__

cm
__ NUCLEAR
INSTRUMENTS

l!B
ELSEVIER Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 401 ( 1997) 442462
8 METHODS
IN PHYSICS
RESEARCH
Sectlon
A

Measurement of gas bremsstrahlung from electron storage rings

M. Pisharodya-*, P.K. Job”, S. Magillb, J. Proudfootb, R. Stanekb
a Advanced Photon Source. Argonne National Laboratorv. 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL-60439, USA
b High Energ?, Physics Division, Argorme National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne. IL-60439. USA

Received 18 August 1997

Abstract
Bremsstrahlung is produced in electron storage rings when the particle beam interacts with the storage ring components or
with the residual gas molecules in the storage ring vacuum. The interaction of the particle beam with the gas molecules occurs
continuously during storage ring operation. At straight sections of a storage ring, the gas bremsstrahlung contribution from
each interaction adds up to produce a narrow monodirectional photon beam that travels down the beamlines. At the Advanced
Photon Source (APS), where the stored electron beam energy is 7 GeV, gas bremsstrahlung generated in the straight sections of
the insertion device beamlines, which is a total of 15.38 m in effective length, can be significant. This paper presents the results
of the bremsstrahlung spectrum and energy measurements from the insertion device beamlines of the APS using a hermetic
lead glass calorimeter. The calorimeter consists of 25 lead glass blocks. each 6.3 cm x 6.3 cm x 35 cm, stacked into a 5 x 5
array. Phototubes connected to the lead glass blocks collected the signals. The calorimeter is calibrated using the maximum
energy of the observed bremsstrahlung spectrum. The total energy radiated and the bremsstrahlung spectrum were measured
as a function of the storage ring beam current for both electrons and positrons of 7GeV energy. Vacuum in the straight
section was continuously monitored, and measurements to determine the nature of the residual gas inside the storage ring
were performed. The measured bremsstrahlung spectra are fitted to a function that shows an approximate l/E behavior. The
gas bremsstrahlung rate from the APS undulator beamline straight path of 15.38 m is measured as 60.0 I!I 2.0 GeV/s/nT/mA.
Significant contribution of bremsstrahlung from sources other than the residual gas molecules is observed. The maximum
bremsstrahlung energy measured in a beamline during the experiment is 369.0 ?C22.0 GeV/s/nT/mA.

1. Introduction field of atomic nuclei and electrons. The charged par-

1. I. Bremsstrahlung from electron storage rings
Bremsstrahlung or “breaking radiation” is emitted
by a charged particle as it decelerates due to the in-
elastic radiative interaction with the Coulomb force
* Corresponding author. Tel.: + 1 630 252 6573; fax: + 1 630 252
3222; e-mail: mpish@aps.anl.gov.
ticle is deflected in this process and imparts a sig-
nificant fraction of its kinetic energy to the emitted
photon. The energy spectrum of the emitted photon
ranges from zero to the initial energy of the interact-
ing charged particle. The differential atomic cross sec-
tion for the bremsstrahlung emission is proportional to
the square of the atomic number (Z’) of the material
and, for a nonrelativistic charged particle, depends on

0168-9002/97/$17.00 0 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

PJISO168-9002(97)01035-8
 M. Pisharody et al. / Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Rex A 401 (1997) 442-462
the inverse square of the mass of the particle. How-
ever, as the velocity of the particle approaches rela-
tivistic values, its mass is of decreasing importance.
Thus, bremsstrahlung generation by charged particles
other than electrons is not easily detected unless they
have relativistic velocities.
From the experimental standpoint, electrons have
been the most important source of bremsstrahlung.
The differential cross section do for the emission of
a photon in the energy range between E;, and E, + dE,.,
by an incident electron of kinetic energy E, in a ma-
terial of nuclei charge Ze can be expressed as [l, 21
,(E+moc2)dE,
do- = aoB(Z, E,/E)Z E
Ej
(cm’/nucleus),
(1)
where (~0= &e4/mic4, mOc2 being the rest mass of
the electron, and B is a coefficient that is a slowly
varying function of Z and E,/E. The numerical evalu-
ation of B as a function of Z and E,/E has been done
by Heitler [2] and has been verified for particle ener-
gies up to 500MeV. Although a comprehensive the-
ory of bremsstrahlung at all particle energies does not
exist as of yet, several equations that could be used
for different electron energies and various materials
are available [3, 41.
The Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne
National Laboratory consists of a 200MeV elec-
tron linac, a positron converter target, a 450MeV
positron linac, a positron accumulator ring, a 7GeV
booster synchrotron, and a 7 GeV electron/positron
storage ring along with a number of experimental
photon beamlines utilizing the synchrotron radia-
tion [5]. Bremsstrahlung is produced in the APS
storage ring when the circulating beam scatters from
the storage ring components and/or from the resid-
ual gas molecules in the vacuum [6]. Interactions of
the beam with the storage ring components gener-
ally occur when the beam deviates from the ideal
closed orbit or during injection and beam dumps.
Scattering from the residual gas molecules in the
storage ring vacuum occurs continuously during op-
eration, which generates the gas bremsstrahlung. Gas
bremsstrahlung becomes very important for large
storage rings with long straight beam paths on either
side of the insertion device (ID) straight sections,
as the contribution from each interaction adds up to
443
produce a narrow monodirectional bremsstrahlung
beam. This beam travels down the beamline, along
with the synchrotron radiation, with a characteristic
emission angle [7] (73 prad at the APS). Because
the storage ring beam straight paths at the APS are
15.38 m long (in the line of sight of the beamlines),
gas bremsstrahlung production in the beamlines is
significant. Bremsstrahlung can develop into an elec-
tromagnetic shower within any beamline component
it encounters. In addition, it can also generate pho-
toneutrons from targets of high-Z materials [8] like
photon beam stops and collimators.
Gas bremsstrahlung measurements have been per-
formed earlier in the storage rings at KEK [9] in
Japan and Frascati [ 1O-l 21 in Italy. These measure-
ments were done at lower stored beam energies com-
pared to the 7 GeV particle beam energy of the APS
storage ring. Monte-Carlo electromagnetic shower
codes [ 131 have also been used to quantitatively es-
timate gas bremsstrahlung from storage rings. These
codes assume air at atmospheric pressure as the parti-
cle’s traveling medium. The results were then linearly
extrapolated to typical storage ring vacuum pressure.
But, in reality, considering a single vacuum value will
not suffice as there exists a pressure profile along the
length of the straight paths in a storage ring. Also, the
chemical composition of the residual gas molecules
along the particle trajectory in the storage ring vacuum
chamber is different from that of air and may even
change during the course of storage ring operation.
In previous studies [ 141, the discrepancy between the
reported measurements and the Monte-Carlo simula-
tions is at least a factor of 3. An existing empirical
formula [ 151 has been used to roughly estimate the
gas bremsstrahlung dose rate. But, from the point of
view of the radiation protection of the personnel, an
actual experimental measurement of this dose rate is
imperative.
2. The experimental setup
Photons entering a medium transfer their energy by
means of repeated radiative and collision interactions,
generating a multiplicative electromagnetic shower.
An accurate measurement of the gas bremsstrahlung
spectrum can therefore be conducted by means
of a sensitive electromagnetic calorimeter that
444 M. Pishurody et al. J Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Rex A 401 (1997)
Bremsstrahhmg Photon
Fig. 1. The lead glass electromagnetic calorimeter. Details of a single lead glass block are also shown.
possesses good resolution at energies around
a few GeV. Approximately, 1.2 x lo5 gas bremsstrah-
lung photons are estimated to be produced per second
in a 15.38m-long typical straight path of the APS
storage ring. Thus, the calorimeter should also have
a fast time response to cope with such high photon
rates.
2.1. Lead glass calorimeter
Lead glass, which has a radiation length (X0) of
about 2.6cm, is an ideal material for the desired
calorimeter. It is composed of 50.8% PbO, 41% SiOz,
and 7% K20 by weight. The energy resolution of this
material is typically about S-10%/&. The charac-
teristic response time of lead glass is considered fast
and is typically about 20ns. Approximately, 20X0 of
material, and therefore a 52 cm long lead glass block,
will contain practically 100% of the electromagnetic
shower longitudinally. The transverse development of
electromagnetic showers in different materials scales
fairly accurately with the Moliere radius. The Moliere
radius of lead glass is about 3 cm, which means that
an electromagnetic cascade can be completely con-
tained transversely in a 30cm diameter block of this
material.
442-462
PMT and BASE
I
I
I
The electromagnetic calorimeter used to measure
the bremsstrahlung energy is shown in Fig. 1. It con-
sists of 25 lead glass blocks tightly stacked into a 5 x 5
array. Each lead glass block used has dimensions of
6.3 cm x 6.3 cm x 35 cm (13.5X0). The dimension of
the entire bulk of the detector is sufficient to contain
the electromagnetic shower in the transverse direc-
tion. The 13.5X0 depth will contain about 96% of
the shower longitudinally. Each block is enclosed in
a metal light-tight can with a photomultiplier tube
(PMT) and base fastened to the end. An LED can be
attached to the center of the front of each detector as
a source for gain and stability studies. During data
acquisition, the incident photon beam is aligned on
the center of the central lead glass block of the 5 x 5
matrix (see Fig. 1).
The first optical enclosures (FOE) or the white
beam experimental stations of the insertion device
(ID) beamlines at the APS, which are adequately
shielded, were found to be suitable for conducting
the measurements of gas bremsstrahlung characteris-
tics. The ID was kept magnetically open to the full
extent in order to minimize the synchrotron radiation
background. However, there was still a small contri-
bution from the synchrotron radiation produced by the
upstream and downstream bending magnets, which
 M. Pisharody et al. / Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phvs. Rex A 401 (1997) 442-462 445

travels along the straight path of the particle, arriving
at the calorimeter location. This bending magnet syn-
chrotron energy spectrum ranges from 0 to SOOkeV
with a peak energy of -20 keV. A thin copper shield
of 0.5X0 (6mm) was placed on the calorimeter front
face to eliminate this remaining residual synchrotron
radiation.
3. Data acquisition system
A schematic of the data acquisition system (DAQ)
is shown in Fig. 2. Signals from individual lead glass
detector photomultiplier tubes of the calorimeter are
read out into two 16-input fast encoding and read-
out ADCs (FERA) through a passive attenuator re-
sistor array. The ADCs are each of 11 bit dynamic
range and have a constant short conversion time of
8.5 us. The attenuators prevent the ADCs from over-
flowing. As will be discussed in the next section, the
gain of the PMTs at their selected operating voltages
is roughly 106. With about 400 photoelectrons
estimated to be generated per GeV photon, the upper
end of the spectrum will easily overflow unless the
PMT outputs are attenuated. The attenuation factor
has been chosen so as to make use of the full dynamic
range of the 11 bit ADCs with as little overflow as
possible. The attenuation on each PMT channel has
been set to approximately 25 dB, except for the central
PMT which splits half of its current to the trigger
circuit as shown in Fig. 2. To compensate for the split,
the attenuation on this PMT channel has been adjusted
by a factor of two less than the remaining channels.
The trigger is used both to generate a gate to the
ADCs upon a real energy deposit, as well as to ex-
clude any residual low energy synchrotron radiation.
Using a discriminator, a threshold of 150 MeV is
set to eliminate events from the low-energy region.
Bremsstrahlung energy lost in this cutoff region is
then corrected for in the final analysis using a fit and
extrapolation procedure, Also, a delay has been intro-
duced to signals from all the PMT channels relative
to the trigger channel split from the central detector.
Because the transfer of acquired data to a computer
typically takes many milliseconds per event, the

Disk

T
CAMAC
AttenuatorBox

n
PMTI
F D M
R E
E I M
PMT13(central) V 0 MicroVAX
R E R
R Y
A
PMT25

GateGenerator Discriminator

Fig. 2. Schematic of the data acquisition system (DAQ)

446 M. Pishurodv et al. / Nucl. burr. and Met/t. in Phvs. Res. A 401 i 1997) 342-462
digitized data from the ADC is stored into a 16 K mem-
ory unit for subsequent slow read out by the computer.
Transfer of data from the ADCs to the memory oc-
curs after each gate and proceeds at 100 ns per word.
This eliminates significant dead-time corrections that
will have to be applied otherwise. Once the memory
unit buffer is full, an inhibit is generated that prevents
further readouts of the ADCs by the driver. The crate
signals the computer that the buffer is to be read out.
After reading out the full memory unit, the computer
resets the memory address of the unit and clears the
ADC inhibit for the next batch of events. A MicroVax
computer is used to control the CAMAC modules and
to store the data.
The digitization time of the ADC is about 8.5 ps,
and readout time by the driver into the memory module
is about 2 us. This implies an approximate dead time of
11 ps between accepted triggers. Thus, the ADCs will
convert and the memory will store all events triggered
up to a rate of about 90 kHz (l/l 1~s). Any trigger
rate above this will have to be dead-time corrected
in the analysis. By introducing a known delay time
7 between ADC gates, the measured rate NM can be
corrected for dead time by using the relation
NM
NR = ___
1 - NMz’
(2)
where NR is the dead-time-corrected actual trigger
rate. The delay r is set at 15 us, close to the ADC dead
time of 11 us.
Apart from the ADC data, three scalers were also
written out into the data stream as shown in Fig. 2.
They include a pulser running at a fixed frequency
(Sl ) that is used to establish the rate of triggered
events and two numbers representing dead-timeless
triggered events (S2) and accepted triggered events
(S3) within the dead-time limit.
4. Preliminary PMT gain measurements
The ADC distribution of the pulsed LED source
follows Poisson statistics, the mean of which ((ADC))
changes with applied high voltage. An example of
such a distribution for a typical lead glass detector
is given in Fig. 3. Using the mean value (ADC) and
width aAoc of the distribution, the number of photo-
electrons Npe is approximated as
N = WW - PADC 2
PC (3)
( OADC b
where PADCis the mean ADC pedestal. The gain is
then determined from the relation
G- (ADC) X 0.25 pC
ADC channel
NPe
x 6.242 x lo6 electrons
(4)
1pc
Fig. 4 shows a typical variation of the photoelectron
yield and gain as a function of the high voltage applied
to the lead glass detector given in Fig, 3.
The operating voltage of the phototubes depends on
both the number of photoelectrons expected at 7 GeV
and the region of linear operation. We estimated the
expected photoelectron yield at 7 GeV by using the
endpoint of the bremsstrahlung spectrum, which was
obtained in an earlier measurement made with a single
lead glass block. By matching the pulse height for the
end point of the bremsstrahlung with the mean pulse
height from an LED at identical operating conditions,
the number of photoelectrons at 7 GeV was found to be
approximately 2700. The initial high voltages for the
PMTs were then chosen in such a way that each of the
tubes operate in their linear region with approximately
similar gains.
The calorimeter is mounted on a platform that slides
on a pair of rails. A step motor is used to power the
sliding mechanism. The detector volume can thus be
moved beam-left or beam-right using this arrange-
ment. This sliding surface with the detector attached
is then placed on a table that can be manually raised
and lowered. These lateral and vertical movements
thus enable us to scan each lead glass block with the
bremsstrahlung beam.
5. PMT gain adjustment in the beam
As discussed in previous section, the PMT gains
have so far been set only by a pulsed LED source.
The bremsstrahlung beam itself is used to fine-tune
the gains more accurately prior to the data acqui-
sition. The procedure involves scanning each lead
glass block of the calorimeter by the bremsstrahlung
 M. Pisharody er al. 1 Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 401 (1997) 442462 441

v-r-
22250

= 660.5f0.2
1
j
oas= 16.6fO.l

1750
1
185OV

1500
t

1250 L

1000
1

250
E

AOC Channel

Fig. 3. Pedestal-subtracted ADC distribution for various PMT high voltages, using a pulsed LED source attached to the front of a
typical lead glass detector. As an example, the inset shows details such as (ADC) and crA~c of the hatched distribution for 2100 V. The
photoelectron yield in this case is approximately 1220.

beam. The beam is made to fall at the center of each
lead glass block using the mechanism that moves
the calorimeter. Individual outputs are then displayed
through a qVt multichannel analyzer module. The
observed bremsstrahlung distribution drops at the
maximum particle energy of 7 GeV, thus defining an
endpoint for the spectrum. This well-defined endpoint
is used to fine-tune the PMT gains. By scanning the
beam from block to block, the individual PMT high
voltages are adjusted within their respective operating
ranges, so as to fix the endpoint of the bremsstrahlung
distribution from each detector approximately at the
same qVt channel. Data for the purpose of absolute
energy calibration of the calorimeter were written
out during the scanning procedure for approximately
identical beam currents.
6. Data collection
The Advanced Photon Source (APS) stored elec-
trons in the storage ring from the time it became oper-
ational until July of 1996. Positrons have been stored
from then on, starting from August of 1996. A total of
four different measurements of the gas bremsstrahlung
intensity were conducted at various insertion device
(ID) beamlines during a time interval of five months.
Run #l and Run #2 were performed at ID Sector 12
448 M. Pisharody et al. / Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 401 (1997) 442-462

PMT High Voltage (Volts)

,.%102pl / I I II, 1 1 , 1 , 11 1
k?
,s 9000
S .
6’) ..’
8000
1
_I
7000 .
1 4

6000
.
5000. -
r, ,,,,1,,,,1,,~,1~~~~1~~~~~~“1~
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100
PMT High Voltage (Volts)

Fig. 4. (a) Calculated photoelectron yields (Npe) for various PMT high voltages. obtained using Eq. (3). (b) Calculated gains (C) as a
function of PMT high voltages as determined by Eq. (4)

with electron beam in the storage ring. ID Sector 10
was used for Run #3 and ID Sector 13 for Run #4,
both with stored positron beam. The data analyzed in
this paper come from all these four runs.
The lead glass calorimeter setup was placed inside
the experimental station in such a way that the central
lead glass block of the calorimeter is aligned along
the photon beam path [16]. When the beam shutter
opens, those events satisfying the preset discrimina-
tor threshold trigger the gate and the corresponding
ADC digitized outputs are written out to the computer
hard disk. The scalers along with 25 ADC channel
signals are stored on an event-per-event basis. Dif-
ferent runs are performed corresponding to different
storage ring beam currents. Vacuum values from rel-
evant ion pumps (IPs) and ion gauges (IGs) in the
straight section are also recorded for the time period
of each run. The ADC pedestal runs are also con-
ducted from time to time using an external gate from
a random puber to trigger. This information is later
used to pedestal-subtract the experimental data writ-
ten out. During a pedestal run, the station shutter is
kept closed to prevent the photon beam from striking
the calorimeter, although it was found that the mean
pedestal value was unaffected by the beam.
6.1. Storage ring vacuum analysis
The intensity of gas bremsstrahlung is a func-
tion of the stored beam current, atomic number of
the residual gas, and the residual gas pressure of
the vacuum in which it has been generated [3, lo].
Determination of the correct value of the residual gas
vacuum and its chemical composition is thus impera-
tive for subsequent intensity and energy calculations.
Bremsstrahlung photon(s) could be generated any-
where in a 15.38 m-long effective straight path that is
in the line of sight of an ID beamline. These straight
paths are equipped with ion pumps and gauges that
provide information about the vacuum along the ID
 M. Pisharody et al. / Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 401 (1997) 442-462 449

sector [ 161. A typical vacuum profile of the ion gauge
IG of Sector 12-ID is shown in Fig. 5 for a duration
of 24 h. The sudden drops in the profile correspond
to a zero beam current state (due to beam loss) of
the storage ring. Maximum vacuum is attained un-
der such zero beam current conditions. For non-zero
beam currents, the average vacuum is typically of the
order of a nTorr.
The vacuum values, averaged over the data acqui-
sition run time, are calculated from all the ion pump
and gauge readings. The straight path segment-length
weighted values of these time-averaged individual
vacuum readings are then used for normalizing vari-
ous results. Although vacuum fluctuations are present
on a longer time scale as shown in Fig. 5, no signifi-
cant variations (> 10%) are observed over the typical
data collection time period of 16 min.

6.2. Storage ring residual gas analysis

A detailed analysis of the nature of the

Fig. 5. Typical vacuum profile (in nTorr) from ion guage ICI of
ID Sector 12, shown for a period of 24 h. The storage ring had
been operating with electron beam during the hours of the day
shown here.
residual gas (RG) inside the storage ring has been
conducted at different sectors, and a summary of the
results is presented in Table 1. Several RG measure-
ments were conducted for two different situations -
with the beam ON and with no beam in the storage
ring. The results shown in Table 1 represent one such
typical measurement. In both the beam on and off
states, CO appears to be the major component by
weight constituting the residual gas inside the vacuum
chamber, followed by almost identical levels of CO2
and Hz. From repeated measurements, an effective
Z for the residual gas inside the vacuum chamber
was calculated approximately as 4.6 when there is
beam in the storage ring. Because for atmospheric
air the effective Z is approximately 7.2, a leak in the
storage ring vacuum could cause an enhancement,
by as much as a factor of 4, in the bremsstrahlung
production.

Table 1
Summary of the RGA studies

Mass Residual gas Mole fraction (%) Weight percent (X)

number component

Beam an Beam ofs Beam on Beam ofs

2 HZ 70.1 73.0 15.0 17.6

12 C 0.88 0.48 1.10 0.00
I6 CH4 1.70 2.30 2.90 4.40
17 OH 0.75 0.97 1.40 2.00
18 H20 2.13 3.43 4.10 7.40
28 N2KO 19.0 15.7 57.1 53.1
40 Ar 0.30 0.3 1 1.30 1.50
44 co2 3.60 2.60 17.1 14.0
450 M. Pisharody et al. 1 Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Rex A 401 ( 1997) 4417-462

7. Data analysis blocks of the calorimeter. Therefore, only signals from

7.1. The raw ADC bremsstrahlung spectrum
During the preliminary stages of analyzing the data,
it has been observed that electromagnetic showers
from the photon events are fully contained laterally
within the central 3 x 3 lead glass block volume (about
3 Moliere radii) of the calorimeter (Fig. 1). No en-
ergy deposition is found in the outermost 16 lead glass
the central 3 x 3 blocks are utilized for all subsequent
analysis purposes.
Typical pedestal-subtracted raw ADC spectra from
each of the nine lead glass blocks are shown in Fig. 6.
Lead glass block #13, the center of which is aligned
with the photon beam path. shows the bremsstrahlung
spectrum with the characteristic l/E dependence and
the cutoff that defines the end point corresponding to
the maximum energy of the particle in the storage ring.

5
cn IO
s
8 IO'
=
p 103

102

10

1 1
0 1000 2000 0 1000 2000 0 1000 2000
ADC Channel ADCChannel ALXChannel

#I7 #18 #I9

5Y)105 sVI10" y) 105

8 10' 0" 10' 6

5 IO'
z 5
2 10 3 +
s 103 g
5 103

102 102 102

IO 10 10

1 1 1
0 IWO 2000 0 1000 2000 0 1000 2000
ADCChonnel ADCChonnrl AlXChannel

#14 #13 x12

5 5
3Y) 10 5Y) IO y) 105

6 IO' u" 10' s 104

5 z
E 103 p 103 2
z 103

102 102 102

10 10 10

1 1 1
0 1000 2000 0 1000 2000 0 1000 2000
ADCChonnel ADCChonnel AXChannel

#7 #8 #9

Fig. 6. Typical uncorrected raw ADC pedestal-subtracted spectra from the central 3x3 lead glass blocks of the calorimeter. The cente
block (#I 3) contains ~92% of the energy deposited. Lateral energy spread is visible in all the surrounding blocks.
 M. Pisharody et al. / Nucl. huir. and Meth. in Phvs. Rex A 401 (1997) 442462 451

The smearing of the knee at the cutoff is due to the Table 2

Lead glass detector calibration constants and resolutions as ob-
finite resolution of the lead glass detector. The very
tained from fitting corresponding ADC bremsstrahlung spectrum
low-energy end of the spectrum shows the effect of the with Eq. (5)
discriminator threshold setup. Approximately 92% of
the incoming photon energy is found to be deposited Lead glass detector Calibration constant Resolution
#Pi Cll
in the central block itself. The rest is distributed over
(ADC/GeV)
the other eight surrounding blocks.
#7 273.6 zt 0.6 6.8 + 0.6
7.2. The energy calibration of the calorimeter #8 280.4 & 0.6 6.6 i 0.4
#9 276.8 * 0.8 7.6 + 0.7
#12 271.4 zt 0.6 6.7 zt 0.4
The end point of the measured bremsstrahlung #13 246.7 i 0.8 8.0 f 0.7
spectrum was used to determine the energy calibra- #14 230.0 zt 0.4 6.1 10.4
tion of the calorimeter. This technique has been used #II 282.2 zt 0.6 6.1 + 0.5
successfully to determine calorimeter calibration con- #I8 277.8 zt 0.8 6.5 zt 0.9
#19 265.4 + 0.6 8.5 f 0.6
stants [ 171 and to measure e-p collider luminosity at
the HERA electron-proton collider at Hamburg. The
raw ADC spectrum, as seen in Fig. 6, is a convolu-
tion of the bremsstrahlung photon energy distribution
with the Bethe-Heitler cross section, do/dE, cx l/E,, EGS4 [ 181 Monte-Carlo simulation showed an aver-
and the Gaussian smearing due to the energy resolu- age energy of only 6.1 GeV being deposited in the
tion of the calorimeter. The Gaussian smearing is clear medium due to incomplete longitudinal and transverse
from the knee of the spectrum, which can be seen to shower containment. Therefore, Ey is chosen as
max

be distributed over many ADC channels instead of 6.1 GeV instead of the expected cutoff value of 7 GeV.
sharply dropping at the cutoff limit. The functional The calibration constants C,, and the resolution values
form of the ADC distribution can be assumed as [ 171 cn obtained through the fits are given in Table 2. The
complete bremsstrahlung energy spectrum can then be
dW’L C,co1 obtained using the relation
d(ADC)
E; 1
InaY
-(Ey - ADC/C)* dE
=N
J $5 exp
E: In,” i’ 2o,2E, Y)

where (ADC), are the raw spectra from the detectors

(5)
where E, is the photon energy, ADC the measured
ADC value, N is the normalization parameter, C is the
energy scale factor (calibration constant), and cro the
resolution of the calorimeter. The integral is evaluated
from EY min, a minimum photon energy chosen for the
fit, to Ey max, the maximum photon energy, which is
the maximum particle energy. By fitting Eq. (5) to
the ADC bremsstrahlung spectrum, one can unfold the
values for N, C, and ~0.
Individual calibration constants of the lead glass
blocks that comprise the 3 x 3 detector array were de-
termined by fitting the corresponding ADC spectrum
obtained from calibration data sets to Eq. (5). An ar-
bitrary E, min value of 2GeV was used. Using a sin-
gle lead glass block and the 7 GeV photon beam, the
as shown in Fig. 6. Because the calibration constants
given in Table 2 do not vary significantly from each
other (<IO%), it is possible to calculate a single
effective calibration constant Ces with reasonable ac-
curacy, as 92% of the incident bremsstrahlung energy
is contained in a single detector (the central detector).
Then, the total bremsstrahlung energy can be written
as
E= $ c (ADC),.
eff n
Because the electromagnetic showers from the events
are 100% laterally contained within the 3 x 3 detector
array, fitting the summed spectrum of all the nine
blocks yields an effective calibration constant for the
calorimeter.
452 M. Pisharody et al. / Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 401 (1997) 442-462

C I 259.71 f I.00 ,,‘N”:‘3

ADC/GeV
a
0 - v = (9.2Df0.98)A/dE, ’
! 1

Channel
ADC Total

Fig. 7. The summed ADC spectrum of all nine lead glass block detectors of the calorimeter. Additional entries after the cutoff are from
multi-bremsstrahlung events as discussed in the text. The inset shows the fit to the end-point region of the spectrum using Eq. (5), which
yields values for the calibration constant and resolution of the calorimeter.

As an example to demonstrate our calibration
procedure and results, the summed ADC spectrum
of all the nine lead glass blocks from a data set
acquired at an electron beam current of 6OmA is
shown in Fig. 7. The inset shows the cutoff region
of the spectrum with the fit as discussed above. The
fit unfolds the effective calibration constant Ce~ and
resolution 00 of the calorimeter. These values are
listed in the inset as fit results. Fig. 8 shows the cor-
responding energy spectrum for the data in Fig. 7.
The ADC pedestals have been corrected for all the
nine channels used in the analysis. The additional
entries beyond the bremsstrahlung cutoff in Fig. 8 are
from real multiple bremsstrahlung events. The prob-
ability for this to occur at the storage ring vacuum
has been estimated to be less than 1%. The dou-
ble bremsstrahlung production will roughly follow a
l/E2 distribution. These events are embedded within
the l/E bremsstrahlung profile and are impossible to
distinguish, except beyond the 7 GeV cutoff. Because
the experiment cannot resolve these simultaneously
generated photons, only their added total energy is
detected by the calorimeter. This results in the pres-
ence of what appears to be extra pileup events after
the cutoff of the l/E bremsstrahlung spectrum. The
effect does not seem to shift the knee of the spec-
trum. Thus, the end point of the spectrum can still
be fit as accurately as described in the calibration
 M. Pisharody et al. / Nuci. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 4001 (1997) K-462 453

GeV
Bremsstrohlung Energy

Fig. 8. A typical uncorrected bremsstrahhmg energy spectrum. Calibration constant Ccc obtained from the fit procedure has been used to
convert the ADC distribution shown in Fig, 7. The cutoff, smeared by the finite resolution of the calorimeter, can be seen at around 6.77 GeV.

procedure section, even in the presence of such ex-
tra events near the cutoff region. Fits similar to that
in Fig. 7, conducted on data sets from various runs,
yield a mean calibration constant (( &)) value of
250.0flO.O ADC/GeV and a mean resolution value of
(lO.Of0.7)%/~.
7.3. The measured bremsstrahlung energy spectrum
factor W’, which is given by
(8)
where n is the total number of events in the ith buffer.
The sum of these weighted individual buffer rate spec-
tra, averaged over the total number of buffers b used
for the analysis, yields the spectrum for the average
photon production rate (N):

The photon production rate is determined by using

tN) = CiP’
the scalers that were written out in the data. Because (9)
b ’
scaler 2 (82) gives the raw events written out in the
time governed by the pulser (scaler Sr ), which is set Figs. 9(a)-(d) shows the bremsstrahlung produc-
at 10 kHz, the raw rate of events N’ in the ith memory tion rate in energy scale, for a few selected beam
buffer (photons/s/buffer) is obtained by weighting the currents, from all the four different experimental
corresponding energy spectrum of the ith buffer by the runs mentioned earlier. The y-axis gives the average
454 M. Pisharody et al. JNucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Rex A 401 (19971 442-462

._
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 10
GeV GeV
Photon Energy (EJ Photon Energy (5)

Run #3, Sector 10 IO, e* Beam

2 3 4 5 0 7 6 9 10
GA’ GA’
Photon Energy (E,) Photon Energy (E,)

Fig. 9. The bremsstrahlung for dead-time losses. for typical beam currents from the electron beam Runs #l and
energy spectra, corrected
#2 in Sector 12-ID ((a) and (b)) and from the positron
beam Runs #3 in Sector lo-ID and #4 in Sector 13-ID ((c) and (d)). The y-axis
represents the photon production rate (N) normalized to corresponding vacuum. The lowest and highest beam currents are marked near
the respective spectra. The beam currents for the intermediate plots are shown on the side in that order.

production rate (N) determined by Eqs. (8) and where AN is the photon production rate at a given
(9), normalized to the estimated vacuum, of photons energy. The total bremsstrahlung energy radiated in
having corresponding energies Ey shown on the x- units of (GeV) (s)-‘(nT)-’ is also calculated for
axis. The results shown in Fig. 9 are corrected for the corresponding beam currents by using the equation
data acquisition system dead time and ADC pedestals.
The total number of bremsstrahlung photons emitted
(11)
in units of (s)-‘(nT)-’ are now determined for the
corresponding beam currents using the relation
The finite sum values calculated from Equation (10)
and Equation (11) include both single and multiple
N:o’ = ‘2 AN, (10)
E ml” photon events, as well as their energies, The detailed
 M. Pisharody et al. / Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 401 (1997) 442-462 455

Table 3
Observed dead-time-corrected bremsstrahlung energy originating from the 15.38m particle beam straight path (not corrected for other
systematic errors)

Run #, Beam Estimated Photon Normalized Energy Normalized

beamline & current vacuum production photon radiation energy
beam type Ib P rate production ratea radiation
rate rate
(mA) (nT) (IslnT) (/s/nT/mA) (GeV/s/nT) (GeV/s/nT/mA)

41.90 5.06 1796 43 3592 86

I, 12-ID, e- 80.86 9.43 3630 45 7335 91
88.61 10.21 3890 44 7784 88
96.70 11.22 4222 44 8155 84

59.68 4.00 4354 73 8326 140

64.71 4.28 4774 74 9080 140
2, 12-ID, e- 71.82 4.72 5392 75 10225 142
78.64 5.28 5732 73 10642 135
87.77 5.90 6004 68 11085 126

54.81 5.00 1545 28 2945 54

56.92 5.21 1598 28 3036 53
3, IO-ID, e+ 61.65 5.62 1759 29 3312 54
69.34 6.08 2141 31 4047 58
78.25 6.69 2606 33 4894 63

62.35 4.23 7585 122 15392 247

12.37 6.26 8996 124 17381 240
4, 13-ID, e+ 77.48 5.27 12216 158 22 829 295
85.32 6.93 12 493 146 22571 265
90.15 8.49 15292 170 30921 343

a *0.4% statistical error.

results obtained along with the respective vacuum val-
ues are tabulated in Table 3.
8. Systematic corrections
8.1. Dead-time correction
As mentioned earlier, the energy spectra in
Fig. 9 are already corrected for dead-time effects of
the data acquisition system. Eq. (2) is used to cal-
culate the required correction. The value for r in the
equation is taken as 15 us, which has been preset in
the data acquisition system through a gate and delay
module.
To demonstrate the effect of dead-time correction
using Eq. (2), two typical corrected spectra, super-
imposed on the corresponding uncorrected ones, are
shown in Fig. 10. The figure is plotted in linear scale
along the y-axis in order to be able to clearly distin-
guish between the unhatched (corrected) and hatched
(uncorrected) distributions. Evidently, as can be seen
from Eq. (2), the correction is relevant only at high
rates for the r value that has been selected. This can
be seen at the low energy ends of the spectra in both
Figs. 10(a) and (b), where the rate of photon produc-
tion is high. The effect of the dead-time correction
becomes totally insignificant as we go to the high en-
ergy end of the spectrum. On an average, a maximum
of 3.0% correction is observed for typical data corre-
sponding to the largest beam current.
8.2. Longitudinal shower leakage correction
In order to completely contain an electromagnetic
shower in the longitudinal direction, a minimum of
20x0 material of the shower medium is required.
456 M. Pisharody et al. J Nucl. Ins@. and Meth. in Phvs. Rex A 401 (1997) 442-462

Beam Current = 60 mA Beam Current = 100 mA (b) 1

1 Deed-time Corrected
/ Deod-time Corrected

Oeod-time Uncorrected

GeV GeV
Photon Energy (E,) Photon Energy (E,)

Fig. 10. Typical energy spectra, uncorrected and corrected for dead-time, from Run #2 in Sector 12-ID for two different beam currents.

Shower leakage through the back side of our 13.5X0 leakage. The average leakage energy in the lateral
calorimeter is therefore possible, requiring necessary direction is found to be zero.
correction to the measured total bremsstrahlung en-
ergy values in Table 3. 8.3. Low energy or threshold correction
An EGS4 [ 181 Monte-Carlo simulation has been
run to understand the correlation between the incom- The discriminator threshold trigger discussed ear-
ing bremsstrahlung energy and the fraction of it leak- lier cuts off events having energy approximately below
ing out through the back of the lead glass calorimeter. 150MeV. Along with the synchrotron events, some
The geometry selected consists of lead glass blocks, low energy bremsstrahlung will also be lost. The re-
each 35 cm long, in a 3 x 3 array. Fig. 11 shows the sults shown in Table 3 need to be corrected for the
correlation between the incoming bremsstrahlung en- lost bremsstrahlung energy.
ergy spectrum and the leakage energy spectrum at the To estimate the missing bremsstrahlung energy be-
back side of the calorimeter. From Fig. 11, it is clear low the threshold, fits to the spectra in Fig. 9 were per-
that leakage at the back side is zero at low incident formed. It is convenient to convert the (N)cc (l/E,)
bremsstrahlung energies (below 1 GeV). Thus, elec- distributions in Fig. 9 to a constant flat spectrum
tromagnetic showers generated by incoming photons using the following relation:
below 1 GeV are fully contained by the calorimeter.
1
Above 1 GeV however, Fig. 11 shows leakage from Ey x (N)cc E, x - = Constant. (12)
the rear side of the calorimeter. On average, approxi- E?
mately 4.3&O. 1% of the incoming energy is estimated Eq. (12) will yield a more or less flat distribution,
to be leaking out through the back end of the calorime- which can then be easily fitted to a straight line. Such
ter at energies above 1 GeV. This average percent a straight line fit to one of the typical distributions,
fraction is used to account for the longitudinal shower along with the resulting fit parameters, is shown in
 M. Pisharody et al. / Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Rex A 401 (1997) 442462 451

Leakage Correction = 4,3fO.l %

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 XaO 8000
BrZstrah:iYg
(Mev)
Bremsstrahlung Energy vs Bock Leakage Energy

Fig. 11. Results from EGS4 Monte-Carlo run. Scatter plot between incoming bremsstrahlung energy spectrum and shower leakage energy
spectrum at the back side of the calorimeter, showing the correlation

Fig. 12. Integrating the fit function along the entire
energy range of the spectrum will give us the total
energy radiated. The fraction of the energy lost due to
the threshold cutoff is found to be a constant for all the
beam currents and runs. This fraction, calculated for
several beam currents in each of the runs, is tabulated
in Table 4. It can be seen from the table that, irrespec-
tive of the beam current, approximately 2.8fO.l%
of energy is being lost below the discriminator
threshold.
9. Results
Table 5 gives the corrected bremsstrahlung energy
results, normalized to vacuum and storage ring beam
current. The results are corrected for the dead-time
losses (a maximum of 3.0%, for the largest beam cur-
rent), longitudinal leakage (4.3fO.l%), and threshold
cutoff effects (2.8fO. 1%).
The normalized bremsstrahlung energies show
consistent values within each individual run, but they
vary from run to run and sector to sector. The re-
sults from Table 5 are also shown plotted in Figs. 13
and 14. Both these figures show the bremsstrahlung
energy E, normalized to the beam current, as a
function of the storage ring vacuum P for different
experimental runs. Fig. 13 represents data from Run
numbers 1 (12-ID), 2 (12-ID), and 3 (lo-ID), show-
ing straight line fits of the form E =A + BP. The
errors shown are the measure of the deviation of each
data point from the mean value as obtained from a
least-square fit. The y-intercepts A of these straight
lines give the bremsstrahlung energy rates from
the storage ring straight path of 15.38 m, when the
vacuum of the storage ring is zero nTorr. This is the
458 M. Pisharodv et al. / Nucl. Instr. and Met/t. in Phys. Res. A 401 (1997) 442-462

Run II, Sector 12 ID, e-

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GeV
Photon Energy (5)

Fig. 12. Dead-time corrected bremsstrahlung spectrum with the y-axis in units of E, x Rate (A’), fitted with a straight line yielding the
fit parameters A and B (inset).

Table 4
Low-energy correction evaluated for a few typical beam currents

Run #, Beam Observed Correction Corrected Fraction of

beamline current energya from fit energy energy lost
and
beam type Ib E uncorr flE Em =&mm + AE (1.0 - *, x 100%
(d) (GeV/s/nT) (GeV/s/nT) (GeV/s/nT)

1, 12-ID, e- 80.86 7335 220 7555 2.91

88.61 7784 233 8017 2.90

2, 12-ID, e- 59.68 8326 250 8576 2.9 1

78.64 10642 317 10 959 2.89

3, IO-ID, e+ 61.65 3312 99 3411 2.91

78.25 4894 145 5039 2.88

4, 13-ID, e+ 62.35 15392 458 15580 2.89

77.48 22 829 678 23 507 2.88

a 10.4% statistical error

 M. Pisharogv et al. / Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 401 (19973 442-462 459

Table 5
Corrected bremsstrahlung energy results from the 15.38 m particle beam straight path

Run #, Beam Observed Energy Corrected Normalized

beamline current energy correction brems. energya corrected
and (Deadtime corrected) (Leak & Thrsh.) brems. energy
beam type Ib E ““Cim AE E corn= Euncorr+ AE &rr/b
W.) (GeV/s/nT) (GeV/s/nT) (GeV/s/nT) (CieV/s/nT/mA)

41.90 3592 277 3869 92.0 + 2.0

1, 12-ID, e- 80.86 7335 567 7902 98.0 f 2.0
88.61 7784 601 8385 95.0 * 2.0
96.70 8155 630 8785 9l.OZt2.0

59.68 8326 643 8969 150.0 + 4.0

64.71 9080 701 9781 151.0*4.0
2, 12-ID, e- 71.82 10225 790 11015 153.0 * 4.0
78.64 10 642 822 11464 146.0 I!=4.0
87.77 11085 856 11941 136.0 & 4.0

54.81 2945 227 3172 58.0 It 2.0

56.92 3036 234 3270 57.0 * 2.0
3, lo-ID, e+ 61.65 3312 256 3568 58.0 * 2.0
69.34 4047 313 4360 63.0 f 2.0
78.25 4894 378 5272 67.0 * 2.0

62.35 15392 1189 16581 266.0 f 22.0

72.37 17381 1342 18723 259.0 !c 22.0
4, 13-ID, e+ 77.48 22 829 1763 24 592 3 17.0 i 22.0
85.32 22571 1743 24314 285.0 f 22.0
90.15 30921 2388 33 309 369.0 & 22.0

a Statistical error on this quantity is &0.45%.

contribution to the total bremsstrahlung energy rate correspondingly enhances the gas bremsstrahlung
by non-gas interactions in the straight path. This can production rate. It is also observed that, in the beam
differ from sector to sector. The slope B of these fitted current range for which the measurements were con-
straight lines gives the gas bremsstrahlung energy rate ducted, the bremsstrahlung energy rate for a given vac-
from the 15.38 m straight path, normalized to both the uum is proportional to the current. Thus, the variations
vacuum and beam current. The gas bremsstrahlung in the normalized bremsstrahlung energy rate seen in
energy rate is calculated as 60.0120 GeV/s/nT/mA. Table 5 are attributed to the differences in the non-gas
This value is consistent for the data from Runs #l bremsstrahlung contribution from sector to sector and
and #2, both conducted at 12-ID, and also for the data to the enhanced gas bremsstrahlung production rate
from Run #3 conducted at lo-ID. However, as shown due to the presence of vacuum leaks.
in Fig. 14, the data from Run #4 obtained from 13-ID
show a corresponding gas bremsstrahlung energy rate 9.1. Bremsstrahlung dose estimations
that is approximately a factor of four higher than the
other three data sets. This observation is consistent The bremsstrahlung rate profiles in Fig. 9 are
with a vacuum leak detected in this sector during the converted into their respective fluence spectra by
data collection. As mentioned earlier, the presence of dividing them by a cross-sectional area that corre-
vacuum leaks in a sector can cause a change in the ef- sponds to the average bremsstrahlung beam size at
fective Z ofthe residual gas in the straight path, giving the detector location. This cross-sectional area is
rise to three to four times higher Z2 values than what determined from the average bremsstrahlung emis-
is expected under normal operating conditions. This sion angle [7] at the source point, 26m upstream.
460 Pisharody et al. 1 Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Rex A 401 (19971 442-462

III1 111//~11 /I 1 (,I 1 I-

- GasBremsstrahlung Energy Rate = 60.0f2.0 GeV/sec/nT/mA
.. ..
...’

~ .t,. . i:-.-_:;..,...‘,...

y.-:: /............

12. sector12 ID, ,e-

.. .*.’
i: /.. A..’
.* .* ...’
.’ ....
:
: : / ,..’” #l,Sector12lD,e-
...’ .-*
. . .’ ,.....’ a*
.’ ...’ .’
.’ .... .-
.- ,..’ .-
:* //. t .’
.’
,..’
- .... + ,..=*
,_..
....
../

.‘-
.-
I’
o”ll’ll~‘~““~~l~~‘I’~,
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Storage Ring Vacuum (nT)

Fig. 13. Bremsstrahlung energy, normalized to the beam current, as a function of the storage ring vacuum for the experimental runs
conducted at Sectors IO-ID and 12-1D. The slopes of the fitted straight lines give the gas bremsstrahlung energy rate, the value of which
is given at the top. The y-intercepts represent the non-gas bremsstrahlung energy rate from these beamlines.

At 7 GeV APS electron energy, an average emission all practical purposes. The maximum dose-equivalent
angle value of 73 prad can be estimated. The aver- values corresponding to a few typical results in
age bremsstrahlung beam cross sectional area, 26m Table 5, calculated by summing the events un-
downstream with this characteristic angle of emission, der the dose-equivalent spectra along the entire
is then approximately 0.113 cm*. A set of already ex- energy range, are given in Table 6 in units of
isting fluence-to-dose-equivalent conversion factors Sv/h/nT/mA. From this table, it can be seen that the
(F,,,v in units of Svcm*) [19] is used to convert dose-equivalent rate that closely represents the gas
the measured fluence spectra to corresponding dose bremsstrahlung is 4.2 x 10e4 Sv/h/nT/mA, which
equivalent spectra. The correction for the dose from corresponds to 0.13 Sv/h/nT for a beam current of
the events missed due to the threshold setup has also 300mA. The maximum bremsstrahlung energy rate
been investigated. Earlier, it was shown that approxi- measured in this experiment at an ID beamline is
mately 2.8% of the total energy is lost in the threshold 369.0 f 22.0GeV/s/nT/mA as can be seen from
cutoff region of O-l 50 MeV. Since dose is defined as Table 5. This corresponds to a dose-equivalent rate
the energy absorbed per unit mass, its contribution in of 2.18 x 10e3 Sv/h/nT/mA. At this rate, the dose-
the threshold cutoff region will also be 2.8% of the equivalent value is 0.65 Sv/h/nT for a beam current
total dose which is small enough to be ignored for of 300 mA.
 M. Pisharody et al. 1 Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Rex A 401 (1997) 442462 461

_,_.
* ....‘“’
#2, Sector 12
_,ID,
_ e- ,,,,&........*,_....
.-.-.,;
.
_.-. ........‘.
_._ _,_.A+-.:,:.: .........,.,,
-.-.i: ,,.......
...‘““‘.‘#I( sector, 2 ,lJ,,?-
,.._.-‘-‘r;
..‘. ._,.......
,_._.- ,_.-’ ,.,....
.,......” ___---_.-’
,,,..,....
,..... l_._---
.., __.---
-d-e
___---
___---__-- 13, Sector 10 ID,Cf

/*_._--- ___--- ,,,/,,,,,,,,~

t
0 2 I 6 8 10 12

Storage Ring Vacuum (nT)

Fig. 14. Data from the run conducted at Sector 13-ID along with the other three data sets shown in Fig. 13. The gas bremsstrahlung energy
rate from 13-ID is approximately a factor of four higher compared to those from Sectors lo-ID and 12-ID, consistent with a variation in
the effective Z of the storage ring residual gas due to vacuum leak.

Table 6
Normalized maximum dose-equivalent values corresponding to the bremsstrahlung energy radiated from the 15.38 m of particle beam
straight path. Only one typical value per run is shown

Run #, Beam Estimated Normalized Maximum

beamline current vacuum corrected dose
and brems. energy equivalent
beam type Ib P E, De,
(mA) (W (GeV/s/nT/mA) (Sv/h/nT/mA)

1, 12-ID, e- 80.86 9.43 98.0 +z 2.0 5.74x 10-d

2, 12-ID, e- 78.64 5.28 146.0 & 4.0 9.13x10-4
3, IO-ID, e+ 78.25 6.69 67.0 + 2.0 4.20 x 1O-4
4, 13-ID, e+ 90.15 8.49 369.0 f 22.0 2.18~10-~
462 M. Pisharodv et al. 1 Nucl. Instr. and Met/t. in Ph,vs. Rex A 401 (1997) 44,7-46-7

10. Conclusions
The lead glass calorimeter, by virtue of its sen-
sitivity and fast response, is found to be a very
effective detector for the accurate measurement of
bremsstrahlung from electron storage rings. This
calorimeter can be calibrated using the maximum en-
ergy of the observed bremsstrahlung spectrum, which
is equal to the energy of the particle beam in the stor-
age ring. The gas bremsstrahlung rate from the APS
undulator beamline straight path of 15.38m is mea-
sured as 60.0f2.0 GeV/s/nT/mA. This corresponds
to a maximum dose-equivalent rate of approximately
4.2 x 1O-4 Sv/h/nT/mA. The analysis shows that
there is a significant bremsstrahlung contribution
from sources other than the residual gas molecules in
the beam straight path of the storage ring. The maxi-
mum bremsstrahlung energy rate measured in a sector
during this experiment is 369.0*22.0 GeV/s/nT/mA,
which corresponds to a maximum dose-equivalent
value of approximately 2.18 x 1O-3 Sv/h/nT/mA.
In the beam current range for which the measurements
were conducted, the bremsstrahlung energy rate for
a given storage ring vacuum is found to be propor-
tional to the current. A measurement of the residual
gas composition inside the storage ring straight path
authors are grateful to the members of the APS Col-
laborative Access Teams (CATS) belonging to Sec-
tors 10 (MR CAT), 12 (BESSRC CAT). and 13 (GSE
CARS CAT) for providing the beamlines in order to
conduct the experiment.
This work is supported by U.S. Department of En-
ergy, BES-Material Sciences, under contract no. W-
31-109-ENG-38.
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[I61 M. Pisharody, PK. Job, S. Magill, J. Proudfoot. R. Stanek,
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