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LM 03 PDF
LM 03 PDF
2
Mechanics of
Machining (Metal
Cutting)
The word tool geometry is basically referred to some specific angles or slope
of the salient faces and edges of the tools at their cutting point. Rake angle
and clearance angle are the most significant for all the cutting tools.
The concept of rake angle and clearance angle will be clear from some simple
operations shown in Fig. 3.1
Velocity
rake angle, vector,VC
Reference plane (πR) γ
rake surface Ref. Plane (πR)
Flank surface
Flank surface α
Fig. 3.1 Rake and clearance angles of cutting tools.
VC VC
VC
πR πR πR
γ=0 -γ
VC +γ VC
+α +α +α
rake surface
principal cutting
Auxiliary cutting edge
edge
Tool nose
principal flank
Auxiliary flank (clearance) surface
(clearance) surface
Fig. 3.3 Basic features of single point tool (turning) in Tool-in-hand system
( )
Zm VC
Ym
Ym
Xm
Xm
πR πX
πY
feed
Zm, VC
πX
πY πR
Xm γx
αx πY
Ym πX
φe Ym
Xm αy Zm
φs πR
πX
πR
γy
Definition of:
• Rake angles: [Fig. 3.5] in ASA system
γx = side (axial rake: angle of inclination of the rake surface from the
reference plane (πR) and measured on Machine Ref. Plane, πX.
γy = back rake: angle of inclination of the rake surface from the reference
plane and measured on Machine Transverse plane, πY.
Zo (VC )
Yo
Yo Xo
Xo
πC
πR
πo
πo
Definition of –
• Rake angles [Fig. 3.7] in ORS
γo = orthogonal rake: angle of inclination of the rake surface from
Reference plane, πR and measured on the orthogonal plane, πo
πC Y C'
o
Xo πo
πo'
πC' Xo'
πo'
C αo'
πC'
Zo'
Auxiliary
flank
(a) (b)
Fig. 3.9 Differences of NRS from ORS w.r.t. cutting tool geometry.
• ASA System –
γy, γx, αy, αx, φe, φs, r (inch)
• ORS System –
λ, γo, αo, αo’, φ1, φ, r (mm)
• NRS System –
λ, γn, αn, αn’, φ1, φ, r (mm)
Quiz Test:
2. Normal rake and orthogonal rake of a turning tool will be same when its
(a) φ = 0
(b) φ1 = 0
(c) λ=0
(d) φ1 = 90o
8. Normal rake and side rake of a turning tool will be same if its
(a) φ = 0o and λ = 0o
(b) φ = 90o and λ = 0o
(c) φ = 90o and λ = 90o
(d) φ = 0o and λ = 90o
1 – (b)
2 – (c)
3 – (c)
4 – (a)
5 – (d)
6 – (d)
7 – (b)
8 – (b)