juk; 12>13 ngsjpftpay;

xspKwpT

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
 juk; 12>13

3.9 xspKwpT

Xu; Clfj;jpypUe;J ,d;DNkhu; Clfj;jpw;F xspahdJ nry;Yfpd;wNghJ Clfj;jpw;F

Clfk; xspapd; Ntfk; tpj;jpahrg;gLtjd; tpisthf mjd; ghijapy; khw;wk;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;Njhw;wg;ghL xspKwpT vdg;gLk;.
xU Nkw;gug;gpy; xspgLk; NghJ njwpg;G> KwpT Mfpa ,uz;Lk; eilngwyhk;. ,jpy; vJ
$Ljyhf epfOk; vd;gJ Clfj;jpd; jd;ikapy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

xspKwpT tpjpfs;

gLfjpu;> Kwpfjpu;> gLGs;spapy; tiuag;gl;l nrt;td; Mfpa %d;Wk; xNu jsj;jpy;

,Uf;Fk;.
Fwpj;j xU epw xspf;F gLNfhzj;jpd; ird; ngWkjpf;Fk;> KwpNfhzj;jpd; ird;
ngWkjpf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s tpfpjk; xU khwpyp MFk;. ,k; khwpyp mt; Clfq;fSf;fhd
KwpTr;Rl;b(KwpTf; Fzfk;) vd miof;fg;gLk;.
,J rpndypd; tpjp( — 1620) vdg;gLk;.

nrt;td;
gLfjpu;
i - gLNfhzk;
r - njwpNfhzk;
i
Clfk; 1

Clfk; 2

Kwpfjpu;

Sin i
= khwpyp
Sin r

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

Clfk; 1 ,ypUe;J Clfk; 2 ,w;F xspahdJ nry;Ykhapd; ,k;khwpyp Kjyhk; Clfk;

rhu;ghd ,uz;lhk; Clfj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;b vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,J gpd;tUkhW
Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

1 n2 or 1 µ2

Sin i
= khwpyp = 1n2
Sin r

NOTE

KwpTr;Rl;bahdJ Clfq;fspd; jd;ikapYk;> xspapd; epwj;jpYNk jq;fpAs;sJ.

Xu; Clfj;jpypUe;J ,d;DNkhu; Clfj;jpw;F xspahdJ nry;Yk; NghJ Ntfk;

khWgLtjw;Nfw;g miyePsk; khw;wkilAk;. mjpu;ntz; khWtjpy;iy.

Clfk; 1 ,y; xspapd; miyePsk; λ1 MfTk;> Ntfk; v1 MfTk; Clfk; 2 ,y; xspapd;
miyePsk; λ2 MfTk;> Ntfk; v2 MfTk; ,Ug;gpd;

v1 = fλ1
v2 = fλ2 MFk;.

Ntfk; rhu;ghf KwpTr;Rl;b

1k; Clfj;jpy; xspapd; Ntfk;

1 n2 = vd;gjhy; jug;gLk;.
2k; Clfj;jpy; xspapd; Ntfk;
v1
1 n2 =
v2

1 n2 = fλ1
fλ2
1 n2 = λ1
λ2

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

NOTE

tsp(air)(a)> fz;zhb(glass)(g)> ePu;(water)(w)> jputk;(liquid)(l)> MfTs;s NghJ

tsp rhu;ghd fz;zhbapd; KwpTr;Rl;b = ang

fz;zhb rhu;ghf ePupd; KwpTr;Rl;b = gnw
jputk; rhu;ghf tspapd; KwpTr;Rl;b = lna

jdpKwpTr;Rl;b

ntw;wplk; rhu;ghf Xu; Clfj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;b mt; Clfj;jpd; jdpKwpTr;Rl;b vdg;gLk;.

mjhtJ xspf; f jpuhdJ ntw; w plj; j pypUe; J Xu; Clfj; j pw; F r; nry; Y k; NghJ
gLNfhzj; j pd; ird; ngWkjpf; F k; > KwpNfhzj; j pd; ird; ngWkjpf; F k; ,ilapyhd
tpfpjk; mt;T+lfj;jpd; jdpKwpTr;Rl;b vdg;gLk;.

sin i
jdpKwpTr;Rl;b =
sin r
i
ntw;wplk;

Clfk;

cjhuzk;

fz;zhbapd; jdpKwpTr;Rl;b ng MYk;

ePupd; jdpKwpTr;Rl;b nw MYk; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

Ntfk; rhu;ghf jdpKwpTr;Rl;b

ntw;wplj;jpy; xspapd; Ntfk;

jdpKwpTr;Rl;b =
Clfj;jpy; xspapd; Ntfk;
Co
n=
C

rpy Clfq;fSf;fhd jdpKwpTr;Rl;bfs;

ntw;wplk; = 1
tsp = 1.0001
fz;zhb = 1.50
ePu; = 1.33
gdpf;fl;b = 1.31
ituk; = 2.60

NOTE

tsp rhu;ghd Xu; Clfj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;bAk;> mt;T+lfj;jpd; jdpKwpTr;Rl;bAk;

mz;zsthfr; rkdhFk;.

cjhuzk; ang ≃ ng anw ≃ nw anl ≃ nl

ntw;wplj;jpy; xspapd; NtfkhdJ> ve;j xU Clfj;jpYk; cs;s Ntfj;jpYk; cau;thdJ

vd;gjhy; ve;j xU Clfj;jpdJk; jdpKwpTr;Rl;b 1 I tplf; $bajhFk;.

xspapay; Clfq;fs;

Fwpj;j epw xspf;Fupa ,U Clfq;fspd; jdpKwpTr; Rl;bfSs; $ba KwpTr;Rl;bAila

Clfk; xspapay; mlu;j;jp $ba Clfk; vdTk;> kw;iwaJ xspapay; mlu;j;jp Fiwe;j
Clfk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
xspGftplf; $ba jputpankhd; w pd; xspapay; mlu; j ; j pahdJ mjD}L nry; Y k; xspapd;
fjpAld; kl;Lk; njhlu;GilajhFk;. xspapay; mlu;j;jp mjpfupFk; NghJ mjD}L nry;Yk;
xspapd; fjp FiwtilAk;.

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

xspapay; mlu;j;jp $ba

Clfj;jpypUe;J xspapay; mlu;j;jp
Fiwe;j Clfj;jpw;F xspahdJ i
nry;Yk; NghJ mJ nrt;tid xspapay; mlu;e;j Clfk;
tpyj;jp KwptilAk;.

,q;F tpyfy; d=r - i Ijhd Clfk;

r
d

xspapay; mlu;j;jp Fiwe;j

Clfj;jpypUe;J xspapay; mlu;j;jp
$ba Clfj;jpw;F xspahdJ
nry;Yk; NghJ mJ nrt;tid i Ijhd Clfk;
Nehf;fp KwptilAk;.
xspapay; mlu;e;j Clfk;
,q;F tpyfy; d=i - r
r
d

NOTE
Muk;g gLfjpupd; jpirf;Fk; Kwpfjpupd; jpirf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nfhzk; tpyfy; Nfhzk;
MFk;.

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

KwpTr;Rl;bfSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;G.

njhlu;G 1

sin i
1 n2 = 1
sin r
i
sin r Clfk; 1
2 n1 = 2
sin i
r Clfk; 2
sin i sin r
1 * 2 1 n2 * 2 n1 = *
sin r sin i

1 n2 * 2 n1 = 1
1 1
1 n2 = or 2n1 =
2 n1 1 n2

njhlu;G 2

rpndypd; tpjpg;gb α Clfk; 1

x
sin α
x ,y; 1n2 = 1
sin β β
β Clfk; 2
sin β
y ,y; 2n3 = 2
y
sin r
sin r r Clfk; 3
z ,y; 3n1 = r
3
sin α z

1 * 2 * 3 α
sin α sin β sin r
1 n2 * 2 n3 * 3 n1 = * * Clfk; 1
sin β sin r sin α

1 n2 * 2 n3 * 3 n1 = 1

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

NOTE
Clfq;fspd; nghJ Nkw;g ug;Gfs; xd;W f;nfhd;W rkhe;j ukhf cs;s NghJ> Fwpj;j Xu;
Clfj;j pypUe; J nry;Y k; xspf;f jpu; kP z ; L k; mNj KwpTr; R l;b Aila Clfj;j pypUe; J
ntspg;gbd; Muk;g gLfjpUk;> ,Wjp ntspg;gLfjpUk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W rkhe;jukhf ,Uf;Fk;.

NkYs;s ,U KbTfisAk; Clfq;fspd; Ntfq;fisf; fUJtjd; %yKk; ngwyhk;.

njhlu;G 3

n2
1 n2 = vdf; fhl;ly;.
n1
1 n2 * 2 n3 * 3 n1 = 1
Clfk; 3 tsp(a) vdpd;
1 n2 * 2 na * a n1 = 1
1
1 n2 =
2 na * an1

a n2 1
1 n2 = (/ an2 = )
a n1 2 na
n2
1 n2 =
n1

njhlu;G 4

n1 α v1 Clfk; 1
nsini = khwpyp vdf;fhl;ly;
sin α n2 x
x ,y; 1n2 = = n2
β β Clfk; 2
v2
sin β n1
n1sin α n2sin β 1 y r r v3 Clfk; 3
n3
sin β n3
y ,y; 2n3 = = z α v1
sin r n2 n1
n2sin β n3sin r 2 Clfk; 1

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

sin r n1
z ,y; 3n1 = =
sin α n3
n1sin α n3sin r 3

1 = 2 = 3 n1sin α n2sin β n3sin r

nsini = khwpyp

njhlu;G 5

Ntfk; rhu;ghf fUJk; NghJ

v1 n2
1 n2 = =
v2 n1

n1v1 = n2v2 1

v2 n3
2 n3 = =
v3 n2
c c c
n2v2 = n3v3 2 Mdhy; n1 = n1 = n1 =
v1 v1 v1
v3 n1
3 n1 = =
v1 n3
,q;F c - ntw;wplj;jpy; xspapd; Ntfk;
n1v1 = n3v3 3 / n1v1 = n2v2 = n3v3 = c
/ nv = c(ntw;wplj;jpy; xspapd;
Ntfk;))

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

fz;zhbf; Fw;wpapD}lhf xspKwpT

x ,y; rpndypd; tpjpg;gb

sin i
n=
i sin r
x tsp
ΔxyN ,y;
r xN
Z cosr =
t xy
r
i-r t
y =
xy
N tsp
i
xy = t sec r
fz;zhbf;Fw;wp

xz
Δxy ,y; sin(i-r) =
xy
xz = t sec . sin(i-r)

,q;F xz MdJ gf;fg; ngau;r;rp vdg;gLk;

cz;ik MoKk; Njhw;w MoKk;

Xu; Clfj;jpy; cs;s xU nghUis ,d;DnkhU Clfj;jpDs; ,Ue;J ghu;f;Fk; NghJ

xspKwptpd; tpisthf mjd; epiy (J}uk;) NtWgl;L Njhd;Wk;.

mlu;j;jp $ba Clfj;jpy; nghUSk;> mlu;j;jp fz;

Fiwe;j Clfj;jpy; mtjhdpAk; cs;sNghJ.
y ,y; rpndypd; tpjpg;gb x tsp

sin i i y
n= r
sin r
t Clfk;
xy/y d
=
xy/yo r

yo
= O
y

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

nrt;tDf;F mz;ikahf tUk; fjpu;fisf; fUJk; NghJ y MdJ x ,w;F kpf

mz;ikapy; ,Ug;gjhf fUjyhk;.

y x Mf
xo
n=
x
cz;ik Mok;
n= Njhw;w Mok;

Njhw;w ,lg;ngau;r;rp ( )

Njhw;w ,lg;ngau;r;rp cz;ik Mok; - Njhw;w Mok;

xo
n = t-
x
1
n = t 1-
n

NOTE

n2>n1 vdpd; fz;

ox Clfk; 1
1n2= n1
x x

cz;ik Mok;
n2
n= Njhw;w Mok;
t Clfk; 2
1 d
d= t 1 -
1n2
n1 O
d= t 1 -
n2

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

mlu;j;jp $ba Clfj;jpy; mtjhdpAk;> mlu;j;jp

Fiwe;j Clfj;jpy; nghUSk; cs;sNghJ.
y ,y; rpndypd; tpjpg;gb

sin i d
r
n=
sin r
O
xy/yo i tsp
= i
t
xy/y
y
y x
= r
Clfk;
yo

fz;

nrt;tDf;F mz;ikahf tUk; fjpu;fisf; fUJk; NghJ

y x MFk; NghJ

x
n=
xo
Njhw;w Mok;
n= cz;ik Mok;
Njhw;w ,lg;ngau;r;rp Njhw;w Mok; - cz;ik Mok;
d = nt - t
d = t(n - 1)

NOTE

n2>n1 vdpd;
d
ox
n2=
1
O
x
Njhw;w Mok; t
n1
n= cz;ik Mok;
y
x

d = t ( 1n 2 - 1) n2

d = t ( n 2/n1 - 1) fz;

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

Kwptpd; NghJ Vw;gLk; ,lg;ngau;r;rpahdJ nghUspd; epiyapy;

jq;fpapUg;gjpy;iy vdf; fhl;ly;.

E
t

B
u i

y ,y; rpndypd; tpjpg;gb

sin i BE = BD - ED
n=
sin r t
BE = t-
i , r vd;gd rpwpjhfTk; MiuadpYk; ,Ue;jhy; n
tan i 1
n= BE= t 1 -
tan r n
ΔBCD, ΔECD ,ypUe;J
tan i = n tan r
CD n CD
=
ED BD
BD
ED =
n
t
ED =
n

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

ehw;gf;fy; OBEA ,y;

OA//BE , OB//AE

/ OBEA Xu; ,izfuk;.

/ OA = BE
1
OA = t 1 -
n

/ OA MdJ nghUl;J}uk; u ,y; jq;fpapUf;ftpy;iy.

NOTE
rkhe;j ug; gf;fq;fisAila gy Clfq;fspD}lhf xU nghUis mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ
Vw; g Lk; nkhj; j ,lg; n gau; r ; r pahdJ xt; n thU ClfKk; jdpj; j dpNa Vw; g Lj; J k;
,lg;ngau;r;rpfspd; $l;Lj;njhiff;F
rkdhFk;.
Clfk; 1 ,dhy; Vw;gLk; ,lg;ngau;r;rp
1 t3
d1 = t1 1 - 3 n3
n1

Clfk; 2 ,dhy; Vw;gLk; ,lg;ngau;r;rp n2

2 t2
1
d2 = t2 1 -
n2
1 n1 t1
Clfk; 3 ,dhy; Vw;gLk; ,lg;ngau;r;rp
1
d3 = t3 1 - O
n3

nkhj;j ,lg;ngau;r;rp d = d1+d2+d3

1 1 1
= t1 1- + t2 1- + t3 1-
n1 n2 n3

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

/ Njhw;w Mok; = (t1+t2+t3) - d

1 1 1
= (t1+t2+t3) - t1 1 - + t2 1- + t3 1-
n1 n2 n3

t1 t2 t3
= + +
n1 n2 n3

efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp fz;zhbf;Fw;wpapd; KwpTr;Rl;b

Jzpjy;

b c
a

nrt;tf tbt
fz;zhbf;Fw;wp ik milahsk; /
rpwpjsT ,iyf;Nfh
Nghbak; Jfs;
•
•
• tpk;gk;
ik milahsk;

nts; i sj; j hs; xd; w pd; kP J epw ik milahsj; i j ,l; L mjid efUk;
EZf; F f; f hl; b apd; Nkilapy; itj; J EZf; F f; f hlbia epw milahsj; j pw; F
Ftpag;gLj;jp epiyf;Fj;J Ntzpau; mstpilapy; mjw;Fupa thrpg;igf; Fwpf;f.( vd;f).
,g;NghJ epw milahsj;jpw;F Nky; jug;gl;l fz;zhbf;Fw;wpia itj;J
EZf; F f; f hl; b ia Nky; Nehf; f p mirg; g jd; %yk; milahsj; j pd; tpk; g j; j pw; F
Ftpag;gLj;jp mjw;Fupa thrpg;ig Fwpf;f.( vd;f). gpd;du; fz;zhbf;Fw;wpapd; Nky; ik
milahsj;ij ,l;L EZf;Ff;fhl;bia kPz;Lk; Nky; Nehf;fp mirj;J milahsj;jpw;F
Ftpag;gLj;jp thrpg;gpidf; Fwpf;f.( vd;f).
cz;ik Mok;
fz;zhbapd; KwpTr;Rl;b=
Njhw;w Mok;
c-a
fz;zhbapd; KwpTr;Rl;b=
c-b
,jpypUe;J fz;zhb Mf;fg;gl;l gjhu;j;jj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;b ngwg;gLk;.

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)
juk; 12>13

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

1. tspapy; xspapd; Ntfk; vdpd; fz;zhbapDs;Sk;> ePupDs;Sk; xspapd;

Ntfq;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa fhz;f.
fz;zhbapd; KwpTr;Rl;b
ePupd; KwpTr;Rl;b
2. ePupd; KwpTr;Rl;b MfTk; ePupd; KwpTr;Rl;b MfTk; ,Ug;gpd; ePu;rhu;ghd
fz;zhbapd; KwpTr;Rl;bia fhz;f.
3. jputj; j pd; KwpTr; Rl; b 1.25 MfTk; fz; zhbapd; KwpTr; R l; b 1.5 MfTk; ,Ug; gpd;
fz;zhb - jput ,ilKfj;jpw;fhd mtjpf;Nfhzj;ijf; fhz;f.

4. ngupa eP u ; j ; n jhl; b nahd; w pDs; 5 3 KwpTr; R l; b Aila jputk; 40 cauj; j pw; F

tplg; g l; L s; s J. njhl; b apd; mbapy; Gs; s p xspu; nghUs; itf; f g; g l; L s; s J.
j p u t g ; g u g; g p D } l h f x s p a h d J n t s p N a w h t z ; z k ; j L g; gj w ; F N j i t a h d
xspGfhj;jl;bd; kpff;Fiwe;j Miuiaf; fhz;f.
5. tspapy; xspapd; miyePsk; 720 MFk;. 1.5 KwpTr;Rl;bAila fz;zhbapy; xspapd;
miyePsk; ahJ.
6. Xu; xsp miy kPbwDk; miyePsKk; cilaJ. mt; miy efUk;
Clfj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;b ahJ.
7. it ikakhfTila Nfhsnkhd;wpy; α
Nfhzj;jpy; gLk; xspf;fjpupd; KwpNfhzk; β MFk;. α
,f;fjpu; kPz;Lk; xUKiw Kwptile;J Nfhsj;ij β
tpl; L ntspNaWfpd; w J vdpd; ,U KwpTfshYk; o
xspf;fjpupy; Vw;gl;l tpyfy; ahJ.

8. xUq;Fk; xspf;fw;iwnahd;W jpiunahd;wpy; cs;s

Gs;sp apy; Ftpfpd;wJ. ,g;NghJ xspf;fw;iwapd;
ghijapy; fhl;bAs;sJ Nghy; jbg;Gk; KwpTr; I
Rl;bAk; cila fz;zhbf;Fw;wp itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
jw;NghJ Ftpf;fg;gLk; Gs;sp efUk; J}uk; ahJ.
n
n
9. Xu; xspahdJ ntw; w plj; j py; J}uj; i jf; flf; f 1 Neuj; i jAk; mNj xsp Xu;
Clfj; j py; 10 J}uj; i jf; flf; f 2 Neuj; i jAk; vLf; f pw J. mt; T +lfj; j pd;
mtjpf;Nfhzk; ahJ.
10. tspapypUe;J xU jputj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; Xu; xspf;fjpupd; gLNfhzk; 60 0 MfTs;sNghJ
150 tpyfiy milfpd;wJ. mj;jputj;jpd; KwpTr;Rl;b ahJ.

njhFg;G jpU T.nre;jpy;Fkud; ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up)

fzpdptbtikg;G jpU Nfh.Nfjhud;> j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (t/juzpf;Fsk; fNz]; tpj;jpahyak;)