Republic of the Philippines

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

Cordillera Administrative Region
Regional Training Center- Baguio

RESEARCH TITLE
Wheel Alignment Model Mock-up

Proponents:
Andres, John Well R.
Baniaga, Francis S.

Supervisor:
Francis B. Martinez
 Wheel Alignment Model

Abstract
This research provided a framework for an innovation in wheel alignment for the
automotive servicing trainees. Model is used for demonstrating and evaluating the
functionality of a design. This scale model is mostly assembled using recycled
materials. The research methodology is to build a scale model for research and
experimental/testing purposes. This paper aims to help improve lesson training and in-
service steering system by building a 3D model of wheel alignment. Through this model,
the trainees will have a visual on how to adjust wheel alignments.

I. Introduction
Poor wheel alignment causes a slew of issues, ranging from performance issues
to more serious issues such as user safety. If left unchecked, these basic alignment
angles, or primary angles, can reduce automobile efficiency in that they increase the
rolling resistance of the tires, resulting in greater fuel expenditure and tire wear.
Furthermore, a vehicle’s suspension parts will also require premature replacement due
to undesired force distribution while the vehicle is in motion. These side effects result in
greater carbon emissions, whether it be directly through increased levels of fuel
consumption or indirectly through increased levels of demand for automotive parts.
Servicing Steering System is one of the elements under Automotive Servicing
NC II offered by Technical Education and Skills Development Authority or TESDA.
Since dealing with Servicing Steering System, it includes the servicing in the conduct of
wheel alignment. The problem is trainees lack a hands-on material to test on this topic.
It is important to have a hands-on material for the trainees because the style of learning
is more on technical skills. So, the researchers came up with building a wheel
alignment mock-up for the trainees.

II. Research Questions:

1. What are the advantages and benefits of having a scale model instead of picture
presentations?
2. What is the difference between having a 3D model as a learning material than
visual presentations?

III. Objective:
1. Help improve the training about conducting wheel alignment.
2. Ease the instructors in discussing the topics under wheel alignment using the 3D
Model.
3. Provide trainees with a 3D model of wheel alignment.
 Wheel alignment, sometimes referred to as braking or tracking, is part of
standard automobile maintenance that consists of adjusting the angles of wheels to
the car manufacturer’s specifications. The purpose of these adjustments is for
maximum tire life and a vehicle that tracks straight and true when driving along a
straight and level road. In the scale model, it will focus primarily on two things,
camber and toe:

A. Camber- Camber angle is the measure in degrees of the difference between the
wheel’s vertical alignment perpendicular to the surface. If a wheel is perfectly
perpendicular to the surface, its camber would be 0 degrees. Camber is
described as negative when the top of the tires begins to tilt inward towards the
fender wells. Consequently, when the top of the tires begins to tilt away from the
vehicle it is considered positive.

Effects of Camber
Positive Camber:
Positive camber creates more stability because it will
cause the vehicle to pull to each side. positive camber
angles are often observed on recreational and agricultural
vehicles, such as tractors. The benefit of positive camber on
these vehicles is that it doesn’t need to use much effort
when steering them. Also, when driving on uneven roads or
surfaces, then there’s an added stability that positive
cambers provide.

Negative Camber:
The benefit of this angle is for making turns around corners
because the wheels and tires are positioned better for this
purpose. The bottoms of the tires are also making less
contact with the ground and there is less pressure put on
them. This allows the turns to happen much more smoothly. If
the tires and wheels were to be perfectly aligned with the
vertical axis and have no camber angle at all, then cornering
would cause the contact patches of the front tires to lift from
the ground. This would not create a smooth turning
experience for the driver. That is why people with high-
performance vehicles which corner frequently will want
to have negative cambers on their front wheels.
 B. Toe- Toe is the side-to-side difference in distance between the front and rear of
the front tires. If the distance is closer at the front, it's called toe-in. If the
difference is closer at the rear, it's called toe-out.

Effects of toe

Toe in

Toe-in alignment is mostly used in rear-wheel

drives. It can also can help to reduce over steer problems
and can increase stability in vehicles that have front-wheel
drives. 

Toe out

Toe out alignment can help to mitigate issues related

to under steering and can improve the handling on a vehicle
that has a front-wheel drive.
IV. Methodology:
1. Layout or Planning of the model.
The structure of layout and dimensions were made using Computer-Aided
Design.
 2. Procurement of possible materials.

Materials used in the model are mostly from recycled materials (e.g. scrapped angle
bars, bearing gears etc.). Only the bolts, washers, and nuts were actually purchased.

3. Creation of the model.

The frame of the 3D model was assembled by welding, cutting, and grinding.
The wheels are connected to the frame using the bolts, washers, and nuts.
For finishing, the model was painted mostly with primary and secondary colors.
V. Conclusion/ Recommendation:
Although this model mock-up is finished, some recommendations and suggestions are
needed. This model mock-up of wheel alignment is important because it can easily help
the trainees to visualize a wheel alignment. The model mock-up only features only two
components of wheel alignment, namely, camber and toe. This model mock-up needs
proper designs and funding so that proper features will be attain.

VI. References:
Retrieved from the Internet:
https://www.my-cardictionary.com/brake/master-brake-cylinder.html
https://www.my-cardictionary.com/brake/brake-lines.html
https://www.my-cardictionary.com/brake/wheel-cylinders.html
https://www.my-cardictionary.com/brake/brake-drum.html
https://www.my-cardictionary.com/cardictionary/products/produkt/Produkt/show/disc-brake.html
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Positive-and-negative-camber-15_fig6_323028585
http://yospeed.com/wheel-alignment-explained-camber-caster-toe/
https://oards.com/positive-and-negative-camber-effects/
https://www.restore-an-old-car.com/front-end-suspension-and-steering.html
http://www.gilisautomotive.com/wheel-alignment-toe-vs-toe/