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08 Chapter2 PDF
08 Chapter2 PDF
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
number of studies have been made in this field. An attempt has been made to
the leading business communities like Parsis, Marvaris and Sindhees have been
Chennai State” found that the entrepreneurs hailed from diverse castes,
occupations and classes, as only small – scale operations they came up to their
the change in social structure which is due to education . He added that profit
individual phenomenon. The family system had helped the entry of individuals
Nandy (1973)5, in her study reported that “education has been a crucial
entrepreneurial spirit.
propensity and desire for economic gains were some of the aspects found
presented statistical details regarding the units and the social, educational,
bridge the required disparities between the rural and less developed regions.
Migration has become a major problem in our country. If the potential migrates
are engaged in entrepreneurial activity, this can be minimized and the problem
that a person through his composite skill can exploit possibilities in a given
start business activity amongst the sample respondents. The women in her
sample reiterated their capability to take independent decisions and told that
the thought of entering into entrepreneurial areas was their own and were not
influenced by others.
woman entrepreneur who has previous experience in the field stands a better
chance of successfully establishing her venture than the woman who does not
survival.
indicates that rural-agricultural women are not fully prepared to accept the
changes taking place in the urban and semi-urban areas. The author further
finds that highly qualified women were motivated to enter industry in their
prime. However, low level of education did not inhibit a few entrepreneurs
having Science and Technology (S&T) background and coming from middle
and lower middle income groups, and of low income groups coming from low
strata of the society found out that the motive to become entrepreneurs was
support availability of free time and finance and desire to become independent
Orissa with a view to developing hypotheses about the social and academic
found that one major barrier for women to start or expand business is the lack
lack of time is not a main constraint and poverty alone is not a pushing factor:
entrepreneurs.
The researcher finds that several women are now willing to become
under two categories, namely, ‘pull factors’ and ‘push factors’. Under the first
states that problems of compatibility between professional and private life are
who interrupt their career, when family obligations require such a choice. Their
reintegration into active life poses problems but it is necessary not only as a
biggest urban centres in Poland found that the type of ventures established by
Credit” emphasized that to make women improve their economic status and to
reduce the burden of dependence from male heads, micro credit programmers
proper and systematic training to explore the attitude, knowledge and skill
women entrepreneurs and help them intensive training and a good credit
involved and motivated. Women should be trained in all aspects to get success.
Rural women are generally not confident and are very much bound by customs
and traditions; therefore, the trainer should be a friend, philosopher and guide
to help them come out of their shackles of life. Empowerment training is most
important of all trainings, which helps for the entire development of rural
women have helped the participants to launch business and succeed through
micro- enterprise job creation. The study also emphasized that the success story
entrepreneurship
education has helped to bridge the gap to certain extent. The only way to
entrepreneurs which are gender rooted and some of the prospects they enjoy.
The paper emphasized that large number of women are now seeking gainful
employment in various fields, which were once dominated by male. Yet they
have to go a long way to be on par with male partners. Indian women enjoy a
the government has introduced several measures, still it has to play a great role
Entrepreneurs” found that tribal women have come a long way, breaking the
business aptitude. If their problems, which are peculiar to them, are removed,
Economic Security” found that organized women workers of SEWA are better
off than their non-organised counter parts in areas of access to credit, training
as well as access to loan for housing and health insurance, whereas women in
lack of legal protection and concluded that organized women workers could
carrying out their business activities. The study has made an attempt to
status and nature of operation do not have any influence on the competency
article that, the women of today certainly play a vital role in the development
kindness and experience women manages the busy world today. Their success
empowerment.
Ms.S.Ranjani (2007)33 has stated that the sound policy decisions about
the strategy of improving quality of life require detailed survey and analysis of
male domination and other psychological taboos attached to women are yet to
help. Anyway, it is high time women are brought out of their reverie, into the
nation.
access of rural poor specially women. the SHG – Bank linkage program had
offered greater opportunities for closer interaction between bank and group
members. There is significant improvement in the recent years and the concept
has picked up with the constant support of the state Government and NGO’s.
Dr. Madhur Bala and Dr.O.P. Monga have (2007)37 associated and
opined that the women employment supplements the family income and
enhances their economic status and places them in higher income group.
family income, all the three raises their socio-economic status and place them
One of the major works done in the areas of women and development is
the Book on “Women and Social Policy” by Safilos Rothechild in the year
1974. The author has presented the theoretical background of social policy
Md.Omar Ali and M.Abul Kashem (1996)38 points out those rural
such as education, gainful employment and health services and second; the
perform not only non-market activities through which they produce goods
factories, offices and elsewhere outside home. So, dual role of women, one as a
that there has been a sea change in the attitude of men towards women’s groups
and micro finance. She also stated that in the last 10 years, the banker’s attitude
has changed substantially and there is a remarkable difference in the way they
look at these women’s groups. That is the major success of this programme.
article that, the women of today certainly play a vital role in the development
kindness and experience women manages the busy world today. Their success
empowerment.
Ms.S.Ranjani (2007)43 has stated that the sound policy decisions about
the strategy of improving quality of life require detailed survey and analysis of
male domination and other psychological taboos attached to women are yet to
help. Anyway, it is high time women are brought out of their reverie, into the
nation.
access of rural poor specially women. the SHG – Bank linkage program had
offered greater opportunities for closer interaction between bank and group
members. There is significant improvement in the recent years and the concept
has picked up with the constant support of the state Government and NGO’s.
Dr. Madhur Bala and Dr.O.P. Monga have (2007)47 associated and
opined that the women employment supplements the family income and
enhances their economic status and places them in higher income group.
family income, all the three raises their socio-economic status and place them
Working Women in India” opines those women belonging to middle and upper
classes are now conscious of their legal and political rights. They are desirous
status. Further, the author has explained the problems and difficulties faced by
P. Babu (1978)49 the study was an attempt to find out the sociological
entrepreneurs.
family.
Lalita Devi (1982)51 has tried to show the employment per cent against
age duration, family type and place of residence, which play a crucial role in
raising the status of women. Employed women have more power and
caste and craft providing attention to financial function and former education.
Usha Roa (1983)53 has tried to take stock of the existing positions of
women in different regions and brought out their role in social, economic,
legal, educational moral and political spheres of Indian women. Roa has
country.
experienced less stress and fewer dependents than married women. The
women from joint families tended to experience less role stress than subjects
from nuclear families, probably because hey share their problems with other
family members.
Sharma, Kumus (1984)55 felt the need for inter linked strategies at
the supply of educated manpower. The problem is more acute among younger
Subbi Reddi and Sobha Reddi (1985)57 in their study stated that the
reasons for high success were, the age of 50 years of more, having technical
development of India. The entrepreneurs were more evolved from certain well-
known group with some industrial and merchantile backgrounds. The other
stream consists of some well known caste and communities. According to him,
estates and heavy demand for a particular product or service are the major
earlier generation of entrepreneurs. So, they in their own turn, helped their
workshops.
Meera Bal (1998)60 she observed that the community initiatives have
been taking the issues of women in business. She underlined that female
training and making them more self confident the women entrepreneurship can
be developed.
Singla and Syal (1998)62 have classified the problems being faced by
Anitha and A.S. Kaxmisha (1999)63 have stated in their study that
entrepreneurs are motivated by both pull and push factors and evidenced that
entrepreneurs are no longer born but they can be made. They suggested that in
entrepreneurs are the shortage of capital, lack of seed capital and the
K. Sundar, J. Gopu, Syfil Ali (2001)65 suggested that women have the
potential and will to establish and manager enterprise of their own. What they
environment are given the social taboo can be broken up and women force can
the women entrepreneurs for getting financial assistance at the right time.
entrepreneurs.
Conclusion
has been undertaken to study the growth of women entrepreneurs at the micro
level. Hence an attempt has been made to study the “A Study on the
software, airlines, shipping, railways etc. In several sectors they have occupied
excellence by starting their own ventures. They build enterprises from small
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