Geotechnical Engineering | -— 5. Geotechnical Engineering _ 5.1 Formation of soil, general classification of soil depending on transporting agent and ae 5.2 Three phases of soil: basic terms, relation between basic terms, volumetric relationshy volume, weight and volume, specific gravity of soil and lab test, field density and tg 2d methods termination 5.3 Types of water in soil, moisture content and relationship, organic content in‘soil 54 Index properties of soil: grain size distribution and types of soil depending on grain size distin consistency limit, relative density,lab test of index properties on, 5.5 Types of rock, dip, strike, fold, fault, cleavage, geographical divisions of Nepal, earthquake: cause earthquake, types of wave, grading of earthquake, seismic fault line in Nepal La 5.6 Tunneling: types of tunnels, component parts of a tunnel and tunnel cross section, alignment, drainage, lighting and ventilation requirements for tunnels, soils and rock Survey for tunne} method of tunneling in so 5.1 Formation of soil, general classification of soil depending on transporting agent and deposit media Soil. depending on transporting agent and deposit media is sub-divided as + Glacial soil (or Till or drift) - Soils ate transported by glaciers, . Aeoline deposits (or loess) - soil deposites formed by wind. . Alluvial soil - Soil deposited by rivers and streams. Marine soil - Soil deposited at sea. Lacustrile soil - Soil deposited in lake. . Colluvial soil (eg. Talus) - Soils that are transported by gravity Soil is particulate medium. Weathering ——» transportation —— deposition sequence of soil formation Loam= sand+silt+clay in equal proportion Bentonite formed by decomposition of volcanic ash with high content of montmorilonite (having tendency to swell and shrink) Loam is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay that may contain organic material. Mud is clay and silt mixed with water into a viscous fluid. VV a WweRene —> wheal, isthe vv 5.2 Three phases of soil: basic terms, relation between basic terms, volumetric relationship: mass and volume, weight and volume, specific gravity of soil and lab test, field density and determination methods Basic relationship Soil exists in either two phases or three phase compositions shown in block diagram: ‘598 | OBJECTIVE BOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERSpig: Three Phase diagram of soil element 4) Void ratio (€) Its the ratio of volume of voids to volume of solids. Void ratio of coarse grained soil is generally smaller than that for fine grained soils. General range of void ratio is (0.50 — 150), expressed in decimals. Void ratio may have a value even greater than unity. Porosity (n) — Itis the ratio of volume of voids to total volume. — Usual range is 0 Swell factor (SF) or free swell factor is the ratio of the volume of excavated material to the volume of in situ material, > Different values of typical soil in natural states Sa Porosity Void water Unit weigh no. Description of soi a ratio coment Nien % . w% %_», 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Unifonn sand, oose a6 pers 1408s 2 ‘Uniform sand, loose, 34 OSE 9 70 205 3 Misedegrained sand loose a 06 os 136 195 4 Mineé-grained sand. dense 30 on 6 182212 5 Glacial mined gained 20, 0g 208 27 6 Sof glacii cay 3s 120 as "9173 7 Sof glacial clay ” os 2 167 203 8 Soft slighuy organic clay 6 1.90 0 oO 1ss 9 ‘Soft highly organic clay’ 7s 3.00 no 68 14.0 10" _ Soft bentonite s 520194 4226 600 | OBJECTIVE BOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS eetiiets aination of Properties of Soil veter content ona drying method «Most accurate method. «The soil sample is dried in oven at temperature of 110°C + 5°C for 24 hrs. ae «Water content for highly organic soil is determined by drying in oven at temperature of 60°C. »» Pyenometer method «+ More suitable for cohesionless soils as sand, Torsion balance method Sand bath method (field method) Aloohol method Radiation method (Used for in- vvvyvy ‘situ water content determinations) . Calcium carbide method (quickest method, acetylene is formed when react with calcium carbide) specific gravity Pyenometer method (constant volume method) — «suitable for coarse grained Most reliable method | > Flask method- medium and fine grainded > Gas jars method. » Density bottle method- Most accurate method for all types of soils > Shrinkage limit method-fine grained clay Field Density and determination Method » The lab test generally used to obtain the maximum dry moisture content is called the proctar test. » In standard proctar test height of drop is 304.8mm and in modified proctor test height of drop is 457mm v unit weight of the compaction and optimum > Method of determination of field density Core cutter method sand replacement method (Sand Cone Method) rubber ballon method heavy oil method © Nuclear Moisture Density Meter The core cutter method is actually well suited for soft soils like clay soils or are placed as fills. This method cannot be used for coarse grained soil as penetrate through them due to high resistance at the tip of the instrument, In comparison to core cutter method, sand replacement method or sand cone method is known to be better as it can be used in different types of soils and the results obtained are also much tare appropriate. The rubber ~ balloon method although can get large samples, direct readings are obtained but it i little awkward method that is slow. —_ > Nuclear density testis the fastest of all the methods and is easiest o redo when needed. Nuclear density test cannot be used if rocks are in the path aegse other cohesive soils that the core cutter would not Geotechnical Engineering {6045.3 Types of water in soil, moisture content and relationshi soil Ps Organic ‘Types of water in soil in Soil water is the term for water found in naturally occurring soil. Soil water is al ‘There are three main types of soil water - gravitational water, capillary water, and {aul Mk and these terms are defined based on the function of the water in the soil + and hygroscopic > Gravitational water is free water moving through soil by the force of gravity. It is macropores of soil and very little gravitational water is available to plants as it Ane found in, the water table in all except the most compact of soils. a bil opt > Capillary water is water held in the micropores of the soil, and is the water that solution. Capillary water is held in the soil because the surface tension pri = i ores are stronger than the force of gravity. However ae tee ou adhesion) of the soil microp‘ : : the pore size inereases and gravity starts to turn capillary water into gravitational Water ang, it down. > Hygroscopic water forms as a very thin film surrounding soil particles and is genera to the plant. This type of soil water is bound so tightly to the soil by adhesion mae aval little of it can be taken up by plant roots. Since hygroscopic water is found on the soil es that y not in the pores, certain types of soils with few pores (clays for example) will emer nd percentage of it. 2 higher Moisture content and relationship > | is defined as the ratio of mass of water to the mass of solids present in > Moisture content of soil the soil sample. It is represented by “w” Wat Mate. > Dry unit weight= Bulk unit weight (1+W) ie. Ye =a ‘The moisture content corresponding to the maximum dry density of soil is called as “Optiman moisture content”. Organic content in soil > ~ Peats are organic soils with more than 75% organic matter. > Organic matter from both grass and peat reduced bulk density and increased moisture retention > The low shear strength, low hydraulic conductivity, high consolidation and settlement are the mos ‘common problems faced in the organic soil. 5.4 Index properties of soil: grain size distribution and types of soil depending on grain size distribution, consistency limit, relative density, lab test of index properties Classification of Soils > Engineering properties - permeability, compressibility and shear strength. Index properties - particle size distribution, grain shape, relative density. > The inde x properties of soils can be studied in a general way under two classes. They are: 1. Soil grain properties. 2. Soil aggregat properties > The most significant aggregate property of cohesionless soils is the relative density, whereas thst of cohesive soils is the consistency. Water content can also be studied as an aggregate prope) applied to cohesive soils. Th e strength and compressibility characteristics of cohesive soils are functions of water content. : > Propertie s of coar e grained soils are based on grain size distribution. 602 | OBJECTIVE BOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS, ined soils are so much affected by structur re , shape of grain, je 1, geological origin, and other rine grained Sous © ey ? ‘hat their grain size distribution al it ors alone tells littl is seen on sal based on grain size ar anand f soils Types Particle size (mm) i) Clay <0.002 ii Silt 0.002 - 0.06 Fine silt 0.002 — 0.006 Medium silt 0.006 - 0.02 Coarse silt 0.02—0.06 iii) Sand 0.06 4.75 Fine sand 0.06 — 0.2 Medium sand 0.2-2 Coarse sand 2-475 iv) Graves (4.75 — 80) ¥) Cobble size (80 — 300) vi) Boulders >300 pale sizeof soil is found by mechanical analysis which is performed in two stages Sieve analysis b) Sedimantation analysis + Sieve analysis is useful for coarse grained soils (> 0.075 mm). alysis is useful for silt and clay (size <0.075 mm) tion tests. > Sedimentation ani } Hydrometre test and pipette tests are common method in sedimentat hence sedimentation analysis is > Stoke's law is applicable between particle size of (0.2n- 0.2 mm), applicable for same range. based on stroke’s law, where in stoke’s law, the > Sedimentation analysis is parle is proportional to the square of radius of particle. > Hydrogen peroxide is used in pretreatment of ils to remove organic matter by oxiditaion and vam hexametaphosphate is used for dispersion of soil particles during sedimentation analysis. > Im hydrometer analysis correction for temperature (may be positive or negative), correction for . is applied on reading. ve nate (always positive) and correction for dispersing agent (always negative) > The size Dio (Effective size) represents a si: that 10% of the particles are finner than ize in mm such this size. terminal velocity of > Uniformity coefficient(C.)= pe Dx Deo = Dio ¢ particle size range. ‘s obtained for gap/skip graded. led and steep curve represent > Coefficient of curvature/gradation (Ce > The uniformity coefficient is the measure of th > The particle size distribution curve with hump i > The particle-size distritution curve with «s” shape represent well-grad _tiformly graded soil. > For well graded gravel and sand value of C, must >4 and < 6 respectively. Geotechnical Engineering |603> Value of Cy for well graded soil is nearly unity (<2). > Value of C. for well graded sand, gravel and soil lies in between | and 3. > Accoll is said ax poorly graded or well graded if t has en eaters of certain particles and defen of others. ey istency Soils — Consistency is the degree of firmness of the soil, which may be termed as soft, fir, stiff or hard «Consistency is the index property of fine grained soil nd depends upon water content. ‘The water content at which soil changes from one state to the other are known as consisteney limits or Atterberg’s limits. Fall cone method method is also used to determine LL and PL. Liquid limit (L.L) It is the water content at which soil changes from the liquid state to plastic state. — Liquid limit is determined in laboratory either by Casagrande’s apparatus or by cone penetration method. — The liquid limit is defined as the water content at which the groove cut into the soil will close over a distance of 12.5 mm following 25 blows. — AtLL, the soil possesses a small value of shear strength. _ = one point method is also used to determine LL. Plastic limit (PL) — PL is the water content below which the soils stops behaving as a plastic material = Invlab, P-L. is determined as the water content at which a soils will just begin to crumble when rolled into thread of 3mm diameter. — Shear strength at P.L. is about 100 times greater than that at L-L. Shrinkage limit (S.L.) This defined as the lowest water content at which soil is fully saturated. — $.Lrrepresents the boundary between solid state andsemi-solid state. Plasticity index (Ip) = The range of water in which the coil behaves like a plstic material. © ()=LL-PL) © PL.(,) is a measure of amount of clay in soil i.e. finness of the particles. A clean sand is non-plastic (Ip= 0) ‘ Liquidity index (I) It is also called as water-plasticity ratio. w-PL. L-PL. © I. =—ve (Hard/dessicated), I= 0 (stiff), I< 1 (Soft) I: > 1 (liquid state) Consistency Index (Ic) © This index indicates nearness of water content to its plastic limit. _(iL-w ° kr UPr © It is also called as relative constistency « 1 soil is in semi-solid state, I. <0. Soil behaves like liquid. ¢ horLI= ‘w’ is water content to its liquid limit. 604 | OBJECTIVE BOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERSeo htbel shrinkage index (S.I.) itis the difference between liquid limit and shrinkage limit. ~ 511 ¢an be used as an indicator for amount of clay. frow index (le) Flow index in the soils indicates the shear strength variation with water content. 1;= Errorl toughness index (h) | isthe ratio of plasticity index to flow index. * isthe measure of shearing strength of the soil at the plastic limit. * Values of for sol lies in between 0 t0 3. of soils | aivity of sil isthe ratio of the pl easure of water holding capacity of clay of soil. asticity index to the percentage of clay fraction finer than 21 size. + itisam thixotropy _ The gain in stren, sensitivity _ Itis defined as the ratio ~ For most of clays, sensibility lies between 2 and 4. > The unconfined compressive strength of a very soft clay is (10 ~ 25) KN/m? and that of hard clay is above 400 KNim?. > Soils with liquid limit less than 20% are generally sand > Behaviour of clay is governed by surface energy only. > Capillary rise in clay is (10 — 30) m, colloid (> 30 im), slit (1 ~ 10 m), gravel (0.02 — 0.10 m), sand (0.10-1 m). Permeability The property of soil which permits flow of Darcy's law states that “Rate of flow per unit for particle size upto 0.5 mm. ends upon the direction of flow of jortional to the ath of the soil with passage of time after it has been remoulded is called thixotrophy- of the undisturbed strength to the remoulded strength atthe same water content: it is called as permeability ‘water through ic gradient. i time is proportional to the hydrauli = Darcy’s law is applicable The valve of permeability dep ~The permeability of a given soil is directly propy inversely proportional to its viscosity. = The quantity of seepage of water is directly proportional to coefficient of permeability. = The coefficient of permeability of silt is less than that of clay. Coefficient of permeability is determined in lab by (a) Constant bead permeability test. Suitable for coarse grained soils (k> 10"? mmv/sev) Variable head permeability test: ~ Suitable for practically impervious fine grained soil (k= 107 — 10°) mm/sec. ~ Coefficient of permeability of clay lie in between (10° — 10) mm/sec Compaction of Solids water through the soil mass. square of the average size and Geotechnical Engineering |605 | } | | | |Compaction occurs due to reduction of air voids and it is instantaneous process where ag consolidation occurs due to expulsion of pore water under sustained, static loading, In standard proctor test rammer of 2.6 kg mass is used with free drop of 310 mm and soit ig compacted in 3 layers with 25 no, of blow in each layer. In modified proctor test rammer of 4.89 kg mass is used with free drop of 450 mm and soils ig ‘compacted in 5 layers with 25 no. of blows in each layer. Smooth-wheel roller are suitable for compacting layers of small thickness of cohesiontess soi) and vibratory roller are suitable for large thickness of cohesionless soils. Sheep foot roller is suitable for cohesive soils only. Pneumatic — tyred rollers and tampers are suitable for both cohesionless and cohesive soils = Precompression is suitable for compaction of silts, clays, organic soils and sanitary land fil Cement stabilization is generally used for stabilizing sands. Lime stabilization is generally used for stabilizing clays. Bitumin stabilization is generally suitable for all types (sands, silts and clay) = Reactive compeiction = Fisis doy density x 100 Lab dry density Usually R.C. is (90 -97)% Pneumatic tyred rollers compact by kneading action,where as sheep foot rollers compact by kneading and tamping action. — Direct shear test is used for cohesionless soils. Triaxial compression test suitable for all types of soils under different drainage condition. Unconfined compression test is suitable for saturated clay for which the angle of shearing resistance or angle of internal friction is zero. Vane shear test is suitable to determine in situ shear strength of clayely soil. — Range of optimum water content: Sand Slit Clay (6 - 10)% (12-16) % 14-20% 5.5 Types of rock, dip, strike, fold, fault, cleavage, geographical divisions of Nepal, earthquake: causes of earthquake, types of wave, grading of rthquake, seismic fault line in Nepal Types of rock 1. Intact rock - rock without any structural defects, but may contain fissure Properties of an intact rock: Properties of an intact rock: 1) Physical properties: Index properties 2) Mechanical properties: strength, deformation and clastic weathering/alteration, durability, lithological characteristics, 3) Thermal, 4) Electro-magnetic, 5) Hydro-dynamic, 6606 | OBJECTIVE BOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS properties, hardness,6) Acoustic, 7) Rheological properties and 8) Special technological properties: drillability, blastabili it . I y, Cuttability, crushabilit 3, Rock mass- inclusive of all types of structural deft: cracks, int gece, os, bedding planes, shear zones and ail other types of weakness planes. , yi Classification of Rocks Genetic ‘ igneous, 2) Sedimentary and 3) Metamorphic Rocks classification of rocks. a) Massive rocks: randomly oriented and densely packed particles; may then be considered to have isotropic structure. » Porous rocks: do not have any specific orientation but are loosely packed. ¢) Stratified structure: ‘© Composed of layered beds or strata Ex: slate, schist, gneiss (metamorphic rocks) or shale or chert (sedimentary rocks); + b. Rock structure is anisotropic; all physical properties have directionality due to their tendency to part parallel to one plane or one axis. Petrography is-the study of rocks in terms of composition, texture and structures 4 Petrogenesis is the study of origin and evolution of rock Geomorphology is the branch of geology that deals mainly with landforms and processes of carthsurfaces. Types of rock mass discontinuities > Bedding planes ks, which are often layered or . eve every v Bedding planes are characteristic of sedimentary roc! stratified. Each separate layer is called a bed or stratum. A bedding plane is an interruption between these layers that are formed under differing modes of deposition. ferent beds will differ depending It is weakness plane and the engineering properties of di on the conditions under which deposition occurs. Cleavage planes Cleavage is a micro-level discontinuity. Cleavage planes are developed as a result of orogenic pressures during folding. Folds Folding occurs as a result of bending of a layered rock. This is due to compressional forces Schistosities * Schistosities are characteristic of metamorphic rocks such as gneiss; are the result of parallel arrangement of platy grains of flakes. Faults Faults are fractures on which relative displacement has taken place on opposite sides of the fault plane due to shear The block above the fault plane is called hanging wall where as the block below the fault plane is footwall. In normal fault hanging wall goes down relative to the footwall In reverse fault hanging wall goes up relative to the footwall Geotechnical Engineering |607In strike slip faut hanging and footwall moves parallel ‘0 each other Joints Joints are fractures along which no Shear zones ‘Shear zones are usually formed as result of material in which local shear failure has occu or very little relative displacement has taken place veve of faulting ot local shear failure, They are bands red previously Definitions of K&y terms z os Rock structure means specific configuration or mutual setting of texturally similar parts of rock, Structure, although it also refers to mutual interaction of particles and their arrangement in space, is a macro-level concept. 2... Texture is the structure of minerals or grain geometrical aspects and the mutual relationship the size and shape of mineral grains, theit mutual arrangement them. 3. Dip is ttre downward separation of a bedding plane. A horizontal plane has a dip of 0, and @ steeper the plane) Faults are ground fractures. Minerals are chemical elements that constitute rocks. Rocks are the aggregation of minerals into a hard mass. Soils are materials that are derived from the weathering of rocks. Strike is the horizontal surface separation of a layer or bedding plane. structure. It refers to individual grains and to the ‘among the individual particles or crystals i, 9 and the nature of bonds between plane ( steepest angle from the horizontal of a vertical plane a dip of 90. The larger the dip, the PI ane bedding or fault plane Geology of the Nepal Himalayas ‘The Nepal Himalayas is divided into five major tectonic zones as per their lithology, metamorphism, and major thrusts (Gansser 1964, Hagen 1969). 1. Terai Zone 2, Sub-Himalayan Zone (Siwalik and Churia ) 3. Lower/Lesser Himalayan Zone 4, Higher Himalayan Zone 5. Tibetan Tethys Zone Terai Zone 608 | OBJECTIVE BOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERSape Tesi ees Se aie eet and varies in width from less than 16 to m a ai Siwalik by Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) ae foe ea beeteg as je plain. The Terai plain contains the alluvial materials deposited by the various rivers emergin the Himalayas carrying the eroded sediments of various sizes. The sediments of the Terai in Nepal ia uria Group Which in turn rests upon rocks belonging to the Gondwanas or younger rocks. dlimalayan Zone (Siwaliks) se sin Boundary Thrust (MBT) borders this section in the north while The Himalayan Frontal Thrust (uF of Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) borders it in south. The Sub-Himalayan Zone in Nepal is 5-6 km {pick and about 50 km long It stretches the entire length of Nepal from east to west. Lithologically itis feaposed of vial (O fluvioglacial deposits of Neogene age coarsening from top to bottom.On the basis ofsize of sediments Siwaliks can be divided into three divisions. They are: Lower Siwalik, Middle Swaik and Upper Siwalik. The Lower Siwaliks consists of finely laminated sandstones and .e Middle Siwaliks comprises of medium to coarse grained sandstones. The. Upper Siwaliks dstones- TT vesis conglomerate and boulders. Himalayan Zone the Lesser Himalayas lies between the Siwaliks and the higher Himalayas. The southern limit of this ig designated by The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and northem limit is represented by the Main rust (MCT). The average height of this range is 300-500 m and its width ranges from 60 to ‘unfossiliferous sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks like shale, schist, quartzite, dolomite etc. ranging in age from Pre-Cambrian onthe Ch Central Tht ‘im. This range comprises mostly of sandstone, conglomerate, slate, phyllite, ‘to Bocene. Higher Himalayan Zone Tetligher Himalayas Zone contains the snow-clad mountains with precipitous scarps, deep river gorges ind ivers older than the Himalayas itself. This zone is the youngest and tectonically very active BM the world. It is bordered in south by the Main Central Thrust and in the north by the South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS). Geographical Divisions of Nepal > The country can be divided into three main geographical regions: Himalayan region, mid hill region and the Tarai region. The highest point in the country is Mt. Everest (8,848 m) while the lowest jan in Jhapa (60 m). and it is the Nepalese portion of the Gangetic Plain point is in the Tarai plains of Kechana Kall the Sub-Himalayan (Siwalik) Zone to the North > The Terai Zone is also called as Gangetic Plain that extends from the Indian Shield in the South to Earthquakes Caused when relative movement of plates or fault blocks overcomes shear resistance of a fault. Movement builds up elastic strain in rocks; fault rupture and rock rebound release strain energy as ground dock waves, Most earthquakes originate at focus “ 20 km deep. Surface displacement may be a few netes or absent. Fault breaks may extend over lengths 1-100 km. Size and scale of earthquake > Magnitude (M) defines the size of an earthquake on the Richter scale > Intensity is the scale of earthquake damage at any one point, described on the modified Mercalli scale, and declining away from the epicentre. Seismicity in Nepal Geotechnical Engineering |609> Séismicity contours indicate that the highest concentrations of earthquakes in Nepal occur in n foothills between Kathmandu and Dharan, especially along the Main Boundary Thrust. 7 ‘Types of Seismic Waves There are several different kinds of seismic waves, and they all move in different ways. The two main types of waves are body waves and surface waves. Body waves can travel through the earth's ing layers, but surface waves can only move along the surface of the planet like ripples on water. Earthquakes radiate seismic energy as both body and surface waves. Body waves Traveling through the interior of the earth, body waves arrive before the surface waves emitted by an earthquake. These waves are of a higher frequency than surface waves. Body waves are classified as P & S waves. P waves > This is the fastest kind of seismic wave, and, consequently, the first to ‘arrive’ at a seismic station. > The'P wave can move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth, > Itpushes and pulls the rock it moves through just like sound waves push and pull the air. > - Animals can hear the P waves of an earthquake. > P waves are also known as compressional waves, particles move in the same direction that the the ‘wave is moving in (particales propagates along the direction of movement), which is the direction that the energy is traveling in, and is sometimes called the ‘direction of wave propagation’. > Primary waves (P-waves) are compressional waves that are longitudinal in nature, S waves The second type of body wave is the S wave or secondary wave. S wave is slower than a P wave Can only move through solid rock, not through any liquid medium, It is shis property of S waves that led seismologists to conclude that the Earth's outer core is a liquid. , Secondary waves (S-waves) are shear waves that are transverse in nature S waves move rock particles up and down, or side-to-side, perpendicular to the direction (particales propagates along the perpendicular direction of moyement) that the wave is traveling in, Surface waves Travelling only through the crust (earth surface), surface waves are of a lower frequency than body waves, and are casily distinguished on a seismogram as a result. Though they arrive after body waves, it is surface waves that are almost enitrely responsible for the damage and destruction associated with earthquakes. This damage and the strength of the surface waves are reduced in deeper earthquakes. Surface waves are two types: Love waves & Rayleigh waves, Love waves . It's the fastest than Rayleigh and moves the ground from side-to-side It is confined to the surface of the crust. Love waves produce entirely horizontal motion Transverse horizontal motion, perpendicular to the direction of propagation and generally parallel to the Earth's surface vvvv vv vVvVV 610 | OBJECTIVE BOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERSgayle ‘lls along the ground just like a wav wave rolls al i A Rayleigh r is just like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean. the und id down iptic ‘ Irmoves the ground UP an (elliptical motion) and side-to-side in the same direction that fhe wave is moving. Motion is both in the direction of propagation and perpendicular (in a vertical plane) > : Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake is due to the Rayleij 4 ea ofearthquake (0 the Rayleigh wave (most destructive) Magnitude CaS Earthquake Effects Less than 2.5 Minor usually not felt, but can be recorded by seismograph. 951054 Light Often felt, but only causes minor damage. 551060 moderate Slight damage to buildings and other structures. 6.11069 strong May cause a lot of damage in very populated areas. 101079 Major Major earthquakes (Serious damage). Great earthquake (Can totally destroy communities near the epicenter). ¢ based on Intensity by a very few under especially favorable conditions. ly on upper floors of buildings. Delicately suspended More than 8 Great Grading of Earthquake 1, Not felt except 11 Felt only by a few persons at rest, especial objects may swing. IIL Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper fl do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may roe! the passing of a truck. Duration estimated. IV. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, Fendows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably. : V. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop. VL Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; Damage slight. VIL. Damage negligible in buildings of good d ordinary structures; considerable damage in poor! chimneys broken. Vill, Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built swuctures. Fall of chmineys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb, Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rail bent. XL Few, ifany (masonry) structures remain standing, Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly. Geotechnical Engineering |611 loors of buildings. Many people slightly. Vibration similar to a few instances of fallen plaster. slight to moderate in well-built jesign and construction; ly designed structures; some ly built or bad!XII. Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown into the air. Seismic fault line in Nepal > The southernmost fault, the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) separates the Sub-Himalay ‘Siwalil ew) ryan (Siwalik) Zone from Gangetic Plains. The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) separates the Lesser Himalayan Zone from Siwalik. The Main Central Thrust (MCT) separates the Higher Himalayan Zone from the Lesser Himalayan Zone. > The South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS) marks the boundary between the Higher Himalayan Zone and the overlying fossiliferous sequence of the Tibetan-Tethys Himalayan Zone > The Barigad fault is an active fault in the lesser Himalaya. 5.6 Tunneling: types of tunnels, component parts ofa tunnel and tunnel cross section, survey for tunnel alignment, drainage, lighting and ventilation requirements for tunnels, method of tunneling in soft soils and rock Advantages of Tunneling > Provides Shortest Route > Security and Strategic Considerations of a Nation > All Weather-friendly Rather than Highways or Railways on Open Cut ( Landslides during Rainy Seasons, Snow Cover during WinterSeasons) > — Save Fuel and Wear & Tear of the Vehicles Disadvantages of Tunneling > Very High Initial Cost of Construction > Special Construction Techniques are Required > Comparatively Long Time Required for Construction Type of Tunnels ; There are three broad categories of tunnels: mining, public works and transportation. > Mine tunnels are used during ore extraction, enabling laborers or equipment to access mineral and metal deposits deep inside the earth. > Public works tunnels carry water, sewage or gas lines across great distances. > Transportation tunnels for the purpose of public transportation. ‘Type of Tunnels based on their shapes Circular Shaped Tunnels (Best theoretical section for resisting forces) Horse Shoe Tunnels (Best shape for traffic purposes) : D-Shaped Tunnels Elliptical Tunnels ‘Square or Rectangular Tunnels Egg-Shaped Tunnels Segmental Roof Section Tunnels Components Parts of Tunnel and Tunnel cross-sections Invert: The bottom floor of the tunnel Crown- The uppermost part of the tunnel Portal- The entrance of the tunnel Heading- The excavated face of the tunnel Station- The distance (chainage) measured form the portal Drift- A horizontal excavation Springline- The line at which the tunnels wall break from slopi i Wall- The side of the tunnel loping out wards to sloping inwards 612 | OBJECTIVE BOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS > > VVVVVVV VVVVVVVYgqrvey for Tannel alingment We The basic procedure of tunnel surveying is to ali to the tunnel. This also involves leveling the surfec > Surveying Steps in Tunnels: * Surface Survey «Transferring the alignment und: «Transferring levels under ond ce : y Shaft is constructed to transfer the tunnel center line from the ground surfa: e ce. iio center line in the ground and transfer that surface le ground and the internal of the tunnel. prsinte e drainage is done bef om 4 Linco Ba efore the starting of the construction works which i irainage & minimization of hydrostatics pressure works which includes diverting the , Dees bara during the tunnel construction by constructing drain, is > Permane inage is done by constructing longitudinal drain, con Peete : tonne! entation chor , concrete lining, grouting etc. jn straight reach of tunnel upto 100m natural ventilation wil f i : tion will be enough. } Mechanical ventilation is d i na 4 2 ‘comination of both lone by blowing of the fresh air, exhausting faul air by ducts and Tame! Lighting ‘Minimum illumination of 50 lux should be provided for effici as LE eee ees ‘cient working condit ' Minimum illumination of 100 lux should be provided during ae * Lamps should be fixed at the center line of the roof of tunnel Taaddition to the fixed lighting system all hauling equipment should have own lighting system vvvvY Type of Ground > Running ground — needing instant support all around- Wat soils > Soft ground - instant support for roof like soft clay } Firm ground — roof will stand for a few minutes an and dry earth >” Self supporting ground — soil stands supported for a short period and for short lengths of 1200 mam to 5000 mm — sandstones , cemented stones Tunneling in soft Ground Cut and cover Timbered heading (fore pole) Tunnel jacking Tunnel Shields Types of Shield Tunneling © Manual «Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) # No drilling and blasting possible in soft ground Tumeling in firm ground > Full face method-The excavation is divi bottom and used mostly for smaller section. > Top heading and benching > Dnlft method- drift (hole) is constructed by blasting or drilling This method is mostly suitable for large section. Tunneling in running ground > needle beam method > shield method ter Bearing sands and cohesion-less .d sides for a much longer period- Firm clay vvvyv ed into three section and start to excavate from top to and the drift is widened letter. Geotechnical Engineering |613> tunneling with inner plate Tunneling in hard rock ; > > > Drill and blast TBM ‘New Austrian Tunelling Method (NATM) Requirement of Highway Tunnels in Nepal > Tunnels are usually constructed with two lanes. In four lane roads two separate two lane tunnels are constructed. > The minimum roadway width between curbs should be at least 0.6 m greater than the approach carriageway, but not less than 7.2m. > The curb or sidewalk should be 0.5m minimum on either side of the pavement. > The total clearance between walls of a two lane tunnel should be a minimum of 9 m > Minimum vertical clearances inside the tunnels should be 5.0m. > Tunnels should be as shortest as possible. As far as possible tunnels should be constructed with straight horizontal alignment which simplifies the construction, reduces the cost and itis easy to provide adequate sight distance on tunnels. > Vertical alignment of the tunnel should be decided based on the economic balance between construction costs and operating and maintenance expenses. > Ventilation costs depend on length, grades, natural and vehicle-induced ventilation, type of system, and air quality constraints. > Maximum gradient of the road in tunnels should be 4% and minimum 0.4%(From drainage consideration) > Tunnels of length less than 300m are constructed with one directional gradient and more than 300 m with two way grades with maximum height at the centre. Tunnels of more than 150m length should be provided with artificial ventilation. > Maximum speed of air inside the tunnels (without considering the motion of air due: to movement of vehicles) from artificial ventilation should be 6m/s. > Tunnels of more than 300m length on straight sections or 150m on curved sections of nonurban + roads or all tunnels on urban roads should be illuminated with artificial lighting. > Illumination of tunnels at the level of carriageway should not be less than: © = 30 lux at night ° «400-750 lux during day time near the portals and 30 lux at the middle. Some Points ‘Squeezing is time dependent process and defined as the stress releasement in the rock due to excavation. , 4 Sweeling is also time dependent process and defined as physioc ~chemical reaction with water of rock material. * Rock brusting is the opposite of squeezing is defined as sudden releasement of energy from the rock. Objective Questions: Geotechnical Engineering 1. The soil transported by wind is called a. Aeolian soil —_b) Marine soil ©) Alluvial soil 4) Lacustrine soil 2. Lacustrine soils are those soils which are 614 | OBJECTIVE BOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS4. Deposited in sea water ¢, Transported by running water s Paes at the bottorn of lakes «gsi soils are those soils which are imaspontod by wind N's, Deposited in sea water . : ¢, Transported by running water A Nom per ect laae « vtich ofthe following sil is transported by wind? a a. Talus b) Loess os « ss are derived from aed sail a. Igneous rock b) Sedimen : tary rock ¢, Metamorphic rock , 4d) Any one of these «tel ransported by slaciers either by ice or water i called a. Talus b) Loess c) Drift 1 Residual soils are 4) None of these i smés eu ©) Clays 4) All of these Ac engineer is concerned mainly with .. 2 i i Si oepaeh a top mantle of soil dealing with small and a. 2toSm b)5to8m ©) 8to 10m 4) 10to 15m «Black cotton soils are... soils. 2. Expansive b) Residual ©) Both a and b d) None 10. Consolidation and compressibility of soil ‘a. Isa measure of the ability of soil to allow the water to pass through its pores. 1. Isameasure of the ability of soil to bear stresses without failure c. Deals with changes in volume of pores in a soil under load d. Any one of the above 11 The moist soil is... Saturated soil a. Fully ») Partially ©) Semi 4) None 1) The difference between maximum void ratio and minimum void ratio of 8 sand sample is 0.3. if the nave density ofthis sample is 66.6% ata void ratio of 0.4, then the void ratio of this sample at its loosest state will be a 04 b) 0.6 ©) 0.7 d) 0.75 saturated density U3 The dry density of a soil is 1.5 g/cm’. | the saturation water content is 50%, then its and submerged density will respectively be a. 1.5.g/em? and 1.0 g/cm? b) 2.0 g/cm’ and 1.0 g/cm* d)2.5 g/em’ and 1.5 g/cm? ©. 2.25 g/cm? and 1.25 g/cm’ 1M The specific gravity of a soil is the ratio of unit weight of soil solids to that of water at temperature of 1 aC by 17°C ©) 27°C 4) 36°C d its natural void ratio to the oid ratio in its loosest state an‘ |S Theratio of the difference between the v‘ 1 diference between the voids ratio is the loosest and the densest state, is called 4. Density index b) Relative density © Degree of density d) Any one of these '6.The degree of saturation for the moist soil is about | 2 0% b) 1 t0 25% ) 25 to 50% d) 50 to 75% i ne |The approximate void ratio in sandy soil is about Geotechnical Engineering |615 | | | |a. 0.2 b) 0.6 0.8 12 18. Which of the following clay minerals gives maximum swelling? a. Kalonite b) Montmorillonite ©) Illite 4) All of these 19. The specific gravity of sandy soil is a 12 b) 18 0) 2.2 O24 20. Which ofthe following gives the correct decreasing order of the densities ofa soil sample? a.’ Saturated, submerged, wet dry >) Saturated, wet, submerged, dry c. Saturated, wet, dry, submerged d) Wet, saturated, submerged, dry 21. If the volume of voids is equal to the volume of soil solid, then the values of porosity and void ratig are respectively ; a. Oand 1.5 b)OandI ©) 0.5 and 1 @) 1and0.s 22. The water contents of soils can be accurately determined by a. Sand bath method ) Calcium carbide method c. Oven drying method d) Pycnometer method 23. The specific gravity of soil solids is determined by a. Pycnometer method b) Hydrometer analysis c. Sieve analysis d) Alll of these 24. Stoke's law is used to determine the a. Detailed gravity of soil solids c. Grain size distribution of those soils d. All of the above 25. The effective size of the soil is b) Density of soil suspension. whose grain size is finer than 0.075 mm a. Dio b) Doo c) Dio 4)Deo 26, The uniformity céefficient of soil is determined as the ratio of a, Dato Dio b) Dioto Doo ©) Dso to Dio d) Deoto Dio ~27. The particle size range is measured by a. Effective size ) Uniformity coefficient 4d) None of these 28. The ratio ofthe unconfined compressive strength of undisturbed soil to the unconfined compressive strength of soil in remoulded state, is called a. Sensitivity b) Thixotropy ) Relative density 4) Bulk density 20. The property of the soil which enables to regain is strength lost on remoulding in a short time, without change of moisture content, is called b) Curvature coefficient a. Unconfined compressive strength b) Sensitivity c. Thixotropy . 4d) Relative density 30. When the consistency index is zero, then the soil is at its a. Elastic limit b) Plastic limit ©) Liquid limit d) Semi-solid state 31. A soil is in semi-solid state, if the consistency index is a, Zero b) One ©) More than unity d) None of these 32. A soil with consistency equal to one is at its ............... limit, a. Liquid b) Plastic ©) Solid d) Semi-solid 616 | OBJECTIVE BOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS; the paste limit is to or greater than tte uel limit, then the plasticity index is » ati °) - f bas index in soils indicates the ceeeeaneel i be patio of Liquid limit to plastic limit b) Variation of liquid limit i variation of, bere sath sand d) Shear strength variation with water content of clay and a sample of san have the same speci it id rati i spe of ey er tcaoe specific gravity and the void ratio. Their P heir porosities will be different ; b) Their densities will be different + pei degree of saturation will be different — d) The size ranges of their voids will be different : eae ee ete nn neremeuia® b)2to is ©) 2 to 20 d)2to 30 eability of a given soil is y The ey proportional to the average grain size * versely proportional to the average gran size > retly proportional to the square ofthe average grain size « avesely proportional to the square ofthe average grain size ff permeability of silt is .... that of clay. 4. 21010 The coefficient of |". Same as b) Less than c) More than d) None sreyiaulic gradient provided at the downstream side ofa hydraulic structure such as dam, is called a. Downstream gradient b) Tail water gradient ¢, Exit gradient d) Any one of these | the cxtcal gradient for all soils is normally : 205 b)1 15 25 4 The permissible exit gradient for safety against piping which endanger the stability of a hydraulic siructure, should be 4) 0.8 a. 02 b)0.4 ©) 0.6 ‘1 Theneutral stress on the soil is due to the a. Extemal load acting on the soil ¢. Weight of water present in soil pores 4) Both a and b «nase of coarse grained sand having high permeability and low plasticity, cours within ... _.after application of load. 2) 1 minute b) 30 minutes c) | hour 4.The expansion of soil due to shear at a constant value of pressure IS called 4. Apparent cohesion b) True cohesion > Dilataney 4) Consistency 4 The density of sand at which there is no change in volume under the influence of shearing strain produced due to shear stress, is called b) Weight of the soil particles 95% of consolidation d) 2hour | | @)Relative density b) Apparent density ©) Critical density 4d) Any one of these | hic ofthe following parameters can be used to estimate the angle of friction of @ sandy soil? | DPaticle size b) Roughness of particle ©) Density index d) Particle size distribution. Geotechnical Engineering |61747. The angle of internal friction of round-grained loose sand is about a) 5°t0.25° b) 25° to 30° ¢) 30° to 35° on 48, The angle of intemal friction of round-grained sand is about ) 32° to 37° a) 5° to 25° b) 25° to 30° c) 30° to 35° 4) 32° to 37° 49, According to IS code, the total settlement of isolated footings for cohesive soil shot a a) 30mm b) 40. mm ©) 50mm Gs ae 50. Generally soil refers to a) Solid medium b) Liquid medium c) Particulate medium d) Gaseous medium 51. China clay is also called a) Kaolin b) Illite ©) Montmorillonite 4) None of abov 52. Bentonite contains predominantly . re a) Kaolin b) Ilite c) Montmorillonite ) None of above 53. Loam means a) Silt with little sand b) Sand with little clay ©) Clay with litle silt 4) Mixture of sand, silt and clay sized particles in equal proportions 54, Honey.combed structure is found in a) Gravels ’b) Coarse sands ©) Fine silts and clays 4) Highly plastic clays 55, For a cohesive soil, the modulus of elasticity a) Varies linearly with depth ») Is constant with depth o) Can't say . d) None of the above 56, For a cohesion less soil, the modulus of elasticity a) Varies linearly with depth ') Is constant with depth ©) Can’t say 4) None of the above 57. Specific gravity of soil is a) Sameas clays and sands b) Determined by hydrometer ©) Less than 2.0 for most soils 4d) More than 2.5 for most soils 58, Textural-classification is merely based on a) Grain size b) Plasticity index c) Shape of particles ‘d) Consistency limits 59, For general engineering purposes soils are classified by a) particles size classifications b) textural classifications c) HRB classifications 4d) Unified soil classifications 60. Soils containing organic matters a) are-of spongy nature b) swell with the decrease of moisture c) shrink with increase of moisture content _d) none of these 61. The maximum possible value of dry density is referred to as a) drydensity »b) zero air voids ©):saturation dry density 4d) all of the above 62. The-water-content of a soil at which the soil volume becomes is constant is called a) plastic limit b) liquid limit c) shrinkage limit ) solid limit 63. Cohesive soils are generally * 4) Plastic and also compressible b) clastic and compressible ‘648 /"OBJECTIVENBOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS¢) plastic but incompressible d) none ofthese os, Peat is nothing but sp organic silts) Organic clays ©) Inorganic silt d) Inorganic cl: 5. Soil in which some of the intermediate size of particles are missing is known as = 1) Poorly graded soil b) Non-uniform soil ¢) Ill proportioned soil d) Skip graded soil 4g. For well graded soil, the coefficient of curvature will be between aiand 10 ee 7 ©) 3 and7 d) 1 and3 he phenomencn in ‘hich a cohesiontess soil loses its shear str il parti 7. TMesency to move up in the direction of flow, is known i ache a) Boiling condition b) Quick sand ) Quick condition d) All of above «4: Primary consolidation of soil is due tothe expulsion of a) Absorbed water only b) Adsorbed water only ) Both a and b . d) None 49, secondary consolidation of soil is due to the expulsion of a) Absorbed water only b) Adsorbed water only ¢) Both aand b 4) None +0, The mast effective method for compacting sand is by using a) Pneumatic rollers b) Sheep foot rollers ¢) Steel tyred rollers d) Vibration yuld be at least 11, The depth of exploration for a square footing sho a) Width of footing b) 1.5 times width of footing d) 3 times width of footing ) Twice the width of footing “2. The depth of exploration of strip footing should be at least a) Width of footing b) 1.5 times width of footing d) 3 times width of footing ¢) Twice the width of footing 73, Expansion of soils under shear is known as ) Volumetric deformation a) Liquefaction ¢) Critical expansion 4) Dilatancy 14, The shear failure exhibited by loose sands is known as 2) Elastic failure _b) Plastic failure ©) Brittle failure )None of the above 15. The shear failure exhibited by dense sands is known as 2) Elastic failure _b) Plastic failure 16. Stability analysis shall be made considering 2) Total stresses. _b) Normal stresses 71. According to IS code, the permissible values o! and sands are a) 65 mm and 40 mm b) 40 mm and 65 mm ©) 65 mm and 100 mm d) 100 mm and 65 mm 18. According to IS code, the permissi settlement in case of raft footings on clay and sands are a) 65 mm and 40 mm. b) 40 mm and 65 mm c) Brittle failure d) None of the above 4d) Shear stresses ©) Effective stresses solated footings on clayeys f total settlement in case of is ible values of total Geotechnical Engineering |619¢) 65 mm and 100 mm d) 100 mm and 65 mm 49, According to IS code, the permissible values of differential settlement in case clay and sands are a) 25 mm and 40 mm b) 40 mm and 25 mm ¢) 25 mm and 100 mrh d) None 80, Which ofthe following soils will have Teast value of safe load a) Sand stone b) Lime stone c) Moorum. “d) Soft chalk 1, Black cotton soil isnot suitable for foundations because ofits a) Black colour b) Low bearing capacity ©) Cohesive particles ) Swelling and shrinkage nature 82, The specific gravity of sandy soils is a) 15 b) 2.0 ) 2.2 426 83. In hydrometer analysis, the principle used is b) Darcy's law a) Newton’s law ©) Stoke’s law 84. A pycnometer is used to determine a) Specific gravity and dry density ) Water content and specific gravity d) Rehbann’s law b) Water content and void ratio 4) Dry density and void ratio 85. Which method is quickest to find the water content of soils a) Oven dry method ©) Calcium carbide method 86. The good clay for making brick is a) Unweathered clay ) Black cotton soil 87. A fully saturated soil is said to be ~ a) one phase system. b) Alcohol method d) Sand bath method ») Silted soil d) Weathered soil b) two phase system with soil and air 4) two phase system with soil and water 6) three phase system 88. Which of the following is the measure of the particle size range a) effective size b) uniformity coefficient ©) coefficient of curvature 4) none of the above 89. Uniformity coefficient of well graded soil is al b) less than 2 2 d) greater than 2 90. Which of the following soils has more plasticity index? a) sand »b) silt ©) clay 4d) gravel 91. Which one of the following agents is not included in metamorphism a) heat b) pressure ©) weathering d) chemicals 92. Voids ratio of soil mass a) Never be greater than unity b) be zero ©) take any value greater than zero 93. The dip of a unit represents the d) take values between 0,and 1 only a.direction of intersection of the rock layer an a horizontal surface b.part of the unit which has been eroded . angle at which the bed inclines from the horizontal 620 | OBJECTIVE BOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERSthe rock unit before deformation autilt of . ve Je of dip is measured aoe which instrument? gAselcompass __b. Theodolite Te «Comm following is nota tectonic force respon facheometer, d. Clinometer whieh : . sponsible for folding or faulting rocks? 9. a compressive force b. tensional force d. shear fc - sp wo measurements describe the orientation of af ; ee gic 0 eH ems fault plane at a given location? a.axis art aaa a am ; 2, c. lateral and thrust d. trend and plunge ult is characterize tl * gt ea Pd the fault plane? y the rocks above the fault plane moving upward relative to the anormal b. strike slip —_c. reverse d. all of these of fault is characterized by the r ; : a va pe Se eee ‘ocks above the fault plane moving downward relative to anormal b. strike slip _¢. reverse d. all of these og. what types of faults are associated with shearing forces? : a.normal b. strike slip _¢. reverse d. all of these 100. Earthquakes can occur with faulting. a.normal b. reverse c. thrust d. all of these i. How many angular measurements does it take to describe the orientation of fault surface? el b2 ©.3 a4 igo The two sides of a fold are called its a.anticlines b. synclines c. limbs d. axial planes 193, Folds develop in which type of rock algneoustock —b. Sedimentary rock c. Metamorphic rock d. Any type of rock {04 Geologically Nepal Himalayan is divided into ....tectonic parts : a 3 b4 «5 d.6 105. Geographically Nepal is divided into.... parts a3 b4 5 a6 106. Physiographically Nepal is divided into... parts a3 b4 eS a7 107. Which zone of Nepal is mostly prone of earthquake a. Terai Zone b. Sub-Himalayan Zone (Siwalik and Churia ) c. Lower/Lesser Himalayan Zone 4. Higher Himalayan Zone 108, Which thrust line has highest potentiality of largest earthquake in Nepal a MET c.MBT ¢. MCT @. HFT 109, Nepal lies in seismic zone al b. 01 cI av 110. Nepal ranks the ........ Position in terms of earthquake risk as earthquakes has often occurred in Nepal. “ a me b.7 eI 4.15 IIL. Which theory is acclaimed as a satisfactory explanation about the cause of earthquakes? a. Elastic Rebound theory 6. Clasti¢ theory Geotechnical Engineering |621¢. Tremors theory 4. Seismology theory 112. Earthquakes oceur most frequently at a, plate surface b. plate boundaries c. plate vacuum d. ocean beds 113. What type of forc:es dominate at divergent plate margins? . a.tensional forces b. shearing forces c. compressive forces “d. none of th ese 114, What type of forrces dominate at convergent plate margins? a.tensional forces b. shearing forces c. compressive forces. none of th 115. At convergent plate boundaries one would expect to find . sia a.folds b. faults . folds and faults 4. neither folds or faults 116. At divergent plate boundaries one would expect to find . f a.folds b. faults c. folds and faults, 4. neither folds or faults 117. At transverse plate boundaries one would expect to find . folds b, faults, ¢. folds and faults d. neither folds or faults 118, Where do most earthquakes occur? a. Along; dikes ». Along faults c. Along folds 4. Along joints 19. The pst where movement occurred which triggered the earthquake is the c. focus d. strike a. dip b. epicenter 120. Which of the following sequenc a. P waves, S waves, Surface waves c. Pwaves , Surface waves, S waves es correctly lists the different arrivals from first to last? b. Surface waves, P waves, S waves d. S waves, P waves, Surface waves 121; How many seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake? al b.2 3 a4 . 122, Body waves consist of the: a.Pwaves only _-b. S waves only c. Pand S waves d. Love and Rayleigh wave 123. In general, the most destructive earthquake waves are the c. P and S waves b. S waves only sea particle motion that is back and forth ina direction perpendicular (0 the wave a. P waves only . Surface wave 124. Which waves cau: motion? a. Pewaves b.S-waves _. Surface waves 4. All of the above 125, Which waves are called compression waves because they compress and extend the material they pass through? a. P-waves b. S-waves c. Surface waves d. All of the above 126. Vibrations radiate from focus in all direction as a. Longitudinal waves b. Transverse waves _c. Seismic waves 4. Typanie waves 127. Instrument used to measure earthquake is known as a. quake meter b. quake graph c. seismograph d. typanicgraph 128. Magnitude of energy released by an earthquake is calculated using a. Temblor scale b. Richter scale c. Tectonic scale d, Seismic scale 129. In contrast, intensity of earthquake cannot be measured by any 622 | OBJECTIVE BOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERSmachine b, instrument nea tensity level of "1" «people don't feel earthquake 1 puilding and bridges collapse 4, means jaati . poor buildings collapse 4. people feel the tremor and windows rattle followin, ae a othe following measures an earthquake's intensity based on the observed effects on people a Richter scale b. Modified Mercalli scale ¢. the Centigrade scale d. the moment magnitud Greater magnitude, the ee ee) lesser the amount of energy released “iz heanintefency atered detec amamtafeoe sr of energy absorbed 133. Amount of energy released by an earthquake is also known as a. unit b. magnitude ¢. direction a ecMs {34 The amount of ground displacement in a earthquake is called the a.epicenter b. slip c. dip d. focus 135. Which of the following can be triggered by an earthquake? a.tsunami b. intense ground shaking c. a landslide d. all of these 136. Which of the following statements is false? . ‘a Most earthquakes occur at plate boundaries The time and location of most major earthquakes can be predicted several days in advance Earthquakes can be caused by normal, reverse and strike-slip faulting 4.P waves travel faster than both S waves and Surface waves 137, Which of the following observations may indicate a forthcoming destructive earthquake? a.An increase in the frequency of smaller earthquakes in the region b.rapid tilting of the ground c-rapid changes in water levels in wells dall of these 158, Which of the following statements best describes the state of earthquake prediction? a.scientists can accurately predict the time and location of almost all earthquakes biscientists can accurately predict the time and location of about 50% of all earthquakes when an earthquake will occur, but not where ismic risk of an area, but can not yet accurately predict most Bh 132. c.scientists can accurately predict scientists can characterize the sei earthquakes 139, Tunneling is required in case of a. Laying pavement c. On ground passage 140, During the alignment survey-of the tunnel a. setting out the tunnel center line on the surface is done first b Setting out the tunnel center line inside the tunnel is done first. «drift is consctructed along the tunnel alignment first d.None of the above ; ; : 141, Which one of the following statements is not correct in respect of setting of an incl b. Laying road d. Underground passage lined tunnel: Geotechnical Engineering |623a. The alignment is fixed from upper/lower apex point b. The level of the invert at the heading is marked by a tape. c.Reference points are constructed on the roof of tunnels d.None the above. 142. Which is the best shape of section for roadway construction? a.circular b. horse-shoe —c. D d. rectangular 143. The hole constructed in for transferring ground point to the tunnel surface is called as adrift b. shaft d.adit d. hole 144, Type of tunnel ventilation are a. Natural and mechanical b, Temporary and permanent c. Initial and final d. None of the above 145. Pick up the mechanical ventilation method used for tunnels from the following a.blowing fresh air by ducts to the face of tunnel b.exhausting foul air by ducts from the face of the tunnel and permitting fresh air through the tunnel c.blowing fresh.air and exhausting foul air by ducts d.all the above. 146. The bottom floor of the tunnel is called as a. Invert b. Heading c. wall d. Portal 147. The entrance of the tunnel is called as, a. Invert b. Heading c. wall d. Portal 148. Which one of the following statements is not cortect for heading and benching method of tunneling? a, Drilling and mucking can be done simultaneously b. Benching provides a plate form for working on heading c. Removal of muck from the heading is very easy d. None of these. 149. A tunnel is found more advantageous as compared to the alternate routes because it: ‘a. reduces the cost by reducing the route distance b. reduces the maintenance cost c. avoids interference with surface rights d. all of the above 150. The method of draining in the tunnels, is generally known as ‘a. Fore drainage b. dewatering. permanent drainage _d. Alll of the above. 151. Which one of the following methods is adopted for permanent drainage of tunnels a. provisions of longitudinal drains - b. Continioud open drains c. Concrete lining 4. All of the above 152. Fore poling method is generally adopted for tunneling in : ‘a. Softground firm ground _c. running ground d. None of these 153. Drift method is generally adopted for tunneling in : a.Soft ground _b. Rock . running ground d. None of these 154. Shield method of tunneling is mainly used in * a, Rock b. Soft ground c. Firm ground d. None of the above 624 | OBJECTIVE BOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERShone of the following methods is generally adopted for tunneling in firm ground? Full face method b. Top heading and benching method ¢¢ Drift method 4. All of the above, stl face" method of constructing tunnels, the first operation relates to 1s. ‘,_ removal of bottom portion excavation of one drift in the center ¢._ removal of top portion ‘excavation being done along the periphery concrete lining is provided concurrently with the driving operation in case of 1S eerck terrain. Soft ground . running ground 4. none of the above 5 irl section of tunnels isnot suitable for ‘a carrying water b, non-cohesive soils c. tunnels driven by shield method d. placement of concrete lining {°D'isthe diameter of tunnel in meters, then the thickness of lining in mm, as per the empirical formula is given by 242D b.82D ©. 104D 4.124D {4 The most suitable soil for compressed air tunheling is a. silt b. sand c. clay d. gravel 161. Toattain the required shape of the tunnel section, we use : ‘a easers b. trimmers c.cutholes ' d. chisels 162. or highways, tunneling is preferred to if the open cut exceeds a 10m) b.1Sm ©. 20m 4. 25m 163. The advantages of providing a pair of tunnels as compared to only one large highway tunnel is : 4. economy in cost of construction b. avoidance of head on collisions ¢. facility in carrying out repairs d. all of the above 164. Pick up the correct statement from the following during tunnel excavation, * a. Carbondioxide should not be more than 0.5% . Hydrogen sulphide should not be more than 0.001% ¢. Carbon mono-oxide should not be more than 0.01% d.all of the above 1T273 14 2] 13 [14 [15 alo[a b b ec ['c a ie | 17 [18 | 19 27_[ 28 | 29 | 30 bb | a e[afelfe u [32 [33 [34 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 c[b]of[a a[aldtfe 46 [47 | 48 [49 37_| 58 | 59 | 60 e[ela|d adf[alafa a | 62 [63s | 64 2 | | 7 | 75 atelalop a@[af[bfe Geotechnical Engineering |62578_| 79 80 82. 83 85 86 | 87 | 8 a{b}fd|[d¢fa{eleleldad|[a}ptor} 92 [93 | 94 | 95 [96 [97 | 98 | 99 | 100 | 101 | 102 [103 ioe 3 © d d b c a b d zi c da]. 0s LC CT TO EE aldfefal/[b{aflelelbilstst-, 23 | 124 [125 | 126 | 27 | 128 | 129 | 130 | 131 [132 33 Psa aig dfbto te fe fo [bo [alo Ta Topet; 138 [139 | 140 | tar [142 [143 [14a [as | 146 | 147 | 148 | ia9 P55 a[a¢ fala} o fo tala fa Tate pays 153 | 154 | 155 | 156 | 157 | 158 | 159 | 160 | 161 | 162 | 163 | 164 btTetd{dfala{b{felblobfala oe 626 | OBJECTIVE BOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS ee —_—