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Andrew Cotter2019 PDF
Andrew Cotter2019 PDF
Abstract— This paper presents the analysis and operation of a To generate energy, solar PV modules rely on weather
grid connected photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion system with conditions such as sun irradiance, ambient temperature,
an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) based shading etc. The PV curves for a solar panel show that there is
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. Particle one optimal point on the curve corresponding to the maximum
swarm optimization is used to train the membership functions
power under no shading condition. Since the MPP changes
while the least squares algorithm is used to update the
consequent parameters of the ANFIS with changing operating
with a change in weather conditions, an algorithm/controller is
condition of PV solar system. The MPPT algorithm maximizes required to track this maximum power point and force the solar
conversion efficiency by adjusting the duty cycle of the buck panel to operate at that point at all times. There are various
boost converter to change the output voltage of the solar panel types of MPPT methods [7]. The classical methods are Perturb
and hence achieving the maximum panel output power for a and Observe and Incremental Conductance. Since the PV
given set of environmental conditions. The ANFIS is trained by characteristics are highly nonlinear, these two methods are not
using a hybrid algorithm implementing least squares estimator stable when the MPP is reached and large oscillations occur
and particle swarm optimization with data obtained by operating and hence a decrease in power results.
the system using the Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT
algorithm. The performance of the proposed ANFIS based Artificial intelligence (AI) based methods are becoming
MPPT algorithm is validated in simulation using increasingly popular due to the flexibility and more efficient
MATLAB/Simulink at different operating conditions. It is operation. These methods can be classified into three
proven that the designed ANFIS based MPPT scheme achieves a categories: artificial neural networks (ANN), fuzzy logic (FL)
very fast response with little oscillations while transferring
and ANFIS. ANFIS is a combination of both FL and ANN and
maximum power from solar panel to the grid line as compared to
the conventional P&O based MPPT scheme. as such, combines benefitting features from both. ANFIS is a
fuzzy logic system that uses neural network training methods
Keywords— particle swarm optimization (PSO), photovoltaic to tune various linear and nonlinear parameters in the fuzzy
(PV) system, maximum power point tracking, adaptive neuro-fuzzy system which removes the need for previous system
inference system, buck boost converter, inverter, energy conversion knowledge that fuzzy logic inherently requires [1-2]. For the
proposed system, hybrid learning algorithm [1] is used which
I. INTRODUCTION implements the recursive least squares estimator (RLSE) for
linear consequent parameter training and particle swarm
There is a significant demand for renewable energy systems optimization (PSO) for nonlinear membership function
to ensure sustainable and environmentally friendly living. parameter training. This proposed learning algorithm is a
According to Environment and Climate Change Canada derivative-free algorithm so any discontinuities in the system
(ECCC), Canada has committed, along with other leading do not affect the training. The algorithm is also able to search
countries in GHG emissions, to maintain the total global for the global optimum and hence achieves the best possible
temperature increase below 2°C. Solar photovoltaic (PV) performance for the system.
energy systems are of particular interest due to the availability
and portability of such systems. According to Natural Previous work on ANFIS based MPPT has been done for
Resources Canada (NRC), Canada’s reliance on solar energy as DC-DC converters [1, 3, 6, 8, 9]. The majority of these papers
a renewable energy source is rapidly growing. NRC claims that have focused on the basic hybrid learning algorithm
Canada’s total quantity of installed solar energy reached 1834 introduced by Jang [1] and not any advanced learning
MW (megawatts) in 2014. algorithms. Further, these previous works have stopped at the
DC link and have connected a resistive load directly to the
output of the converter. The system proposed in this paper is a
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Since the PID controller cannot effectively control highly based on their previous position as well as better positions
nonlinear systems since a linear approximation around the found by other members of the flock [5]. As a result, the
operating point is usually performed to design a PID controller swarm (or flock) moves towards the best solution for a given
for a nonlinear system. Also, classical controllers have the problem. Therefore, by using PSO, the global minimum of
downfall of being designed to control a system at a specific the objective function can easily be found depending on the
operating point. If the operating point is changes, the initial positions of the members in the population and
controller needs to be re-tuned or a different PID controller is improves the tracking of the maximum power point as
required. For a fuzzy logic controller, there is a range of compared to conventional MPPT methods. An explanation
operating points defined by the universe of discourse for a and analysis of PSO can be found in [4]. The flow chart for
specific application. Therefore, if the operating point changes, the proposed PSO method is shown in Fig. 3.
the fuzzy logic controller will still be effective at controlling
the system under the condition that the new operating point is
within the designed universe of discourse. Since an ANFIS is
a fuzzy logic system, ANFIS benefits from the above
mentioned features of fuzzy logic.
where,
Өk+1 contains an estimate of the optimal linear parameter
values;
ak+1 is a vector containing the coefficients of the linear
parameters to be optimized;
yk+1 is the desired system output;
Po=αI, where α is a large number;
Өo is usually initialized to a vector of zeros;
k=1, 2, …, N;
N is the number of training data pairs.
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where,
v is the velocity of each particle;
w is an inertia weight that reduces the effect of the
previous velocity as the search progresses;
c1 and c2 are the local and global learning rates
respectively. Note c1+c2≥4 for stability of the search;
rand(0,1) is a random number between 0 and 1;
gbest is the best position among all members (globally best
position);
pbest is the best position for a given particle (personal best
position);
x is the current position of the particle.
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Fig. 4. PV solar energy conversion system block diagram. Fig. 9. Three phase output voltage at inverter end.
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IV. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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