- Ё¬Ёп 9Є« - ђг¤§ЁвЁб - "Ґ«м¤¬ - ѓ„‡ - 1999 - Ј« I-X PDF

>hfZrgyy jZ[hlZ
ihobfbb
aZ deZkk
d mq_[gbdm ©Obfby deZkkª
=?JmâblbkN=N_ev^fZg
F©Ijhk\_s_gb_ª]
mq_[ghijZdlbq_kdh_
ihkh[b_

KH>?J@:GB?
=eZ\Z,
± klj
± klj
=eZ\Z,,
± klj
klj±
=eZ\Z ,,,
± klj
=eZ\Z ,9
± klj
± klj±
± klj±
=eZ\Z 9
± klj±
± klj
=eZ\Z 9,
± klj±
=eZ\Z 9,,
klj±
± klj±
klj
=eZ\Z 9,,,
± klj±
=eZ\Z ,;
± klj
=eZ\Z ;
± klj
± klj
EZ[hjZlhjgu_jZ[hlu
EZ[hjZlhjgu_hiulu,,,,,, klj

IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ klj
EZ[hjZlhjgu_hiulu ,999, klj
EZ[hjZlhjguchiul 9,, klj
EZ[hjZlhjgu_hiulu 9,,,,; klj
IjZdlbq_kdb_jZ[hlu klj
EZ[hjZlhjguchiul ;, klj
EZ[hjZlhjguchiul ;9 klj
EZ[hjZlhjguchiul 9,,, klj
IjZdlbq_kdb_jZ[hlu klj
EZ[hjZlhjgu_hiulu ;,;;; klj

=eZ\Z,
± klj
<hijhk
Ihykgbl_ihq_fmjZkl\hjkZoZjZg_ijh\h^blwe_dljbq_kdbclhdZ
jZkl\hjoehjb^ZgZljbyijh\h^bl
Hl\_l
JZkl\hj ih\Zj_gghc kheb y\ey_lky we_dljheblhf Ijb jZkl\h
j_gbb \ \h^_ bhggZy djbklZeebq_kdZy j_r_ldZ 1D&O jZajmrZ_lky
1D&O 1D KO
JZkl\hj kZoZjZ g_ y\ey_lky we_dljheblhf Fhe_dmeu kZoZjZ
bf_xl dh\Ze_glgmx g_iheyjgmx k\yav ijb jZkl\hj_gbb kZoZjZ \
\h^_ jZajmr_gb_ _]h fhe_dmeu b h[jZah\Zgb_ aZjy`_gguo bhgh\
g_ ijhbkoh^bl ihwlhfm lZdhc jZkl\hj we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ g_
ijh\h^bl
<hijhk
I_j_qbkebl_ hkgh\gu_ ijbqbgu \uau\Zxsb_ jZkiZ^ g_dhlhjuo \_
s_kl\gZbhguijb jZkl\hj_gbbbo\ \h^_bebjZkieZ\e_gbb
Hl\_l
Fhe_dmeu \hû iheyjgu <ke_^kl\b_ wlh]h gZijbf_j ijb
jZkl\hj_gbb oehjb^Z gZljby fhe_dmeu \hû ijbly]b\Zxlky k\hb
fbhljbpZl_evgufbihexkZfbd iheh`bl_evghaZjy`_ggufbhgZf
gZljby Z iheh`bl_evgufb ihexkZfb ± d hljbpZl_evgh aZjy`_g
guf oehjb^bhgZf < j_amevlZl_ k\yavf_`^mbhgZfbhkeZ[ey_lky
b djbklZeebq_kdZy j_r_ldZ jZajmrZ_lky Wlhfm ijhp_kkm kihkh[
kl\m_llZd`_[hevrZy^bwe_dljbq_kdZyijhgbpZ_fhklv\hûdhlh
jZyijb K jZ\gZObfbq_kdZyk\yavf_`^mbhgZfb\ \h^_hk
eZ[ey_lky\ jZaihkjZ\g_gbxk \Zdmmfhf
Ijb jZkl\hj_gbb \ \h^_ \_s_kl\ k dh\Ze_glghc kbevghiheyj
ghc k\yavx gZijbf_j dbkehl ih^ \ha^_ckl\b_f fhe_dme \hû
ijhbkoh^blbaf_g_gb_oZjZdl_jZk\yabb hgZij_\jZsZ_lky\ bhg
gmx ihke_ q_]h ijhp_kk jZkl\hj_gby ijhbkoh^bl dZd m \_s_kl\ k
bhgghck\yavx
Ijb jZkieZ\e_gbb we_dljheblh\ mkbeb\Zxlky dhe_[Zl_evgu_
^\b`_gbyqZklbp\ j_r_ld_qlhijb\h^bld hkeZ[e_gbxk\yabf_
`^m gbfb < j_amevlZl_ djbklZeebq_kdZy j_r_ldZ jZajmrZ_lky b
\_s_kl\ZjZkiZ^ZxlkygZbhgu

<hijhk
Knhjfmebjmcl_hkgh\gu_l_hj_lbq_kdb_iheh`_gbywe_dljheblbq_
kdhc^bkkhpbZpbbb ihykgbl_bo
Hl\_l
Ijhp_kk jZkiZ^Z we_dljheblZ gZ bhgu ijb jZkl\hj_gbb _]h \
\h^_bebjZkieZ\e_gbb± we_dljheblbq_kdZy^bkkhpbZpby
We_dljheblu± wlh\_s_kl\Zdhlhju_ijbjZkl\hj_gbb\
\h^_beb\ jZkieZ\_jZkiZ^ZxlkygZbhguBhgu± wlhZlhfubeb
]jmiiuZlhfh\h[eZ^Zxsb_iheh`bl_evgufdZlbhgubeb hljb
pZl_evgufZgbhguaZjy^hf
BhguhlebqZxlkyhlZlhfh\ihkljh_gbxb ihk\hckl\Zf
1DHHOH± ZlhfgZljby1D HH± dZlbhggZljby

< jZkl\hj_ b jZkieZ\_ we_dljheblZ bhgu ^\b`mlky oZhlbq_

kdb Ijb ijhimkdZgbb ihklhyggh]h lhdZ q_j_a jZkl\hj beb q_j_a
jZkieZ\dZlbhgu^\b`mlkyd hljbpZl_evghfmwe_dljh^m± dZlh^mZ
Zgbhgu± d iheh`bl_evghfmwe_dljh^m± Zgh^m
<hijhk
Oehj\oh^ysbc\ khklZ\oehjb^ZgZljbyb kheyghcdbkehlug_hdZ
au\Z_l\j_^gh]h^_ckl\bygZhj]Zgbafq_eh\_dZZ \ûoZgb_g_[hevrh]h
dhebq_kl\Z ]Zahh[jZagh]h oehjZ \uau\Z_l m^mrv_ b ihjZ`_gb_ hj]Zgh\
ûoZgbyH[tykgbl_wlhy\e_gb_
Hl\_l
< khklZ\ fhe_dmeu oehjb^Z gZljby b kheyghc dbkehlu \oh^bl
bhg oehjZ KO Hg hlebqZ_lky ih k\hckl\Zf hl Zlhfh\ oehjZ \oh
^ysbo \ fhe_dmem ]Zahh[jZagh]h oehjZ Ihwlhfm \ûoZgb_ gZ
ijbf_joehjb^ZgZljbyg_\uau\Z_l\j_^gh]h\ha^_ckl\by
Fhe_dmeZ ]Zahh[jZagh]h oehjZ khklhbl ba ^\mo Zlhfh\ oehjZ
k\yaZgguodh\Ze_glghcg_iheyjghck\yavx=Zahh[jZagucoehjg_
y\ey_lky we_dljheblhf Wlh `_elha_e_guc ]Za k j_adbf jZa^jZ
`Zxsbf aZiZohf\ûoZgb_ dhlhjh]h \uau\Z_l m^mrv_b ihjZ`_
gb_hj]Zgh\ûoZgby
<hijhk
KmevnZl f_^b ,, ± [_eh_ ihjhrdhh[jZagh_ \_s_kl\h ijb _]h jZk
l\hj_gbb\ \h^_jZkl\hjijbh[j_lZ_l]hem[mxhdjZkdmQ_fwlhfh`gh
h[tykgblv"
Hl\_l
IjbjZkl\hj_gbb &X62\ \h^_ijhbkoh^bl^bkkhpbZpby
&X62 &X 62

Ijb jZkl\hj_gbb \ \h^_ &X62 lZd `_ ijhbkoh^bl obfbq_kdZy
j_Zdpby ]b^jZlZpbb \ j_amevlZl_ dhlhjhc h[jZam_lky djbklZeeh
]b^jZlkmevnZlZf_^bJZkl\hjijbh[j_lZ_l]hem[mxhdjZkdm
&X62 GH o &X62 GH
[_eh]hp\_lZ ]hem[h]hp\_lZ
<hijhk
MdZ`bl_hlebqby\ kljh_gbbb k\hckl\Zobhgh\b Zlhfh\gZijbf_j
êydZevpbyb nlhjZ
Hl\_l
:lhfdZevpby± KZ ____
BhgdZevpby± KZ ___
:lhf dZevpby kha^Z_l gZjm`gu_ we_dljhgu ihwlhfm obfbq_
kdb Zdlb\_g y\ey_lky s_ehqgha_f_evguf f_lZeehf \aZbfh^_ckl
\m_lk ]Zeh]_gZfbhdbkey_lky\ kmohf\ha^mo_wg_j]bqghj_Z]bjm
_l k dbkehlZfb ijb gZ]j_\Zgbb \aZbfh^_ckl\m_l k lZdbfb
\_s_kl\ZfbdZd )6+1KJ
Bhg dZevpby g_ hl^Z_l we_dljhgu ihwlhfm g_ hdbkey_lky l_
g_y\ey_lkyobfbq_kdbZdlb\guf
:lhfnlhjZ ± )HH
BhgnlhjZ ± )HH
:lhf nlhjZ fh`_l ijbkh_^bgblv g_^hklZxsbch^bgwe_dljhg
y\ey_lky kZfuf Zdlb\guf ]Zeh]_ghf h[jZam_l kh_^bg_gby ijZd
lbq_kdb kh \k_fb we_f_glZfb djhf_ bg_jlguo ]Zah\ ± nlhjbû
kbevguchdbkebl_evb Zdp_ilhj
Bhg nlhjZ g_ fh`_l ijbkh_^bgblv we_dljhgu ld \g_rgyy
h[hehqdZ bhgZ iheghklvx aZiheg_gZ \oh^bl \ khklZ\ khe_c
nlhjb^h\
<hijhk
QlhlZdh_bhg ]b^jhdkhgbyb dZdhgh[jZam_lky"DZdhclbik\yab\
wlhfbhg_"
Hl\_l
Ijb ^bkkhpbZpbb dbkehl h[jZamxlky bhgu \h^hjh^Z b dbkehl
gh]hhklZldZ
+&O + &O
H^gZdh ijb ^bkkhpbZpbb fhe_dme dbkehl h[jZamxlky g_ k\h
[h^gu_bhgu\h^hjh^ZZ bo]b^jZlu± bhgu]b^jhdkhgby
G GH o GH
bhg]b^jhdkhgby

:lhf dbkehjh^Z ij_^klZ\ey_l h[smx we_dljhggmx iZjm ^h
ghjbhgm\h^hjh^ZZdp_ilhj
ªG º

G KO+HG o « » K
¬G H G ¼
+&O+2o +2 &O±
<hijhk
GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby ijhp_kkh\ ^bkkhpbZpbb hjlhnhknhjghc dbkeh
lu]b^jhdkb^ZdZebyb kmevnZlZZexfbgby
Hl\_l
GJH l G +3H±
GJH± l G +3H±
GJH± l G 3H±
DHGo D HG±
$O62 o $O 62±
<hijhk
Ijb\_^bl_ hij_^_e_gby dbkehl hkgh\Zgbc kj_^gbo b dbkeuo khe_c k
lhqdbaj_gbyij_^klZ\e_gbch[we_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbb
Hl\_l
Dbkehlu ± keh`gu_\_s_kl\Zijb^bkkhpbZpbbdhlhjuo\ \h^
guojZkl\hjZo\ dZq_kl\_dZlbhgh\h[jZamxlkylhevdhbhgu\h^h
jh^Z
GKo G KO±
Hkgh\Zgby ± keh`gu_ \_s_kl\Z ijb ^bkkhpbZpbb dhlhjuo \
\h^guo jZkl\hjZo \ dZq_kl\_ Zgbhgh\ hls_ieyxlky lhevdh ]b^jh
dkb^bhgu
DHGo D HG±
Kj_^gb_ kheb ± keh`gu_\_s_kl\Z^bkkhpbbjmxsb_\ \h^guo
jZkl\hjZogZiheh`bl_evghaZjy`_ggu_dZlbhguf_lZeeh\b hljb
pZl_evghaZjy`_ggu_ZgbhgudbkehlguohklZldh\
.12 o 12±
Dbkeu_ kheb ± keh`gu_ \_s_kl\Z dhlhju_ ^bkkhpbbjmxl \
\h^guojZkl\hjZogZiheh`bl_evghaZjy`_ggu_dZlbhguf_lZeeh\
b \h^hjh^Z b hljbpZl_evgh aZjy`_ggu_ Zgbhgu dbkehlguo hklZl
dh\GZijbf_j
1DG62 o 1Z+62±
+62± l G 62±

<hijhk
Bkihevamyihgylb_ ©kl_i_gv^bkkhpbZpbbªh[tykgbl_kfukeihgylbc
©kbevgZydbkehlZªb ©keZ[ZydbkehlZª
Hl\_l
KbevgZydbkehlZ ± we_dljhebldhlhjucijbjZkl\hj_gbb\ \h^_
iheghklvx^bkkhpbbjm_lgZbhgu+&OG6HG1H
KeZ[Zy dbkehlZ ± we_dljhebldhlhjuc ijb jZkl\hj_gbb \ \h^_
^bkkhpbbjm_lgZbhgug_agZqbl_evghGKHG<HGH
<hijhk
Ijb\_^bl_ijbf_jukbevguob keZ[uowe_dljheblh\=^_gZijZdlbd_
g_h[oh^bfhmqblu\Zlvkbemwe_dljheblh\"
Hl\_l
Kbevgu_ we_dljheblu ± ijZdlbq_kdb \k_ jZkl\hjbfu_ \ \h^_
kheb dbkehlu +&O G6H G1H s_ehqb ]b^jhdkbû [Zjby b
dZevpby KeZ[u_ we_dljheblu ± g_dhlhju_dbkehluG<HGH
KGKHHHG\h^Z
KbeZwe_dljheblZoZjZdl_jbam_lkykl_i_gvx^bkkhpbZpbb± hl
ghr_gb_ qbkeZ ^bkkhpbbjh\Zgguo fhe_dme d h[s_fm qbkemfhe_
i
dmegZoh^ysboky\ jZkl\hj_ D
1
]^_ D ± kl_i_gv ^bkkhpbZpbb Q ± qbkeh ^bkkhpbbjh\Zgguo fhe_
dme 1 ± h[s__ qbkeh jZkl\hj_gguo fhe_dme >ey kbevguo we_d
ljheblh\ D [ebadZ d < aZ\bkbfhklb hl we_dljheblh\ D fh`_l
f_gylvkyhl^bkkhpbZpbbg_l^hihegZy^bkkhpbZpby
± klj
<hijhk
>Zgu jZkl\hju Z i_jfZg]ZgZlZ dZeby .FQ2 [ kmevnZlZ dZeby
.62\ojhfZlZgZljby 1D&U2]kmevnZlZf_eb,,&X62ôeh
jb^Zgbd_ey 1L&ODZdjZaebqblvwlbjZkl\hju"
Hl\_l
<k_ jju fh`gh jZaebqblv ih \g_rg_fm \b^m jj .FQ2 hd
jZr_g \ yjdhnbhe_lh\uc p\_l jj 1D&U2 ± \ `_eluc b jj
&X62 ± \ ]hem[hcJZkl\hj 1L&O hdjZr_g\ k\_leha_e_gucp\_l
Z jj .62 [_kp\_l_g LZd `_ _keb ^h[Z\blv d jjZf oehjb^Z gb
d_ey b kmevnZlZ dZeby jZkl\hj s_ehqb < i_j\hf kemqZ_ \uiZ^_l
hkZ^hd ]b^jhdkb^Z gbd_ey\h \lhjhf \b^bfuo baf_g_gbc g_ijh
bahc^_l1L&O 1D2+ 1L2+p 1D&O

<hijhk
>ZgujZkl\hjukh^_j`Zsb_bhgu $J62±G,±K ihfhsvxdZ
dboj_Zdpbcfh`ghhij_^_eblvwlb jju"GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
$J$J&O± o $J&Op
[_euchkZ^hd
$J
32± o $J32p
`_eluc hkZ^hd
62±62± %D o %D62p

[_euchkZ^hd
G G bg^bdZlhjuo baf_g_gb_hdjZkdb

,±,± $J12 o $J,p 12±

`_eluc hkZ^hd
, G 62± o , +6n +2

±
dhgpnbhe_lh\ucp\_l
<hijhk
>Zgu jZkl\hju Z kmevnZlZ pbgdZ b gbljZlZ [Zjby [ kmevnZlZ
f_^b,,b ]b^jhdkb^ZdZeby\kmevnZlZpbgdZoehjb^ZfZ]gbyb hjlh
nhknZlZgZljby]oehjb^Z`_e_aZ,,,b kmevnZlZfZ]gbyIjbkeb\Z
gbb dZdbo jjh\ j_Zdpbb h[f_gZ ihc^ml ^h dhgpZ b ihq_fm" KhklZ\vl_
mjZ\g_gbywlboj_Zdpbc\ fhe_dmeyjghfiheghfb khdjZs_gghf\b^_
Hl\_l
Z=Q62 %D12 o =Q12 %D62p
[_euchkZ^hd
j_Zdpbyihc^_l^hdhgpZld%D62 \uiZ^Z_l\ hkZ^hd

=Q 62± <Z 12± o =Q 12 %D62p
<Z 62± o %D62p
[&X62 DHG o &X2+p D62
kbgbchkZ^hd
J_Zdpbyb^_l^hdhgpZldKXHG \uiZ^Z_l\ hkZ^hd

KX HG± o KXHGp
KX 62± D HG± o KXHGp 62± D
\J_Zdpbbb^ml^hdhgpZld=Q32 b 0J32 g_jZkl\hjbfu
=Q62 1D32 o =Q32p 1D62
[_euc hkZ^hd
A=Q 62±

1D 32± o =Q32p 1D 62±

A=Q 32±
o =Q32p
0J&O 1D32 o 0J32p 1D&O
[_euc hkZ^hd

0J KO± 1D J2± o 0J32p 1D KO
0J JH± o 0J32p
])H&O 0J62 l )H6H 0J&O
)H KO± 0J 6H± o )H 6H± 0J KO±
)H62 ± jZkl\hjbfZykhev0J&O ± jZkl\hjbfZykhevagZqbl
j_Zdpby)_Ka 0J62 ijhl_dZlvg_[m^_l
<hijhk
>Zguko_fu ZG KH± o
[+6± o
\+62± o
KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc\ fhe_dmeyjghf\b^_
Hl\_l
ZDjZldh_bhggh_mjZ\g_gb_
G KH± o GH KHn
Ihegh_bhggh_mjZ\g_gb_
+ & D KH D & GH KHn
Fhe_dmeyjgh_mjZ\g_gb_
+&DKH o DKGKH o DKGH &2n
[DjZldh_bhggh_mjZ\g_gb_
+6± o +6n
+ & 1D 6 1D & +6n
+&)H6o )H&O +6n
\DjZldh_bhggh_mjZ\g_gb_
+62± o GH 6Hn
+ 6H 1D 62 GH 6Hn
+62 1D62o 1D6H GH 6Hn
<hijhk
>ZgumjZ\g_gbyj_ZdpbcZG2: G9 H9
[KX2+: KX2 G2
\12 G2 : +12
]KX62 )H : )H62 &X
^)H&O : )H&O
DZdb_ ba wlboj_Zdpbcy\eyxlkyhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgufb
b ihq_fm"MdZ`bl_hdbkebl_evb \hkklZgh\bl_ev

Hl\_l
Hdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgufby\eyxlkyke_^mxsb_j_Zdpbb
G2± : G9 H9
H±
H ± _ : H
±
\hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
G _ : G hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
KX62 )H: )H62 &X
H±
)H ± H: )H

&X H : &X hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
o
W
)H &O )H&O±
H±
)H ± H : )H

&O H: &O± hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
<h\k_oj_ZdpbyoZlhfuwe_f_glh\f_gyxlk\hxkl_i_gvhdbk
e_gby \ hlebqb_ hl ^\mo hklZevguo j_Zdpby ]^_ kl_i_gv hdbke_
gbyhklZ_lkyij_`g_c
KX2±+ o KX 2± G 2±
W
12± G2± : +12±
<hijhk
>ZgumjZ\g_gbyj_ZdpbcZ=Q &O =Q&O
[=Q +&O =Q&O +9
IjhklZ\vl_ gZ^ agZdZfb khhl\_lkl\mxsbo obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\
kl_i_gbbohdbke_gbyb ihdZ`bl_i_j_oh^we_dljhgh\
Hl\_l
Z=Q&O o
W
=Q&O±

H±
=Q ± H : =Q

±
o
[=Q
+ &O =Q
&O±+9
H±
=Q ± H: =Q

\hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky± =Q
+ H : + hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky± +

<hijhk
>Zguko_fumjZ\g_gbcj_Zdpbc
Z&X6+12jZa[ : &X12 6 12 GH
[D62+62 .0Q2 : D62 0Q62+2
KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby hdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evguo j_Zdpbc
ihevamykvj_dhf_g^Zpb_cijb\_^_gghcgZklj
Hl\_l
Z&X6± +12: &X12± 612 GH
6± ± H± : 6
12± + H± : 12+2
6± ± H± : 6 ghlZdjZkklZ\eylvdhwnnbpb_glu

1 H± : 1 keh`g__
[D62±+62± .0Q2± : D62±
0Q62± +2±
62± +2± H± : 62± +
0Q2± + H± : 0Q +2
62± +2± H± 0Q2± +H± : 62± +
0Q +2ijhba\h^bfkhdjZs_gby
62± 0Q2± +: 62± 0Q+2beb
6 ± H : 6
0Q H: 0Q
<hijhk
DZdb_ kheb ih^\_j]Zxlky ]b^jhebam b ihq_fm" H[tykgbl_ wlh gZ
ijbf_jZogbljZlZpbgdZkmevnZlZdZebyb kmevnb^ZgZljby
Hl\_l
=b^jhebam ih^\_j]Zxlky kheb h[jZah\Zggu_ Z keZ[uf hkgh
\Zgb_ b kbevghc dbkehlhc [ kbevguf hkgh\Zgb_f b keZ[hc db
kehlhcWlhijhbkoh^blhllh]hqlh\ khklZ\_lZdbokhe_cbf_xlky
bhgu dhlhju_ fh]ml k\yau\Zlvky k bhgZfb G beb HG± gZ dhlh
ju_g_agZqbl_evgh^bkkhpbbjm_l\h^ZGZijbf_j
=Q12 GH : =Q2+12 +12 dbkeZykj_^Z
=Q 12± GH : =Q2+ 1H± G
=Q +2:=Q2G +
Khevh[jZah\ZgZkbevghcdbkehlhcb keZ[ufhkgh\Zgb_f
D6H GH : D 62± ± +2: . 62± +2
Khevh[jZah\ZggZykbevghcdbkehlhcb kbevgufhkgh\Zgb_f]b^
jhebamg_ih^\_j]Z_lky

1D6GH : 1D+61D2+s_ehqgZykj_^Z
1D 6± +HG±: 1D +6± HG±
6± +2: +6± 2+±
?kebkhevh[jZah\ZgZkbevgufhkgh\Zgb_fb keZ[hcdbkehlhclh
]^Z]b^jhebab^_lk h[jZah\Zgb_fs_ehqghckj_û
Khebh[jZah\Zggu_keZ[hcdbkehlhcb keZ[ufhkgh\Zgb_fih^
\_j]ZxlkygZb[he__iheghfm]b^jhebam
< wlhfkemqZ_j_Zdpbykj_ûaZ\bkblhlkl_i_gb^bkkhpbZpbbijh
^mdlh\]b^jhebaZ
&+&221+ GH : KGKHH± 1+ +H : KGKHHG
1+2+± Zp_lZlZffhgby
<hijhk
GZq_jlbl_\ l_ljZ^blZ[ebpmb aZihegbl___
Hl\_l
JZkl\hju P\_lbg^bdZlhjZ MjZ\g_gbyj_Zd
khe_c eZdfmk f_lbeh\uc N_ghe± pbbihykgyxsb_
hjZg`_\uc nlZe_bg baf_g_gb_p\_lZ
bg^bdZlhjZ
oehjb^ djZkg__l jhah\__l p\_lg_ =Q&O GH
pbgdZ=Q&O f_gy_lky =Q2+&OGKO
dZj[hgZl kbg__l `_el__l klZgh\blky DKHaG
dZeby fZebgh\uf DGKHaDHG
DKHa
kmevnZl p\_lg_ p\_lg_ p\_lg_
gZljby f_gy_lky f_gy_lky f_gy_lky ±
1D62
AZ^ZqZ
< jZkl\hjkh^_j`Zsbc] kmevnZlZ f_^b,,ihf_klbeb] `_
e_aguohibehdDZdb_\_s_kl\Zh[jZamxlky\ j_amevlZl_j_Zdpbbb dZdh
\ZbofZkkZ"
>Zgh ] ] m] o]
P&X6 ] &X62 )H: )H62 &X;
] ] ] ]
P)H ]
P)H6H± " 0&X ]fhev0)H ]fhev
P&X± " 0&X62 ]fhev
0)H62 ]fhev
Hij_^_ey_fdZdh_\_s_kl\h^Zgh\ ba[uld_

] )H± ] &X6H

] )H± o ]&X6H [ | ]

P&X62\klmib\r_]h\ j_Zdpbx± ]hgh^Zgh\ ba[uld_
@_e_ahj_Z]bjm_liheghklvxagZqblfZkkuijh^mdlh\hij_^_
ey_fih`_e_am
] )H± ] )H6H ] )H± ] &X
] )H± m ])H62 ] )H± o ]&X
[ ]
\ | ]

Hl\_l\ j_amevlZl_j_Zdpbbh[jZah\Zehkv] f_^bb ]
kmevnZlZ`_e_aZ
AZ^ZqZ
D ] jZkl\hjZkh^_j`Zs_]h kmevnZlZ`_e_aZ,,^h[Z\beb
] jZkl\hjZdhlhjuckh^_j`bl]b^jhdkb^ZgZljby<uqbkebl_fZkkm
h[jZah\Z\r_]hkyhkZ^dZ
>Zgh ] ] o]
PS±SD ] )H6H 1D2+: )H2+ ; 1D62
] ] ]
Pj±jZ ]
&)H62 GZoh^bffZkku\_s_kl\\ jZkl\hjZo
&1D2+ P)H62 ]
PhkZ^dZ± " P1D2+ ]
<ukqblu\Z_fhlghkbl_evgu_fhe_dm
eyjgu_fZkkubkoh^guo\_s_kl\b ihemqb\r_]hky\_s_kl\Z
0)H62 ]fhev
01D2+ ]fhev
F)_HG ]fhev
Hij_^_ey_fdZdh_\_s_kl\hgZoh^blky\ ba[uld_
O] )H62 ± [] 1D2+

] )H62 ± ] 1D2+ [ |

< j_Zdpbx\klmibeh] 1D2+\_s_kl\hgZoh^blky\ ba[uld_
<uqbkey_ffZkkm)_HG\uiZ\r_]h\ hkZ^hdih)H62
] )H6H ± [] )H2+

] )H62 ± ] )H2+ [ |

Hl\_lP)H2+ ]

=eZ\Z ,,
± klj
<hijhk
GZhkgh\_l_hjbbkljh_gbyZlhfh\ihykgbl_ihq_fmdbkehjh^y\ey
_lky[he__kbevgufhdbkebl_e_fq_fk_jZ
Hl\_l
2 VVS
6 VVSVS
:lhfu h[hbo we_f_glh\ bf_xl ih we_dljhgh\ gZ \g_rg_f
we_dljhgghf mjh\g_ b êy ihkljh_gby mklhcqb\hc \hkvfbwe_d
ljhgghc\g_rg_ch[hehqdbg_o\ZlZ_llhevdh^\mowe_dljhgh\
6 H o 6
2 H o 2
Gh dbkehjh^ bf__l f_gvrbc Zlhfguc jZ^bmk q_f k_jZ b _]h
we_dljhgu ijbly]b\Zxlky kbevg__ d y^jm Hlkx^Z ke_^m_l qlh
hdbkebl_evgu_k\hckl\Zm H \ujZ`_gukbevg__q_fm k_ju
<hijhk
Ihevamykv^ZggufblZ[ebpb h[tykgbl_ihq_fmm Zlhfh\oehjZ
kl_i_gbhdbke_gby\ujZ`Zxlkyg_q_lgufbqbkeZfbZ mZlhfh\k_ju±
q_lgufbIhq_fmdbkehjhîjhy\ey_lihklhyggmx\Ze_glghklvZ k_jZ±
i_j_f_ggmx"
Hl\_l
Z K_jZ gZoh^blky \ r_klhc ]jmii_ i_jbh^bq_kdhc kbkl_fu
>BF_g^_e__\ZZ oehj± \ k_^vfhcWlhagZqblqlhm k_jugZih
ke_^g_f we_dljhgghf mjh\g_ gZoh^blky ± _ Z m oehjZ ± _ >ey
h[jZah\Zgby mklhcqb\hc \hkvfbwe_dljhgghc h[hehqdb oehj klj_
fblky eb[h hl^Zlv k_fv we_dljhgh\ eb[h ijbkh_^bgblv h^bg lh
_klv g_q_lgh_ qbkeh k_jZ `_ klj_fblky eb[h ijbkh_^bgblv ^\Z
eb[hhl^Zlvr_klvlh_klvq_lgh_qbkeh
[ K_jZ gZoh^blky \ lj_lv_f i_jbh^_ i_jbh^bq_kdhc kbkl_fu
>BF_g^_e__\Z Z dbkehjh^ \h \lhjhf wlh agZqbl qlh m Zlhfh\
k_jugZ_fwg_j]_lbq_kdhfmjh\g_bf_xlkyg_aZiheg_gguo G±
hj[blZe_c gZ dhlhju_ fh]ml i_j_oh^blv V b jwe_dljhgu \ j_
amevlZl_ q_]h m k_ju ihy\ey_lky q_luj_ beb r_klv g_kiZj_gguo
we_dljhgh\ b khhl\_lkl\_ggh k_jZ fh`_l [ulv lZd`_ q_luj_o b
r_klb\Ze_glghc

<hijhk
KjZ\gbl_ k\hckl\Z dbkehjh^Z b hahgZdjbklZeebq_kdhcb ieZklbq_
kdhck_juGZhkgh\_wlboijbf_jh\ihykgbl_kmsghklvZeehljhibb
Hl\_l
:eehljhiby ± wlh kihkh[ghklv obfbq_kdh]h we_f_glZ h[jZah
\u\Zlvg_kdhevdhijhkluo\_s_kl\Obfbq_kdbcwe_f_gldbkehjh^
h[jZam_l ^\Z ijhkluo \_s_kl\Z ± dbkehjh^ 2 b hahg 2 Nbabq_
kdb_ k\hckl\Z dbkehjh^Z b hahgZ jZaebqZxlky dbkehjh^ ± ]Za [_a
p\_lZb aZiZoZhahgh[eZ^Z_lj_adbfaZiZohfk\_`_klbb hdjZr_g
\ ]hem[hcp\_l
K_jZ lZd`_ h[jZam_l Zeehljhigu_ fh^bnbdZpbb ± djbklZeeb
q_kdmx b ieZklbq_kdmx k_jm DjbklZeebq_kdZy k_jZ ± l\_j^h_
ojmidh_ \_s_kl\h ieZklbq_kdZy k_jZ ih nbabq_kdbf k\hckl\Zf
gZihfbgZ_lj_abgm
<hijhk
I_j_qbkebl_ ijbjh^gu_ kh_^bg_gby k_ju gZibrbl_ bo obfbq_kdb_
nhjfmeub hij_^_ebl_\ gbokl_i_gbhdbke_gbyk_ju
Hl\_l
Kmevnbû k\bgph\uc[e_kd 3E6f_^guc[e_kd&X6pbgdh
\Zyh[fZgdZ=Q6ibjbl)H6k_jh\h^hjh^+6
KmevnZlu ]bik &D6H G2 fbjZ[bebl 0J62 G2
]eZm[_jh\Zkhev1D62 GH
<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcijb dhlhjuobaijhkluo\_s_kl\h[
jZamxlky keh`gu_ \_s_kl\Z nhjfmeu dhlhjuo ke_^mxsb_ /L6 =Q6
+662&6 b 6)Bkihevamy^Zggu_ lZ[ebpuihykgbl_dZdb_k\hc
kl\Zhdbkebl_evgu_beb\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ijhy\ey_lk_jZ\ wlboj_
Zdpbyo
Hl\_l
/L6 o
W
/L6±

_±
/L ± H : /L

6 H: 6± hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
=Q6 o
W
=Q 6±

H±

=Q ± H : =Q \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
+6 o
W
+ 6±

H±
+ ± H : +

62 o
W
62±

H±
6 ± H : 6

6) o
W
6)±

H±
6 ± H : 6

)H H: )H± hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
AZ^ZqZ
Ba\_klgh kh_^bg_gb_ kh^_j`Zs__ fZkkh\uo ^he_c beb
nhknhjZb fZkkh\uo^he_cbebk_juGZc^bl_
_]hijhkl_crmxnhjfmem
>Zgh $U3 $U6
ZJ J± J
Z6 6± [6
6]3\ ± "
[ |

]± dhebq_kl\hZlhfh\k_jugZh^bgZlhfnhknhjZ
]
AgZqbl\ wlhf\_s_kl\_gZh^bgZlhfnhknhjZijboh^blky
ZlhfZk_juld\ khklZ\\_s_kl\Zfh`_l\oh^blvlhevdhp_eh_
qbkehZlhfh\agZqblnhjfmeZ\_s_kl\Z[m^_l36
Hl\_l36
AZ^ZqZ
Ijb h[jZah\Zgbb fhev hdkb^Z k_ju ,9 ba we_f_glh\ \u^_ey_lky
d>`Kdhevdh\u^_eblkyl_iehluijb k]hjZgbb] k_ju"

>Zgh ] []
Y6 fhev 6H : 62 d>`
4 d>` ] ]
P6 ] 0U6 0U62

4± " [] 62 ± ] 6
] 6H± ] 6
P
[ ] Y62 fhevP62 ]
0
fhev62 ± o d>`
fhev62 ± d>` [ d>`
Hl\_l4 d>`
klj±
<hijhk
Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZyk_jgZydbkehlZijb gZ]j_\Zgbbj_Z]bjm_lk jlm
lvx b k_j_[jhf ih^h[gh lhfm dZd hgZ j_Z]bjm_l k f_^vx KhklZ\vl_
mjZ\g_gbywlboj_Zdpbcb mdZ`bl_hdbkebl_evb \hkklZgh\bl_ev
Hl\_l
+J+62 o
W
+J62 62 +2

H±
+J ± H : +J

6 H: 6 hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
$J+62 o
W
$J62 62 +2

H±
$J ± H : $J

<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc dhlhju_ ijZdlbq_kdb hkms_kl\bfu
bkihevamyijb\_^_ggu_ko_fu&X62 +&O:GJ +62 dhgp :
&X+&O:1D12 +&O:
0J&O +62dhgp :1D62 +62 :
1D2++62 :$O2+ +62 :
IjbkhklZ\e_gbbmjZ\g_gbcj_ZdpbcmdZ`bl_mkeh\bybohkms_kl\e_
gby< l_okemqZyo]^_wlhlj_[m_lkykhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gby\ bhgghfb
khdjZs_gghfbhgghf\b^_

Hl\_l
&X62 +&O: g_j_Z]bjm_l
GJ+62 dhgp o
W
+J62 629 +2

±
H
GJ ± H : GJ

&X+&O: g_j_Z]bjm_l
1D12 +&O: g_j_Z]bjm_l
g_lfZeh^bkkhpbbjmxs_]h\_s_kl\Z
0J&O +62dhgp : 0J62 +&On
0J &O± + 62± : 0J 62± +&O±
&O± + : +&On
1D62 +62 : 1D62 +62 : 1D62 62n +2
1D 62± + 62± : 1D 62± ± +62
62± + : +62: 62n +2
1D2++62 : 1D62 +2
1D 2+± + 62± : 1D 62± ± +2
2+± + : +2
$O2+ +62 : $O62 +2
$O2+ + 62± : $O 62± +2
$O2+ + : $O +2
<hijhk
GZah\bl_ hdbkebl_ev \ j_Zdpbyo Z jZa[Z\e_gghc k_jghc dbkehlu k
f_lZeeZfb[dhgp_gljbjh\Zgghck_jghcdbkehluk f_lZeeZfb
Hl\_l
=Q+62 : =Q62 +n
H±
=Q ± H : =Q

+ H: + hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
&X+62dhgp o
W
KX62 62n +2

H±
KX ± H : &X


AZ^ZqZ
DZdhch[t_fdbkehjh^Zihlj_[m_lkyêyk`b]ZgbyZd]k_jh\h
^hjh^Z[f k_jh\h^hjh^Z
Z>Zgh ] oe
PG6 d] ] +62 GH 62n
] efhev
92 " ]G6± o e2

] +6± efhevH

[ e f

Hl\_l9H f
[>Zgh fo e
9+6 f G6H G262
f f
9G6 " f G6± o f H

f G6± f H

[ f

Hl\_l9H f
AZ^ZqZ
DZdh\Z fZkkZ jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`Zs_]h fZkkh\u_ ^heb k_jghc db
kehludhlhjZyjZkoh^m_lkygZj_Zdpbxk ] Zexfbgby
>Zgh G6H :: :6H Gn
Z +62 ] ]
P$O ] 0UG6H
0U$O
Zj±jZ " [] G6H± ] $O
] G6H± ] $O

[ ] PG6H ]

P + 62
]
Z + 62
Pj±jZ
Hl\_lPj±jZ ]

=eZ\Z,,,
± klj
<hijhk
< lZ[ebp_kljmdZaZgumkeh\by\ebyxsb_gZkdhjhklvobfb
q_kdboj_Zdpbcb ^Zguijbf_juGZah\bl_êydZ`^h]hmkeh\byh^bg^\Z
^hihegbl_evguoijbf_jZkhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcb ^Zcl_h[hkgh
\Zgb_bohkms_kl\e_gby
Hl\_l
Kdhjhklvobfbq_kdboj_ZdpbcaZ\bkblhlijbjhûj_Z]bjmx
sbo\_s_kl\
=QGK: =Q&O+n ± kdhjhklvj_Zdpbb\ukhdZyldkheygZy
dbkehlZh[eZ^Z_l\ukhdhcobfbq_kdhcZdlb\ghklvx
=QGKH : =Q&2 Gn ± kdhjhklvj_ZdpbbgbadZyldm]hev
gZydbkehlZhq_gvkeZ[Zy
>ey\_s_kl\\ jZkl\hj_gghfkhklhygbbb ]Zah\kdhjhklvobfb
q_kdboj_ZdpbcaZ\bkblhldhgp_gljZpbbj_Z]bjmxsbo\_s_kl\
=Q+&OhqjZa[: =Q&O+n YD
=QGK: =Q&O+n YE
YD YE wlhfh`ghgZ[ex^Zlvihkdhjhklb\u^_e_gby]ZaZ
>ey\_s_kl\\ l\_j^hfkhklhygbbkdhjhklvj_Zdpbbijyfhijh
ihjpbhgZevgZih\_joghklbj_Z]bjmxsbo\_s_kl\
)Hbaf_evq GK o )H&O+9 ± wlZj_Zdpbyb^_lhq_gv
[ukljh
bgl_gkb\gh_kebbkihevah\Zlv`_e_agucihjhrhd
Ijbih\ur_gbbl_fi_jZlmjuj_ZdpbbgZdZ`û_K kdhjhklv
[hevrbgkl\Zj_Zdpbcm\_ebqb\Z_lky\ ±jZaZ
G &O o GK± ijbh[uqguomkeh\byoj_Zdpbyb^_l
W
hq_gvf_ê_gghghijbgZ]j_\Zgbbijhbkoh^bl\aju\
)H6 o )H6± wlZj_Zdpby[_agZ]j_\Zgbyihqlbg_b^_lijb
W
gZ]j_\Zgbbkmevnb^`_e_aZh[jZam_lky^hklZlhqgh[ukljh
Kdhjhklvobfbq_kdboj_ZdpbcaZ\bkblhlijbkmlkl\byg_dhlh
juo\_s_kl\dZlZebaZlhjh\
1+] ] o 12] +2± wlZj_Zdpbyb^_l^hklZ
3W
lhqgh[ukljhlhevdh\ ijbkmlkl\bbdZlZebaZlhjZ± jZkdZe_gghc

ieZlbgh\hcijh\hehdbhgZhklZ_lky\ khklhygbbdjZkgh]hdZe_gby
\ jZkl\hj_ZffbZdZ\iehlv^hhdhgqZgbyj_Zdpbb

<hijhk
Ihykgbl_d dZdhfmlbimhlghkylkyi_j_qbke_ggu_gb`_obfbq_kdb_
j_Zdpbbb h[tykgbl_bokmsghklvZ\aZbfh^_ckl\b_jZkl\hjZoehjb^Z
`_e_aZ,,,k ]b^jhdkb^hfgZljby[jZaeh`_gb_oehjZlZdZebyijb gZ
]j_\Zgbb \ hdbke_gb_ hdkb^Z k_ju ,9 ] jZaeh`_gb_ dZj[hgZlZ dZev
pby ijb gZ]j_\Zgbb ^ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ Zexfbgby k k_jhc KhklZ\vl_
mjZ\g_gbywlboj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
Z<aZbfh^_ckl\b_jZkl\hjZoehjb^Z`_e_aZ,,,k ]b^jhdkb^hf
gZljby
)H&O 1D2+ )H2+; 1D&O
Wlhg_h[jZlbfZyj_Zdpbybhggh]hh[f_gZ\ j_amevlZl_dhlhjhc
h[jZam_lkyg_jZkl\hjbfh_hkgh\Zgb_b ihwlhfmj_Zdpbyb^_l^h
dhgpZ
[JZaeh`_gb_oehjZlZdZebyijbgZ]j_\Zgbb
DK2 DK2n
Wlhg_h[jZlbfZyhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgZyj_Zdpby\ dh
lhjhcoehj\ fhe_dme_DK2 y\ey_lkyhdbkebl_e_fb \hkklZgh\b
l_e_fh^gh\j_f_ggh
&O ± H : &O \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
\Hdbke_gb_hdkb^Zk_ju,9
62 2 mo 62± 4
92
Wlhh[jZlbfZyhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgZyj_Zdpbykh_^bg_
gbyijhbkoh^ysZy\ ijbkmlkl\bbdZlZebaZlhjZb k\u^_e_gb_f
wg_j]bbwdahl_jfbq_kdZy
6 ± H : 6 \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
]JZaeh`_gb_dZj[hgZlZdZevpbyijbgZ]j_\Zgbb
KD&2 o KD2K2n
W
Wlhh[jZlbfZyj_ZdpbyjZaeh`_gbyk ih]ehs_gb_fl_iehlu
wg^hl_jfbq_kdZy
^<aZbfh^_ckl\b_Zexfbgbyk k_jhc
$O6 o $O6± 4
W
Wlhg_h[jZlbfZyhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgZywdahl_jfbq_
kdZyj_Zdpby
$O ± H : $O \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
6 H: 6±± hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky

<hijhk
>ZgumjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc+J2 mo +J2 ± 4

W
1 + mo 1+ 4

j
1 2 mo 12± 4

S W
+ 2 mo S

+2 4
< dZdmxklhjhgmkf_klblkyjZ\gh\_kb_ijb ih\ur_gbbZl_fi_jZ
lmju[^Z\e_gby"
Hl\_l
+J2 mo +J2 ± 4
W
Ijbih\ur_gbbl_fi_jZlmju WjZ\gh\_kb_j_Zdpbbkf_sZ_lky
\ijZ\hijbih\ur_gbb^Z\e_gbyjZ\gh\_kb_kf_sZ_lky\e_\h\
klhjhgmmf_gvr_gbyh[t_fZ
1 + mo 1+ 4
j
Ijbih\ur_gbbl_fi_jZlmjuWjZ\gh\_kb_kf_sZ_lky\e_\hijb
ih\ur_gbb^Z\e_gbyj ± kf_sZ_lky\ijZ\h
1 2 mo 12± 4
S W
B ijbih\ur_gbbl_fi_jZlmjuWb ijbih\ur_gbb^Z\e_gbyj
jZ\gh\_kb_kf_sZ_lky\ijZ\h
+ 2 mo +2 4
S
Ijbih\ur_gbbl_fi_jZlmjuWjZ\gh\_kb_kf_sZ_lky\e_\hijb
ih\ur_gbb^Z\e_gbyj jZ\gh\_kb_kf_sZ_lky\ijZ\h
<hijhk
K_jgmxdbkehlmfh`ghihemqblvbake_^mxsbobkoh^guoijh^mdlh\
Zkmevnb^ZpbgdZ[k_jh\h^hjh^Z\kmevnb^Zkmjvfu 6E6KhklZ\vl_
khhl\_lkl\mxsb_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
Ihemq_gb_62
Z =Q6H =Q2H
[ +6H +26H
\ 6E6 6E2 6H
Ihemq_gb_62
62 H 6H
Ihemq_gb_+62
62 +2 +6H

<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcijb ihfhsbdhlhjuofh`ghhkms_kl
\blvij_\jZs_gbyZ7H : 7H2: +7H2: 1DL_H
7H2 : 1DGL_H
+7H2: 1DGL_H
[6H: +6H: &D6H
+6H: 6_H
+6H: KZG6H
Hl\_l
ZL_H o L_H
W
L_Hba[1DL_H\h^gGH : 1DGL_H

L_HGH : GL_H GL_H1D2G : 1DL_HGH
+L_Hba[1DH+: 1DGL_H GH
[6_ + o +6_ +6H H o GH 6_H
W W
+6Hba[KZHG: KZG6H +2

+6H KZHG: KZ6H+2
<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbckh]eZkghko_f_
Hl\_l
6+ o G6
W
6)H o )H6

W
G6 o +6

W
G6)H: )H6+
)H6+&O: )H&O +6
+6H: GH 62n
6H2: 62
6H+2 : +62
%U+6 : +62
+%U+62dhgp : %U+69+2
)H6 : )H2 62n
6H+2 : +62
+62: +2 6Hn
+62H : +62
+621DH+: 1D62+2
6H+2 : +62
+621DH+: 1D62+2
)H621D6: )H6; 1D62

AZ^ZqZ
<uqbkebl_ kj_^gxx kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb : < : K _keb gZqZevgZy
dhgp_gljZpby\_s_kl\Z: jZ\gZfheveZ q_j_ak ± fheve
DZdbaf_gbeZkvaZwlh\j_fydhgp_gljZpby\_s_kl\Z<"
>Zgh
k k
fheve k
Y
'W
F $ fheve
F : fheve
'W k
Y± "
'k <± "
Hl\_lY ± fheve kdhgp_gljZpby\_s_kl\Z< baf_gbeZkv

lZd`_ dZdb :gZfheve
AZ^ZqZ
<h kdhevdh jZa m\_ebqblky kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb ijb ih\ur_gbb l_fi_
jZlmjuhl^h K_kebijb ih\ur_gbbl_fi_jZlmjugZK kdh
jhklvj_Zdpbbm\_ebqb\Z_lky\ ljbjZaZ"
>Zgh 'W K ± K K
'W
W K ' Y

W K
'Y± "
Hl\_l'Y kdhjhklvj_Zdpbbm\_ebqbeZkv\ jZaZ
AZ^ZqZ
DZdh\ZfZkkZk_jghcdbkehludhlhjmxfh`ghihemqblvbal jm
ûkh^_j`Zs_c^bkmevnb^Z`_e_aZ)H6"
>Zgh )H6 o )HH 62
Pjmû l 62 H o 62
Z)H6 62 +2o +62 agZqbl
)H6 o +62 beb )H6 o+62
P+62± " )H6 o+62

P )H6 l

0U)H6 0U+62

o lG62 ±l )H6

l +62 ± l )H6 [ l

Hl\_lP+62 l
AZ^ZqZ
Kdhevdhlhgggh]hjZkl\hjZk_jghcdbkehlufh`ghihemqblvba
l ibjblZ"
>Zgh l ol
Z )H6 o G62 ± ihZgZeh]bbk aZ^
l l
P)H6 l
P+62± " o lG62 o )H6
l G62 o l )H6

o l G62PG62 l

Hl\_lPG62 l

=eZ\Z,9
± klj
<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcijb dhlhjuoh[jZamxlkyZ^b]b^jh
hjlhnhknZl Zffhgby [ ]b^jhhjlhnhknZl Zffhgby \ hjlhnhknZl
Zffhgby
Hl\_l
1G GJHba[ o 1++3H
^b]b^jhhjlhnhknZlZffhgby
1G GJHba[ o 1++3H

]b^jhhjlhnhknZlZffhgby
1G GJHg_^hkl o 1++3H

hjlhnhknZlZffhgby
<hijhk
=b^jhdZj[hgZlZffhgbybgh]^Zijbf_gy_lkyijb \ui_qd_dhg^bl_j
kdboba^_ebcDZdb_ k\hckl\Zwlh]h\_s_kl\Zijb wlhfbkihevamxlky"
Hl\_l
KhebZffhgbyijbgZ]j_\ZgbbjZaeZ]Zxlky
1++&2 o 1+n &2n +2<u^_eyxsbckyijbwlhcj_Zd
pbb m]e_dbkeuc]Zaijb^Z_ll_klmiurghklvb \ha^mrghklv
<hijhk
GZq_jlbl_ \ l_ljZ^b lZ[ebpm b \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo ]jZnZo aZib
rbl_fhe_dmeyjgu_b bhggu_mjZ\g_gbyj_ZdpbcihykgyxsbooZjZdl_j
gu_obfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Zkhe_cnhjfmeudhlhjuo^Zgu\ lZ[ebp_
Hl\_l
Kheb Obfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Z Ki_pbnbq_kdb_
h[sb_k ^jm]bfbkheyfb k\hckl\Z
^bkkhpbZpby jZaeh`_gb_ijbgZ
]j_\Zgbb
1+&O 1+&O: 1+ &O±
1+&O o 1+9
W
&O9
1+&2 1+&2 : 1+
1+&2 o
W
&2±
1+9 &29 +2

Kheb Obfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Z Ki_pbnbq_kdb_
h[sb_k ^jm]bfbkheyfb k\hckl\Z
1+6 1+6: 1+ 6±
1+6 o 1+9
W
&29 +69±
1+62 1+62 : 1+ 1+62 1+9
62± +629
j_Z]bjmxl j_Z]bjmxl
k dbkehlZfb khs_ehqZfb
1+&O 1+&O+62dhgp : 1+&O.2+: .&O
o 1+62G&O 1+9 +2
1+6 1+&2 +&O: 1+&2 1D2+:
o 1+&O+2&29 1D&2 1+9 +2
1+62 1+62 ± g_j_Z]bjm 1+62 &D2+ :
_lldk_jgmxdbkehlm o&D6 1+9 +2
bakhe_c^jm]b_dbkehlu
g_\ul_kgyxl
j_Z]bjmxlk ^jm]bfb ih^\_j]Zxlky
kheyfb ]b^jhebam
1+&O 1+&O:J12 : 1+&O+2:
o 1+12 $J&O; o 1+2++&O
1+&O±:J12o 1+ &O± +2:
:1+12±$J&O; o 1+2+&O± +
:J &O± : $J&O; 1++2 1+2++
1+&2 1+&2 &D&O: 1+&2+2:
o 1+&O&D&2; o 1+2++&2
1+&2±&D&O 1+ &2± +2o
: 1+ &O± &D&2; : 1+2++&2
&D &2± : &D&2;
1+6 1+63E12 : 1+6+2:
o 1+123E6; o 1+2++6
1+ 6± 3E 1+ 6± +2:
12± : 1+ o 1+2++6
12± 3E6;
3E 6± : 3E6;
1+62 1+62 <D&O : 1+62 +2:
o %D62; 1+&O o 1+2++62
1+62± <D 1+62+2o
&O± : %D62; : 1+2++62
1+ &O± 1++2:
<D 62± : %D62; o 1+2++

AZ^ZqZ
] oehjb^ZZffhgbykf_rZebk ] ]b^jhdkb^ZdZevpbyb kf_kvgZ
]j_ebDZdhc]Zab kdhevdh_]hih fZkk_b h[t_fm\u^_ebehkvgm"
>Zgh ] ] o]
P1+&O ] 1+&O&D2+ &D&O 1+9+2
P&D2+ ] ] ] ]
FU1+&O

P]ZaZ± " 0U&D2+
9]ZaZ± "gm < g_^hklZld_^ZgKZHGld
1+&O± o ]KD2+
] 1+&O± ] KD2+

o ]

P&D2+± g_h[oh^bfZyêyj_Zdpbb] ± \ g_^hklZld_b ih
g_fmijhba\h^bfjZkq_lu
FU1+
] KZHG ± o ]1+
] KZHG ± ] 1+

o ] P1+ ]

] 1+ ± o e

] 1+ ± e o ]

Hl\_l P1+ ]91+ e
AZ^ZqZ
DZdh\uh[t_fb fZkkZZffbZdZdhlhju_ihlj_[mxlkyêyihemq_gby
l gbljZlZZffhgby"
>Zgh ol l
P1+12 l 1+ +12 : 1+12
P1+± " l l
91+± " FU1+

FU1+12
o l 1+ ± l 1+12
l 1+ ± ] 1+12

o ] P1+± l

l ± o f
l ± f

o f

Hl\_lP1+± l91+± f
± klj±
<hijhk
Ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bb jZa[Z\e_gghc +12 k g_dhlhjufb f_lZeeZfb
0J=Qfh`_l\u^_eblvkyhdkb^ZahlZ,bebZahlGZibrbl_khhl
\_lkl\mxsb_mjZ\g_gbyhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evguoj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
FJ+12 :0J12 1n +2
0J ± H : 0J \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
1 H : 1 hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
FJ +12 : 0J12 1Hh +2
0J ± H : 0J \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
=Q+12 : =Q12 1n+2
=Q+12 : =Q12 12n +2
<hijhk
< ihq\_ m^h[j_gghc gZ\hahf h[jZam_lky dZj[hgZl Zffhgby Z \h
\j_fy]jhau± gbljZlZffhgbyQ_fwlhh[tykgy_lky"GZibrbl_mjZ\
g_gbyj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
< gZ\ha_ kh^_j`blky bhg Zffhgby 1+ < ihq\_ kh^_j`blky
dZj[hdkbevgucbhgKH±dhlhjuch[jZam_lky\ j_amevlZl_^bkkh
pbZpbbkhe_cm]hevghcdbkehluBf__f j_Zdpbx
1+ &2 +2: 1+&2
<h\j_fy]jhau\ g_[hevrbodhe\Zoh[jZam_lkyhdkb^ZahlZ,,
1 2 o 12dhlhjucaZl_fhdbkey_lky
we jZajy^
122 12
Ijbj_Zdpbb12 k \h^hch[jZam_lkyZahlgZydbkehlZ
12 +22 +12

HgZ\ k\hxhq_j_^vihiZ^Z_l\ ihq\mk ^h`^yfblZd`_dZdb
m]hevgZydbkehlZh[jZah\Z\rZyky\ j_amevlZl_kh_^bg_gby\hûb
KH Zlfhkn_jgh]h\ha^moZKH GH : +&2b k\yau\Z_lbhg
Zffhgbyk h[jZah\Zgb_fgbljZlZZffhgby
1+2++12 : 1+12 +2
<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcijb ihfhsbdhlhjuobaZffbZdZihem
qZxlZahlgmxdbkehlm
Hl\_l
1G H 12+24
122 12
12 +22 l +12 4
<hijhk
Hij_^_ebl_ \ dZdmx klhjhgm kf_sZ_lky jZ\gh\_kb_ j_Zdpbb f_`^m
hdkb^hfZahlZ,9\h^hcb dbkehjh^hfijb baf_g_gbbZl_fi_jZlmju
[^Z\e_gbyIhq_fm"
Hl\_l
12 +22 m o +12 4
S
J_Zdpby wdahl_jfbqgZ ihwlhfm ijb ih\ur_gbb l_fi_jZlmju

jZ\gh\_kb_ j_Zdpbb kf_sZ_lky \e_\h Ijb ih\ur_gbb ^Z\e_gby
jZ\gh\_kb_ kf_sZ_lky \ijZ\h \ klhjhgm h[jZah\Zgby h^gh]h \_
s_kl\Zldijbwlhfbak_fbbkoh^guofhe_dmeh[jZamxlkylhev
dhq_luj_fhe_dmeu+12l_h[t_fmf_gvrZ_lky
<hijhk
GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc\ fhe_dmeyjghfbhgghfb khdjZs_gghf
bhgghf \b^_ ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh jZaebqblvkheygmxk_jgmxb
Zahlgmxdbkehlu
Hl\_l
+62 <ZKO : %D62; +&O
+ 62± <Z KO± : %D62; + &O±
<Z 62± : %D62;
+&O$J12 : $J&O; +12
+ &O± $J 12± : $J&O; + 12±
$J &O± : $J&O;
+12 KXo &X12 12n GH
[mjuc]Za

< bhgghf\b^_j_Zdpbxg_evaygZibkZlvldwlhg_j_Zdpbyh[f_
gZwlhhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgZyj_Zdpby
&X ± _ o & \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
1 _ o 1 hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
<hijhk
Ijb\_^bl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc Z oZjZdl_jgu_ lhevdh êy Zahlghc
dbkehlu[h[sb_êyZahlghcb ^jm]bodbkehl
Hl\_l
J_Zdpbbk f_lZeeZfbihf_j_jZa[Z\e_gby
=Q+12dhgp o =Q12 1Hn GH
=Q+12 o =Q12 1Hn GH
=Q+12 o =Q12 1n GH
=Q+12 o =Q12 1Hn GH
=Q+12 o =Q12 1G12GH
Hdbke_gb_g_f_lZeeh\
J +12dhgp o +JH 12nGH
Hdbkey_lkheygmxdbkehlmkf_kv+12b +&O± pZjkdZy
\h^dZhq_gvkbevguchdbkebl_evjZkl\hjy_l^Z`_ahehlh
+12 +&Oo 12&O&O +2
K hkgh\gufbhdkb^ZfbDH +12 o .12 GH
K hkgh\Zgbyfb+12 KZHG o KZHG GH
K kheyfb[he__keZ[uodbkehl
+12 &D&2 &D12 GH KHn
JZaeh`_gb_ih^^_ckl\b_fk\_lZ
+12 k\_l
o +212nH
<hijhk
GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijhl_dZxsbo f_`^m k_j_[jhf b jZa
[Z\e_gghcZahlghcZ lZd`_dhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcZahlghcdbkehlhcIh
dZ`bl_ i_j_oh^ we_dljhgh\ b ih^q_jdgbl_hdbkebl_evh^ghcq_jlhcZ
\hkklZgh\bl_ev± ^\mfy
Hl\_l
$J+12jZa[ o $J12 12n GH
H±
$J ± _ o $J


$J +12dhgp o $J12 12n GH
H±
$J ± _ o $J

<hijhk
< ^\mo ijh[bjdZo gZoh^ylky jZaebqgu_ gbljZlu [_eh]h p\_lZ Ijb
gZ]j_\Zgbb h^ghc kheb \u^_ey_lky [_kp\_lguc ]Za \ dhlhjhfle_xsZy
emqbgdZ\kiuob\Z_lIjbgZ]j_\Zgbb\lhjhckheb\u^_ey_lky]Za[mjh]h
p\_lZ DZdb_ wlh gbljZlu" GZibrbl_ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ mjZ\g_gby
hdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evguoj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
LZf]^_emqbgZ\kiuob\Z_l\u^_ey_lky2ke_^h\Zl_evgh\
ijh[bjd_gZoh^blkygbljZlZdlb\gh]hf_lZeeZGZijbf_j
1D12 1D12 2
&D12 &D12 2
LZf]^_\u^_ey_lky[mjuc]Za± wlhhdkb^ZahlZ ,912ke_
^h\Zl_evgh\ ijh[bjd_gZoh^blkykhevh[jZah\ZggZyf_lZeehf
dhlhjuc\ jy^mf_lZeeh\gZoh^blkyijZ\__f_^b
$J12 $J12n H
<hijhk
Ijb ]jhah\uojZajy^Zo\ ihq\_bgh]^Zfh`_lh[jZah\ZlvkygbljZl
dZevpbyGZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
1 2 o 12
we jZajy^
122 o 12
12 +2o +12 12
+12 &D&2 o &D12 +2&2n
AZ^ZqZ
DZdhch[t_fZffbZdZgmihlj_[m_lkyêyihemq_gbyl jZkl\h
jZkh^_j`Zs_]hfZkkh\uo^he_cZahlghcdbkehlu"
>Zgh 1+ 2 o 12GH
Pj±jZ l 122 o 12
Z+1H gm 12 GH 2 l +12
1+ o +12
91G± "gm P+1H

of l
1+ o +12
f l
P+1H Pj±jZ Z +1H l
o f f 1+ ± Q1+2

f

[

Hl\_l91+ f
AZ^ZqZ
D ] jZkl\hjZkh^_j`Zs_]hfZkkh\uo^he_c]b^jhdkb^ZdZeby
ijbebeb ] jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`Zs_]h fZkkh\uo ^he_c Zahlghc db
kehlu DZdh\Z j_Zdpby ihemq_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ g_cljZevgZy dbkeZy beb
s_ehqgZy"Kdhevdh]jZffh\khebh[jZah\Zehkv"
>Zgh ] ] o ]
PS±SD ] DHG+12 o .12 GH
PS±SD ] ] ] ]
Z .2+ O J_Zdpbyihemq_ggh]hjZkl\hjZdbkeZy

Z G1H ld+12 ^ZgZ\ ba[uld_kfj_r_gb_
PDHG PS±SD Z DHG ]
PD1H± " PG12 PS±SD Z G12 ]
0U.2+
0U+12
] DHG± [] +12
] .2+± ] +12

o ]

FZkkZ+12g_h[oh^bfZyêyj_Zdpbb± ]agZqbl+12
^ZgZ\ ba[uld_
Ijhba\h^bfjZkq_lih\_s_kl\m^Zgghfm\ g_^hklZld_DHG
0U.12
] .2+± o ].1H
] DHG± ] .12

o ]

Hl\_lPD12 ]kj_^ZdbkeZyldZahlgZydbkehlZ^ZgZ\
ba[uld_

± klj±
<hijhk
Ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bb Zahlghc dbkehlu gZ nhknhj ihemqZ_lkyhjlh
nhknhjgZydbkehlZKhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gb_wlhcj_Zdpbb_kebba\_klgh
qlh\ g_cmqZkl\m_l\h^Zb \u^_ey_lkyhdkb^ZahlZ,,
Hl\_l
3+12+2o +32 12n
3 ± _ o 3 \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_ fhe_dmeyjgu_ b bhggu_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc hjlhnhknhj
ghcdbkehlukZdZevpb_f[hdkb^hfdZevpby\]b^jhdkb^hfdZevpby
\ayluf\ ba[uld_\ g_^hklZld_Ih^nhjfmeZfbaZibrbl_gZa\Zgbykh
hl\_lkl\mxsbo\_s_kl\
Hl\_l
AKZGJ2 o KZJHp AGn
hjlhnhknZl dZevpby
AKZHGJ2 o KZJHp AGH

hjlhnhknZl dZevpby
AKZH+ba[GJ2 o KZHGJHAGH

hjlhnhknZl dZevpby
KZ H+ G

±
J2±
o KZHG± JH± AGH
HG G o GH
±
KZH+GJ2ba[ o KZGJHGH

] ]b^jhnhknZl dZevpby
KZ H+ G

±
J2± o KZGJH± AGH
HG± G o GH
<hijhk
I_j_qbkebl_ \Z`g_crb_ Zahlgu_ m^h[j_gby KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby
j_ZdpbcgZdhlhjuohkgh\Zghijhba\h^kl\hwlbom^h[j_gbc
Hl\_l
1D&2 12 1D12 1D12 &2 ± ihemqZ_fgbljZl
gZljby1D12
1+ &2 &21+ ± fhq_\bgZ
+62 1+ 1+62 ± kmevnZlZffhgby
+12 1+ 1+12 ± gbljZlZffhgby

<hijhk
GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyobfbq_kdboj_Zdpbcijb ihfhsbdhlhjuoihem
qZxl\Z`g_crb_nhknhjgu_m^h[j_gby
Hl\_l
Ijhklhckmi_jnhknZl
+62 &D32 &D+32 &D62
>\hcghckmi_jnhknZl
+32 &D32 &D+32
<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbckh]eZkghko_fZfb
Hl\_l
Ko_fZ
Z1+&O&D2+o &D&O 1+n GH beb
1+&O o 1+n +&On
W
[1+ +&Oo 1+&O

\1+&O+H o 1+HG +&O
1+ +H o 1+HG +
]1+HG l 1+ +H
^1+ 3W
5K
o 12+H
H1 2 o 12
W
`1 0J o 0J1

W
gbljb^ fZ]gby
a0J1 +H o 0J2+ 1+n

b122 o 12
d12 HG o G12 12
eG12 o GH 12n 2n
W k\_l
fG12 DHGo D12 GH

g$J12 o $J12n2n
W
R12 DHG o D12 +2

i12 GH o G12 G12
ZahlbklZydbkehlZ
jG12 DHGo D12 +2

gbljbl dZeby
kG12 =Qo =Q12 12+2

l1+ +12 o 1+12

Ko_fZ
ZJ H o JH
[JH +2 o GJ2 W
\J +12 +2o GJ2 12n

]GJ2 DHGo GJ212n
^DJ2 GKO o GJ2D&On
W
HJH DHGo DJ2 +2

`GJ2o GJ2+2
^\mnhknhjgZy dbkehlZ
aKZJH K 6L2 o

W
&D6L2 3&2

bKZJ o KZJ W
dKZJ +2oJG KZHG

eQ+2QJH o+32Q
f_lZnhknhjgZy dbkehlZ
GJH o +32+2

W
fG32 DHGo DJH GH

f_lZnhknZl dZeby
AZ^ZqZ
Kdhevdh hjlhnhknhjghc dbkehlu fh`gh ihemqblv ba l hjlh
nhknZlZ dZevpby _keb \uoh^ dbkehlu khklZ\ey_l fZkkh\uo ^he_c
bebih kjZ\g_gbxk l_hj_lbq_kdbf"
>ZghPKZJ2 l
ijZdl\uo± fZkkh\uo^he_cbeb
PGJ2± "
l [l
KZJH +62 o &D62 +32
l l
FUKZJH

FUGJH
JZkkqblZ_fl_hj_lbq_kdbc\uoh^GJH
l KZJH ± o lG32
l KZJH ± l G32

[ l

IjZdlbq_kdbc\uoh^G32

l G32 ±
o lG32 ±

[ l

Hl\_lPG32 l
AZ^ZqZ
Kh^_j`Zgb_ iblZl_evgh]h we_f_glZ nhknhjZ \ nhknhjguo fbg_
jZevguo m^h[j_gbyo hij_^_eyxl \ i_j_kq_l_ gZ hdkb^ nhknhjZ 9
Kdhevdhwlh]hhdkb^Z\ ijhklhfb ^\hcghfkmi_jnhknZl_"
KZJH G62 o KZ+JH &D62
ijhklhckmi_jnhknZl
FUKZ+JH

FU&D6H
Pijhklh]hkmi_jnhknZlZ
FUJH

ZJH |

KD+JH ± ^\hcghckmi_jnhknZl
FUKZ+JH

Z KZ+JH |

Hl\_l ZJH ijhklhckmi_jnhknZl

Z KZ+JH ^\hcghckmi_jnhknZl
AZ^ZqZ
Kdhevdhlhgg^\hcgh]hkmi_jnhknZlZihlj_[m_lkyqlh[u aZf_gblv
l ijhklh]hkmi_jnhknZlZ"
>Zgh FUijkminhkn
PijhFkmi_jn l kfij_û^msmxaZ^Zqm
FU^\kminhkn
P^\kn± " FUJH
ZJH
ZJH l \ l ik± l JH
\ l ^k± l JH

o l^k± l JH o l

Hl\_llj_[m_lkyl ^\hcgh]hkmi_jnhknZlZ

=eZ\Z9
± klj±
<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcijhl_dZxsboijb gZ]j_\Zgbbm]eykh
ke_^mxsbfbhdkb^Zfbhdkb^hf`_e_aZ,,,hdkb^hfheh\Z,9Ih
dZ`bl_ i_j_oh^ we_dljhgh\ b ih^q_jdgbl_h^ghcq_jlhchdbkebl_evZ
^\mfy± \hkklZgh\bl_ev
Hl\_l
)H2 & o )H&2
W
H±
& ± H o & \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
)H H o )H hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
6Q2& o 6Q&2
W
H±
& ± H o &

6Q H o 6Q hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
<hijhk
DZdhc ba ]Zah\ y\ey_lky [he__ p_gguf lhieb\hf ]_g_jZlhjguc beb
\h^yghc"Ihq_fm"
Hl\_l
=_g_jZlhjguc]Za± KH
<h^yghc]Za± KHG
<h^yghc]Za[he__p_g_g
<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijhl_dZxsbo k h[jZah\Zgb_f hdkb^Z
m]e_jh^Z,9\ ijbjh^_\ [ulm\ eZ[hjZlhjbbb \ijhfure_gghklb
Hl\_l
\ ijbjh^_± ]hj_gb_
K H KH
\ eZ[hjZlhjbb
&D&2 +&O &D&O &2 +2 ± j_ZdpbyaZf_s_gby

\ ijhfure_gghklb
&X2 & &X &2
<hijhk
IjbijhimkdZgbbhdkb^Zm]e_jh^Z,9q_j_ajZkl\hj]b^jhdkb^ZdZev
pby\gZqZe_h[jZam_lky\a\_kvdhlhjZyaZl_fjZkl\hjy_lkyGZibrbl_
mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
KH KZHG o &D&2p GH ± ihfmlg_gb_
Ijb^Zevg_cr_fijhimkdZgbb&2 h[jZam_lkyjZkl\hjbfuc]b^
jhdZj[hgZldZevpbyKZKH GH KH o KZGKH
<hijhk
DZdkf_klblvijhp_kkh[jZlbfhcj_ZdpbbZ\ijZ\hb [\e_\h
&2+2+&24"Ihq_fmwlZj_Zdpbyh[jZlbfZy"
Hl\_l
KH GH m o GK2 4
S
Wlhwdahl_jfbq_kdZyj_ZdpbyIjbih\ur_gbbWjZ\gh\_kb_j_Zd
pbb [m^_lkf_sZlvky\e_\hKf_klblvjZ\gh\_kb_j_Zdpbb\ijZ\h
fh`ghm\_ebqb\^Z\e_gb_WlZj_Zdpbyh[jZlbfZ
<hijhk
>ey bamq_gby obfbq_kdbo k\hckl\ m]hevghc dbkehlu \ h^bg jZkl\hj
gZkus_gguchdkb^hfm]e_jh^Z,9himklbebheh\h\ ^jm]hc± fZ]gbcZ \
lj_lbc± gZljbc< dZdhfkemqZ_m^Zehkv^hdZaZlvqlhm]hevgZydbkeh
lZohlyb g_Zdlb\ghgh\k_`_j_Z]bjm_lk f_lZeeZfb"Ihq_fm"
Hl\_l
J_Z]bjm_llhevdhk Zdlb\gufbf_lZeeZfb
GKH 0Jo 0J&2 +n
GKH 1Do 1D&2 +n
<hijhk
Ihq_fm \ h]g_lmrbl_eyo bkihevamxl ]b^jhdZj[hgZl gZljby Z g_
dZj[hgZlgZljby"
Hl\_l
Ijbg_[hevrhfgZ]j_\Zgbb]b^jhdZj[hgZlZ\u^_ey_lky&2
1DG&2 1D&H +2&2n
>eydZj[hgZlZgZljbygm`gu\ukhdb_l_fi_jZlmjuihwlhfmhgb
g_bkihevamxlky

<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbckhhl\_lkl\mxsboke_^mxs_cko_f_
Hl\_l
1D&2 +2o 1D&2 +2
dZevpbgbjh\ZggZy djbklZeebq_kdZy
kh^Z kh^Z
JZkl\hj_gb_khû\ \h^_b ihke_^mxs__\uiZjb\Zgb_

1D&2 +2 o 1D&2 +2ijhdZeb\Zgb_
W
1D&2 +2&2 o 1DG&2

1DG&2 o
W
1D&2 &2n +2

<hijhk
Bkihevamy jbkmghd khklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby obfbq_kdbo j_Zdpbc dh
lhju_ijhbkoh^ylijb djm]h\hjhl_m]e_jh^Z\ ijbjh^_
Hl\_l
>uoZgb_&GHH o &2n +H
n_jf_glu
Nhlhkbgl_a&2n +H o &GHHn

=hj_gb_m]ey&H o &2 W
=hj_gb_hj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\g_nlvijbjh^guc]Zab li

&G H o &2+H
K`b]Zgb_lhieb\Z[_gabgb li
&G H o &2+H
W
;jh`_gb_ih^^_ckl\b_f^jh``_\uon_jf_glh\
&GHo &2n K+HG
]exdhaZ wlZghe
JZaeh`_gb_ba\_klgydZh[`b]KZKH o

W
KZHKH

AZ^ZqZ
DZdhch[t_fhdkb^Zm]e_jh^Z,9\u^_eblkygmijb h[`b]_l
ba\_klgydZkh^_j`Zs_]hfZkkh\mx^hexijbf_k_c"
>Zgh l ol
PKZKH l KZKH o KZHKHn

W
Zijbf_k_c l l
Pijbf_k_c l

9KH± "gm P&D&2 ± l

0U&D&2
0U&2
l KZKH ± o lKH
l KZKH ± l KH o Ü l
P&2 l
l KH ± f KH
l KH ± o f KH o
Hl\_l9KH f
AZ^ZqZ
Kdhevdh ihlj_[m_lky djbklZeebq_kdhc khû êyiheghcg_cljZebaZ
pbb ] k_jghcdbkehlu"
>Zgh o ] ]
PG62 ] 1ZKH GH G62 o 1Z62
] ]
PG&2 +2± " KH GH
0UG&2 +2

0UG62
o ]1ZKH GH ± ] G62
] 1ZKH GH ± ] G62

o ]

Hl\_lPG&2 +2 ]
AZ^ZqZ
Kdhevdh ihlj_[m_lky jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`Zs_]h fZkkh\uo ^he_c
beboehjh\h^hjh^Zêyj_Zdpbbk ] dZj[hgZlZgZljby"
>Zgh ] o]
PG&2 ] 1ZKH GKOo 1Z&OGH KHn
Z GKO ] ]
PS±SZ± " 0UG&2 0UGKO

] 1ZKH ± o ]GKO
] 1ZKH ± ] G&O

o ] P j±jZ ]

Hl\_lPj±jZ ]

AZ^ZqZ
< ] \hû jZkl\hjbeb ] djbklZeebq_kdhc khû Hij_^_ebl_
fZkkh\mx^hexb ijhp_glgh_kh^_j`Zgb_[_a\h^ghckheb1D&2\ ih
emq_gghfjZkl\hj_
>Zgh Pj±jZ ]
P+2 ] 0U1D&2
PG&2 +2 0U1D&2 +2
] \ ] 1ZKH GH ± ] 1D&2
Z G&2± " \] 1ZKH GH ± o ]1D&2

Z 1D&2± " o

P1D&2 ]
P 1D&2
Z 1D&2 P j jZ

Z 1D&2
Hl\_lZ 1D&2 fZkkh\uo ^he_cZ1D&2
AZ^ZqZ
] kf_kb khklhys_c ba dZj[hgZlZ b ]b^jhdZj[hgZlZ gZljby
kbevgh ijhdZebeb HklZlhd ihke_ ijhdZeb\Zgby \_kbe ] <ujZabl_
khklZ\kf_kb\ fZkkh\uo^heyo
>Zgh
Pkf_kb ] PhklZldb ]
khklZ\kf_kb\ fZkkh\uo^heyo± "
IjbgZ]j_\ZgbbjZaeZ]Z_lkylhevdh]b^jhdZj[hgZlgZljby
o ] ]
1ZGKH o 1ZKH GH KHn

W
] ]
>eylh]hqlh[ugZclb_]hfZkkmgm`ghmagZlvfZkkm\u^_eb\
rboky\_s_kl\
PGH KH Pkf_kb± Phkl ± ]
FUGH KH
0U1D+12
o ]1D+&2 ± ] +H KH

] 1D+&2 ± ] +2&2 o ]

P1D+&2 ]

Z 1D+&2 Z1D+&2

Z1D+&2 ± beb
Hl\_l Z 1D+&2 f^Z1D+&2
Z 1D&2 f^Z1D&2
± klj
<hijhk
DZdihemqZxlk\h[h^gucdj_fgbc\ l_ogbd_b \eZ[hjZlhjbb"GZib
rbl_mjZ\g_gbywlboj_Zdpbcb ijhZgZebabjmcl_bok we_dljhgghclhqdb
aj_gby
Hl\_l
< ijhfure_gghklbbkihevamxl\ dZq_kl\_\hkklZgh\bl_eym]e_
jh^6L2 & 6L &2
< eZ[hjZlhjbbbkihevamxlfZ]gbc
6L2 0J 6L0J2
<hijhk
DZdh\unbabq_kdb_b obfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Zdj_fgby"Ijb\_^bl_mjZ\
g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboobfbq_kdboj_ZdpbcIhykgbl_dZdb_k\hckl\Z
dj_fgbybkihevamxl\ l_ogbd_
Hl\_l
Nbabq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z djbklZeebq_kdbc dj_fgbc h[eZ^Z_l
f_lZeebq_kdbf [e_kdhf lm]hieZ\dbc hq_gv l\_jûc ihemijh
\h^gbd
Obfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Zdj_fgbcfZehZdlb\_g
Zijbih\ur_gguol_fi_jZlmjZo±K
6L2 6L2
6L&O 6L&O
6L6 6L6
6L+ 6L+
[bakeh`guo\_s_kl\dj_fgbcj_Z]bjm_lkhs_ehqZfb
6L1DHG GH 1D6L2 Gn
\j_Z]bjm_lk f_lZeeZfbk h[jZah\Zgb_fkbebpb^h\
KZ 6L o &D6L
W
0J6L o 0J6L

W
< l_ogbd_bkihevamxlihemijh\h^gbdh\u_k\hckl\Zdj_fgby
_]h`Zjhijhqghklvb dbkehlhmihjghklvijhba\h^kl\hdj_fgbkluo
klZe_c

<hijhk
DZd fh`gh ihemqblv dj_fgb_\mx dbkehlm ba hdkb^Z dj_fgby ,9"
GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
6L2 1D2G o 1D6L2 GH
1D6L2 +&o G6L2p 1D&O
<hijhk
DZdb_ ba khe_c kbevg__ ih^\_j]Zxlky]b^jhebam± kbebdZlubebdZj
[hgZlu"Ihq_fm"
Hl\_l
KbebdZlu ihlhfm qlh dj_fgb_\Zy dbkehlZ keZ[__ m]hevghc
Ijb]b^jheba_kbebdZlh\h[jZam_lkydj_fgb_\ZydbkehlZ
1D&2 +2 1D+&2 1D2+
1D6L2 +2 G6L2p 1D2+
<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc \ j_amevlZl_ dhlhjuo h[jZam_lky
kl_dehZh[udgh\_ggh_[dZeb_\h_\ojmklZevgh_
Hl\_l
Z1D&2 6L2 o 1D6L2 &2n
W
&D&2 6L2 o &D6L2 &2n

W
1D6L2&D6L2 6L2 o 1D2 &D2 6L2

W
[D&2 6L2 o D6L2 &2n

W
D6L2&D6L2 6L2 o D2 &D2 6L2

W
\D6L2JE26L2 o D2 3E2 6L2

W
<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbckh]eZkghko_fZfb
Hl\_l
Ko_fZ
K 2 oW
KH

K G o KG
W
AK: o :KZ
W

K KZ o KZK
W
KZK GH o KZHG KG

&+ 2 o
W
KG [GH

$O&O +2 o AKG :HG jZa[d±lZ

W
KHGH l GKH
&22 o KH W
KHK o KH
W
KHba[1D2+o 1D+&2

&20Jo 0J2&
KG o K G
W
1D+&2 +&o 1D&OGH &2n

1D+&2 1D2+o 1D&2+2
1D&2 &2+2o 1D+&2
&21D2+o 1D&2 +2
1D&2+&Oo 1D&O+2&2n
2
+K G
o +2&2n
62W
2 +
fmjZ\vbgZydbkehlZ
Ko_fZ
6LH o
W
6L2

6L2 0J o 0J26L

W
1D6L2 &D6L2 6L2 o 1D2 &D2 6L2

1D&2 6L2 o 1D6L2 KHn
1D6L2+&Oo +6L21D&O
+6L2 o +26L2
6LDHGG2o D6L G
AZ^ZqZ
Kdhevdh ihlj_[m_lkyhdkb^Zdj_fgby,9kh^_j`Zs_]hfZkkh\u_
^hebijbf_k_cqlh[uihemqblvd]kbebdZlZgZljby"
>Zgh o d] d]
Zijbf_k_c 6L2 1D&2 o 1D6L2 KHn

W
P1Z6L2 d] d] d]
P6L2± " 0U1D6L2

0U6L2
o d] 6L2 ± d] 1D6L2
d] 6L2 ± d] 1D6L2

o P6L2 d]

Bs_ffZkkm6L2 k ijbf_kyfb
d]6L2 ±
o d]6LH ±

o P6L2k ijbf_kyfb d]

Hl\_ld]
AZ^ZqZ
Kdhevdhihlj_[m_lkykujvyêyihemq_gbyl kl_deZ"
>Zgh
P1DH &D2 6L2 l
P1D&2± "PKZKH± "P6L2± "
o d] [ d] [ d] d]
1ZKH KZKH 6L2 o 1D2 &D2 6L2
d] d] d] d]
FUkl_deZ

FU1ZKH
FUKZKH FU6LH
o d]1ZKH ± d]kl_deZ
d]1ZKH ± d]kl_deZ

[ d]P1ZKH d]

o d]KZKH ± d]kl_deZ
d]KZKH ± d]kl_deZ

[ d] PKZKH d]

o d]6LH ± d]kl_deZ
d]6LH ± d]kl_deZ

[ d] P6LH d]

Hl\_l P1ZKH d]PKZKH d]
P6LH d]

=eZ\Z9,
± klj±
<hijhk
;jhf fh`ghihemqblvZ^_ckl\mygZjZkl\hj[jhfb^ZdZebyoehj
ghc\h^hc[ih^\_j]ZyjZkl\hj[jhfb^ZdZebywe_dljhebamQlhh[s_]h
\ kmsghklbwlboijhp_kkh\b q_fhgbhlebqZxlky"
Hl\_l
.%U± &O o .&O%Un
.%U± +2 o %U DHGG
we_dljheba
Zgh^ dZlh^
Wlhhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_j_Zdpbbijbhdbke_gbbbh
gh\<U±H^gZdh\ i_j\hfkemqZ_hdbkebl_e_fy\ey_lkyoehjZ \h
\lhjhfkemqZ_± we_dljbq_kdbclhdgZZgh^_ ©ª
<hijhk
GZq_jlbl_ \ k\hbo l_ljZ^yo gb`_ijb\_^_ggmx lZ[ebpm b \ khhl
\_lkl\mxsbo ]jZnZo gZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby ijZdlbq_kdb hkms_kl\bfuo
j_ZdpbcmdZ`bl_mkeh\byboijhl_dZgbykfko_fm
Hl\_l
J_Z]bjm± MjZ\g_gbyijZdlbq_kdbhkms_kl\bfuoj_Zdpbc
xsb_ k f_lZeeZfb
\_s_kl± 1D &D =Q &X $J
\Z
H 1D2 o &D2o =Q2o &X2o ±
o 1D2 o &D2 o =Q2 o &X2
G H 1D+2 &D+2 =Q+2o ± ±
o 1D2+ o &D2+ =Q2+n
+n +n
3E1H 1D+2 &D+2o 3E12 ± ±
\ jZk o1D2+ &D2+ =Qo
l\hj_ +n +n =Q12
3E
GKO 1D+&O &D+& =Q+&O ± ±
o1D&O o &D&O o =Q&O
+n +n +n

J_Z]b MjZ\g_gbyijZdlbq_kdbhkms_kl\bfuoj_Zdpbc
jmxsb_ k f_lZeeZfb
\_s_kl\Z 1D &D =Q &X $J
+62 1D &D =Q62o &XG62 ±
G62o G62o =Q62 o &X62
o 1D62 o &D62 +n 62
+n +n +2
<hijhk
KieZ\`_e_aZihf_klbeb\ \h^mkh^_j`ZsmxZdbkehjh^[dbkeh
jh^ b hdkb^m]e_jh^Z,9< dZdhfkemqZ_dhjjhabykieZ\Z[m^_l ijhl_
dZlvbgl_gkb\g__b ihq_fm"GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
Z)H\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk dbkehjh^hfb \h^hc
)HGH H: )H2+
)H2+GH H : )H2+
[MjZ\g_gbyZbf_xlf_klhghlZd`_b^_lj_Zdpbyk G
&H GH l +&2
+&2 G l +&2±
+&2± : G &2±
)HG : )H +l_)H+&2 : )H&Hp G9
Dhjjhaby[m^_lijhl_dZlvbgl_gkb\g__\ kemqZ_[
<hijhk
D dmkdm`_e_aZgZoh^ys_fmky\ jZkl\hj_kheyghcdbkehluijbdhkgm
ebkvpbgdh\hcijh\hehdhcIh\eby_lebwlhgZ kdhjhklvb oZjZdl_job
fbq_kdhcj_Zdpbb`_e_aZk dbkehlhc"
Hl\_l
PbgdZdlb\g__`_e_aZihwlhfm[m^_lb^lbj_Zdpby
=Q +&O =Q&O +ijbwlhfjZkl\hj_gb_`_e_aZaZf_êblky
AZ^ZqZ
Ijb we_dljheba_ jZkl\hjZ oehjb^Z f_^b ,, fZkkZ dZlh^Z m\_ebqb
eZkvgZ]DZdhc]Za\u^_ebekyb dZdh\u_]hfZkkZb h[t_fgm"
>Zgh
we_dljheba
o KXKO 9
] o]
PdZlh^Z \hajhkeZgZ] &X&Oj±j

dZlh^ Zgh^
P]ZaZ± " ] ]
9]ZaZ± " 0U&X 0U&O

] &X± [] KO
] &X± ] KO

[ ] P&O ]

] KO± [e &X

] KO± e &X [ e9&O e

Hl\_lP&O ]9&O e
AZ^ZqZ
Ijb we_dljheba_ \h^gh]h jZkl\hjZ gbljZlZ k_j_[jZ , \u^_ebehkv
e ]ZaZKdhevdh]jZffh\f_lZeeh\hleh`behkvgZdZlh^_"
>Zgh
$J12+2 o $J29+12
[] ]
we_dljheba
F]ZaZ e
dZlh^ Zgh^
P$J± " ] ]
0U$J
e H ± [] H

e H ± ] H [ ]PH ]

o ]$J± ] &X

] $J ± ] H [ ]P$J ]

Hl\_lP$J ]
AZ^ZqZ
Ijbwe_dljheba_\h^gh]hjZkl\hjZoehjb^ZdZebyh[jZah\Zehkvd]
]b^jhdkb^ZdZebyDZdb_]Zau\u^_ebebkvb dZdh\boh[t_fgm"
>Zgh
we_dljheba
o DHGG KO
] oe me
PDHG ] D&O GH
P]ZaZ± "9]ZaZ± " ]
0UDHG

FZkkZfhevDHG± ]Z ±o fhev± ]agZqblgZfhey
DHG\u^_ey_lkyihfhexG b &OBawlh]hfh`ghk^_eZlv\u
\h^qlhh[t_fu]Zah\[m^mlh^bgZdh\ub jZ\gu9+ 9&O
fhevÜ efhev e
Hl\_l9+ e9&O e

AZ^ZqZ
< jZkl\hjkh^_j`Zsbc] kmevnZlZf_^b,,ihf_klbeb] `_
e_aguohibehdDZdb_\_s_kl\Zh[jZah\Zebkvb dZdh\ZbofZkkZ"
>Zgh ] ] o] m]
PKX62 ] &X62 )H: )H62 KX
P)H ] ] ] ] ]
Ph[jZah\\±\Z± " 0UKX62

0U)H62
0U)H 0UKX
)H± \ g_^hklZld_KX62 ± \ ba[uld_^Zevg_crb_jZkq_lu\_^_f
ih`_e_am
] )H± o ])H62
] )H± ] )H62

o ] P)H62 ]

] )H± m ]KX
] )H± ] &X

o ] P&X ]

Hl\_l P)H62 ] P&X ]
AZ^ZqZ
@_e_agmxieZklbgdmfZkkhc] ijh^he`bl_evgh_\j_fy\u^_j`b\Z
eb\ jZkl\hj_kh^_j`Zs_f] kmevnZlZf_^b,,AZl_fieZklbgdmba
jZkl\hjZ\ugmeb\ukmrbebb \a\_kbebQ_fmjZ\gZ__ fZkkZ"
>Zgh ] ] m] o]
P)H ] )H&X62 : )H62 KX
PKX62 ] ] ] ] ]
0U)H
PieZklbgu± " 0UKX
0UKX62 kfaZ^Zqm
0U)H62 ]
KX62 ± \ g_^hklZld_JZkq_luijhba\h^bfihKX62
] KX62± o ]&X
] KX62± ] &X

o ] P&X ]

] KX62± \] )H62
] KX62± ] )H62

o ] P)H62 ]

0U )H
Z )H
0U )H62
Z )H Z P)H62 ]
< j_amevlZl_j_ZdpbbbajZkoh^h\Zehkv] )H
FZkkZ`_e_aghcieZklbgdbihke_j_Zdpbb[m^_ljZ\gZ
PieZkl PieZkl ± P)HPKX ± ]
Hl\_l PieZkl ]
AZ^ZqZ
DZdh\ZfZkkZhdkb^h\k\bgpZb heh\Zg_h[oh^bfZyêyihemq_gby]
ijbihykhklhys_]hbaheh\Zb k\bgpZ"
>Zgh o ] ]
Pijbihy± ] 3E2&: 3E&2n
Z 6Q ] ]
Z 3E m ] ]
6Q2 &: 6QK2n
P3E± " ] ]
P6Q2± " P6Q ]

0U3E2
0U6Q2 P3E ]
[] 3E2 ± ] 3E
] 3E2 ± ] 3E

o ] P3E2 ]

m ]6Q2± ] 6Q
] 6Q2± ] 6Q

o ] P6Q2 ]

Hl\_l P3E2 ]
P6Q2 ]

=eZ\Z9,,
klj±
<hijhk
DZdb_hdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_j_Zdpbbijhl_dZxlijb ih
emq_gbb f_lZeebq_kdh]h dZeby Z we_dljhebahf jZkieZ\e_ggh]h oehjb^Z
dZeby [ we_dljhebahf jZkieZ\e_ggh]h ]b^jhdkb^Z dZeby" Ihq_fm êy
wlhc p_eb g_evay ih^\_j]Zlv we_dljhebam \h^gu_ jZkl\hju wlbo \_
s_kl\"
Hl\_l
we_dljheba
DKO± o DKOn
jZkieZ\Z
dZlh^ D _ : D \hkklZgh\e_gb_dZeby

Zgh^ KO± H : &O hdbke_gb_oehjZ
we_dljheba
D HG o DGHn
± jZkieZ\Z
dZlh^ D _ : D \hkklZgh\e_gb_dZeby

Zgh^ H± ± H : H hdbke_gb_dbkehjh^Z
dZlh^ G _ : G \hkklZgh\e_gb_\h^hjh^Z
<h^ZkZfZih^\_j]Z_lky]b^jhebamihwlhfmg_evaybkihevah\Zlv
\h^gu_jZkl\hju
<hijhk
:lhfudZdbowe_f_glh\y\eyxlky[he__kbevgufb\hkklZgh\bl_eyfb
± s_ehqgu_ f_lZeeu beb \h^hjh^" KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ih^
l\_j`^Zxsbohl\_l
Hl\_l
;he__ kbevgufb \hkklZgh\bl_eyfb y\eyxlky s_ehqgu_ f_lZe
euldhgb\hkklZgZ\eb\Zxl\h^hjh^g_lhevdhbadbkehlghb ba
\hû b ijb wlhf y\eyxlky \hkklZgh\bl_e_f Z \h^hjh^ hdbkebl_
e_f
1DGH+: 1D2++9
1DG: 1D+
<hijhk
Qlhh[s_]hb q_fhlebqZxlkyj_Zdpbbs_ehqguof_lZeeh\k \h^hcb
k dbkehlZfb" KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zdpbc b ihdZ
`bl_i_j_oh^we_dljhgh\

Hl\_l
Ijbj_Zdpbyos_ehqguof_lZeeh\k \h^hcb dbkehlZfbijhy\
eyxlkyhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Z\ h[hbokemqZ
yos_ehqghcf_lZee\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_l\h^hjh^
1DGH : 1D2++9
1DGKO: 1D&O+9
< j_amevlZl_j_Zdpbcs_ehqguof_lZeeh\k \h^hch[jZam_lky
]b^jhdkb^b \h^hjh^Z kdbkehlZfb± khevb \h^hjh^
<hijhk
H[tykgbl_ijhp_kku\ j_al_dhlhjuobaoehjb^ZgZljbyihemqZxl
Zf_lZeebq_kdbcgZljbc[]b^jhdkb^gZljby\dZj[hgZlgZljbyKh
klZ\vl_khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ko_fuwe_dljhebaZb mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
ZF_lZeebq_kdbcgZljbc
we_dljheba
1DKO± o 1DKO9
jZkieZ\Z
Zgh^ KO± H : &O hdbke_gb_oehjZ

dZlh^ 1D _ : 1D \hkklZgh\e_gb_gZljby
[=b^jhdkb^gZljby
we_dljheba
1D&O+2 o 1D2+ G9 &O9
jZkieZ\Z
Zgh^ &O± ± H : &O hdbke_gb_oehjZ

dZlh^ + _ : + \hkklZgh\e_gb_\h^hjh^Z
\Ihemqblvbaoehjb^ZgZljbydZj[hgZlgZljbyfh`ghg_kdhev
dbfbkihkh[Zfb
Iml_fwe_dljhebaZihemqblvgZljbcaZl_f
1DH : 1D2
i_jhdkb^gZljby
1D2 KH : 1DKH H9

1DKOKH 1++H : 1D+&2; 1+KO
1D+&2 : 1DKH KH9 +H
<hijhk
GZhkgh\ZgbbdZdbok\hckl\fh`ghk^_eZlv\u\h^qlhi_jhdkbû±
khebi_jhdkb^Z\h^hjh^Z"
Hl\_l
1DH +62 1D6H +2
Wlhj_ZdpbyaZf_s_gbyk_jgZydbkehlZaZf_sZ_l[he__keZ[mx
dbkehlm

<hijhk
Ijb\_^bl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbckhhl\_lkl\mxsb_ko_f_ij_\jZs_gbc
kfko_fm
Hl\_l
1D2 : 1D2
1D2 &2 : 1D&2 29 1D&2: 1D2&29
1D&O : 1D&O
we_dljheba
1D&O o 1D&O9
jZkieZ\Z
1D+ : 1D+
1D+2: 1D2++9
1DHG KX&O : &X2+; 1D&O

&+± &+&22 &+ ± 2+
&+± &+&221D2+o &+± 2+ &+&21D
&+± &+&22 &+ ± 2+ kl_ZjZl gZljby

`bjbebwnbj]ebp_jbgZ ]ebp_jbg hkgh\ZfueZ
b kl_Zjbgh\hcdbkehlu
1D&2G&O: 1DKO+2&29
1D&2&2 +2: 1D+&2
1D+&2 1D2+: 1D&2+2
AZ^ZqZ
Kdhevdh ]jZffh\ jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`Zs_]h fZkkh\uo ^he_c beb
]b^jhdkb^ZgZljbyihlj_[m_lkyêyg_cljZebaZpbb] jZkl\h
jZkh^_j`Zs_]hfZkkh\uo^he_cbebk_jghcdbkehlu"
>Zgh o] ]
Pj±jZ +62 ] 1D2++62 : 1D62 +2
Z +62 f^ ] ]
Z 1D2+ f^

Pj±jZ1D2+± "
P+62 Pj±jZ Z +62 ]

0U1D2+ 0U+62
o ]1D2+± +62
] 1D2+± +62

[ ]

Pj±jZ1D2+ ]

Hl\_lPj±jZ1D2+ ]
AZ^ZqZ
Ijb we_dljheba_ ] jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`Zs_]h fZkkh\uo ^he_c
beboehjb^ZgZljby\u^_ebehkve \h^hjh^ZgmKdhevdhoehjb
^ZgZljbyjZaeh`behkv\ fZkkh\uo^heyobebijhp_glZob kdhevdh]jZf
fh\]b^jhdkb^ZgZljbyh[jZah\Zehkv"
>Zgh
Pj±jZ1D&O ]
Z 1D&O f^
9+ e gm
P1D2+± "Z 1D&O± "
o ]] \ j±j_ m] e]
1DKO+2 o 1D2++n &On

we_dljheba
] ] ]
P1D&O Pj±jZ Z ]

0U1D&O
0U1D2+ 0U+
e + ± o ]+

e + ± ] + [ ]
o ]1D&O± ] G

] 1D&O± ] G [ ]

P1D&O ] ± klhevdh1D&OjZaeh`behkv\ j_amevlZl_]b^
jhebaZ

Z1D&O beb

m ]1D2+± ] G
] 1D2+± ] G

m ]

P1D&O ]
Hl\_l P1D&O ]
Z1D&O beb

AZ^ZqZ
DZdZy khev b kdhevdh __ ihemqblky _keb q_j_a fe jZkl\hjZ kh
^_j`Zs_]h fZkkh\uo ^he_c beb ]b^jhdkb^Z dZeby U
]kf ijhimklbeb \_kv hdkb^ m]e_jh^Z ,9 dhlhjuc h[jZam_lky ijb
k`b]Zgbbe f_lZgZgm"
>Zgh e o]
9j±jZDHG kf KG H : K2 +H
fe e ]
Z DHG 0UKH

UDH+ ]kf e K+ ± o ]KH
9&+ e gm e K+ ± ] KH

Pkheb± " [ ]
] ]
DHGKH : DGKH
] ]
Pj±jZ 9 U kf ]kf ]

PDHG Pj±jZ Z ]
0UDHG
] D2+± o ]KH

] D2+± ] KH o ] P&H

M gZk^Zgh± ] KHagZqbl&2 ^_ckl\m_l\ ba[uld_JZkq_lu
[m^_fijhba\h^blvihDHG
FUDGKH
] D2+± o ]DGKH
] D2+± ] DGKH

o ]PDGKH ]

Hl\_lPDGKH ]
AZ^ZqZ
< dZdbo fZkkh\uo hlghr_gbyo g_h[oh^bfh kf_rZlv ]b^jhdkb^ gZ
ljbyb \h^mqlh[uihemqblvjZkl\hj\ dhlhjhfgZdZ`û_fhe_dme
\hûijboh^beZkv[uh^gZfhe_dmeZ]b^jhdkb^ZgZljby"
< jZkl\hj_gZfhev\hû^he`ghijboh^blvkyfhev1D2+
FGH ]fhev
FZkkZfhevGH ]fhev fhev ]
01D2+ ]fhev

fhev G H ] G H ] G H

fhev 1D2+ ] 1D2+ ] 1D2+
Hl\_lGH 1D2+
± klj±

<hijhk
GZ hkgh\_ i_jbh^bq_kdhc kbkl_fu b l_hjbb kljh_gby Zlhfh\ ihyk
gbl_ dZdb_ k\hckl\Z fZ]gby b dZevpby y\eyxlky h[sbfb KhklZ\vl_
Hl\_l
0Jb KZgZoh^ylky\ h^ghc,,]jmii_\ k\yabk wlbfgZihke_^
g_f we_dljhgghf mjh\g_ m gbo ^\Z k\h[h^guo we_dljhgZ b hgb
ijhy\eyxl lbibqgh f_lZeebq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z b \ j_Zdpbyo \uklm
iZxl\ dZq_kl\_\hkklZgh\bl_e_ckl_i_gvhdbke_gby
0J& : FJ&O &D & : &D&O
H± H±
0J +&: FJ&O +9

&D+&: &D&O +9
H± H±
0J+2: FJ2+ +9 &D+2: &D2+ +9
H± H±
0J 2 : FJ2&D 2 : &D2

H± H±
GZ\ha^mo_ih\_joghklvfZ]gbyihdju\Z_lkyie_gdhcihwlhfm\
hlebqb_hldZevpby_]hfh`ghojZgblvgZ\ha^mo_
<hijhk
DZd hlebqblv h^bg hl ^jm]h]h ke_^mxsb_ ijbjh^gu_ fbg_jZeu ba
\_klgyd]bikb nhknhjbl"KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
KZKH +62 : KZ62 GH KH n
[_eucfbg_jZe
Ijhbkoh^bl\u^_e_gb_]ZaZ
KZJH $J1H : $J32; &D12
nhknhjbl
<uiZ^Z_l`_eluchkZ^hd

KZ6H GH G2: >&D62 GH@
?kebkf_rb\ZlvihjhrhdZe_[ZkljZ`_elh]h]bikZk \h^hcih
emqZ_lkyihem`b^dZyieZklbq_kdZy[ukljhl\_j^_xsZyfZkkZ
<hijhk
DZdbadZj[hgZlZdZevpbyfh`ghihemqblvf_lZeebq_kdbcdZevpbc"
>eyobfbq_kdboij_\jZs_gbcgZibrbl_khhl\_lkl\mxsb_mjZ\g_gbyj_
Zdpbc
Hl\_l
KZKH +&: &D&O GH &2n ± ^Ze__\uiZjb\Z_f
we_dljheba
&D&O o KZ &On
jZkieZ\Z
Zgh^ &O± ± H : &O hdbke_gb_oehjZ

dZlh^ KZ _ : KZ \hkklZgh\e_gb_dZevpby
<hijhk
Ih^ \ha^_ckl\b_f hdjm`Zxs_c kj_û f_lZeebq_kdbc dZevpbc ij_
\jZsZ_lky\ dZj[hgZldZevpbyKhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsbo
j_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
&DH KZH &DGH KZHG G9
KZHKH KZKH KZHG KH KZKH GH
<hijhk
DZdb_ ij_\jZs_gby ijhbkoh^yl k ]Zr_ghc ba\_klvx ijb bkihevah\Z
gbb__ \kljhbl_evkl\_"GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
H[jZam_lky dZj[hgZl dZevpby ih^ ^_ckl\b_f KH \ha^moZ hg
aZl\_j^_\Z_lKZHG KH : KZKH; GH
<hijhk
GZq_jlbl_ \ k\hbo l_ljZ^yo ke_^mxsmx lZ[ebpm b aZihegbl_ __
mjZ\g_gbyfbkhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
J_Zdlb\ Obfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Z
KZH KZHG
KH KH KZHG :
KZHKH o
W
KZKH

KZKH; GH

J_Zdlb\ Obfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Z
KZH KZHG
1 H 1H KZHG :
&D21H o &D12
W
&D12 G2
GKO KZH+&: &D&O GH KZHG +&:
&D&O G2
GJH AKZHGJH : AKZHG GJ2 :
KZJH; AGH KZ J2 G2
<hijhk
DZj[hgZl dZevpby \ \h^_ ijZdlbq_kdb g_jZkl\hjbfH^gZdhba\_kl
gydb\ufu\Zxlky\h^hcQ_fwlhfh`ghh[tykgblv"KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_
gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
Ijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bbk \h^hcb hdkb^hfm]e_jh^Z,9ba\_klgyd
hq_gv f_ê_ggh ij_\jZsZ_lky \ jZkl\hjbfuc ]b^jhdZj[hgZl dh
lhjucb \ufu\Z_lky\h^hc
KZKH GH KH : KZGKH
<hijhk
Ihq_fm`_kldmx\h^mg_evaymihlj_[eylvêyhoeZ`^_gby^\b]Zl_
e_cfZrbg"Hl\_lih^l\_j^bl_mjZ\g_gb_fj_Zdpbb
Hl\_l
Ijb gZ]j_\Zgbb ]b^jhdZj[hgZlh\ dZevpby b fZ]gby gZoh^y
sboky \ `_kldhc \h^_ hgb i_j_oh^yl \ g_jZkl\hjbfh_ khklhygb_
dZj[hgZluaZkhjyydZgZeujZ^bZlhjZh[jZam_lkygZdbiv
KZGKHo
W
KZKH; +H &29

FJGKH o FJKH; GHKH9

W
<hijhk
DZdh\u hkgh\gu_ kihkh[u mkljZg_gby `_kldhklb \hû" GZibrbl_
Hl\_l
Ijb ^h[Z\e_gbb ibs_\hc khû ± dZj[hgZlZ gZljby 1D&2
dZj[hgZlufZ]gbyb dZevpby\uiZ^Zxl\ hkZ^hd
KZGKH1D&2 1DGKH KZKH
FJ62 1D&2 1D62 FJ&2

<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcd ko_f_
Hl\_l
&D2 o &D2W
&D+ o &D+
&D2&o &D& &2n
&D& +2 o &D2+ &+n
&D& o &D&
W
&D+&Oo &D&O + n

&D2+&Oo &D&O +2
&D2+2o &D2+
&D2+ &2 o &D&2 +2
&D&2 o &D2&2n
W
&D2+2o &D2+
&D&2 &2 +2o &D+&2
&D+&2 o
W
&D&2 p +2&2n

&D&2 o &2&2n
W
&D2&2 o &D&2

W
&D2+ +62 o &D62 +2
AZ^ZqZ
IjbijhdZeb\Zgbbd]qbklh]hdZj[hgZlZdZevpby_]hfZkkZmf_gv
rbeZkvgZd]<uqbkebl_kdhevdhijhp_glh\dZj[hgZlZdZevpbyjZa
eh`behkv"
>Zgh &D&2 o &D2&2 n
P&D&2 d] 0U &2
fZkkZmf_gvrbeZkvgZd] 0U&D&2
[d] &D&2 ± d] &2
kdhevdh&D&2 jZaeh`± " d] &D&2 ± d] &2

[ d]

PjZae&D&2 d]
Z &D&2jZae
Hl\_lZ &D&2 jZae

AZ^ZqZ
] f_lZeeZkhkl_i_gvxhdbke_gbyijhj_Z]bjh\Zebk \h^hcb \u
^_ebehkv e \h^hjh^Z gm Hij_^_ebl_ hlghkbl_evgmx Zlhfgmx
fZkkmf_lZeeZb gZah\bl__]h
>Zgh 0H+2o 0H2+ + n
P0H ] ] 0H± e +
9+ egm [] 0H± ] +

0U0H± " [ ] $U 0H

Hl\_l&D$U&D
AZ^ZqZ
Bal ba\_klgydZkh^_j`Zs_]hfZkkh\uo^he_cbebijb
f_kb ihemqbeb l ]b^jhdkb^Z dZevpby Kdhevdh fZkkh\uo ^he_c beb
ijhp_glh\wlhkhklZ\ey_lih kjZ\g_gbxk l_hj_lbq_kdbf\uoh^hf"
>Zgh &D&2 o &D2&2n
P&D&2 l &D2+2o &D2+
Zijbf_k_c f^ beb &D&2o &D2+
beb Pijbf l u l
P>&D2+ ijZdlbq @ l P&D&2 Pba\_klgydZ±
± Pijbf ± l
K >&D2+ hll_hj@ ± " 0U &D&2 u
0U&D2+ u
L_hj_lbq_kdbc\uoh^&D2+
l &D&2 ± [l &D2+
l &D&2 ± l &D2+

[ l

P §¨ &D 2+
P&D2+ l_hj l
·

© ¹̧
K&D2+hll_hj P &D 2+
ijZdl

l_hj

Hl\_lK&D2+ hll_hj beb
AZ^ZqZ
H[jZa_p`_kldhc\hûkh^_j`blf]e ]b^jhdZj[hgZlZdZevpbyb
f]e kmevnZlZ dZevpby Kdhevdh dZj[hgZlZ gZljby ihlj_[m_lky êy
mfy]q_gbyf lZdhc\hû"

>Zgh
\ `_kldhc\h^_&D+&2 ± f]e
&D62 ± f]e9+2 f e
P1D&2± "
] o]
&D+&2 1D&2 : &D&2 ; 1D+&2
] ]
] \]
KD62 1D&2 : &D&2 ; 1D62
] ]
MagZ_fdhebq_kl\hihfZkk_khe_c\ f \hû

e +2± ] &D+&2
e +2± o ] &D+&2
[
[ ]

e +2± ] &D62
e +2± [ ] &D62
[
[ ]

0U&D+&2 0U1D&2
0U&D62
<uqbkey_ffZkkmkhûg_h[oh^bfhcêykfy]q_gby\hû
] &D+&2 ± [] 1D&2
] &D+&2 ± ] 1D&2
o
[ ]

] &D62 ± [] 1D&2
] &D62 ± ] 1D&2
[
[ ]

P1D&2 ]
Hl\_lP1D&2 ]
klj
<hijhk
>ey ihemq_gby Zexfbgby ba $O&O \ dZq_kl\_ \hkklZgh\bl_ey fh`gh
bkihevah\Zlvf_lZeebq_kdbcdZevpbcHoZjZdl_jbamcl_wlhlijhp_kkb
khklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gb_ j_Zdpbb ihdZ`bl_ i_j_oh^ we_dljhgh\ Ihq_fm
wlmj_Zdpbxg_evayijh\h^blv\ \h^ghfjZkl\hj_"

Hl\_l
$O&O &Do $O &D&O
H±
J_Zdpbxg_evayijh\h^blv\ \h^_ld&D[m^_lj_Z]bjh\Zlvk g_c
<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc \ dhlhjuo Zexfbgbc \hkklZgZ\eb\Z
_lZ]Zeh]_gu[`_e_ah\bhgu\h^hjh^Z]k_jm^dbkehjhÎhdZ
`bl_i_j_oh^we_dljhgh\
Hl\_l
$O&O o $O&O±
H±
$O± Ho$O \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
KO Ho&O± hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
$O )H2)H2 )H2o $O2 )H
H±
$O ± Ho$O \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
)H Ho )H hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
)H Ho )H hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
$O +&O± o $O&O +n
H±
$O ± Ho$O \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
+Ho + hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
$O 6 o $O6±
H±
$O ± Ho $O

6 Ho 6± hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
$O 2 o $O2±
H±
$O ± Ho $O \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky

<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb\ dhlhjhcZexfbgbc \hkklZgZ\eb\Z_l
bhgu f_^b \ \h^ghf jZkl\hj_j_ IhdZ`bl_ i_j_oh^ we_dljhgh\ b mdZ
`bl_hdbkebl_ev
Hl\_l
$O&X&O o $O&O &X
H±
&XHo &X hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
<hijhk
Fh]ml eb [ulv hdbkebl_eyfb Z Zlhfu Zexfbgby [ bhgu Zexfb
gby"Hl\_lih^l\_j^bl_mjZ\g_gbyfbj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
Z:lhfuZexfbgbyg_fh]ml[ulvhdbkebl_eyfbb ijbgbfZlv
we_dljhgu
$O6o$O6±
H±
[BhguZexfbgbyfh]ml[ulvhdbkebl_eyfb\ j_Zdpbbk kbevguf
\hkklZgh\bl_e_f
$O&O .o $O .&O
H±
. ± Ho . \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
$O Ho $O hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
<hijhk
>ey ihemq_gby oehjb^Z Zexfbgby fh`gh \hkihevah\Zlvky j_Zdpbyfb
h[f_gZ aZf_s_gby b kh_^bg_gby KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby khhl\_lkl\mx
sboj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
%D&O $O62 o %D62p$O&O
Wlhj_Zdpbyh[f_gZ

&X&O $Oo $O&O &X
Wlhj_ZdpbyaZf_s_gby
$O&O o $O&O
Wlhj_Zdpbykh_^bg_gby
<hijhk
D jZkl\hjmkmevnZlZZexfbgbyihg_fgh]mijbeb\ZebjZkl\hjs_ehqb
^hba[uldZQlhgZ[ex^Zeb"KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
$O62 1D2+ $O2+p1D62
< gZqZe_j_Zdpbb\uiZ^Z_lhkZ^hd]b^jhhdkb^ZZexfbgby
$O2+ 1D2+ 1D>$O2+@ beb 1D$O2 +2
Ijb^Zevg_cr_fijbeb\Zgbbs_ehqbhkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lkyldijb
\aZbfh^_ckl\bb ]b^jhhdkb^ZZexfbgbyb s_ehqbh[jZam_lkyjZk
l\hjbfZykhev
<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbckh]eZkghko_f_
Hl\_l
$O+2o$O2+p+n
Zexfbgbchk\h[h^blvhlie_gdb
$O2o $O2
$O2+ o $O2 +2
we_dljheba
$O2 o $O2
jZkieZ\Z
$O1D2++2o 1D>$O2+@ +n

ZexfbgZl gZljby
$O2+ 1D2+o 1D$O2 +2

$O&O 1D2+o $O2+p 1D&O
AZ^ZqZ
Kdhevdhihlj_[m_lkyZexfbgbyqlh[uijb j_Zdpbbk kheyghcdbkeh
lhcihemqblvklhevdh\h^hjh^Zkdhevdh_]h\u^_ey_lkyijb \aZbfh^_c
kl\bbfhevgZljbyk \h^hc"
>Zgh fhev o fhev
Y1D fhev 1D+2o 1D2++n
fhev fhev
P$O±" fhev1D± [ fhev+

fhev1D± fhev+

o
[ fhev +Y$O fhev

o fhev fhev
$O+&Oo $O&O +n
fhev fhev
o fhev$O± fhev+
fhev$O± fhev+

o
[ fhev$OF$O ]fhev

P$O 0 Y ]fhev fhev ]
Hl\_lP$O ]
AZ^ZqZ
GZkieZ\Zexfbgbyb f_^bih^_ckl\h\Zebba[uldhfdhgp_gljbjh\Zg
gh]hjZkl\hjZ]b^jhdkb^ZgZljbyijb gZ]j_\Zgbb<u^_ebehkve dZ
dh]hlh]ZaZgm<uqbkebl_ijhp_glguckhklZ\kieZ\Z_keb_]hh[sZy
fZkkZ[ueZ]
>Zgh
PkieZ\Z ]9]ZaZ e gm
ijhp_glguckhklZ\kieZ\Z± "
o] e
$O1D2++2o 1D>$O2+@+n
] e
0U$O
[ ] $O± e +
] $O± e +
o
[ ]P$O ]

f $O
Z$O P kieZ\Z beb
Z&X ± beb
Hl\_l Z$O beb Z&X beb
AZ^ZqZ
>Zgh] jZkl\hjZkh^_j`Zs_]hoehjb^ZZexfbgbyKdhevdhih
lj_[m_lkyfbeebebljh\jZkl\hjZU ]kfkh^_j`Zs_]hfZk
kh\uo^he_cbeb]b^jhdkb^ZgZljbyqlh[uoehjb^Zexfbgbyihegh
klvxij_\jZlblv\ ZexfbgZlgZljby"

>Zgh
P j±jZ$O&O ] $O&O 1D2+o$O2+ 1D&O
Z $O&O $O2+ 1D2+o 1D>$O2+@+2
U S±SD1D2+ o ] ]
]kf 1D2+$O&Oo1D>$O2+@1D&O+2
Z j±jZ1D2+ ] ]
f^beb
P S±SD1D2+± "
P$O&O PS±SD Z ]

0U$O&O 0U1D2+
[ ] 1D2+± ] $O&O
] 1D2+± ] $O&O
o
[ ]P1D2+ ]

P 1D2+
PS±SD ]
Z 1D2+
P
9S±SD kf | fe
S
Hl\_l9S±SD fe

=eZ\Z9,,,
± klj±
<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc \ j_amevlZl_ dhlhjuo fh`gh ihem
qblvf_lZeebq_kdh_`_e_ahba_]hhdkb^h\)H2 b )H2bkihevamy\ dZ
q_kl\_ \hkklZgh\bl_eyZ\h^hjh^[Zexfbgbc\hdkb^m]e_jh^Z,,
IhdZ`bl_i_j_oh^we_dljhgh\b mdZ`bl_hdbkebl_evb \hkklZgh\bl_ev
Hl\_l
Z)H2 + o )H +2
W
H±
+±
Ho + \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
)H Ho )H

hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
)H2 )H2 )H2+ o
W
)H +2

H±
G ± _ : G

)H _ : )H hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
[$O )H2 o
W
$O2 )H

H±
$O ± _ : $O

$O)H2 )H2 )HH: :O2 )H
H±
$O ± _ : $O

\)H2 &2 o )H &2
W
H±
& ± _ : &


)H2 )H2 )HH&2: )H &2
H±
& ± _ : &

<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc\ dhlhjuo`_e_ahj_Z]bjm_lkZdb
kehlZfb [ kheyfb \ \h^hc ijb ih\ur_gghcl_fi_jZlmj_IhdZ`bl_
i_j_oh^we_dljhgh\b mdZ`bl_hdbkebl_ev b\hkklZgh\bl_ev
Hl\_l
Z)HG62jZa[ :)H62+9
H±
)H ± _ : )H \hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkey_lky
+ _ : + hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
[)H &X&O : )H&O&X
H±
)H ± _ : )H

&X _ : &X hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
\)H G2:)H2)H2 )H2 +9
H±
)H ± _ : )H

)H ± _ : )H hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
+ _ : + hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh ihem
qblv Z kheb `_e_aZ ,, b kheb `_e_aZ ,,, [ ]b^jhdkb^ `_e_aZ ,, b
]b^jhdkb^`_e_aZ,,,\hdkbû`_e_aZ
Hl\_l
Z)H+&O: )H&O +9
)H&O o )H&O
W
[)H&O 1DHG : )HHG; 1D&O

)H&O .HG : )HHG; .&Obeb

)HHG H GH : )HHG
\)HH : )H2 )HH
)HH KH o )HH KH9
W
)HHG o
W
)H2 G2

<hijhk
DZdbfb h[sbfb b ki_pbnbq_kdbfb k\hckl\Zfb h[eZ^Zxl hdkbû b
]b^jhdkbû`_e_aZ"KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
Zh[sb_k\hckl\Z
DZd b ^jm]b_ hdkbû b ]b^jhdkbû f_lZeeh\hdkbû b ]b^jh
dkbû`_e_aZ,,b `_e_aZ,,,j_Z]bjmxlk dbkehlZfbk h[jZah\Z
gb_fkhe_c`_e_aZ,,b `_e_aZ,,,
)HH +&O )H&O +H
)HH +&O )H&O +H
)HHG GKO: )H&O G2
)HHG GKO )H&O G2
[ki_pbnbq_kdb_k\hckl\Z
=b^jhdkb^`_e_aZ,,e_]dhhdbkey_lky\ ]b^jhdkb^
`_e_aZ,,,
)HHG H G2 )HHG
)HHG G2 : )HHG
<hijhk
HoZjZdl_jbamcl_h[sb_b ki_pbnbq_kdb_k\hckl\Zkhe_c`_e_aZKh
klZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc
Hl\_l
Zh[sb_k\hckl\Z
Kheb `_e_aZ ,, b `_e_aZ ,,, \klmiZxl \ j_Zdpbb h[f_gZ kh
s_ehqZfbGZijbf_j
)HKO 1D2+ )H2+; 1D&O
)H6H 1D2+ )H2+; 1D6H
F_lZeeu klhysb_ \ jy^m gZijy`_gbc ijZ\__ `_e_aZ\ul_kgy
xl`_e_ahbajZkl\hjh\khe_c`_e_aZ,,b `_e_aZ,,,
=Q)H&O )H=Q&O
=Q)H&O )H=Q&O
[ki_pbnbq_kdb_k\hckl\Z
)H&O &O )H&O

<hijhk
KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcih ijb\_^_gghcgb`_ko_f_lZdqlh[u
ijb ihfhsbwlboj_Zdpbcfh`gh[uehhkms_kl\blvke_^mxsb_ij_\jZ
s_gby
Z)Ho )H2+o )H2o )H
[ )Ho )H&Oo )H2
\)H: )H2+ : )H2+: )H2 : )H2+&O : )H2
)H: )H2+ : )H2+&O: )H62 : )H2 : )H
Hl\_l
Z
)H&O o )H&O
W
)H&O 1D2+: )H2+; 1D&O

)HHG o
W
)H2 +2

)H2 &2 o )H&29

W
[
)H&O o )H&O
W
)H&O 1D2+: )H2+; 1D&O

)H2+ o )H2 +2
W
\
)H+22 : )H2+
)H2+ +22 : )H2+
)H2+ o )H2 +2
W
)H2 +&O: )H&O +2

)H&O +2+: )H2+&O +&O
)H2+&O 1D2+: )H2+; 1D&O
)H2+ : )H2 +2
)H+22 : )H2+
)H2+ +22 : )H2+
)H2+ +&Og_^hklZlhd : )H2+&O+2
)H2+&O+62 : )H62+&O+2
)H62 o )H2 629
W
)H2 &2: )H&2n
AZ^ZqZ
< dZdhc fZkk_ fZ]gblgh]h `_e_agydZ )H2 bf_xs_]h fZkkh\uo
^he_cbebijbf_kbkh^_j`blkyl `_e_aZ"Ijhba\_klb\k_g_h[
oh^bfu_jZkq_lu

>Zgh 0U)H2
0U )H
P)H l Z )H
0U )H2
Z ijbf_k_c beb
P )H
beb P)H2 l
Z )H
P)H2± " l )H2 ±

o l)H2 ± o l

Hl\_lP)H2 l
AZ^ZqZ
H[jZa_p kb^_jblZ hkgh\gZy qZklv dhlhjh]h )H&2 kh^_j`bl
`_e_aZ <uqbkebl_ kdhevdh ijhp_glh\ )H&2 kh^_j`blky \ wlhf h[
jZap_
>Zgh 0U)H
Z )H ] )H± ] )H&2
] )H± o ])H&2

Z )HKH± " o ]

0U )H&2
Z )HKH
0Uh[j
Hl\_lZ )HKH beb

=eZ\Z,;
± klj
AZ^ZqZ
@_e_agZy jm^Z kh^_j`bl fZkkh\uo ^he_c beb )H2 b
fZkkh\uo ^he_c beb 6L2 <uqbkebl_ ijhp_glgh_kh^_j`Zgb_`_
e_aZb dj_fgby\ ^Zgghcjm^_
>Zgh 0U)H2
Z )H2 f^beb FU)H
0U )H
Z 6L2 f^beb Z )H2
0U )H2
Z )H± " Z )H\ )H2
Z 6L± " f^)H± f^)H2
o f^)H± f^)H2

[

Z )H\ jm^_ beb f^
0U6L2 FU6L

Z 6L2 beb

f^6L± f^6L2

o f^)H± f^6L2 [

Z 6L\ jm^_ beb f^
Hl\_l Z )H\ jm^_ Z 6L\ jm^_
AZ^ZqZ
DZdh_ dhebq_kl\hl_iehlu\u^_eblkyijb Zexfbghl_jfbq_kdhf\hk
klZgh\e_gbb] `_e_aZba_]hhdkb^Z_kebl_iehlZh[jZah\Zgbyhdkb
^ZZexfbgbyjZ\gZd>`Z hdkb^Z`_e_aZ,,,± d>`"
>Zgh ] od>`
P)H ] )H2 $O

o$O2 )H4
W
4h[j±y )H2 ± d>` ] d>`
4h[j±y $O2 d>` 4j±pbb 4h[j±y $O2

4h[j±y )H2
4± " ± d>`

0U)H
] )H± [d>`
] )H± d>` o d>`
Hl\_l4 d>`
AZ^ZqZ
DZdhc h[t_f hdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z ,, ihlj_[m_lky gm qlh[u \hkklZ
gh\blv`_e_ahkh^_j`Zs__ky\ l )H2"
>Zgh ] of

P)H2 l )H2 KH o )HKHn

W
9&2± "gm l f
0U)HH FU&2

l )H2 ± [f KH

l )H2 ± f KH o f

Hl\_l9&2 f
AZ^ZqZ
Kdhevdh qm]mgZ fh`gh ihemqblv ba l `_e_aghc jmû )H2 kh
^_j`Zs_cfZkkh\uo^he_cijbf_k_c_keb\ ihemq_gghfqm]mg_kh^_j
`blkyfZkkh\uo^he_c`_e_aZ"
>Zgh l ol
P)H2jm^Z l )H2 &2 o )H&2n

W
Z ijbf_k_c f^ l l
Z )H\ qm]mg_ Pijbf_k_c Pjmû Z

l l
Pqm]mgZ± " P)H2 Pjmû± Pijbf_k_c
l ± l l
0U)H2 FU)H
l )HH ± o l)H

l )HH ± l )H [ lP)H\ l_hj_l l

P)Hl_hj_l
P)HijZdlbq l
Z )H
Hl\_l Pqm]mgZ l

AZ^ZqZ
Kdhevdh ihlj_[m_lky fZ]gblghc `_e_aghc jmû kh^_j`Zs_c
fZkkh\uo^he_c)H2qlh[uihemqblvl qm]mgZ\ dhlhjhfkh^_j`bl
kyfZkkh\uo^he_c`_e_aZ"
>Zgh [l l
P)H qm]mgZ l )H2 &2 o )H&2

W
Z )H l l
Z )H2 P)H Pqm]mgZ Z )H

Pjmû )H2± " l l l
0U)H2
o l)HH ± l )H
l )HH ± l )H

[ lP)HH \ l_hj_l l

PjmûijZdlbq l

Hl\_l Pjmû l

=eZ\Z;
± klj
<hijhk
QlhbamqZ_lhj]Zgbq_kdZyobfby"D dZdbf\_s_kl\Zfhlghkylhdkb^
m]e_jh^Z ,9 hdkb^ m]e_jh^Z ,, dZj[hgZlu dZj[bû dhlhju_ lh`_
kh^_j`Zlm]e_jh^"
Hl\_l
Hj]Zgbq_kdZy obfby ± jZa^_e obfbq_kdhc gZmdb \ dhlhjhf
bamqZxlkykh_^bg_gbym]e_jh^Zb boij_\jZs_gby
< jZfdZohj]Zgbq_kdhcobfbbbamqZxlkyg_\k_kh_^bg_gbym]
e_jh^Z Z bf_ggh l_ dhlhju_ gZau\Zxlky hj]Zgbq_kdbfb \_s_kl
\Zfb
OZjZdl_jgufb ijbagZdZfb hj]Zgbq_kdbo \_s_kl\ djhf_ ijh
kl_crbo y\ey_lky gZebqb_ \ fhe_dme_ ihke_^h\Zl_evghkl_c Zlh
fh\ m]e_jh^Z kh_^bg_gguo ^jm] k ^jm]hf \ p_ib ijhba\hevghc
êbguZ lZd`_[he__keh`gu_kljmdlmjukfhl\_lgZ\hib
<lhjufoZjZdl_jgufijbagZdhfy\ey_lkygZebqb_\ kljmdlmj_fh
e_dmeu]jmii&+±± &+± &+±
<_s_kl\ZgZau\Zxlkyhj]Zgbq_kdbfbg_aZ\bkbfhhllh]hh[jZ
ah\Zebkv eb hgb \ `b\uo hj]ZgbafZo beb ihemq_gu bkdmkkl\_g
guf iml_f Ijbf_ju hj]Zgbq_kdbo \_s_kl\ f_lZg &+ wlZg
&+ ± &+wlbeh\uckibjl&+ ± &+ ± 2+mdkmkgZydbkehlZ
&+ ± &22+[_gaheK+Zp_lbe_g+&{ &+wlbe_g+&
&+[mlZ^b_g&+ &+± &+ &+b l^
<hijhk
DZd fh`gh h[tykgblv ihq_fm gZijbf_j m wlbeh\h]h kibjlZ b ^b
f_lbeh\h]h wnbjZ h^bgZdh\u_ fhe_dmeyjgu_ nhjfmeu" Qlh gZau\Zxl
bahf_jb_c"
Hl\_l
Bahf_jb_cgZau\Z_lkyy\e_gb_aZdexqZxs__ky\ lhfqlh\
h^ghc b lhc `_ fhe_dmeyjghc nhjfme_ \_s_kl\Z hlkmlkl\m_l g_
kdhevdh \_s_kl\ jZaebqZxsboky k\hbf kljh_gb_f l_ ihke_^h
\Zl_evghklvx kh_^bg_gby Zlhfh\ \ fhe_dme_ b dZd j_amevlZl
k\hckl\Zfb Kj_^b hj]Zgbq_kdbo kh_^bg_gbc bahf_jby \klj_qZ_l
kyhq_gvqZklh
Ijhkl_crbf ijbf_jhf bahf_jbb y\ey_lky bahf_jby wlbeh
\h]h kibjlZ b ^bf_lbeh\h]hwnbjZHgbbf_xlh^bgZdh\mxfhe_

dmeyjgmx nhjfmem &+2 gh jZagh_ fhe_dmeyjgh_ kljh_gb_ ih
wlhfmhgbbf_xlkms_kl\_gghjZagu_k\hckl\Z
KjZ\gb
wlbeh\uckibjl ^bf_lbeh\ucwnbj
+ + + +
+ & & 2+ +&2&+
+ + + +
`b^dhklv ]Za
Wdbi &q Wdbi ± &q
\ \h^_jZkl\hjbf \ \h^_fZehjZkl\hjbf
j_Z]bjm_lk 1D g_j_Z]bjm_lk 1D
<hijhk
DZdh\u\Z`g_crb_iheh`_gbyl_hjbbkljh_gbyhj]Zgbq_kdbokh_^b
g_gbc"
Hl\_l
kfkhkgh\gu_iheh`_gbyl_hjbbkljh_gbyhj]Zgbq_kdbo
kh_^bg_gbc
:lhfu\ fhe_dmeZokh_^bg_guf_`^mkh[hc\ hij_^_e_gghc
ihke_^h\Zl_evghklbIjbbaf_g_gbbwlhcihke_^h\Zl_evghklbih
emqZxlkygh\u_\_s_kl\Z± bahf_jukfhl\_lgZ\hij
:lhfukh_^bgyxlky\ khhl\_lkl\bbk bo\Ze_glghklyfbijb
wlhfZlhfum]e_jh^Zq_luj_o\Ze_glgu<Ze_glghklb\k_oZlhfh\
\aZbfghgZkus_guK\h[h^guo\Ze_glghkl_c\ fhe_dmeZog_l
Ijbf_jZp_lbe_g+& { &+mdkmkgZydbkehlZ&+ ± &22+
K\\Z\\ aZ\bkylhlihke_^h\Zl_evghklbkh_^bg_gbyZlhfh\
\ fhe_dmeZoGZb[he__kbevghijhy\ey_lky\aZbfh\ebygb_l_o
Zlhfh\\ fhe_dmeZodhlhju_g_ihkj_^kl\_gghk\yaZguf_`^mkh
[hc
:lhfum]e_jh^Zh[eZ^Zxlk\hckl\hfkh_^bgylvkyf_`^mkh
[hch[jZamyp_ibZlhfh\m]e_jh^ZP_ibZlhfh\m]e_jh^Zfh]ml
\dexqZlvb ^jm]b_ZlhfugZijbf_jdbkehjh^ZZahlZk_jub ^j
Ijbf_j
ijhiZg± ^bf_lbeh\ucwnbj±
+ + + + +
+&&&+ +&2&+
+ + + + +

<hijhk
GZdZdb_^\_[hevrb_]jmiiu^_eyl\k_hj]Zgbq_kdb_kh_^bg_gbyb dZd
ih^jZa^_eyxlm]e_\h^hjhû"
Hl\_l
<k_hj]Zgbq_kdb_kh_^bg_gby^_eylgZ^\_]jmiiu
\_s_kl\Zdhlhju_khklhyllhevdhbam]e_jh^Zb \h^hjh^Z
m]e_\h^hjhû
\_s_kl\Zdhlhju_y\eyxlkyijhba\h^gufbm]e_\h^hjh^h\kf
klj
M]e_\h^hjhûih^jZa^_eyxlkygZljb[hevrb_]jmiiu
]jmiimgZkus_gguom]e_\h^hjh^h\l_lZdbo\ dhlhjuo\k_
Zlhfum]e_jh^Zkh_^bgyxlkyf_`^mkh[hclhevdhh^bgZjgufb
k\yayfb
]jmiimg_gZkus_gguom]e_\h^hjh^h\l_lZdbo\ dhlhjuof_`
^mhl^_evgufbZlhfZfbK bf_xlkyihdjZcg_cf_j_h^gZbeb
[hevr_^\hcguobebljhcguok\ya_c
]jmiimpbdebq_kdbom]e_\h^hjh^h\l_lZdbo\ fhe_dmeZodh
lhjuoZlhfum]e_jh^Zh[jZamxlaZfdgmlu_pbdeu
=jmiiZg_gZkus_gguom]e_\h^hjh^h\^_eblkygZljbhkgh\guo
ih^]jmiiu
jy^wlbe_gZh^gZ^\hcgZyk\yav
jy^Zp_lbe_gZh^gZljhcgZyk\yav
jy^^b_gh\uo^\_^\hcgu_k\yabjZa^_e_ggu_h^ghch^bgZj±
ghc & & K &
=jmiiZpbdebq_kdbom]e_\h^hjh^h\^_eblkygZ^\_hkgh\gu_ih^
]jmiiuklj
jy^pbdehiZjZnbgh\l_lZdbom]e_\h^hjh^h\dhlhju_\dexqZ
xlgZkus_ggucm]e_jh^gucpbdeh[jZah\Zgguch^bgZjgufb
k\yayfb &&
&+
Ijbf_j pbdeh]_ikZg

+ & &+
+ & &+
&+
jy^ZjhfZlbq_kdbom]e_\h^hjh^h\l_lZdbofhe_dmeudhlhjuo
\dexqZxlaZfdgmlh_gZkus_ggh_dhevphhkh[hckljmdlmjuba
r_klbZlhfh\m]e_jh^Z<k_Zlhfum]e_jh^Z\ wlhfpbde_gZau
\Z_fhfZjhfZlbq_kdbfkh_^bg_guh^ghch[s_ck\yavxdhlhjmx
ijbgylhh[hagZqZlv[_gahevgufdhevphfkffhe_dmeyjgmx
nhjfmem[_gaheZ± &+

<hijhk
>Zcl_ djZldmx oZjZdl_jbklbdm f_lZgm b jZkkdZ`bl_ ]^_ _]h bk
ihevamxlQlh\uagZ_l_h nj_hgZo"
Hl\_l
F_lZg &+± ijhkl_crbcij_^klZ\bl_evgZkus_gguom]e_
\h^hjh^h\ Wlh ihqlbg_jZkl\hjbfuc\ \h^_[_kp\_lguc]hjxqbc
]Za[_aaZiZoZ
Kf_kv h[t_fZf_lZgZk h[t_fZfbdbkehjh^Zhq_gv\aju\h
hiZkgZ Lhqgh lZd`_ \aju\hhiZkgu kf_kb f_lZgZ k \ha^mohf dh
]^Z\ha^moZijboh^blkygZh[t_ff_lZgZhl^hh[t_fh\LZ
db_ kf_kb y\eyxlky hkgh\ghc ijbqbghc \aju\h\ gZ m]hevguo
rZolZo
F_lZg hlghkbl_evgh mklhcqb\ d obfbq_kdbf\aZbfh^_ckl\byf
< j_Zdpbb\klmiZ_leb[hijb\ukhdhcl_fi_jZlmj_b ijbgZebqbb
dZlZebaZlhjZ
&+ +2 o &2+n
q K dZl 1L
>Z`_ k lZdbf Zdlb\guf \_s_kl\hf dZd oehj f_lZg j_Z]bjm_l

lhevdhgZk\_lmj_Zdpbyf_lZe_ikbbklj
&+ &O k\_l
o
&+&O+&O
&+&O&O o
&+&O+&O
k\_l
Ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hdheh qK f_lZg jZaeZ]Z_lky k h[jZah\Z

gb_fZp_lbe_gZ&+ o &+ +n
|q K
F_lZgrbjhdh\klj_qZ_lky\ ijbjh^_<hi_j\uowlhhkgh\ghc
dhfihg_glijbjh^gh]h]ZaZ<h\lhjuof_lZgh[jZam_lkyijb[_k
dbkehjh^ghf[jh`_gbbhklZldh\jZklbl_evghklbgZ^g_[hehlhl
kx^ZgZa\Zgb_± [hehlguc]Za<lj_lvbof_lZgy\ey_lkykimlgb
dhf f_klhjh`^_gbc m]ey b fgh]h f_lZgZ \u^_ey_lky ihwlhfm ijb
^h[uq_ m]ey \ rZolZo hlkx^Z _s_ h^gh gZa\Zgb_ f_lZgZ ± jm^
gbqguc ]Za<q_l\_jluof_lZgkhklZ\ey_lhkgh\mZlfhkn_jjy^Z
ieZg_lKheg_qghckbkl_fu
Hkgh\gh_ ijbf_g_gb_ f_lZgZ dZd lhieb\h dZd kujv_ \ obfb
q_kdhc ijhfure_gghklb êy ijhba\h^kl\Z \h^hjh^Z Zp_lbe_gZ
ljboehjf_lZgZ&+&Onj_hgh\b jy^Z^jm]bo\Z`guo\_s_kl\
Nj_hgu ± wlh gZkus_ggu_ nlhjijhba\h^gu_ f_lZgZ b ^jm]bo
m]e_\h^hjh^h\ qZklh kh^_j`Zl Zlhfu oehjZ beb [jhfZ Ijbf_j
&)&O&)&O&)&)&+ b l^Wlh]Zahh[jZagu_beb`b^db_\_
s_kl\Zobfbq_kdb bg_jlgu_fZehlhdkbqgu_ Hq_gvrbjhdhijb
f_gyxlky \ oheh^bevguo Z]j_]ZlZo \ Zwjhahevguo miZdh\dZodZd
jZkl\hjbl_ebb qbklysb_kj_^kl\Z

D kh`Ze_gbx \uykgbehkv qlh fgh]b_ nj_hgu ih^gbfZykv \
\_jogb_ kehb Zlfhkn_ju jZajmrZxl hq_gv \Z`guc êy `bagb gZ
a_fe_hahgh\uckehc± h[jZamxlkylZdgZau\Z_fu_©hahgh\u_û
juª Ihwlhfm hl ijbf_g_gby g_dhlhjuo nj_hgh\ ijbrehkv hldZ
aZlvky
<hijhk
HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ k\hckl\Z wlbe_gZ b _]h ijbf_g_gb_ =^_ bkihevam
xlkyihebwlbe_gb ihebijhibe_g"
Hl\_l
Wlbe_g ± \Z`g_crbc ij_^klZ\bl_ev jy^Z g_ji_^_evguo m]e_
\h^hjh^h\ k h^ghc ^\hcghc k\yavx nhjfmeZ ± +& &+ =Za
ihqlb[_aaZiZoZiehohjZkl\hjbf\ \h^_GZ\ha^mo_]hjblk\_ly
sbfkyieZf_g_f;eZ]h^ZjygZebqbxS ± k\yabwlbe_ge_]dh\klm
iZ_l\ j_Zdpbbijbkh_^bg_gby
+& &+ %U± %Uo +%U&± &+%U^b[jhfwlZg
+& &+ +± 2+o +&± &+ ± 2+wlbeh\uckibjl
;eZ]h^ZjygZebqbx^\hcghck\yabfhe_dmeuwlbe_gZfh]mlkh
_^bgylvky f_`^m kh[hch[jZamx p_ib [hevrhcêbgubafgh]bo
lukyq bkoh^guo fhe_dme WlZ j_Zdpby gZau\Z_lky j_Zdpb_c ih
ebf_jbaZpbb
Q+& &+ dZl
o
>&+ &+ @Q
ihebwlbe_g
Ihebwlbe_g rbjhdh ijbf_gy_lky \ ijhfure_gghklbb \[ulm

Hghq_gvfZehZdlb\_gg_[v_lkyohjhrhh[jZ[Zlu\Z_lkyIjbf_
juljm[ulZjZ[hqdbysbdbbaheypbhggucfZl_jbZe
ie_gdZêymiZdh\dbkl_deZb]jmrdbb fgh]h_^jm]h_
>jm]bf ijhkl_crbf g_ij_^_evguf m]e_\h^hjh^hf y\ey_lky
ihebijhibe_g+& &+± &+
Ijb _]h ihebf_jbaZpbb h[jZam_lky ihebijhibe_g ± ihebf_j
Ihebf_jihk\hbfkh\hdmigufk\hckl\Zfb ijbf_g_gbxZgZeh]b
q_gihebwlbe_gm
Q+& &+± &+ dZl
o
>&+ &+ @Q
&+
Ihebijhibe_g [he__ ijhq_g q_f ihebwlbe_gihwlhfm ba g_]h
ba]hlZ\eb\Z_lkyfgh]h^_lZe_cêyjZaghh[jZaguofZrbgZ lZd`_
fgh`_kl\h lhqguo ^_lZe_c gZijbf_j êy wdkdZeZlhjh\ Ijbf_j
ghihebijhibe_gZi_j_jZ[Zlu\Z_lky\ \hehdgZ

<hijhk
DZdihemqZxlZp_lbe_g"HoZjZdl_jbamcl__]hijbf_g_gb_
Hl\_l
:p_lbe_g ihemqZxl ^\mfy hkgh\gufb kihkh[Zfb ± ba dZj
[b^ZdZevpbybebf_lZgZ
&D& +2o &D2+p +&{ &+n
&+ o +&{ &++n
q K
>eyihemq_gbyohjhr_]h\uoh^ZZp_lbe_gZijb\lhjhfkihkh[_
ihemq_gby ijh^mdlu j_Zdpbb hq_gv [ukljh hoeZ`^Zxl DZj[b^
dZevpbyihemqZxlbadZj[hgZlZdZevpby± h[`b]hfk m]e_f
:p_lbe_g ± \Z`gh_ hj]Zgbq_kdh_ \_s_kl\h Bkihevam_lky \
hq_gv [hevrbo dhebq_kl\Zo ijb kbgl_a_ jZaghh[jZaguo obfbq_
kdbo \_s_kl\ Ijbkh_^bg_gb_f d Zp_lbe_gm oehjbklh]h \h^hjh^Z
ihemqZxl \bgbeoehjb^ ba dhlhjh]h ihebf_jbaZpb_c ihemqZxl
\Z`gucihebf_j± iheb\bgbeoehjb^
+&{ &++&Oo +& &+&O
Q&+ &+&Oo >&+ &+ @Q
Iheb\bgbeoehjb^hlebqZ_lkyobfbq_kdhcklhcdhklvx
<hijhk
=^_ijbf_gyxlky^b_gu"
Hl\_l
Ba ^b_gh\ lbibqgufb ijbf_jZfb dhlhjuo y\eyxlky [m
lZ^b_g+& &+± &+ &+ b bahij_g f_lbe [mlZ^b_g
+ & K K+ &+ \ h]jhfguodhebq_kl\ZoihemqZxljZagh
h[jZagu_kbgl_lbq_kdb_dZmqmdbBawlbo
&+ dZmqmdh\\ k\hxhq_j_^vijhba\h^blky\k_
h]jhfgh_fgh]hh[jZab_ba^_ebcbaj_abgu
gZijbf_jrbgêyZ\lhfh[be_c\k_\hafh`guoreZg]h\b l^
<hijhk
DZdihemqZxlZjhfZlbq_kdb_m]e_\h^hjhû"
Hl\_l
< hkgh\ghf ZjhfZlbq_kdb_ m]e_\h^hjhû gZb[he__ oZjZdl_j
gufb ij_^klZ\bl_eyfb dhlhjuo y\ey_lky [_gahe &+ihemqZxl
ijbdj_dbg]_g_nlbkfkljb badZf_gghm]hevghckfheuh[
jZamxs_ckyijbdhdkh\ZgbbdZf_gguom]e_cl_bogZ]j_\Zgbb^h
\ukhdbol_fi_jZlmj[_a^hklmiZ\ha^moZkfklj
Hkgh\gufkihkh[hfihemq_gbyy\ey_lkyi_j\uc± bag_nlb

<hijhk
DZdh\hagZq_gb_ijbjh^gh]h]ZaZ\ obfbq_kdhcijhfure_gghklb"
Hl\_l
< obfbq_kdhc ijhfure_gghklb ba ijbjh^gh]h ]ZaZ ihemqZxl
^\Z\_s_kl\Zwlbe_gb Zp_lbe_gbadhlhjuo\ k\hxhq_j_^vijh
ba\h^ylkylZdb_\_s_kl\ZdZdwlbeh\uckibjlkbgl_lbq_kdbcdZm
qmd ieZklfZkku djZkbl_eb mdkmkgZy dbkehlZ f_^bdZf_glu b ^j
kfklj±

o &+ +n
dZl W | q & 2
&+
f_lZg wlbe_g
Wlbe_g+2o wlbeh\uckibjl o ± [mlZ^b_g

dZl W | q &
o dZmqmd
&O o ^boehjwlZgjZkl\hjbl_ev
dZlo ihebwlbe_gihebf_j
ijhibe_go wlbe_g± ijhibe_gh\u_dZmqmdb
&+ we_dljhdj_
dbg] W o &+ +n
|q &
Zp_lbe_g
Zp_lbe_g+2o Zp_lZev^_]bô mdkmkgZydbkehlZ

+&Oo &+ &+&Oo iheb\bgbeoehjb^
\bgbeoehjb^
&O o &O&+± &+&O jZkl\hjbl_ev

l_ljZoehjwlbe_g
+&1o &+ &+&1o ieZklbdb

ihebZdjbehgbljbevgu_
\hehdgZhj]Zgbq_kdh_kl_deh
<hijhk
HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ ]eZ\gu_ ijh^mdlu i_j_]hgdb g_nlb Kdhevdh ijh
p_glh\[_gabgZihemqZxlijb i_j_]hgd_g_nlbb kdhevdhijhp_glh\ih
emqZxlijb dj_dbg]_g_nlb"
Hl\_l
Hkgh\gufb ijh^mdlZfb i_j_]hgdb g_nlb y\eyxlky [_gabg
d_jhkbgb fZaml
;_gabg ± njZdpby kh^_j`ZsZy m]e_\h^hjhû k ± ZlhfZfb
m]e_jh^Z\ fhe_dme_;_gabghl]hgy_lkyijbl_fi_jZlmj_^hqK
D_jhkbg ± njZdpbykh^_j`ZsZym]e_\h^hjhûk ±ZlhfZfb
m]e_jh^Z\ fhe_dme_D_jhkbghl]hgy_lkyijbl_fi_jZlmj_
±qK

FZaml ± kf_kv m]e_\h^hjh^h\ hklZxsboky ihke_ hl]hgdb [_g
abgZb d_jhkbgZ
Ijb i_j_]hgd_ g_nlbihemqZ_lky^h[_gabgZ<uoh^[_g
abgZ ba g_nlb dZd kZfhc p_gghc njZdpbb fh`gh agZqbl_evgh
m\_ebqblv\ ijhp_kk_dj_dbg]Z± ^h
Dj_dbg] ± wlh l_jfbq_kdh_ beb dZlhebq_kdh_ jZks_ie_gb_ m]
e_\h^hjh^h\ k ^Zgghc m]e_\h^hjh^ghc p_ivx gZ m]e_\h^hjhû k
f_gvr_cfhe_dmeyjghcfZkkhc
<hijhk
HoZjZdl_jbamcl_\Z`g_crb_\bûlhieb\Z
Hl\_l
<Z`g_crbfb \b^Zfb lhieb\Z y\eyxlky \ ihjy^d_ m[u\Zgby
agZqbfhklb ijbjh^guc ]Za ijh^mdlu i_j_]hgdb g_nlb [_gabg
d_jhkbg ^balhieb\h fZaml dZf_gguc m]hev [mju_ m]eb lhjn
^j_\_kbgZ
LjZgkihjl ihlj_[ey_l [_gabg Z\lhljZgkihjl ^balhieb\h
]jmah\u_ Z\lhfh[beb b ljZdlhju d_jhkbg Z\bZpbyHl^_evgu_
Z\lhfh[beb bkihevamxl dZd lhieb\h ijbjh^guc ]Za L_iehwe_d
ljhklZgpbbihlj_[eyxlijbjh^guc]ZafZamlm]eblhjn
GZk_e_gb_ \ [ulm ihlj_[ey_l \ hkgh\ghf ijbjh^guc ]Za <
k_evkdhc f_klghklb gZk_e_gb_f bkihevam_lky dZf_gguc m]hev b
^j_\_kbgZ
Ihnbabq_kdbf k\hckl\Zflhieb\h[u\Z_ll\_jûfm]eblhjn
^j_\_kbgZ b ^j `b^dbf [_gabg d_jhkbg fZaml b ^j ]Zahh[
jZagufijbjh^guc]Za\h^hjh^b ^j
DZq_kl\h lhieb\Z hij_^_ey_lky l_iehlhc k]hjZgby l_
dhebq_kl\hfl_ieZdhlhjh_\u^_ey_lkyijbk]hjZgbb d]lhieb\Z
AgZq_gby l_iehl k]hjZgby jZaebqguo \b^h\ lhieb\Z kf lZ[e
gZ klj ;hevrh_ agZq_gb_ bf__l klhbfhklv ^h[uqb b
ljZgkihjlbjh\db lhieb\Z Ihwlhfm klZjZxlky bkihevah\Zlv f_kl
gu_\bûlhieb\ZKZfufm^h[guf\b^hflhieb\Zk lhqdbaj_gby
klhbfhklb^h[uqbb ljZgkihjlbjh\dby\ey_lkyijbjh^guc]Za
;he__ lh]h ijbjh^guc ]Za \ hlebqb_ hl g_nlb g_l g_h[oh^b
fhklb h[jZ[Zlu\Zlv gZ ki_pbZevguo aZ\h^Zo ih^\_j]Zlvi_j_]hg
d_b dj_dbg]m
JZagu_\bûlhieb\Zijbk`b]Zgbb\ jZaghckl_i_gbaZ]jyagy
xlZlfhkn_jmKZfuf©]jyagufªlhieb\hfy\eyxlkym]ebkZfuf
©qbklufª ijbjh^guc ]Za Ihwlhfm bkihevah\Zgb_ m]ey dZd lhieb
\Z klj_fbl_evgh khdjZsZ_lky <h \k_f fbj_ b^_l ijhp_kk aZdju
lbym]hevguorZol

<hijhk
DZdh[_ahiZkblvZlfhkn_jguc\ha^mohlaZ]jyag_gbc"
Hl\_l
K`b]Zgb_ [hevrbo dhebq_kl\ lhieb\Z ijb\h^bl d ihklhyg
ghfmm\_ebq_gbxkh^_j`Zgby\ \ha^mo_hdkb^Zm]e_jh^Z,9&2
< j_amevlZl_ wlh]h \hagbdZ_l lZd gZau\Z_fuc ©iZjgbdh\uc wn
n_dlª l _ m\_ebqb\Z_lky kj_^gyy l_fi_jZlmjZ \ fZkrlZ[Zo \k_c
ieZg_lu A_feyWlhhq_gvhiZkgh_y\e_gb_ijb\h^ys__d baf_g_
gbxdebfZlZ
Ijbk`b]Zgbblhieb\Zhkh[_gghm]e_c\ Zlfhkn_jmihiZ^Z
_l [hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h \j_^guo \_s_kl\ lZdbo dZd hdkb^ k_ju
,9hdkbû ZahlZ b iuev =eZ\gu_ aZ]jyagbl_eb ± [hevrb_we_d
ljhklZgpbb Hkms_kl\ey_lky hldZa hl ©]jyaguoª \b^h\ lhieb\Z b
i_j_oh^ d bkihevah\Zgbx ©qbkluoª \b^h\ lhieb\ZlZdh]hgZijb
f_jdZdijbjh^guc]Za
< djmiguo ]hjh^Zo hkgh\guf aZ]jyagbl_e_f Zlfhkn_ju y\
eyxlky Z\lhfh[beb ;hjv[Zk aZ]jyag_gb_f\ha^moZhkms_kl\ey_l
ky g_kdhevdbfb kihkh[Zfb aZij_s_gh bkihevah\Zlv wlbebjh\Zg
guc[_gabgb ^jm]b_aZ]jyagyxsb_\ha^mo\bû`b^dh]hlhieb\Z
hkms_kl\ey_lkyi_j_oh^Z\lhfh[be_cgZbkihevah\Zgb_ijbjh^gh
]h ]ZaZ Z lZd`_ gZ \g_^j_gb_ we_dljhZ\lhfh[be_c kh\_jr_gkl\m
xlky ^\b]Zl_eb Z\lhfh[be_c k l_fqlh[u k\_klb d fbgbfmfm aZ
]jyag_gb_Zlfhkn_ju
G_h[oh^bfh\kyq_kdbjZa\h^blva_e_gu_gZkZ`^_gby[_j_qv
dZ`^h_^_j_\hH]jhfgh_agZq_gb_\ gZklhys__\j_fyijbh[j_lZ_l
khojZg_gb_ kms_kl\mxsbo e_kh\ b jZa\_^_gb_ gh\uo [hjv[Z k
e_kgufb ih`ZjZfb wdhghfgh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ ^j_\_kbgu b ijh
^mdlh\__ i_j_jZ[hldbb l^
<hijhk
JZkkfhljbl_deZkkbnbdZpbxijhba\h^guom]e_\h^hjh^h\
Hl\_l
KibjlZfb gZau\Zxlky ijhba\h^gu_ m]e_\h^hjh^h\ \ fhe_
dmeZodhlhjuoh^bgbebg_kdhevdhZlhfh\\h^hjh^ZaZf_s_guh^
gh\Ze_glgufb]b^jhdkbevgufb]jmiiZfb± HG
Ijbf_ju + + + +
+&&+ o + & & 2+
+wlZg + + +
wlZghewlbeh\uckibjl

+ + +
+&± &+ ± &+ o +&&&+
2+ 2+ 2+
ijhiZg ]ebp_jbglj_oZlhfguckibjl
DZj[hjgh\ufbdbkehlZfbgZau\Zxlkyijhba\h^gu_m]e_\h±
2
^hjh^h\\ fhe_dmeZodhlhjuobf__lky]jmiiZZlhfh\ K
gZau\Z_fZydZj[hdkbevghc]jmiihc 2+
Ijbf_ju
fmjZ\vbgZydbkehlZ mdkmkgZydbkehlZ sZ\_e_\ZydlZ
2 2 2 2
+K + & K KK
2 + 2 + + 2 2 +
Keh`gufbwnbjZfbgZau\Zxlkykh_^bg_gbydhlhju_ihem
qZxlkyijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bbdZj[hgh\uodbkehlkhkibjlZfb
kfklj 2
Keh`gu_wnbjukh^_j`ZloZjZdl_jgmx]jmiimZlhfh\ K
Ijbf_j 2 2
2
+& K + &K
2 + &+ ± &+ ± 2+o 2 K+ K++2

mdkmkgZydbkehlZ wlbeh\uckibjl wlbeZp_lZlkeh`gucwnbj
Keh`gu_wnbju]ebp_jbgZb \ukrbodZj[hgh\uodbkehl gZijb

f_jiZevfblbgh\hc&+ ± &+ ± &22+kl_Zjbgh\hc
&+ ±&+ ± &22+b ligZau\Zxlky`bjZfb
Djhf_keh`guownbjh\kms_kl\mxlijh + +
klu_lZdb_dZdba\_klgucbahf_jwlbeh
+&2&+
\h]hkibjlZ^bf_lbeh\ucwnbj
+ +
BooZjZdl_jgufijbagZdhfy\ey_lkygZebqb_p_ihqdbZlhfh\
&2&
<Z`g_crbfbij_^klZ\bl_eyfbm]e_\h^h\y\eyxlky
]exdhaZ&+2njmdlhaZ&+2kZoZjhaZ&+2
ijbjh^gu_ihebf_judjZofZeb p_eexehaZ
GZa\Zgb_m]e_\hûijhbahrehhllh]hqlh\ dZ`^mx fhe_dmem
ihfbfh Zlhfh\ K gZ dZ`ûc Zlhf dbkehjh^Z ijboh^blky jh\gh
^\ZZlhfZ\h^hjh^Z

Ijbf_j
kljh_gb_njmdlhau kljh_gb_kZoZjhau
&+2+ &+2+
2 2+ 2 2
2+ &+2+
2+ 2
&+2+
2+ 2+
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
:fbghdbkehlZfbgZau\Zxlky\_s_kl\Zijhba\h^gu_hldZj
[hgh\uodbkehl\ m]e_\h^hjh^ghcqZklbfhe_dmedhlhjuoohly[u
h^bgZlhf\h^hjh^ZaZf_g_ggZZfbgh]jmiim± 1+
Ijbf_ju 2
]ebpbgZfbghmdkmkgZydbkehlZ + 1 &+ K
2 +
;_edb ± hq_gv keh`gu_ \ukhdhfhe_dmeyjgu_ hj]Zgbq_kdb_
\_s_kl\Z dhlhju_ h[jZamxlky ijb ijbkh_^bg_gbb hklZldh\ jZa
guoZfbghdbkehl\ jZaebqguodhf[bgZpbyokfklj
Ihebf_ju± \ukhdhfhe_dmeyjgu_kh_^bg_gbyfhe_dmeudh
lhjuoh[jZamxlky\ j_amevlZl_kh_^bg_gbyfgh`_kl\Zh^bgZdh\uo
a\_gv_\± khklZ\guoqZkl_cihebf_jZ
+& &+l ± &+ ± &+Q +& &+&Ol &+ &+ Q
wlbe_g ihebwlbe_g
&O
\bgbeoehjb^ iheb\bgbeoehjb^
± klj
<hijhk
Dhjhldh hoZjZdl_jbamcl_ f_lZghe wlZghe wlbe_g]ebdhev b ]ebp_
jbg=^_bobkihevamxl"
Hl\_l
F_lZghe&+2+± ijhkl_crbcij_^klZ\bl_evh^ghZlhfguo
ij_^_evguokibjlh\;_kp\_lgZy`b^dhklvWdbi ± qKkhkeZ[uf
aZiZohf g_hlebqbfuf hl aZiZoZ h[uqgh]h wlbeh\h]h kibjlZ
Hq_gv y^h\bl I_j\hgZqZevgh gZau\Zeky ^j_\_kguf kibjlhf ld
_]hihemqZebibjhebahf^j_\_kbguRbjhdhijbf_gy_lky\ dZq_
kl\_ jZkl\hjbl_ey \ hl^_evguo kljZgZo bkihevam_lky dZd Z\lhfh
[bevgh_lhieb\hbeb^h[Z\dZd [_gabgm\ obfbq_kdhcijhfur
e_gghklb± êyijhba\h^kl\ZmdkmkghcdbkehluieZklfZkk
WlZghe &+2+ &+ ± &+ ± 2+ ± [_kp\_lgZy `b^dhklv
Wdbi ± qKkhkeZ[ufaZiZohf<lhjhcij_^klZ\bl_evjy^Zh^gh

Zlhfguo ij_^_evguo kibjlh\ kf_rb\Z_lkyk \h^hc\ ex[hfkhhl
ghr_gbb M`_\ ^j_\ghklbq_eh\_dm[ueba\_kl_g[bhobfbq_kdbc
f_lhîhemq_gbybakZoZjhkh^_j`Zsbo\_s_kl\ihko_f_
&+2 ^jh``b
o &+2+&2n
Ihwlhfm wlZghe kh^_j`blky \ g_[hevrbo dhebq_kl\Zo \ d_nb
j_\ [hevrbo\ dmfuk_Wlhl`_ijhp_kkijhbkoh^blijbk[jZ`b
\Zgbbkhdh\b ij_\jZs_gbbbo\ \bgh< ijhfure_gghklbwlZghe
^Z\ghm`_ihemqZxlkbgl_lbq_kdbbawlbe_gZ
+& &+ +± 2+ dZlZebaZlh
j o &+ ± &+2+
WlZghe ijbf_gy_lky \ [hevrbo dhebq_kl\Zo êy ijhba\h^kl\Z
[mlZ^b_gZZ bag_]h± dZmqmdh\dZdjZkl\hjbl_evdZdkujv_êy
ijhba\h^kl\Z fgh]bo f_^bdZf_glh\ eZdh\ ^mrbkluo \_s_kl\ b
l^ Bkihevam_lky lZd`_ êy ijhba\h^kl\Z Zedh]hevguo gZibldh\
WlZghe ± y^h\blh_ gZjdhlbq_kdh_ \\h Mihlj_[e_gb_ _]h \ [hev
rbo dhe\Zo fh`_l ijb\_klb d kf_jl_evghfm bkoh^m WlZghe ih
\g_rgbfijbagZdZfg_hlebqbfhlkf_jl_evghy^h\blh]hf_lZgheZ
Wlbe_g]ebdhev ± ijhkl_crbc ij_^klZ\bl_ev ^\moZlhfguo
kibjlh\Fhe_dmeyjgZynhjfmeZ± &+2kljh_gb_ + & &+
2+ 2+
Wlbe_g]ebdhev± keZ^dZy kbjhihh[jZagZy`b^dhklvWdbi ±
qKHq_gvy^h\blG_h]jZgbq_gghjZkl\hjbf\ \h^_Bkihev
am_lkyêyijhba\h^kl\ZZglbnjbah\± g_aZf_jaZxsbokf_k_cwlb
e_g]ebdheyb \hûêyaZeb\db\ jZ^bZlhjuZ\lhfh[be_cabfhc
\f_klhh[uqghc\hû:glbnjbakh^_j`Zsbcwlbe_g]ebdhey
aZf_jaZ_llhevdhijb± qK
=ebp_jbg ± ijhkl_crbc ij_^klZ\bl_ev lj_oZlhfguo kibj
lh\Fhe_dmeyjgZynhjfmeZ± &+2fhe_dmeyjgh_kljh_gb_±
DZdb wlbe_g]ebdhevwlh[_kp\_lgZykbjhih
K+ K+ &+
h[jZagZy`b^dhklvkeZ^dZygZ\dmk< hleb
2+ 2+ 2+ qbb hlwlbe_g]ebdhey]ebp_jbgg_y^h\bl
=ebp_jbgb]jZ_l\Z`gmxjhev\ `bag_^_y
l_evghklbhj]Zgbafh\± y\ey_lkyh^ghcbakhklZ\eyxsbo`b\hl
guob jZklbl_evguo`bjh\=ebp_jbgbkihevam_lky\ f_^bpbg_
ibs_\hcijhfure_gghklbZ lZd`_bkihevam_lkydZdkujv_êy
ijhba\h^kl\ZZglbnjbah\\ ijhba\h^kl\_\aju\qZluo\_s_kl\
<hijhk
HoZjZdl_jbamcl_fmjZ\vbgmxdbkehlmmdkmkgmxdbkehlmb ebfhggmx
dbkehlm=^_hgb\klj_qZxlky\ ijbjh^_b dZdbobkihevamxl"

Hl\_l
2
FmjZ\vbgZydbkehlZ + K
2 +
Ijhkl_crZydZj[hgh\ZydbkehlZKh^_j`blky\ y^h\bluo`_e_
aZo fmjZ\v_\ \ djZib\_ \ _eh\hc o\h_ Bkihevam_lky \ dZq_kl\_
ijhljZ\u r_jklb b dh`b i_j_^ djZr_gb_f \ obfbq_kdhc ijh
fure_gghklb\ dZq_kl\_kbevgh]h\hkklZgh\bl_eyZ lZd`_dZdku
jv_ êy ihemq_gby keh`guo wnbjh\ jZkl\hj fmjZ\vbghc
dbkehlu\ kibjl_± ©fmjZ\vbguckibjlªbkihevam_lky\ f_^bpbg_
2
MdkmkgZydbkehlZ + & K

2 +
;_kp\_lgZy`b^dhklvk j_adbfaZiZohf< nhjf_\h^gh]h±
jZkl\hjZ ba\_klgZ \k_f dZd klheh\uc mdkmk < qbklhf \b^_ mihl
j_[e_gb_ mdkmkghc dbkehlu kf_jl_evgh hiZkgh IhiZ^Zgb_ __ gZ
dh`gu_ihdjh\ulZd`_ijb\h^bld kbevgufh`h]ZfHq_gvrbjh
dh ijbf_gy_lky \ obfbq_kdhc ijhfure_gghklb êy ihemq_gby
e_dZjkl\ khe_c bkdmkkl\_gguo \hehdg jZkl\hjbl_e_c kj_^kl\
[hjv[u k gZk_dhfufb b [he_agyfb jZkl_gbc klbfmeylhjh\ jhklZ
jZkl_gbcdjZkbl_e_cêyldZg_cdbghie_gdb
EbfhggZydbkehlZ± djbklZeebq_kdh_\_s_kl\hWie ± qK
Fhe_dmeyjgZynhjfmeZ± &+2Fhe_dmeyjgh_kljh_gb_
2+
2 2
K K+ K &+ K
+ 2 2 2 +
K
2 +
Ohjhrh jZkl\hjbfZ \ \h^_ dbkeZy gZ \dmk B]jZ_l \Z`gmx
jhev \ ijhp_kk_ h[f_gZ \\ \ `b\uo hj]ZgbafZo IhemqZxl __ ba
g_^haj_euoebfhgh\Z lZd`_hkh[uf[jh`_gb_fkZoZjh\bebdhj
fh\hc iZlhdb Bkihevamxl \ ibs_\hc ijhfure_gghklb êy ij\Z
dhg^bl_jkdboba^_ebcb ijhoeZ^bl_evguogZibldh\\ f_^bpbg_
<hijhk
<aZbfh^_ckl\b_ dZdbo \_s_kl\ ijb\h^bl d h[jZah\Zgbx keh`guo
wnbjh\"DZdb_keh`gu_wnbjuh[eZ^ZxlijbylgufZjhfZlhf"
Hl\_l
Keh`gu_wnbjuh[jZamxlkyijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bbdZj[hgh\uo
dbkehlkhkibjlZfb

Ijbf_j
2 2
+& K +2± &+&+ o +& K +2
2 + 2 K+ K+

mdkmkgZy wlbeh\uckibjl wlbeZp_lZl
dbkehlZ wlbeh\ucwnbjmdkmkghcdbkehlu
?keb\ _]hfhe_dme_keh`guownbjh\qbkehZlhfh\m]e_jh^Z
g_\_ebdhlhhgbh[eZ^ZxlijbylgufZjhfZlhfIjbylgucZjhfZl
fgh]bonjmdlh\p\_lh\k\yaZgk ijbkmlkl\b_fkeh`guownbjh\
Ijbf_j 2
mdkmkghbahhfbeh\ucwnbj©]jmr_\Zywkk_gpbyª K+ K
2 K+

<hijhk
QlhlZdh_fuehb qlhlZdh_`bju"
Hl\_l
FueZ ± wlh gZljb_\u_ beb dZeb_\u_ kheb lZd gZau\Z_fuo
©`bjguoª dZj[hgh\uo dbkehl gZijbf_j K+&22±1D M]e_
jh^guc hklZlhd dZj[hgh\hc dbkehlu ^he`_g \dexqZlv hl ^h
Zlhfh\ m]e_jh^Z FueZ ihemqZxl \Zjdhc `bjh\ k 1D2+ beb
.&2GZljb_\u_fueZ± l\_jû_dZeb_\h_fueh± `b^dh_
@bju ± keh`gu_wnbju]ebp_jbgZb h^ghhkgh\guog_jZa\_l\
e_gguodZj[hgh\uodbkehlkh^_j`Zsbohl^hZlhfh\m]e_jh
^ZlZdb_dbkehluba^Z\gZgZau\Zxl ³`bjgufb´dbkehlZfb< hk
gh\ghf`bjukhklhylbaljb]ebp_jb^h\Ze_bgh\hc&+&22+
iZevf_lbghc&+&22+b kl_Zjbgh\hc&+&22+dbkehl
< fhe_dmeuijbjh^guo`bjh\\oh^ylh[uqghhklZldb±jZa
guodZj[hgh\uodbkehl
Ijbf_j
ljb]ebp_jb^kl_Zjbgh\hcdbkehlu &+ 2 &2 & +
&+ 2 &2 & +
&+ 2 &2 & +
<hijhk
DZd]exdhaZh[jZam_lky\ ijbjh^_"=^_bkihevamxl]exdham"
Hl\_l
=exdhaZ\ ijbjh^_h[jZam_lky\ jZaebqguojZkl_gbyo\ ijh
p_kk_nhlhkbgl_aZ&2 +2
o &+2 2n
4k\_loehjhnbee

LZdmx`_nhjfmembf__lb ^jm]hcijbjh^gucm]e_jh^± njmd
lhaZ=exdhaZb njmdlhaZ± e_]dhmk\hy_fucbklhqgbdwg_j]bb`b
\uo hj]Zgbafh\ =exdhaZ rbjhdhbkihevam_lkylZd`_\ dhg^bl_j
kdhc l_dklbevghc ijhfure_gghklb ij\_ a_jgZ Zkdhj[bgh\hc
dbkehluibs_\h]hb f_^bpbgkdh]hwlbeh\h]hkibjlZ
<hijhk
< dZdbojZkl_gbyo\klj_qZ_lkykZoZjhaZ"
Hl\_l
KZoZjhaZ &+2 ± h[uqguc ibs_\hc kZoZj < hkgh\ghf
\klj_qZ_lky \ dem[gyo kZoZjghc k\_deu ± b \ kl_[eyo kZ
oZjgh]hljhklgbdZ±KZoZjhaZ\ f_gvrbodhebq_kl\Zokh
^_j`blky\ khd_b ^jm]bojZkl_gbc± [_j_aude_gZ\ DZgZ^_g_
dhlhjuoiZevf\ :njbd_\ ieh^Zofgh]bojZkl_gbc
<hijhk
HoZjZdl_jbamcl_kljh_gb_fhe_dmedjZofZeZb ]exdhau=^_hgbbk
ihevamxlky"
Hl\_l
Fhe_dmeu]exdhaubf_xlpbdebq_kdh_kljh_gb_
&+ 2+
+ 2 +
+
2+ +
+2 2+
+ 2+
< \h^ghfjZkl\hj_pbdebq_kdb_fhe_dmeu]exdhaujZkdju\Zxlky
\ ebg_cgu_nhjfufhe_dme]exdhau
Zev^_]b^gZynhjfZ ]b^jZlgZynhjfZ
&+2 2+
+ & 2+ + & 2+
+2 & + + & 2+
+ & 2+ +2 & +
+ & 2+ + & 2+
&+ 2+ + & 2+
&+ 2+
Bkihevah\Zgb_]exdhau± kfhl\_lgZ\hijhkklj

DjZofZe ± ijbjh^gucihebf_j]exdhauBf__lnhjfmem
&+2Q]^_Q^hklb]Z_lg_kdhevdbolukyqWe_f_glZjgu_
njZ]f_glubf_xlpbdebq_kdmxkljmdlmjmkjZ\gbkhkljh_gb_f
]exdhau &+ 2+ &+ 2+
2 2 +
2 2+ 2+
2
Q
2+ 2+
Ih^h[gu_ijbjh^gu_ihebf_jugZau\ZxlkyihebkZoZjb^Zfb
>jm]hcijbjh^gucihebkZoZjb^k _s_[hevrbfagZq_gb_fQ± wlh
p_eexehaZDjZofZebkihevam_lky\ ibs_\hcijhfure_gghklb
gZijbf_jkmohcdbk_evêyihemq_gbyl_ogbq_kdhc]exdhau
wlbeh\h]hkibjlZZ lZd`_\_s_kl\Z^_dkljbg
<hijhk
HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ kljh_gb_ fhe_dme Zfbghdbkehl DZdh\Z jhev Zfb
ghdbkehl\ `bagbq_eh\_dZb `b\hlguo"
Hl\_l
:fbghdbkehlu ± wlh ijhba\h^gu_ dZj[hgh\uo dbkehl\ fhe_
dmeZodhlhjuo\ m]e_\h^hjh^ghcqZklbh^bgbebg_kdhevdhZlhfh\
\h^hjh^Z aZf_g_g gZ Zfbgh]jmiim ± 1+ LZdbf h[jZahf Zfbgh
dbkehlubf_xl\ fhe_dme_^\_nmgdpbhgZevgu_]jmiiu
Ijbf_juZfbghdbkehl
]ebpbg +1± &+ ± &22+
ZeZgbg &+ &+ &22+
1+
n_gbeZeZgbg & + &+ &+ &22+
ZjhfZlbq_kdZyZfbghdbkehlZ
1+
]emlZfbg +22& &+ &22+
1+
ebabgZfbgh]jmiiu + 1 &+ &+ &22+
\ fhe_dme_
1+
JhevZfbghdbkehl\ ijbjh^_\ lhfqlhbagboh[jZamxlky[_e
dh\u_ \\Z \k_o jZkl_gbc b `b\hlguo ;_edh\u_ \\Z b]jZxl bk
dexqbl_evgmx jhev \ iblZgbb q_eh\_dZ b `b\hlguo l d qZklv
Zfbghdbkehl`b\hlgu_hj]Zgbafukbgl_abjh\Zlvg_fh]mlb ihem

qZxl bo \ khklZ\_ [_edh\hc ibsb LZdbfb g_aZf_gbfufb Zfbgh
dbkehlZfby\eyxlky\Zebge_cpbgbahe_cpbgf_lbhgbg
Nmgdpbb [_edh\ hq_gv jZaghh[jZagu Ijbf_jZfb [_edh\ y\ey
xlky]_fh]eh[bgn_jf_glu]hjfhgu
<hijhk
HoZjZdl_jbamcl_keh`ghklvkljh_gbyfhe_dmeZfbghdbkehlbojZa
ghh[jZab_b \Z`gmx[bheh]bq_kdmxjhev
Hl\_l
:fbghdbkehlu ± keh`gh mkljh_ggu_ hj]Zgbq_kdb_ \_s_kl\Z
bf_xsb_jZaghh[jZagh_kljh_gb_<k_Zfbghdbkehlubf_xl\ fh
e_dme_ ih djZcg_c f_j_ ^\_ nmgdpbhgZevgu_ ]jmiiu Zfbgh]jmi
im1+ b ]jmiimdZj[hgh\hcdbkehlu± &22+
G_dhlhju_Zfbghdbkehlufh]mlbf_lvg_kdhevdhdbkehlguo]jmii
ZfbghdbkehlZ]emlZfbg +22& &+ &22+
1+
g_dhlhju_Zfbghdbkehlubf_xlihg_kdhevdhZfbgh]jmiiebabg

± Zfbgh]jmiiu + 1 &+ &+ &22+

1+
< khklZ\fhe_dmeZfbghdbkehlfh`_l\oh^blvZjhfZlbq_kdh_
dhevphn_gbeZeZgbg & + &+ &+ &22+
1+
G_dhlhju_Zfbghdbkehlu\dexqZxlkibjlh\mx]jmiim± k_jbg
Kms_kl\mxlZfbghdbkehlumkljh_ggu_
&+ &+ &22+ _s_[he__keh`gufh[jZahf
2+ 1+ <Z`g_crZy[bheh]bq_kdZyjhevZfbghdbk
ehl\ lhfqlhhgby\eyxlkywe_f_glZjgufb
³dbjibqbdZfb´êykljhbl_evkl\Z]b]Zglkdbofhe_dme[_edh\Hk
gh\guoZfbghdbkehl±
<hijhk
QlhgZau\Zxln_jf_glZfbb qlh ± ]hjfhgZfb"
Hl\_l
N_jf_glu b ]hjfhgu ± wlh jZagh\b^ghklb [_edh\ h[_ki_qb
\Zxsb_`bag_^_yl_evghklvhj]Zgbafh\b bojZa\blb_
N_jf_glu ± wlh mgbdZevgu_ ih k\hbf k\hckl\Zf [bheh]bq_
kdb_ dZlZebaZlhju [_a dhlhjuo g_ fh]eb [u hkms_kl\blvky \Z`
g_crb_[bheh]bq_kdb_ijhp_kkuMq_gu_^hkboihjg_gZmqbebkv

\hkijhba\h^blvfgh]b_obfbq_kdb_ijhp_kkudhlhju_ijhoh^yl\
de_ldZo`b\uohj]Zgbafh\ijbmqZklbbn_jf_glh\
=hjfhgu ± hkh[u_hq_gvZdlb\gu_\_s_kl\Zj_]mebjmxsb_
^_yl_evghklvhij_^_e_gguohj]Zgh\hj]ZgbafZ\ p_ehfb ijhp_k
kh\h[f_gZ\_s_kl\<ujZ[Zlu\Zxlkyki_pbZebabjh\Zggufbde_l
dZfbb `_e_aZfb\gmlj_gg_ck_dj_pbbBa\_klgh[he__]hjfh
gh\q_eh\_dZb `b\hlguoIjbf_ju]hjfhgh\Z^j_gZebg
bgkmebgdhjlbdhkl_jhgijh]_kl_jhglbfhabgu>_nbpbl]hjfh
gZbgkmebg\ hj]Zgbaf_q_eh\_dZijb\h^bld aZ[he_\Zgbx± kZoZj
guc^bZ[_l
=hjfhgulbfhabgu\ujZ[Zlu\Zxlky\behqdh\hc`_e_ahcb]
jZxl\Z`g_crmxjhev\ hkms_kl\e_gbbijhlb\h\bjmkghcb ijh
lb\hjZdh\hcaZsbluhj]ZgbafZ=hjfhgulZd`_b]jZxl\Z`g_c
rmxjhev\ hkms_kl\e_gbbj_ijh^mdlb\ghcnmgdpbbhj]Zgbafh\
Fgh]b_]hjfhguy\eyxlkyp_gg_crbfbe_dZjkl\Zfb
<hijhk
>Zcl_ djZldmx oZjZdl_jbklbdm ihebwlbe_gZ ihebijhibe_gZ iheb
\bgbeoehjb^Zn_ghieZklh\=^_hgbijbf_gyxlky"
Hl\_l
Ihebwlbe_g ± ihebf_j h[jZamxsbcky ijb dZlZeblbq_kdhc
ihebf_jbaZpbbwlbe_gZ
o >&+ &+ @Q
7L &O $O & +
Q+& &+
L\_jûcihebf_j[_eh]hp\_lZijhajZqguc\ ie_gdZoObfbq_kdb
hq_gvklh_dG_j_Z]bjm_lk s_ehqZfbex[hcdhgp_gljZpbbjZk
l\hjZfbex[uokhe_c\k_fbdbkehlZfbdjhf_dhgpZahlghc
JZajmrZ_lkylhevdh^_ckl\b_f&O b ) Z lZd`_hdbke_gb_fdb
kehjh^Z\ha^moZgZk\_lmhkh[_gghijb^_ckl\bbmevljZnbh
e_lh\uoemq_cIjZdlbq_kdb[_a\j_^_gêya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZ
H^bgbakZfuop_gguob jZkijhkljZg_gguoihebf_jh\Hq_gv
e_]dhi_j_jZ[Zlu\Z_lky\ ]hlh\u_ba^_ebyFbjh\h_ijhba\h^kl\h
ihebwlbe_gZkhklZ\ey_l[he__feglhgg\ ]h^GZb[he__rbjh
dhijbf_gy_lkyêyijhba\h^kl\Z\k_\hafh`guoie_ghd[ulh\h]h
b l_ogbq_kdh]hgZagZq_gbyij_^f_lh\^hfZrg_]hh[boh^Z_fdh
kl_cb ZiiZjZlmjub ojZg_gbyZ]j_kkb\guo\_s_kl\
Ihebijhibe_g ± [_kp\_lguc l_jfhieZklbqguc ihebf_j
Kbgl_abjm_lky iml_f ihebf_jbaZpbb ijhibe_gZ &+ &+ ± &+
Bf__lkljmdlmjm >&+ & + @Q
&+

< lhgdboie_gdZoijZdlbq_kdbijhajZq_gIjbf_jghiheb
ijhibe_gZi_j_jZ[Zlu\Z_lky\ kbgl_lbq_kdh_\hehdghG_dhlhju_
_]hkhjlZh[eZ^Zxl[hevrhcfhjhahklhcdhklvx± ^h± qKIjb
f_gy_lkydZdwe_dljhbaheypbhggucfZl_jbZe\ we_dljhl_ogbd_
Iheb\bgbeoehjb^ ± [_kp\_lguc l_jfhieZklbqguc ihebf_j
Kbgl_abjm_lkyba\bgbeoehjb^Z &+ &+&Oo >&+ &+&O @Q
Klh_dobfbq_kdbIhkjZ\g_gbxk ihebwlbe_ghfb ihebijhibe_
ghfklh_dd \ha^_ckl\bxZlfhkn_jub ljm^gh]hjxqBf_gghih
wlhfmI<Ohq_gvrbjhdhijbf_gy_lkyêybaheypbb\k_\hafh`
guowe_dljhijh\h^h\b dZ[_e_cêyijhba\h^kl\Zebghe_mfZ
iheh\hciebldbb bkdmkkl\_gghcdh`bBaijhajZqgh]hI<Oba]h
lh\eyxlh[t_fgmxlZjmêyibs_\uoijh^mdlh\[mluehdb l^
N_ghieZkluNNK± ieZklfZkkuihemqZxsb_kyiml_fijh
ibldb n_ghenhjfZev^_]b^gufb kfheZfb b ij_kkh\Zgby ijb ih
\ur_gghc l_fi_jZlmj_ jZaebqguo fZl_jbZeh\ dZd lh o[ ldZg_c
[mfZ]bkl_deh\hehdgZ^j_\_kghcfmdbbebhibehd
N_ghenhjfZev^_]b^gu_kfheuihemqZxl\ j_amevlZl_ihebdhg
^_gkZpbbn_gheZb nhjfZev^_]b^Z
2
Q&+2+Q + K o >& + 2+ &+ @Q Q+2
2 +
IjbgZ]j_\Zgbbkfhehih^h[gucijh^mdlj_Zdpbbihebdhg^_gkZ
pbb aZl\_j^_\Z_lldh[jZamxlkyk\yab©krb\Zxsb_ªebg_cgu_
fhe_dmeuLZdb_ieZklfZkkugZau\Zxlkyl_jfhj_Zdlb\gufb<
hlebqb_hlihebwlbe_gZihebijhibe_gZiheb\bgbeoehjb^Zn_
ghieZkluijbgZ]j_\Zgbbg_ jZaeZ]ZxlkyGZebqb_©krb\hdªf_`
^mebg_cgufbfhe_dmeZfbh[_ki_qb\Z_lagZqbl_evgmxf_oZgbq_
kdmxijhqghklvn_ghieZklh\qlhiha\hey_lbkihevah\Zlvboêy
ij\Z^_lZe_cfZrbgb ZiiZjZlh\\ we_dljh± b jZ^bhl_ogbq_kdhc
ijhfure_gghklbkflZ[egZklj
<hijhk
GZ hkgh\Zgbb \k_]h ba\_klgh]h \Zf fZl_jbZeZ hj]Zgbq_kdhc obfbb
khklZ\vl_lZ[ebpmih ke_^mxs_cko_f_
Hl\_l
DeZkk Lbibqguc H[eZklvijbf_g_gby
kh_^bg_gbc ij_^klZ\bl_ev
Ij_^_ev± F_lZg Lhieb\hkujv_ êyob
gu_gZku &+ fbq_kdhcijhfure_ggh
s_ggu_m] klbkfhl\_lgZ\hij
e_\h^hjhû klj

G_ij^_ev Wlbe_g Bkoh^gh_kujv_êyih
gu_g_gZku +& &+ emq_gbyihebwlbe_gZ
s_ggu_m] wlbeh\h]hkibjlZb ^j
e_\h^hjhû \_s_kl\kfhl\_lgZ
jy^Zwlbe_gZ \hijklj
G_ij^_ev :p_lbe_g Ijhba\h^kl\hmdkmkghc
gu_g_gZku +&{ &+ dbkehlu^j\_s_kl\
s_ggu_m] Zp_lbe_gh\Zyk\ZjdZb
e_\h^hjhû j_adZf_lZeeh\kfhl\_l
jy^ZZp_lb gZ\hijklj
e_gZ
>b_gh\u_ ±[mlZ^b_g Ijhba\h^kl\hdZmqmdh\
m]e_\h^hjh +& &+± &+&+ kfhl\_lgZ\hijklj
û
:jhfZlb ;_gahe Kujv_êyobfbq_kdhc
q_kdb_m]e_ &+ ijhfure_gghklb
\h^hjhû
=Zeh]_g >boehjwlZg JZkl\hjbl_eboheh^bev
ijhba\h^gu_ &+&O± &+&O gu_Z]j_]Zlukujv_êy
m]e_\h^hjh nj_hgu obfbq_kdhcijhfur
^h\ e_gghklbkfhl\_lgZ
\hijklj
Kibjlu WlZghe JZkl\hjbl_evijhba\h^
h^ghZlhf &+ ± &+2+ kl\hZedh]hevguogZibl
gu_ dh\± [mlZ^b_gZkf
hl\_lgZ\hijklj
Kibjlu =ebp_jbg F_^bpbgkdZyijhfur
fgh]hZlhf e_gghklvibs_\Zyijh
gu_ &+ &+ &+ fure_gghklvobfbq_
2+ 2+ 2+ kdZyijhfure_gghklv
Zglbnjbaub l^kf
hl\_lgZ\hijklj
DZj[hgh MdkmkgZydbkehlZ Ibs_\Zyijhfure_g
\u_dbkehlu 2 ghklvobfbq_kdZyk_ev
+ & K kdhohayckl\_ggZyijh
2 + fure_gghklvkfhl\_l
gZ\hijklj
Ijhklu_ >bf_lbeh\ucwnbj JZkl\hjbl_ev
wnbju &+ ± 2± &+

Keh`gu_ F_lbeZp_lZl Ibs_\Zyijhfure_g
wnbju 2 ghklviZjnxf_jbyob
+ & K fbq_kdZykf hl\_lgZ
2 K+
\hijklj
M]e_\hû =exdhaZ F_^bpbgZibs_\hc
&+2 ijh^mdlobfbq_kdZy
ijhfure_gghklvkf
hl\_lgZ\hijklj
:fbgh =ebpbg Dhfihg_gl[_edh\f_
dbkehlu +1± &+ ± &22+ ^bpbgkdbcij_iZjZlkf
hl\_lgZ\hijklj
@bju Ljb]ebp_jb^kl_Z Ijh^mdliblZgbyijhba
jbgh\hcdbkehlu \h^kl\hfueZkfhl\_l
&+ 2 &2 & + gZ\hijklj
&+ 2 &2 & +
&+ 2 &2 & +
;_edb N_jf_glu Hkgh\ghc©kljhbl_ev

]hjfhgu[_edb gucfZl_jbZeª`b\uo
fur_qguoldZg_c hj]Zgbafh\ijh^mdlu
iblZgbykfhl\_lgZ
\hijklj
Ihebf_ju Ihebwlbe_g Ie_gdbljm[u_fdhklb
>&+ &+ @Q ^_lZebf_oZgbafh\kf
hl\_lgZ\hijklj

- Ё¬Ёп 9Є« - ђг¤§ЁвЁб - "Ґ«м¤¬ ­ - ѓ„‡ - 1999 - Ј« I-X PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

- Ё¬Ёп 9Є« - ђг¤§ЁвЁб - "Ґ«м¤¬ ­ - ѓ„‡ - 1999 - Ј« I-X PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

>hfZrgyy jZ[hlZ

 < jZkl\hj_ b jZkieZ\_ we_dljheblZ bhgu ^\b`mlky oZhlbq_

 62±62± %D o %D62p

 G G bg^bdZlhjuo baf_g_gb_hdjZkdb

 ,±,± $J12 o $J,p 12±

 , G 62± o , +6n +2

j_Zdpbyihc^_l^hdhgpZld%D62 \uiZ^Z_l\ hkZ^hd

J_Zdpbyb^_l^hdhgpZldKX HG  \uiZ^Z_l\ hkZ^hd

)H &O )H&O±

12± G2± : +12±

6± ± H± : 6  ghlZdjZkklZ\eylvdhwnnbpb_glu

P 6 ] 0U 6 0U 62   

9 2 " ] G6 ± o e 2

f G6 ± f H

lhqgh[ukljhlhevdh\ ijbkmlkl\bbdZlZebaZlhjZ± jZkdZe_gghc

>ZgumjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc+J2 mo +J2 ± 4

1 + mo 1+ 4

1 2 mo 12± 4

+ 2 mo S

L_H ba[ 1DL_H \h^g GH : 1DGL_H

+6H ba[ KZ HG : KZ G6H  +2

 6)H o )H6

 G6 o +6

Hl\_lY  ± fheve  kdhgp_gljZpby\_s_kl\Z< baf_gbeZkv

W K ' Y      

 1G GJH ba[ o 1+ +3H

 1G GJH g_^hkl o 1+ +3H

FU 1+&O  

9 1+ ± " FU 1+   

J_Zdpby wdahl_jfbqgZ ihwlhfm ijb ih\ur_gbb l_fi_jZlmju

Z .2+ O  J_Zdpbyihemq_ggh]hjZkl\hjZdbkeZy

 AKZHGJ2 o KZ JH p AGH

 AKZ H+  ba[ GJ2 o KZ HG JHAGH

KZ H+ G

 KZ H+ GJ2 ba[ o KZGJHGH

KZ H+ G

[ 1+ +&Oo 1+&O

` 1 0J  o 0J1

a 0J1 +H o 0J 2+  1+n

f G12 DHGo D12 GH

R 12 DHG o D12 +2

j G12 DHGo D12 +2

k G12 =Qo =Q 12  12+2

\ J +12 +2o GJ2 12n

H JH DHGo DJ2 +2

a KZ JH  K 6L2 o

d KZJ +2oJG KZ HG 

GJH o +32+2

f G32 DHGo DJH GH

FU KZ JH        

FU KZ +JH      

Hl\_l Z JH   ijhklhckmi_jnhknZl

JZkl\hj_gb_kh^u\ \h^_b ihke_^mxs__\uiZjb\Zgb_

 1D&2 +2&2 o 1DG&2

 Nhlhkbgl_a&2n +H o &GHHn

 =hj_gb_hj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\ g_nlvijbjh^guc]Zab li 

 JZaeh`_gb_ba\_klgydZ h[`b] KZKH o

P KZKH l KZKH o KZHKHn

Zijbf_k_c  l l

Pijbf_k_c   l

P G&2  +2 ± " KH  GH

0U G&2  +2      

P S±SZ ± " 0U G&2 0U GKO 

- Ё¬Ёп 9Є« - ђг¤§ЁвЁб - "Ґ«м¤¬ - ѓ„‡ - 1999 - Ј« I-X PDF

- Ё¬Ёп 9Є« - ђг¤§ЁвЁб - "Ґ«м¤¬ - ѓ„‡ - 1999 - Ј« I-X PDF

< jZkl\hj_ b jZkieZ\_ we_dljheblZ bhgu ^\b`mlky oZhlbq_

62±62± %D o %D62p

G G bg^bdZlhjuo baf_g_gb_hdjZkdb

,±,± $J12 o $J,p 12±

, G 62± o , +6n +2

j_Zdpbyihc^_l^hdhgpZld%D62 \uiZ^Z_l\ hkZ^hd

J_Zdpbyb^_l^hdhgpZldKXHG \uiZ^Z_l\ hkZ^hd

)H &O )H&O±

12± G2± : +12±

6± ± H± : 6 ghlZdjZkklZ\eylvdhwnnbpb_glu

P6 ] 0U6 0U62

92 " ]G6± o e2

f G6± f H

>ZgumjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc+J2 mo +J2 ± 4

1 + mo 1+ 4

1 2 mo 12± 4

+ 2 mo S

L_Hba[1DL_H\h^gGH : 1DGL_H

+6Hba[KZHG: KZG6H +2

6)H o )H6

G6 o +6

Hl\_lY ± fheve kdhgp_gljZpby\_s_kl\Z< baf_gbeZkv

W K ' Y

1G GJHba[ o 1++3H

1G GJHg_^hkl o 1++3H

FU1+&O

91+± " FU1+

J_Zdpby wdahl_jfbqgZ ihwlhfm ijb ih\ur_gbb l_fi_jZlmju

Z .2+ O J_Zdpbyihemq_ggh]hjZkl\hjZdbkeZy

AKZHGJ2 o KZJHp AGH

AKZH+ba[GJ2 o KZHGJHAGH

KZ H+ G

KZH+GJ2ba[ o KZGJHGH

KZ H+ G

[1+ +&Oo 1+&O

`1 0J o 0J1

a0J1 +H o 0J2+ 1+n

fG12 DHGo D12 GH

R12 DHG o D12 +2

jG12 DHGo D12 +2

kG12 =Qo =Q12 12+2

\J +12 +2o GJ2 12n

HJH DHGo DJ2 +2

aKZJH K 6L2 o

dKZJ +2oJG KZHG

GJH o +32+2

fG32 DHGo DJH GH

FUKZJH

FUKZ+JH

Hl\_l ZJH ijhklhckmi_jnhknZl

JZkl\hj_gb_kh^u\ \h^_b ihke_^mxs__\uiZjb\Zgb_

1D&2 +2&2 o 1DG&2

Nhlhkbgl_a&2n +H o &GHHn

=hj_gb_hj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\g_nlvijbjh^guc]Zab li

JZaeh`_gb_ba\_klgydZh[`b]KZKH o

PKZKH l KZKH o KZHKHn

Zijbf_k_c l l

Pijbf_k_c l

PG&2 +2± " KH GH

0UG&2 +2

PS±SZ± " 0UG&2 0UGKO

Hl\_lPj±jZ ]

1ZGKH o 1ZKH GH KHn

0J6L o 0J6L

&D&2 6L2 o &D6L2 &2n

1D6L2&D6L2 6L2 o 1D2 &D2 6L2

[D&2 6L2 o D6L2 &2n

D6L2&D6L2 6L2 o D2 &D2 6L2

\D6L2JE26L2 o D2 3E2 6L2

KZK GH o KZHG KG

$O&O +2 o AKG :HG jZa[d±lZ

KHba[1D2+o 1D+&2

1D+&2 +&o 1D&OGH &2n

6L2 0J o 0J26L

1D6L2 &D6L2 6L2 o 1D2 &D2 6L2

Zijbf_k_c 6L2 1D&2 o 1D6L2 KHn

P1Z6L2 d] d] d]

P6L2± " 0U1D6L2