MODERN ARCHITECTURE

An architectural style the style prevailing in a particular time

influenced by:

• elements like form

• method of construction,
• Materials
• Vernacular characteristics
• Existed according to time
• Based on architectural influences like change in
• Religion
• Culture
• Technology
• political
19th Century Modern Architecture
Reasons why modern architecture evolved
1. The departure of the style from pure classical
details to restricted interpretations of classical
elements as seen in the revivals to loose, free
interpretation of ornaments and details as seen in
art nouveau and art deco
2. New materials, method of construction,
technology-steel, reinforced concrete, elevators
The effect of Industrial Revolution where building
materials were fabricated and mass produced. The
momentum of the era focused on the innovation,
development and mass production of products
3. Demand for new building forms to house new
activities of people-factories, railway stations,
warehouse
 Avenue for Launching Modern Architecture
The Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton
for the 1851 International Exhibition in
London, provided a spectacular example of the
possibilities of cast iron and glass that had
worldwide publicity.

The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations

was organized by Prince Albert, Henry Cole, Francis
Henry, George Wallis, Charles Dilke and other members of
the Royal Society for the encouragement of arts,
manufactures and commerce as a celebration of
modern industrial technology and design.
 Eiffel Tower, landmark that is also a technological masterpiece
for the International Exposition of 1889 to celebrate the
centenary of the French Revolution.

Gustave Eiffel, a bridge engineer, won the completion. His

design consisted of open latticed wrought iron. The tower
served as a gateway to the Exposition.
Variety of styles in Modern Styles/Movement in Modern
Architecture Architecture
• While the classical architecture evolved for • International Style
centuries, the new freedom of architects and the • Brutalism
exposure of clients to different parts of the world, • Expressionism
together with the developments of new materials
• Post-Modernism
and technology led to the development of various
• Deconstructivism
styles in modern architecture.
• Constructivism
• Skyscrapers-The development of elevators, new
structural systems in steel and reinforced concrete,
the use of curtain walls, new light materials lead to
the ever increasing building floor heights and the
battle of skyscrapers begin.
International Style

4 pillars of International Style:

1. Philip Johnson
2. Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
3. Walter Gropius
4. Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret)

The style was named after the book with the title
“International Style” was published by Philip Johnson and
Henry Russel Hitchcock

The book contained the characteristics of building belonging to

the style of 1920s and 30s
The style's most common characteristics
• rectilinear forms,
• open interior spaces,
• large expanses of glass, steel, and reinforced-concrete
construction, and Seagram building
• light, taut plane surfaces devoid of applied ornamentation. Architects: Philip Johnson, Ludwig
mies van der Ro
 Brutalism
Rugged reinforced concrete construction, lead to an
approach popularly known as Brutalism.
The word was coined by Le Corbusier when he described
the material of structures using exposed concrete as
beton brut or raw concrete. Later the term became a
style known as brutalism
Common features that give the massiveness of the style
include:
1. Precast concrete slabs/other materials such as brick
2. Rough, unfinished surfaces
3. Exposed steel beams
4. Massive, sculptural shapes

Lightness of the building was due to the use of glass and

the playful use of solids and void

Architects like Paul Rudolph, IM Pei, Le Corbusier, Louis

Kahn adopted brutalism.
Expressionism
was an architectural movement that
developed in Northern Europe during the first
decades of the 20th century in parallel with
the expressionist visual and performing arts.
Characteristics:

• early-modernist adoption of novel

materials,
• formal innovation, and very unusual
massing, TWA Airport ,John F. Kennedy Airport
• inspired by natural biomorphic forms, by Eero Saarinen ,1962
• Inspired by the new technical possibilities
• offered by the mass production of brick,
steel and especially glass

Calatrava’s City of Arts and

Sciences
Post Modernism
• rose out of general worldwide loss of
confidence in the international Modern
Movement and a realization of its
inadequacies such as lack of historical
reference that could provide a feeling
of continuity.

• Post Modernism has been described as

theatrical and said to be trying to
create instant or neo-history.

Characteristics:

• Modern structures
• With classical ornaments whether in
pure form or stylized
• Buildings may also have regional or
vernacular ornamentations
• Vibrant colors
Architects of the Early 19th Century
Louis
Sullivan
• American architect-September 3,
1856, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.—died April 14,
1924, Chicago, Illinois
• the spiritual father of modern
American architecture
• the aesthetics of early skyscraper design.
Education
Went to Massachusetts Institute of Technology to take
architecture in 1872 but left the school
Transferred to Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris
Early works
In November he left for Chicago and was soon
employed in the architectural office of a prominent
figure in the development of the style of the Chicago
School, William Le Baron Jenney. The office
foreman, John Edelmann, became his friend.
Sullivan worked in many offices in Chicago
and finally he met Dankmar Adler in 1881
and became his partner in Adler& Sullivan
Architects
Philosophy Form Follows Function
Form follows function is a principle
associated with late 19th and early 20th
century architecture and industrial design
in general, and it means the shape of a
building or object should primarily relate
to its intended function or purpose
Auditorium Building

• Architects-Adler and Sullivan

• Completed in 1889
• Tall structure with load bearing on outer walls
incorporated in the design of the elevation
• Famous Auditorium of the time
• Was the largest and tallest building in Chicago
• Innovative massive raft foundation
Wainwright Building
• Architects- Adler and Sullivan
• Located at Chestnut Street Downtown Missouri
• tripartite composition-base-shaft-attic (classical
Column) composition -the theory of Sullivan in
designing buildings

• 41 meter modern terra cotta building

• According to Frank Lloyd Wright "the very first human
expression of a tall steel office-building
as Architecture.“
• The frieze, cornice and piers were decorated with
celery-leaf foliage resembling the art nouveau style.
• Ground floor –shops accessible to street, second floor
as public offices, the rest were other offices
• The frieze had circular “ bulls-eye window where
lighting the utility room at the top of the building
• Sullivan incorporated symbolism, geometric
structural system and organic ornamentation
Guaranty (Prudential Building)
• Located at Buffalo, New York
• Architects Adler and Sullivan

• Sullivan's design for the building was based on his

belief that "form follows function“

• Steel framing with terracotta building envelop

• U shape plan to allow light enter the building

• 4 zoned building-basement for utilities; ground floor for

shops and public areas; third floor for offices with the
central elevator; fourth zone for elevator utilities and
more offices

• Egyptian hieroglyph- inspired columns and wall

decorations more of art deco motif
Wright had a lavish lifestyle and was a
spendthrift. To augment his income, he
accepted commissions outside the Adler &
Sullivan Firm. He designed 9 “bootlegged”
Houses. When Sullivan learned about the
outside works, Wright was dismissed from
the firm
EXAMPLES OF “BOOTLEGGED” HOUSES
“BOOTLEGGED” HOUSES
PRAIRIE HOUSES OF FRANK Characteristics of a Prairie House
LLOYD WRIGHT • horizontal lines that echo the
flat prairie landscape
• low, hipped roofs extend out beyond the
walls, creating a sense of shelter and
protection.
• Balconies and terraces line the exterior and
are filled with plants and shrubs
• Suppressed chimneys
• materials in accord with local nature.

• living and dining rooms – and other social

gathering spaces – as a large, continuing
space or “open plan.” This aimed to create a
natural flow and to draw occupants out of
rooms and into a shared central space.
Widespread House –the last Prairie House
Taliesin House Characteristics

• Use of vernacular materials-stones and sand

from the area
• Cantilevered roof
• Wide windows
• Open floor plan
 The cylindrical building, wider at the top
than at the bottom, was conceived as a
"temple of the spirit". Its unique ramp
gallery extends up from ground level in a
long, continuous spiral along the outer
edges of the building to end just under
the ceiling skylight.

Nature also provided the museum with

inspiration (nautilus shell). The building
embodies Wright's attempts "to render the
inherent plasticity of organic forms in
architecture“

"these geometric forms suggest certain

human ideas, moods, sentiments – as for
instance: the circle, infinity; the triangle,
structural unity; the spiral, organic progress;
• Wright compared the building like a tree
• the design as a tree-like mast supported
by a central “trunk” of four elevator
shafts anchored by a deep central
foundation.
• 19 concrete floors cantilever like
branches of a tree.
• Curtain wall- the exterior walls become
ornamental screens decorated in
patinated copper “leaves” and gold-
tinted glass. The materials for the Price
Tower were equally innovative for the
era:
• cast concrete walls, pigmented concrete
floors, and aluminum-trimmed windows
and doors
the most recognized feature of the Administration
Building’s Great Workroom is its columns. Wright called
them "dendriform," meaning tree-shaped, but many also
refer to them as lily pads because of the unique shape of
their top supporting pads. The columns are just 9 inches
in diameter at their base, but blossom to 18.5 feet in
diameter at the top.
Broadacre City was an urban development planning
concept put forward by famous American architect
Frank Lloyd Wright. It first appeared in his book "The
Disappearing City’" in 1932. Broadway City was also
called "Usonian" or "ideal city“

According to Wright, structures in a Broadacre city

ought to be organic and in harmony with humanity as
well as the environment
Philip
Johnson
Dean of American Architects
Date of birth: July 8, 1906
Date of death: January 25, 2005

Architect and theorist, born in Cleveland, Ohio,

USA.
A graduate of Harvard, also studied under Marcel
Breuer,
Founder and director of the Department of
Architecture and Design of the Museum of Modern
Art MoMA in New York
Has introduced two architectural movements :

• International Style Architect

• Post-modern Architect
The Glass House or Johnson
house,

• Philip Johnson
residence built in 1949 in
New Canaan,Connecticut
•masterpiece in the use of glass.
•The building is an essay in minimal
structure, geometry, proportion,
horizontality, and the effects of
transparency and reflection.
The Seagram Building
Architects-Philip Johnson, Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe
is a skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, New York
City.
157 meters, 38 stories high modern international
style building
It stands as one of the finest examples of the
functionalist aesthetic and a masterpiece of
corporate modernism.
A building of steel frame covered with concrete
structural system with non-load bearing glass
curtain wall is attached
Lipstick Building
• (also known as 53rd at Third) is a 453 foot (138
meters) tall skyscraper located at Manhattan, New
York City, United States.
•The building was designed by John Burgee
Architects with Philip Johnson.
•The building receives its name from its shape and
color, which resemble a tube of lipstick.

TC Energy Center
• Architects-Philip Johnson, Burgee
• Style –post-modern- Dutch Gothic
architecture of canal houses in
The Netherlands.
Puerta de Europa
• Located at Paseo Castillana Madrid, Spain
• Architects Johnson and John Burgee
• Each building is 115 m tall , 26 floors with an inclination of
15°, making them the first inclined skyscrapers in the world.
• Post-modern leaning tower of Pisa
• “We must end the right angle if we do not
want to die of boredom. The skyscraper is
over; we can forget it.” - Philip Johnson
AT&T Building (Sony Tower) 1984

Located at Madison Avenue, Manhattan and

owned by Sony Corporation of America

Post-modern Structure- 197 meters, 37 storey sky

scraper broken pediment at the roof termination

Johnson described the building as "a symbolic shift

from the flat top" of International Style skyscrapers
like the nearby
Chrystal Cathedral

• Garden Grove, California

• Architects-Burgee and Johnson
• Post-modern- Gothic

• Church façade- more than 10,000 glass panels affixed

to a framework of steel trusses .
• The panes are single-glazed and held in place by
structural silicone, reducing the visual prominence of
the joints.
• Johnson and Burgee developed the angular, star-
shaped plan to enliven the monolithic,
monochromatic volume. The steel tower was also
designed by Johnson and completed in 1990. It is
visible across the 34-acre campus and serves as a
vertical counterpart to the Cathedral.
International Style
Architect
FAMILY
EDUCATION
PEOPLE WHO INFLUENCED WALTER GROPIUS
PHILOSOPHIES/FAMOUS STATEMENTS
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AR 132 A 52
Charles David L. Bea
4Q2019-2020

ARCHITECT
AR 132 A 52
Charles David L. Bea
4Q2019-2020

I nternat ional S t yle

Architect
 FAMILY

Father: Michael Mies

Mother: Amalie Rohe
PEOPLE WHO INFLUENCED LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE
PHILOSOPHIES/FAMOUS STATEMENTS
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Le Corbusier

International Style
Brutalist
 Owners-Pierre and Emilie Savoye 1928-1931

Villa Savoye Shows the 5 points of design by Le Corbusier

1. Pilotis – replacement of supporting walls by a grid
of reinforced concrete columns that bears the
structural load is the basis of the new aesthetic
2. The free designing of the ground plan – the
absence of supporting walls – means the house is
unrestrained in its internal use
3. The free design of the facade – separating the
exterior of the building from its structural function
– sets the façade free from structural constraints
4. The horizontal window, which cuts the façade
along its entire length, lights rooms equally
5. Roof Gardens- on a flat roof can serve a domestic
International Style purpose while providing essential protection to
the concrete roof
Notre dame de haut Is a chapel that was also known as Ronchamp
Completed in 1954
• two entrances, a main altar, and three chapels
beneath towers.
•The structure is built mostly of concrete and
stone, which was a remnant of the original chapel
built on the hilltop site destroyed during World
War II.

• Fond of using concrete and later coined the

beton brut which means raw concrete. This
gave rise to the style of brutalism making raw
concrete as the element of design
Expressionism
Brutalism
Chandigarh Legislative Assembly-India

Brutalism
 Punjab and Haryana High Court

Brutalism
Secritariat Building
Swiss Pavillion

•The Swiss Pavilion was required to provide 50

beds, kitchens and common toilets on each
floor, offices and housing for the director,
and a common area to serve as a dining
room or living room.
•1930-1932
•Brutalism
 It was in 1945 that Le Corbusier finally
closed the researches on proportion that
he had conducted for twenty years, and
which had won for him, ten years
previously, the degree of Dr. h.c. in
philosophy and mathematics of the
University of Zurich

Modulor
The Modulor is an anthropometric scale of proportions devised by the
Swiss-born French architect Le Corbusier (1887–1965). It was developed
as a visual bridge between two incompatible scales, the imperial and the
metric system. It is based on the height of a man with his arm raised
Philosophies
“For the first time perhaps, the pressing problems of architecture were solved in a modern spirit.
Economy, sociology, aesthetics: a new solution using new methods.”

“through the channel of my painting, I arrived at my architecture”

 Louis Kahn
Brutalist Architect
“A R C H I T E C T U R E I S R E A C H I N G O U T F O R T H E
T R U T H .”
Style Brutalism
•notable for its simple, platonic forms and compositions
•use of bricks and poured-in place concrete masonry
•contemporary and monumental architecture that maintained sympathy for the site
•Influenced by ancient ruins, Kahn's style tends to the monumental and monolithic; his heavy
buildings do not hide their weight, their materials, or the way they are assembled
•Play with natural light
Works
Erdman Hall Dormitories, at Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, 1960 to 1965.
Esherick House, at Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, 1959 to 1961.
Exeter Library, at Exeter, New Hampshire, 1967 to 1972. * 3D Model *
First Unitarian Church, at Rochester, New York, 1959 to 1967.
Institute of Public Administration, at Ahmedabad, India, 1963.
Kimbell Museum, at Fort Worth, Texas, 1967 to 1972.
National Assembly in Dacca, at Dacca, Bangladesh, 1962 to 1974.
Norman Fisher House, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1960. * 3D Model *
Richards Medical Center, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1957 to 1961.
Salk Institute, at La Jolla, California, 1959 to 1966.
Trenton Bath House, at Trenton, New Jersey, 1954 to 1959. * 3D Model *
University Art Center, at New Haven, Connecticut, 1951 to 1954.
Yale Center for British Art, at New Haven, Connecticut, 1969 to 1974. * 3D Model
YALE UNIVERSITY ART GALLERY
•oldest university art museum in the western
hemisphere
•was founded in 1832, when patriot-artist John
Trumbull donated to Yale College more than
100 paintings of the American Revolution and
designed the original Picture Gallery.
•this building, on Old Campus, was razed in
1901
•completed in 1953
•considered as Kahn’s first major work
Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban
•located in the capital Dhaka.
•It is one of the
largest legislative complexes in the
world. It houses all parliamentary
activities of Bangladesh.

•Playful use of geometric shapes

•Strong contrast of voids and solids

• massiveness due to the material

Salk Institute for Biological Studies
o La Jolla, California
• housed in a complex designed by the
firm of Louis Kahn.
•Michael Duff of the Kahn firm was the
supervising architect
• consists of two symmetric buildings
with a stream of water flowing in the
middle of a courtyard that separates the
two
Philip Exeter Academic Library
•The library has an almost cubical shape:
each of its four sides is 111 feet (33 m)
wide and 80 feet (24 m) tall.

•Kahn conceived of the three types of

spaces as if they were three buildings
constructed of different materials and of
different scales – buildings-within-
buildings ".

• The outer area, which houses the reading

carrels, is made of brick. The middle area,
which contains the heavy book stacks, is
made of reinforced concrete. The inner
area is an atrium.
The Kimbell Art Museum
• Fort Worth, Texas, hosts a small but
excellent art collection as well as
travelling art exhibitions, educational
programs and an extensive research
library.
•recognized as one of the most
significant works of architecture of
recent times
•especially noted for the wash of silvery
natural light across its vaulted gallery
ceilings
Salk Institute for Biological Studies is an
independent, non-profit, scientific research
institute

located in la Lolla San Diego California

founded in 1960 by Jonas Salk, the
developer of the polio vaccine

Materials used are concrete, wood, marble

and water. Concrete is left with exposed
joints and formwork markings. Teak and
glass infill in the office and common room
walls....The laboratories may be
characterized as the architecture of air
cleanliness and area adjustability. The
architecture of the oak table and the rug is
that of the studies."
Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad
better known as IIM-A
established in 1961
Public Business School
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
measures 100 acres
Philosophies
“You say to a brick, 'What do you want, brick?' And brick says
to you, 'I like an arch.' And you say to brick, 'Look, I want one,
too, but arches are expensive and I can use a concrete lintel.'
And then you say: 'What do you think of that, brick?' Brick
says: 'I like an arch.”

“A great building must begin with the unmeasurable, must go

through measurable means when it is being designed and in
the end must be unmeasurable.”
Post-modern
Architect
FAMILY

(photo)
EDUCATION

(photo)
PEOPLE WHO INFLUENCED MICHAEL GRAVES
 OTHER INFLUENCES
•inspired by other architectural
styles.
•reinterpretation of the forms and
compositions of existing
architecture.
•Interests and appreciation of
daily domestic rituals of life.
AWARDS
PHILOSOPHIES/FAMOUS STATEMENTS
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(photo)
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Post-modern
Architect
 FA M I LY
June
25,1925Philadelphia, (photo)

September 18,
2018

Children :James
Ve n t u r i
PHILOSOPHIES/FAMOUS
S TAT E M E N T S

photos
ICONIC WORKS
VA N N A V E N T U R I H O U S E
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ( 1 9 6 2 )
Postmodern Style
A house he built for his mother

Has a broken gable roof

representing a broken
pediment

Has a decorative arch line

 ICONIC WORKS
F I RE STAT I O N # 4
Columbus, Indiana (1968)
Postmodern Style
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THE GUILD HOUSE VENTURI
Philadelphia
Postmodern Style
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HOUSE IN NEW CASTLE COUNTY
Delaware
Postmodern Style
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SAINSBURY WING,
N AT I O N A L G A L L E R Y
London, UK,
1991
Postmodern Style
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THE
CHILDREN'S
MUSEUM
H o u s t o n , Te x a s
1980
Postmodern Style
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C O N G R E G AT I O N B E T H E L S Y N A G O G U E
S u n b u r y, PA
Postmodern Style
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GORDON WU HALL
Princeton, New
Jersey (1982)
Postmodern Style
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S E AT T L E A R T M U S E U M
Washington, USA
Postmodern Style
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MUSEUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART
San Diego Extension, La Jolla, California, Usa,
1996
Postmodern Style