained from the non-linear buckling analysis is compared with the values in
reference journal [13] Fig.4.5 and Fig.4.6 shows the load-deflection curve from the reference
journal [13] and analytical result. From this graph, Load carrying capacity is considered for the
comparison of validation work.
Fig.4.5 Load- deflection curve of L3 column from the reference journal [13]
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1600
1400
1200
LOAD (kN) 1000
800
600 L_3_
400
200
0
0 50 100 150 200
DEFLECTION (mm)
Fig.4.6 Load- deflection curve of L3 I-section column from analytical result
Table 4.3 Comparison of results
Parameter Journal Value Value Obtained From Percentage Variation

ANSYS
Flexural
capacity 1460 1475 1.027397%
(kN)
From ANSYS the Load carrying capacity value obtained is almost similar to the value from the
reference journal [13]. So the percentage variation in load carrying capacity is 1.02739% which
is within the acceptable limit. Thus model in ANSYS software is validate
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CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS OF PRISMATIC I-SECTION STEEL COLUMN

5.1 GENERAL
This chapter deals with the dimensional details, modelling details and analysis of Prismatic I-
section column with having mass 249 Kg in ANSYS Software.
5.2 GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF PRISMATIC I-SECTION STEEL

COLUMN
Uniform column having a length of 6m is chosen. It was meant to buckling analysis of a

prismatic I-section column under axially loading. The specimens were designed to assess their
in-plane flexural buckling behaviour. They were simply supported on both ends using pinned
connections. The specimens are connected at their bases to a horizontal profile. At the point of
load application, the vertical and transversal movements of the columns were restrained. The
global buckling was prevented by the implementation of lateral restraints at each meter length
of the column. FEA analysis is carried out by using Displacement convergence criteria.
The dimensional details and material properties of Prismatic I-section steel column are given in
Table 5.1, Table 5.2
Table 5.1 Dimensional details of prismatic I-section steel column
Model ISLB 325

wf 16.5 mm
tf 9.8 mm
tw 7 mm
Weight 249 kg
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Table 5.2 Material properties of prismatic I-section steel column
Properties Values
Density 7860 kg/m3
Poisson ratio 0.3
5.2.2 Modelling of Prismatic I-section steel column
Modelling of prismatic I-section steel column is done by using the steel grade of the steel plates
is S355 (fy, = 355 Mpa).
Fig.5.1 Solid model of prismatic I-section steel column
5.2.3 Meshing and Loading of Prismatic I-section steel column
capacity and corresponding deformation value is noted.
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Fig.5.2 Mesh model of prismatic I-section steel column
Fig.5.3 Boundary condition of prismatic I-section steel column
5.3 ANALYSIS OF PRISMATIC I-SECTION STEEL COLUMN
Non-Linear buckling analysis is carried out in prismatic I-section steel column to find out the
maximum deformation and load carrying capacity.
Fig.5.4 Total deformation of prismatic I-section steel column
Deflection of prismatic I-section Steel column = 10.72 mm
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5.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF PRISMATIC I-SECTION STEEL
COLUMN
The result obtained from the nonlinear buckling analysis of a Prismatic I-section column is
shown in Table 5.3. Fig 5.5 shows the load carrying capacity and deflection of prismatic I-
section column. Load carrying capacity and deflection are the parameters taken for prismatic I-
section steel column.
2500
2000
1500
LOAD (kN)
1000 ISLB 325 clmn L
500
0
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00
DEFLECTION (mm)
Fig.5.5 Load- deflection curve of I-section prismatic column
Table 5.3 Values obtained for prismatic I-section column
Column Type Load Carrying Capacity (kN) Deflection(mm)
ISLB Column 1904 10.72
From analysis the Load carrying capacity value obtained is 1904 kN and deflection obtained is
10.72 mm.
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CHAPTER 6
ANALYSIS OF NON-PRISMATIC I-SECTION STEEL COLUMN

6.1 GENERAL
This chapter deals with the dimensional details, modelling details and analysis of L-Shape,V-
Shape, Double tapered L and V shape and Stepped L and V Shape I-section column with
uniform mass having varying tapering ratio respectively in ANSYS Software.
6.2 GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF L AND V SHAPE I-SECTION STEEL

COLUMN WITH TAPER RATIO 2, 3 AND 4
The specimens were web-tapered; with tapering ratio 2, 3 and 4 respectively having a length
of 6m. It was meant to buckling analysis of a web tapered L and V shape I-section column under
axially loading. The specimens were designed to assess their in-plane flexural buckling
behaviour, being the relevant parameter in the design of non-uniform member. They were
simply supported on both ends using pinned connections. At the point of load application,
the vertical and transversal movements of the columns were restrained. The specimens are
connected at their bases to a horizontal profile. The global buckling was prevented by the
implementation of lateral restraints at each meter length of the column. FEA analysis is carried
out by using Displacement convergence criteria.
The governing equation for finding Taper ratio of I-section column (L. Marques et.al; (2013) [9])
given as under:
γ= hmax / hmin
Fig 6.1 V shape I-section column (Trayana Tankova (2018) [13])
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The dimensional details and material properties of L and V shape I-section steel column with
uniform mass are given in Table 6.1, Table 6.2 and Table 6.3
Table 6.1 Dimensional details of L-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
hmax 320mm
Taper ratio=2
hmin 160 mm
hmax 360 mm
Taper ratio=3
hmin 120 mm
hmax 384 mm
Taper ratio=4
hmin 96mm

btop 100mm
bbot 100mm
tw 10mm
tf, 16mm
Length 6m
Table 6.2 Dimensional details of V-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
hmax 350 mm
Taper ratio=2
hmin 175 mm
hmax 395 mm
Taper ratio=3
hmin 131.66 mm
hmax 420 mm
Taper ratio=4
hmin 105 mm
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Table 6.3 Material properties of L and V shape I-section steel column with taper ratio
2, 3 and 4
Properties Values
Density 7860 kg/m3
Poisson ratio 0.3
6.2.2 Modelling of L and V Shape I-Section Steel Column with Taper Ratio 2 , 3 And 4
Modelling of L and V shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4 is done by using
the steel grade of the steel plates is S355 (fy, = 355 Mpa).
Fig.6.2 Solid model of L-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
Fig.6.3 Solid model of V-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
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6.2.3 Meshing and Loading of L and V Shape I-Section Steel Column with Taper Ratio
2, 3 and 4
capacity corresponding deformation value is noted.
Fig.6.4 Mesh model of L-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
Fig.6.5 Mesh model of V-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
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Fig.6.6 Boundary conditions of L-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
Fig.6.7 Boundary conditions for V-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
6.3 ANALYSIS OF L AND V SHAPE I-SECTION COLUMNS
Non-Linear buckling analysis is carried out in L and V shape I-section steel column with taper
ratio 2, 3 and 4 to find out the maximum deformation and load carrying capacity.
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28
Fig.6.11 Total deformation of V-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 2
Deflection of V-shape column with taper ratio 2 = 9.81 mm
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6.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF L AND V SHAPE I-SECTION
COLUMNS
Load carrying capacity and deflection are the parameters taken for the comparison of L and V
shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4 with uniform mass.
1800.00
1600.00
1400.00
1200.00
1000.00
LOAD (kN)
800.00 L_2
600.00
400.00
200.00
0.00
0 50 100 150
DEFLECTION (mm)
Fig.6.14 Load- deflection curve of L2 I-section column
1600
1400
1200
1000
LOAD (kN)
800
600 L_3_
400
200
0
0 50 100 150 200
DEFLECTION (mm)
30
1600.00
1400.00
1200.00
1000.00
LOAD (kN) 800.00
600.00
400.00
200.00
0.00
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00
L_4_ DEFLECTION (mm)
1800.00
1600.00
1400.00
1200.00
1000.00 L_2
LOAD (kN)
800.00
L3
600.00
400.00 L4
200.00
0.00
0 50 100 150 200
DEFLECTION (mm)
Fig.6.17 Comparison of load- deflection curve of for L2, L3 and L4 I-section columns
Table 6.4 Comparison of L-shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
Column Type Load Carrying Capacity (kN) Deflection (mm)
L 2 column 1604 10.32
L 3 column 1475 10.734
L 4 column 1389 10.837
31
From Fig.6.17 on comparing L2, L3 and L4 web tapered steel I-section columns; load carrying
capacity of L- shape column with taper ratio 2 is 8.04% and 13.40% higher than L- shape
column with taper ratio 3 and 4 .Deformation is less for L- shape column with taper ratio 2 than
others. When taper ratio decreases the column has attained a symmetric cross section as that of
prismatic one.
1800
1600
1400
1200
LOAD (kN)
1000
800
V_2
600
400
200
0
0 50 100 150
DEFLECTION (mm)
Fig.6.18 Load- deflection curve of V2 I-section column
1400.00
1200.00
1000.00
800.00
LOAD (kN)
600.00
V_3
400.00
200.00
0.00
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00
DEFLECTION (mm)
32
1400
1200
1000
LOAD(kN) 800
600 v4
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40
DEFLECTION(mm)
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000 V_2
LOAD (kN)
800 V3
600 V4
400
200
0
0 50 100 150 200
DEFLECTION(mm)
Fig.6.21 Comparison of load- deflection curve of for V2, V3 and V4 I-section columns
Table 6.5 Comparison of V shape I-section column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4

V 2 column 1528 9.813
V 3 column 1294 10.87
V 4 column 1235 12.71
33
From Fig.6.21 on comparing V2, V3 and V4 web tapered I-section steel column; load carrying
capacity of V- shape column with taper ratio 2 is 15.30% and 19.19% higher than V- Shape
column with taper ratio 3 and 4. Deformation is less for V shape column with taper ratio 2 than
others. When taper ratio decreases the column has attained a symmetric cross section as that of
prismatic one.
From the above results, on comparing both L and V shape I-section column , L shape column
with taper ratio 2 and V shape column with taper ratio 2 has get more load carrying capacity and
less deflection value. The effect of taper ratio weakens the column from the point of view of
reduction in load carrying capacity. It is seen that, as taper ratio increases the load carrying
capacity decreases. Therefore Taper ratio 2 is selected for the modeling of Double tapered and
stepped columns of L and V shape.
6.5 GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF DOUBLE TAPERED L AND V

SHAPE I-SECTION STEEL COLUMN WITH TAPER RATIO 2
Double tapered L and V Shaped I-section column of length 6m is obtained by combining two L-
shape and V-shape columns of length 3m.The specimens were designed to assess their in-plane
flexural buckling behaviour, being the relevant parameter in the design of non-uniform
member. They were simply supported on both ends using pinned connections, which allowed
the free rotation in the plane of the column. The specimens are connected at their bases to a
horizontal profile. The global buckling was prevented by the implementation of lateral
restraints at each meter length of the column. FEA analysis is carried out by using
34
The dimensional details and material properties of double tapered L and V shape I-section steel
column with taper ratio 2 having uniform mass are given in Table 7.1, Table 7.2
Table 6.6 Dimensional details of double tapered L and V shape I-section column with taper ratio
2
hmax 320 mm
L-Shape Column
hmin 160 mm
hmax 350 mm
V-Shape Column
hmin 175 mm
btop 100mm
bbot 100mm
tw 10mm
tf, 16mm
Table 6.7 Material properties of double tapered L and V shape I-section column with taper ratio
2
Properties Values
Density 7860 kg/m3
Poisson ratio 0.3
Young's modulus 2×105 Mpa
35
6.5.2 Modelling Of Double Tapered L and V Shape I-Section Column with Taper Ratio 2
Modelling of double tapered L and V shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 2 is done by
using the steel grade of the steel plates is S355 (fy, = 355 Mpa).
Fig.6.22 Solid model of double tapered L and V shape I-section steel column
6.5.3 Meshing And Loading Of Double Tapered L and V Shape I-Section Column with
Taper Ratio 2
Here load is applied axially at the larger side of the column. They were simply supported on
profile. Analysis is done by using displacement convergence criteria. Displacement value
provided for the analysis is 50mm. From the analysis; maximum load carrying capacity
corresponding deformation value is noted.
36
Fig.6.23 Mesh model of double tapered L and V shape I-section steel column
Fig.6.24 Boundary conditions for double tapered L and V shape I-section steel column
6.6 ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE TAPERED L AND V SHAPE I-SECTION

COLUMN
Non-Linear buckling analysis is carried out in double tapered Land V shape I-section steel
column with taper ratio 2 to find out the maximum deformation and load carrying capacity.
Fig.6.25 Total deformation of double tapered L-shape I-section steel column
Deflection of double tapered L-shape column I-section with taper ratio 2 = 25.77 mm
37
Fig.6.26 Total deformation of double tapered V-shape I-section steel column
Deflection of double tapered V-shape I-section column with taper ratio 2 = 20.008 mm
6.7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION DOUBLE TAPERED L AND V SHAPE I-

SECTION COLUMN
Load carrying capacity and deflection are the parameters considered for double tapered L and V
shape I-section column with taper ratio 2.
1400.00
1200.00
1000.00
800.00
LOAD (kN)
double tapered
600.00 L_2
400.00
200.00
0.00
0 50 100 150 200
DEFLECTION (mm )
Fig.6.27 Load- deflection curve of double tapered L2 I-section column
38
1800.00
1600.00
1400.00
1200.00
LOAD (kN)
1000.00
800.00 DOUBLE TAPERED
V_2
600.00
400.00
200.00
0.00
0 20 40 60 80
DEFLECTION (mm )
Fig.6.28 Load- deflection curve of double tapered V2 I-section column
LOAD Vs DEFLECTION
1800.00
1600.00
1400.00
1200.00
LOAD (kN)
1000.00 DOUBLE TAPERED

800.00 V_2
600.00
double tapered L_2
400.00
200.00
0.00
0 50 100 150 200
DEFLECTION (mm )
Fig.6.29 Comparison of load- deflection curve of double tapered I-section columns
Table 6.8 Values obtained for double tapered L and V shape I-section column with taper ratio 2
Column type Load carrying capacity(kN) Deflection(mm)
Double tapered L 2 column 1285.6 25.77

Double tapered V 2 column 1528.7 20.008
39
From Fig.6.29 on comparing double tapered L and V shape I-Section steel column with taper
ratio 2; load carrying capacity of double tapered V- shape column is 15.902% higher than double
tapered L- shape column and Deformation of V shape column with taper ratio 2 is 28.79% less
than double tapered L shape column with taper ratio 2. When taper ratio decreases the column
has attained a symmetric cross section as that of prismatic one.
6.8 GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF STEPPED L AND V SHAPE I-

SECTION STEEL COLUMN WITH TAPER RATIO 2
The specimens were web-tapered; with tapering ratio 2 having a length of 6m. It was meant to
buckling analysis of a stepped L and V shape I-section column under axially loading. The
specimens were designed to assess their in-plane flexural buckling behaviour, being the
both ends using pinned connections. At the point of load application, the vertical and
transversal movements of the columns were restrained. The specimens are connected at their
bases to a horizontal profile. The global buckling was prevented by the implementation of
lateral restraints at each meter length of the column.FEA analysis is carried out by using
The dimensional details and material properties of L and V shape stepped I-section steel column
with uniform mass are given in Table 8.1, Table 8.2
Table 6.9 Dimensional details of L and V shape stepped I-section steel column with taper ratio 2
Stepped L-Shape hmax 350 mm
Column hmin 175 mm
Stepped V-Shape hmax 320 mm

Column hmin 160 mm
40
btop 100mm
bbot 100mm
tw 10mm
tf, 16mm
L 6m
Table 6.10 Material properties of L and V shape stepped I-section steel column with taper ratio2
Properties Values
Density 7860 kg/m3
Poisson ratio 0.3
6.8.2 Modelling Of Stepped L and V Shape I-Section Column with Taper Ratio 2
Modelling of stepped Land V shape I-section steel column with taper ratio 2 is done by using the
steel grade of the steel plates is S355 (fy, = 355 Mpa).
Fig.6.30 Solid model of stepped L and V shape steel I-section column
41
6.8.3Meshing and Loading of Stepped L and V Shape I-Section Column with Taper Ratio 2
Fig.6.31 Mesh model of stepped L and V shape steel I-section column
Fig.6.32 Boundary conditions for stepped L and V shape steel I-section column
6.9 ANALYSIS OF STEPPED L AND V SHAPE I-SECTION COLUMN
Non-Linear buckling analysis is carried out in Stepped L and V shape steel I-section column
with taper ratio 2 to find out the maximum deformation and load carrying capacity.
42
Fig.6.33 Total deformation of stepped L-shape steel I-section column
Deflection of stepped L-shape I-section column with taper ratio 2 = 10.35 mm
Fig.6.34 Total deformation of stepped V-shape steel I-section column
Deflection of stepped V-shape I-section column with taper ratio 2 = 12.81 mm
6.10 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF STEPPED L AND V SHAPE I-

SECTION COLUMN
Load carrying capacity and deflection are the parameters considered for stepped L and V shape
I-section steel column with taper ratio 2.
43
1200
1000
800
LOAD (kN)
600
Stepped L2
400
200
0
0 20 40 60 80
DEFLECTION(mm)
Fig.6.35 Load- deflection curve of stepped L-shape I-section column
1200
1000
800
LOAD(kN)
600
Stepped V2
400
200
0
0 5 10 15
DEFORMATION(mm)
Fig.6.36 Load- deflection curve of stepped V-shape I-section column
1200
1000
800
LOAD(kN)
600 Stepped V2
400 stepped L2
200
0
0 5 10 15 20
DEFORMATION(mm)
Fig.6.37 Comparison of load- deflection curve of stepped I-section columns
44
Table 6.11 Values obtained for stepped L and V shape I-section column with taper ratio 2
Stepped L 2 column 1073.7 10.95

Stepped V 2 column 1065.1 12.81
From Fig.6.37 on comparing stepped L and V shape I-Section steel column with taper ratio 2,
load carrying capacity of stepped L-shape column is slightly higher than stepped V-shape
column and Deformation is less for stepped L-shape column than stepped V shape column.
When taper ratio decreases the column has attained a symmetric cross section as that of prismatic
one.
6.11 COMPARISON RESULTS OF I-SECTION
Non-prismatic columns of different shapes having better taper ratio is selected for the
comparison. Load carrying capacity and deflection are the parameters considered for comparing
columns of shape L, V, Double tapered and stepped.
2000
1500
LOAD (kN)
1000
500
0
ISLB L2 V2 DT V2 STEPPED
Column L2
Load 1904.6 1604.4 1528.7 1550 1073.7
Fig.6.38 Comparison of load values of prismatic I-section column with non-prismatic I-section
columns
45
From Fig.6.38 on comparing the Load values of Better Non-prismatic I-section columns of shape
L, V, Double tapered V and Stepped L having taper ratio 2 with Prismatic I-section column.
Load carrying capacity is more for L-shape column with taper ratio 2 and it has achieved nearly
same load carrying capacity of prismatic I-section.
25.00
20.00
DEFLECTION (mm)
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
ISLB L2 V2 DT V2 STEPPE
Column DL2
Deflection 10.72 10.89 12.791 20.008 10.952
Fig.6.39 Comparison of deflection values of prismatic I-section column with non-prismatic I-

section columns
From Fig.6.39 on comparing the Deflection values of Better Non-prismatic columns of shape L,
V Double tapered V and Stepped L having taper ratio 2 with Prismatic column. Deflection value
is less for L-shape column with taper ratio 2 and it has achieved almost same load deflection
value of prismatic I-section.
From the above result we can conclude that L-shape column with Taper ratio 2 has more Load
carrying capacity and Less Deflection value compare to other shapes. The effect of taper ratio
weakens the column from the point of view of reduction in load carrying capacity. It is seen that,
as taper ratio increases, the load carrying capacity decreases and increases the deflection.
Therefore in case of I-section column, L-shape column with taper ratio 2 can be recommended as
a good basis future development in the area of stability design.
46
CHAPTER 7
ANALYSIS OF PRISMATIC TUBULAR STEEL COLUMN
7.1 GENERAL
This chapter deals with the dimensional details, modelling details and analysis of Prismatic
Tubular-section column with having mass 249 Kg in ANSYS Software.
7.2 GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF PRISMATIC TUBULAR STEEL

COLUMN
Uniform column having a length of 6m is chosen. It was meant to buckling analysis of a

prismatic Tubular column under axially loading. The specimens were designed to assess their
in-plane flexural buckling behaviour. They were simply supported on both ends using pinned
connections, which allowed the free rotation in the plane of the column. The specimens are
connected at their bases to a horizontal profile. The global buckling was prevented by the
implementation of lateral restraints at each meter length of the column. FEA analysis is carried
out by using Displacement convergence criteria.
The dimensional details and material properties of Prismatic Tubular steel column are given in
Table 7.1, Table 7.2
Table 7.1 Dimensional details of prismatic tubular steel column
Dimension 240×240 mm
Thickness 7 mm
Weight 249 kg
47
Table 7.2 Material properties of prismatic tubular steel column
Properties Values
Density 7860 kg/m3
Poisson ratio 0.3
7.2.2 Modelling of Prismatic Tubular Steel Column
Modelling of prismatic Tubular steel column is done by using the steel grade of the steel plates is
S355 (fy, = 355 Mpa).
Fig.7.1 Solid Model of prismatic tubular steel column
7.2.3 Meshing and Loading of Prismatic Tubular Steel Column
48
Fig.7.2 Mesh Model of prismatic tubular steel column
Fig.7.3 Boundary condition of prismatic tubular steel column
7.3 ANALYSIS OF PRISMATIC TUBULAR COLUMN
Non-Linear buckling analysis is carried out in prismatic Tubular-section steel column to find out
the maximum deformation and load carrying capacity.
Fig.7.4 Total deformation of prismatic tubular steel column
Deflection of prismatic Tubular-section Steel column = 10.891 mm
49
Load carrying capacity and deflection are the parameters taken for prismatic Tubular steel
column.
2000.00
1800.00
1600.00
1400.00
1200.00
LOAD (kN)
1000.00
800.00 circular
600.00
400.00
200.00
0.00
0 5 10 15
DEFLECTION (mm)
Fig.7.5 Load- deflection curve of prismatic tubular column
Table 7.3 Values obtained for prismatic column
Tubular Column 1848.1 10.891
From analysis the Load carrying capacity value obtained is 1848.1 kN and deflection obtained is
10.891 mm.
50
CHAPTER 8
ANALYSIS OF NON PRISMATIC TUBULAR STEEL COLUMNS

8.1 GENERAL
This chapter deals with the dimensional details, modelling details and analysis of L-Shape, V-
Shape, Double tapered L and V shape and Stepped L and V Shape Tubular column with uniform
mass having varying tapering ratio respectively in ANSYS Software.
8.2 GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF L AND V SHAPE TUBULAR STEEL

COLUMN WITH TAPER RATIO 2, 3 AND 4
The specimens were web-tapered; with tapering ratio 2, 3 and 4 respectively having a length
of 6m. It was meant to buckling analysis of a web tapered L and V shape Tubular section
column under axially loading. The specimens were designed to assess their in-plane flexural
buckling behaviour, being the relevant parameter in the design of non-uniform member. They
were simply supported on both ends using pinned connections, which allowed the free
rotation in the plane of the column. The specimens are connected at their bases to a horizontal
profile. The global buckling was prevented by the implementation of lateral restraints at each
meter length of the column .FEA analysis is carried out by using Displacement convergence
criteria
The governing equation for finding Taper ratio of Tubular column (Bo-Hao Zhang et.al; 2013)
given as under:
γ = do - di /do
Fig 8.1 Tubular steel column
51
The dimensional details and material properties of L and V shape Tubular steel column with
uniform mass are given in Table 8.1, Table 8.2
Table 8.1 Dimensional details of L and V shape tubular steel column with taper ratio
2, 3 and 4
hmax 360 mm
Taper ratio=2
hmin 120 mm
hmax 385 mm
Taper ratio=3
hmin 95 mm
hmax 400 mm
Taper ratio=4
hmin 80 mm
Thickness 7 mm
Length 6m
Table 8.2 Material properties of L and V-shape tubular steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
Properties Values
Density 7860 kg/m3
Poisson ratio 0.3
52
8.2.2 Modelling of L and V shape Tubular Steel Column with Taper Ratio 2, 3 And 4
Modelling of L and V shape Tubular steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4 is done by using
the steel grade of the steel plates is S355 (fy, = 355 Mpa).
Fig.8.2 Solid model of L-shape tubular steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
Fig.8.3 Solid model of V-shape tubular steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
8.2.3 Meshing and Loading Of L and V Shape Tubular Steel Column with Taper Ratio 2, 3
and 4
53
Fig.8.4 Mesh model of L-shape tubular steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
Fig.8.5 Mesh model of V-shape tubular steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
Fig.8.6 Boundary conditions for L-shape tubular steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
54
Fig.8.7 Boundary conditions for V-shape tubular steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
8.3 ANALYSIS OF L AND V SHAPE TUBULAR COLUMNS
Non-Linear buckling analysis is carried out in L and V shape Tubular steel column with taper
ratio 2, 3 and 4 to find out the maximum deformation and load carrying capacity.
Fig.8.8 Total deformation of L-shape tubular steel column with taper ratio 2
Deflection of L-shape Tubular column with taper ratio 2 = 4.431 mm
55
Fig.8.11 Total deformation of V-shape tubular steel column with taper ratio 2
Deflection of V-shape Tubular column with taper ratio 2 = 4.807 mm
56
8.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF L AND V SHAPE TUBULAR

COLUMNS
Load carrying capacity and deflection are the parameters taken for the comparison of L and V
shape Tubular steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4 with uniform mass.
57
1000
800
LOAD (kN)
600
400
200
0
0 5 10 15 20
DEFORMATION (mm)
Fig.8.14 Load- deflection curve of tubular L2 column
800
700
600
500
LOAD (kN)
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20
DEFLECTION(mm)
700
600
500
400
LOAD(kN)
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15
DEFLECTION(mm)
58
1200
1000
800
Tubular L3
600
LOAD(kN)
Tubular L2
400
Tubular L4
200
0
0 5 10 15 20
DEFLECTION(mm)
Fig.8.17 Comparison of load- deflection curve for tubular L2, L3 and L4 column
Table 8.3 Comparison of L-shape tubular steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4

Tubular L 2 column 942.06 4.431
From Fig.8.17 on comparing L2, L3 and L4 Tubular columns; load carrying capacity of L- shape
column with taper ratio 2 is 20.46% and 32.75% higher than L- shape column with taper ratio 3
and 4 and Deformation is less for L- shape column with taper ratio 2 is less than others. When
taper ratio decreases the column has attained a symmetric cross section as that of prismatic one.
1000
800
600
LOAD (kN)
400
200
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
DEFORMATION (mm)
Fig.8.18 Load- deflection curve of tubular V2 column
59
700
600
500
400
LOAD (kN)
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15
DEFORMATION (mm)
600
500
Load(kN)
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15
Deformation(mm)
LOAD Vs DEFLECTION
1000
800
600
LOAD (kN)
Tubular V2
400
Tubular V3
200 Tubular V4
0
0 5 10 15
DEFORMATION (mm)
Fig.8.21 Comparison of load- deflection curve for tubular V2, V3 and V4 column
60
Table 8.4 Comparison of V-shape tubular steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
Tubular V 2 column 840.63 4.807

From Fig.8.21 on comparing V2, V3 and V4 Tubular columns; load carrying capacity of V-
shape column with taper ratio 2 is 20.98% and 32.42% higher than V- shape column with taper
ratio 3 and 4 and Deformation of V- shape column with taper ratio 2 is less than others. When
taper ratio decreases the column has attained a symmetric cross section as that of prismatic one.
From the above results we can see that on comparing both L and V shape Tubular column , L
shape column with taper ratio 2 and V shape column with taper ratio 2 has get more load
carrying capacity and less deflection value. The effect of taper ratio weakens the column from
the point of view of reduction in load carrying capacity. It is seen that, as taper ratio increases the
load carrying capacity decreases. Therefore Taper ratio 2 is selected for the modeling of Double
tapered and stepped columns of L and V shape.
8.5 GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF DOUBLE TAPERED L AND V

SHAPE TUBULAR STEEL COLUMN WITH TAPER RATIO 2
Double tapered L and V Shaped Tubular column of length 6m is obtained by combining two L-
shape and V-shape columns of length 3m.The specimens were designed to assess their in-plane
flexural buckling behavior, being the relevant parameter in the design of non-uniform member.
They were simply supported on both ends using pinned connections, which allowed the free
rotation in the plane of the column. The specimens are connected at their bases to a horizontal
profile. The global buckling was prevented by the implementation of lateral restraints at each
meter length of the column.FEA analysis is carried out by using Displacement convergence
criteria
61
The dimensional details and material properties of double tapered L and V shape Tubular steel
column with taper ratio 2 having uniform mass are given in Table 8.5, Table 8.6
Table 8.5 Dimensional details of double tapered L and V shape tubular column with taper ratio 2
Double tapered L and V hmax 360 mm
Shape Tubular Column hmin 120 mm
Weight of column 249 Kg
Thickness 7 mm
Length 6m
Table 8.6 Material properties of double tapered L and V shape tubular steel column with taper
ratio 2
Properties Value
Density 7860 kg/m3
Poisson ratio 0.3
8.5.2 Modelling of Land V-shape Tubular steel column with taper ratio 2, 3 and 4
Modelling of Double tapered L and V shape Tubular steel column with taper ratio 2 is done by
using the steel grade of the steel plates is S355 (fy, = 355 Mpa)
62
Fig.8.22 Solid model of double tapered L and V shape tubular steel column
8.5.3 Meshing and Loading Of Double Tapered L and V Shape Tubular Column with
Taper Ratio 2
Fig.8.23 Mesh model of double tapered L and V shape tubular steel column
63
Fig.8.24 Boundary conditions for double tapered L and V shape tubular steel column
8.6 ANALYSIS DOUBLE TAPERED L AND V SHAPE TUBULAR

COLUMN
Non-Linear buckling analysis is carried out in double tapered L and V shape Tubular steel
Fig.8.25 Total deformation of double tapered L-shape tubular steel column
Deflection of double tapered L-shape Tubular column with taper ratio 2 = 33.052 mm
64
Fig.8.26.Total deformation of double tapered V-shape tubular steel column
Deflection of double tapered V-shape Tubular column with taper ratio 2 = 10.853 mm
8.7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION DOUBLE TAPERED L AND V SHAPE

TUBULAR COLUMN
Load carrying capacity and deflection are the parameters considered for double tapered L and V
shape Tubular column with taper ratio 2.
900
800
700
600
500
LOAD (kN)
400
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60
DEFORMATION(mm)
Fig.8.27 Load- deflection curve of double tapered tubular L2 column
65
1000
900
800
700
600
LOAD (kN)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15
DEFORMATION (mm)
Fig.8.28 Load- deflection curve of double tapered tubular V2 column
1000
900
800
700
600
LOAD (kN)
500 DT CIRCULAR V2
400
DT CIRCULAR L2
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60
DEFORMATION (mm)
Fig.8.29 Comparison of load- deflection curve of double tapered columns
Table 8.7 values obtained for double tapered L and V shape tubular column with taper ratio 2
Double tapered L 2 column 803.38 33.052

Double tapered V 2 column 860.63 10.853
66
From Fig.8.29 on comparing double tapered L and V shape Tubular Section steel column with
taper ratio 2, load carrying capacity of double tapered V- shape column is 6.65% higher than
double tapered L-shape column and Deformation of V shape column with taper ratio 2 is less
than L shape column with taper ratio 2. When taper ratio decreases the column has attained a
symmetric cross section as that of prismatic one.
8.8 GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF L AND V SHAPE STEPPED

TUBULAR STEEL COLUMN WITH TAPER RATIO 2
The specimens were web-tapered; with tapering ratio 2 having a length of 6m. It was meant to
buckling analysis of a stepped L and V shape Tubular section column under axially loading. The
specimens were designed to assess their in-plane flexural buckling behaviour, being the
both ends using pinned connections, which allowed the free rotation in the plane of the
column. The specimens are connected at their bases to a horizontal profile. The global buckling
was prevented by the implementation of lateral restraints at each meter length of the column.
FEA analysis is carried out by using Displacement convergence criteria.
The dimensional details and material properties of L and V shape stepped tubular steel column
with uniform mass are given in Table 8.8, Table 8.9
Table 8.8 Dimensional details of L and V shape stepped tubular steel column with taper ratio 2
Stepped L and V Shape hmax 360 mm
Tubular Column hmin 120 mm
Thickness 7 mm
Length 6m
67
Table 8.9 material properties of stepped L and V shape tubular steel column with taper ratio 2
Properties Values
Density 7860 kg/m3
Poisson ratio 0.3
8.8.2 Modelling Of L and V Shape Stepped Tubular Steel Column with Taper Ratio 2, 3
and 4
Modelling of Double tapered L and V shape Tubular steel column with taper ratio 2 is done by
using the steel grade of the steel plates is S355 (fy, = 355 Mpa).
Fig.8.30 Solid model of stepped L and V shape steel tubular column
8.8.3 Meshing and Loading of Stepped L and V Shape Tubular Column with Taper Ratio 2
68
Fig.8.31 Mesh model of stepped L-shape steel tubular column
Fig.8.32 Boundary conditions for stepped L and V shape steel tubular column
8.9 ANALYSIS OF STEPPED L AND V SHAPE TUBULAR COLUMN
Non Linear buckling analysis is carried out in Stepped L and V shape steel Tubular section
Fig.8.33 Total deformation of stepped L-shape steel tubular column
Deflection of stepped L-shape Tubular column with taper ratio 2 = 9.18 mm
69
Fig.8.34 Total deformation of stepped V-shape steel tubular column
Deflection of stepped V-shape Tubular column with taper ratio 2 = 10.57 mm
8.10 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF STEPPED L AND V SHAPE

TUBULAR COLUMN
Load carrying capacity and deflection are the parameters considered for stepped L and V shape
Tubular section steel column with taper ratio 2.
400
350
300
250
LOAD (kN)
200
150
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
DEFORMATION(mm)
Fig.8.35 Load- deflection curve of stepped L-shape tubular column
70
300
250
200
LOAD (kN)
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15
DEFORMATION(mm)
Fig.8.36 Load- deflection curve of stepped V-shape tubular column
400
350
300
250
Circular
LOAD (kN)
200 stepped V2
150 Circular
100 stepped L2
50
0
0 5 10 15
DEFORMATION (mm)
Fig.8.37 Comparison of load- deflection curve of stepped tubular columns
Table 8.10 Values obtained for stepped L and V shape tubular column with taper ratio 2
Stepped Tubular L 2 column 1073.7 10.95

Stepped Tubular V 2 column 1065.1 12.81
71
From Fig.8.37 on comparing stepped L and V shape Tubular Section steel column with taper
ratio 2, load carrying capacity of stepped L- shape column is 36.42% higher than stepped V-
shape column and Deformation is less for stepped L-shape column. When taper ratio decreases
the column has attained a symmetric cross section as that of prismatic one.
8.11 COMPARISON RESULTS OF TUBULAR SECTION
Load carrying capacity and deflection are the parameters considered for comparing Non-
prismatic columns of shape L, V, Double tapered and stepped.
2000
1800
1600
LOAD(kN)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Normal L2 V2 Double Stepped
Column tapered L2
V2
Series1 1848.1 942.06 840.63 860.63 377.92
Fig.8.38 Comparison of load values of prismatic tubular column with non-prismatic tubular
columns
From Fig.8.38 on comparing the Load values of Better Non-prismatic Tubular columns of shape
L, V Double tapered V and Stepped L having taper ratio 2 with Prismatic Tubular column. Load
carrying capacity is more for L-shape column with taper ratio 2.
72
12
10
DEFLECTION(mm)
0
Normal L2 V2 Double Stepped
Column tapered L2
V2
Series1 10.891 4.431 4.807 10.853 9.81
Fig.8.39 Comparison of deflection of values prismatic tubular column with non-prismatic tubular
columns
From Fig.8.39 on comparing the Deflection values of Better Non-prismatic Tubular columns of
shape L, V Double tapered V and Stepped L having taper ratio 2 with Prismatic Tubular column.
Deflection value is less for L-shape column with taper ratio 2.
From the above result we can conclude that L-shape Tubular column with Taper ratio 2 has more
Load carrying capacity and Less Deflection value compare to others. The effect of taper ratio
weakens the column from the point of view of reduction in load carrying capacity. It is seen that,
as taper ratio increases, the load carrying capacity decreases and deflection increases. Therefore
in case of Tubular column, L-shape column with taper ratio 2 can be recommended as a good
basis future development in the area of stability design.
73
CHAPTER 9
VIBRATIONAL ANALYSIS OF NON-PRISMATIC I AND

TUBULAR SECTION COLUMNS
9.1 GENERAL
This chapter deals with the vibrational analysis of L and V shape column having taper ratio 2, 3
and 4 and double tapered and stepped L and V shape column with taper ratio 2 having uniform
mass with Tubular and I-section steel columns in ANSYS Software. Vibrational analysis on the
Non-prismatic columns of shape L, V, Double tapered and stepped is conducted to determine the
stiffness. The presence of a localized damage in a structure reduces the stiffness. Vibration
theory states, reduction in the stiffness is associated with decrease in the natural frequencies.
9.2 VIBRATIONAL ANALYSIS OF NON-PRISMATIC I AND TUBULAR

SECTION COLUMNS
The specimens were web-tapered; with tapering ratio 2, 3 and 4 having a length of 6m. It was
meant to vibrational analysis of a L, V, double tapered L and V shape and stepped L and V
shape I-section and Tubular section steel columns with uniform mass. They were simply
supported on both ends using pinned connections. The specimens are connected at their bases
to a horizontal profile. The global out-of-plane buckling was prevented by the implementation
of lateral restraints at each meter length of the column.
9.3 ANALYSIS
Vibrational analysis is carried out in L, V, double tapered L and V shape and stepped L and V
shape I-section and Tubular section steel columns to find out the Natural frequency.
74
Fig.9.1 Vibrational analysis of L-shape I-section column
Fig.9.2 Vibrational analysis of L-shape tubular column
Natural frequency and Time are the parameters considered for determining the stiffness of L, V,
double tapered L and V shape and stepped L and V shape I-section and Tubular section steel
columns.
Table 9.1 Values obtained for vibrational analysis of I-section columns
Natural Frequency
Column Time (s)
(Hz)
L2 53.301 0.0187
L3 51.69 0.0193
L4 50.308 0.0194
V2 20.584 0.0485
75
V3 19.842 0.0503
V4 19.153 0.0522
Double Tapered L2 42.808 0.0233
Double Tapered V2 41.308 0.0242
Stepped L2 46.778 0.0213
Stepped V2 42.822 0.0233
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
L2 L3 L4 V2 V3 V4 Doub Doub Stepp Stepp
le le ed L2 ed
Tape Tape V2
red red
L2 V2
Natural freq 53.301 51.69 50.30820.58419.84219.15342.80841.30846.77842.822
Time 0.01870.01930.01940.04850.05030.05220.02330.02420.02130.0233
Fig 9.3 Comparison of Vibrational analysis of I-section columns
From Fig 9.3 on comparing L, V, double tapered L and V shape and stepped L and V shape I-
section steel columns, Natural frequency is more for L- shape column with taper ratio 2 and
Time period is less for L-shape column with taper ratio 2.
Table 9.2 Values obtained for Vibrational analysis of Tubular-section columns
Column Natural Frequency (Hz) Time (s)

L2 38.101 0.0262
L3 36.867 0.0271
L4 35.95 0.0278
V2 27.121 0.0368
76
V3 25.878 0.0386
V4 24.987 0.040
Double Tapered L2 17.126 0.0583
Double Tapered V2 17.101 0.0584
Stepped L2 23.804 0.0420
Stepped V2 20.034 0.0499
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
L2 L3 L4 V2 V3 V4 Dou Dou Step Step
ble ble ped ped
Tape Tape L2 V2
red red
L2 V2
Natural Frequency 38.10136.867 35.9527.12125.87824.98717.12617.10123.80420.034
Time 0.02620.02710.02780.03680.0386 0.04 0.05830.0584 0.0420.0499
Fig 9.4 Comparison of vibrational analysis of tubular columns
From Fig 9.4 on comparing L, V, double tapered L and V shape and stepped L and V shape
Tubular section steel columns, Natural frequency is more for L- shape column with taper ratio
2 and Time period is less for L-shape column with taper ratio 2.
From the result, it is clear that deflection leads to decrease in frequency occurred naturally. The
presence of deflection weakens the column from the point of view of reduction in natural
frequency. It is observed that on Comparing both I and Tubular section columns, that there is a
step wise increase in the natural frequency for L shape column than other shapes. Therefore L
shape column has more stiffness and it can be recommended as good basis future development in
the area of stability design.
77
CHAPTER
CONCLUSIONS
10.1 GENERAL
Non-prismatic member such as L-shape and V-shape having taper ratio 2, 3 and 4 under axial
loading with I section and Tubular section were modeled and analyzed. From the analysis L and
V shape column with taper ratio 2 performed better than others. Therefore taper ratio 2 is
selected for the modeling of Stepped L and V shape and double tapered L and V shape columns
with I section and Tubular section under axial loading. They were modeled and analyzed using
ANSYS software. From the analysis following conclusions can be drawn:
 The column where tested under constant axial force aiming for the assessment of flexural
buckling resistance.
 In the analysis of L and V shape I-section columns with different taper ratio, L shape
column with taper ratio 2 has maximum load carrying capacity with 4.69 % higher than V
shape column with taper ratio 2 and less deflection.
 By analysing double tapered I-section columns, Load carrying capacity of double tapered
L- shape column is 18.90 % less than double tapered V- shape column.
 In case of Stepped I-section columns, Stepped L shape column is having load carrying
capacity slightly more than stepped V shape column.
 In the analysis of tubular-section L and V shape columns, Load carrying capacity of L-
shape column with taper ratio 2 is 10.76 % more than V shape column with taper ratio 2.
 By analysing double tapered Tubular columns with taper ratio 2, double tapered V- shape
column has maximum load carrying capacity with 6.65% more than double tapered L-
shape column and less deflection.
 For Stepped Tubular columns, L shape stepped column is having load carrying capacity
36.42 % more than V shape stepped columns.
 On comparing prismatic columns with non-prismatic columns, the effect of Taper ratio
decreases the critical load.
78
 The tapering ratio affected on the location of buckling
 Columns with a tapered cross section that is stiffer in the middle than at the smaller end.
 By analysing I-section columns, failure modes obtained was Local buckling and for
Tubular section columns, failure modes obtained was Collar buckling.
 The presence of a localized damage in a structure reduces the stiffness
 In vibrational analysis, there is a step wise increase in the natural frequency for L shape I-
section column with taper ratio 2 than other shapes, therefore it has more stiffness.
 From the above result we can conclude that L-shape I-section column ,can be
recommended as a good basis future development in the area of stability design
 On comparing both I and Tubular section columns, I-section has achieved better
performance than tubular section
 Stepped, tapered and double tapered columns are designed to meet variable resistance
demands, achieving an efficient and economic structural design.
10.2 FUTURE SCOPE
 This thesis is focused only on 6m columns, future studies can be conducted on various
lengths.
 The complete analysis of the current work is carried out based on I and Tubular section
and it can be extended for make use of other steel sections.
 Loading condition used in this thesis is axial load. Hence, further studies can be
conducted by changing the loading condition.
 Taper ratio provided in this thesis is 2, 3 and 4, we can study the effect of I and Tubular
section column by providing various taper ratio.
 In this thesis only the effect of buckling is considered. This study can be extended to
study the columns for structure optimization.
79
REFERENCES
1. A.M. Baptista, J.P. Muzeau, (1998) Design of tapered compression members according to
Eurocode 3, J. Constr. Steel Res. 46
2. Bo-Hao Zhang, Yan-Lin Guo and Chao Dou, (2013) Ultimate bearing capacity of
asymmetrically double tapered steel columns with tubular cross-section, Journal of
Constructional Steel Research 89, 52–62
3. D. Butler, G. Anderson, (1963) The elastic buckling of tapered beam-columns,

Welded Re-search supplement, pp. 29–36
4. Eurocode 3 (2005) Design of steel structures, Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings
EN 1993-1-1
5. H. Shiomi , M. Kurata , (1984) Strength formula for tapered beam-columns, J. Struct. Eng.
110, 1630–1643
6. H.H. Snijder, R.C.Spoorenberg and J.C.D.Hoenderkamp, (2010) Experimental
investigation of residual stresses in roller bent wide flange steel sections.
7. J.C.Ermopoulos , (1879) Equivalent buckling length of non-uniform members, J Constr Steel
Res 1997; 42(2):141–58
8. John Ch. Ermopoulos, Ioannis.G.Raftoyiannis, (2005) Stability of tapered and stepped
steel columns with initial imperfections, thesis RWTH Aachen, Germany,
9. L. Marques Andreas Taras , Luis Simoes da Silva, Richard Greiner and Carlos Rebelo
,(2013) Development of consistent design procedure for a tapered columns ,J constr , Res.89
10. Lakshmi Subramanian, Donald.W.White, (2017) Resolving the Disconnect between Lateral
Torsional Buckling Experimental Tests and Tests Simulations, and Design Strength Equations.
11. M.L.Morell, S.P.Prawel and G.C.Lee (2003) Bending and buckling strength of
tapered structural members, Welding Research Supplement, pp. 75–84
12. S.L. Chan, (1990) Buckling analysis of structures composed of tapered members, J.
Struct. Eng. 116 (7), 1893–1906
80
13. TrayanaTankova , Joao Pedro Martins, Luis Simoes da Silva, Rui Simoes and Helder D.
Craveiro (2018) Experimental buckling behaviour of web tapered I-section steel columns, ISISE
– Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal,
14. Trayana Tankova, Joao Pedro Martinsa, Luis Simoes da Silvaa and Liliana Marquesa (2017)
Numerical model for the buckling behaviour of tapered steel members based on experimental
tests, EUROSTEEL 2017, September 13–15,
15. Timoshenko SP, J.M. Gere, (1873) Theory of elastic stability Comput. Struct. 77 (2000),
301–313
81
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
1. Aswathy Sasikumar, Aswathy S Kumar (2019) Finite Element Analysis of Non-Prismatic Steel
Columns, ІІnd International Conference on Emerging Researches and Innovations in Civil
Engineering, 382
82
83

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CHAPTER 1

(a) (b) (c)

1.2 NON-PRISMATIC COLUMN

Fig 1.2 Steel building with tapered columns (http://images.app.goo.gl/8eBQY3tMpUf3TZv5)

1.3 PRISMATIC COLUMN

Fig.1.3 Prismatic steel column

The main objectives of this study are:

 To study the structural behaviour of non-prismatic L and V shape columns subjected to

 The work is limited to modelling and analysis using ANSYS.

2.2 EXISTING LITERATURE

2.3 RESEARCH GAP

Literature Survey Experimental

L Shape web tapered V Shape web tapered

Taper ratio 2, 3 & 4

Double Tapered L Column Stepped column Double Tapered V Column

Non-Linear buckling analysis and Vibrational analysis

Fig.3.1 Methodology flow chart

3.2.2 Validation of Software

3.2.3 Modelling Using ANSYS

ANSYS is American Computer-aided engineering software which stands for Analysis of

3.2.4 Non-Linear Buckling Analysis

3.2.5 Vibrational analysis

3.2.6 Comparison of Results

4.2 GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF L-SHAPE I-SECTION STEEL

Weight of column 249 kg

Density 7860 kg/m3

Poisson ratio 0.3

Young's modulus 2×105Mpa

Yield strength 355 Mpa

4.2.3 Meshing and Loading

Deflection of L-shape column with taper ratio 3 = 10.734 mm

4.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig.4.6 Load- deflection curve of L3 I-section column from analytical result

Table 4.3 Comparison of results

Parameter Journal Value Value Obtained From Percentage Variation

ANALYSIS OF PRISMATIC I-SECTION STEEL COLUMN

5.2 GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF PRISMATIC I-SECTION STEEL

Uniform column having a length of 6m is chosen. It was meant to buckling analysis of a

5.2.1 Structural Details

Table 5.1 Dimensional details of prismatic I-section steel column

Model ISLB 325

5.2.2 Modelling of Prismatic I-section steel column

Fig.5.1 Solid model of prismatic I-section steel column

5.2.3 Meshing and Loading of Prismatic I-section steel column

Fig.5.3 Boundary condition of prismatic I-section steel column

5.3 ANALYSIS OF PRISMATIC I-SECTION STEEL COLUMN

Fig.5.4 Total deformation of prismatic I-section steel column

Deflection of prismatic I-section Steel column = 10.72 mm

1000 ISLB 325 clmn L

Fig.5.5 Load- deflection curve of I-section prismatic column

Table 5.3 Values obtained for prismatic I-section column

Column Type Load Carrying Capacity (kN) Deflection(mm)

ISLB Column 1904 10.72

ANALYSIS OF NON-PRISMATIC I-SECTION STEEL COLUMN

6.2 GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF L AND V SHAPE I-SECTION STEEL

Fig 6.1 V shape I-section column (Trayana Tankova (2018) [13])

Weight of column 249 kg

6.3 ANALYSIS OF L AND V SHAPE I-SECTION COLUMNS

Deflection of L-shape column with taper ratio 2 = 10.89 mm

Deflection of L-shape column with taper ratio 3 = 10.88 mm

Deflection of L-shape column with taper ratio 4 = 10.937 mm

Deflection of V-shape column with taper ratio 2 = 9.81 mm

Deflection of V-shape column with taper ratio 3 = 10.87 mm