ngsjpftpay;

miyTfSk; miyfSk;
juk;-12,13

Nju;r;rp :- 3. kdpjdpd; Gyq;$u; czu;r;rpfspd; tPr;ir mfyhf;Ftjw;F

miyfs; njhlu;ghd jj;Jtq;fisAk; vz;zf;fUf;fisAk;
gad;gLj;Jthu;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :- 3. 1 ngsjpftpaypd; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L miyTfis

Muha;tu;.

miyTfs;

kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; xNu tpjkhf xNu Neu ,ilntspfspy; eilngWfpd;w ,af;fq;fs; miyfs;
MFk;. ,tw;wpy; gy tiffs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; nghJthf ,itfs; vspa ,ir ,af;fq;fs;
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vspa ,ir ,af;fq;fs;

nghUnshd;W vg;nghOJk; mjd; Mu;KLfypd; gUkd; , mjd; ,af;fg; ghijapy; cs;s

epiyj;j Gs;spapypUe;J nghUs; fhzg;gLk; J}uj;jpw;F Neu;tpfpj rkdhfTk; Mu;KLfypd; jpir
vg;nghOJk; mt; epiyj;j Gs;spia Nehf;fpajhfTk; ,Uf;ff;$bathW Mw;Wfpd;w ,af;fk;
vspa ,ir ,af;fk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

nghUs; fhzg;gLk; jhdk;

x
A A
epiyj;j Gs;sp

,lg;ngau;r;rp

nghUs; fhzg; g Lk; jhdj; j pw; F k; nghUspd;

,af; fg;ghijapy; cs;s epiyj;j Gs;spf;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l J}uk; jpirAld; Nru;e;J ,lg;ngau;r;rp
vdg;gLk;.

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

tPr;rk; (A)
vspa ,ir ,af;fk; xd;wpy; nghUs; milfpd;w mjpAau; ,lg;ngau;r;rpapd; gUkd; tPr;rk;
vdg;gLk;.

mjpu;ntz; (kPbwd;) (f)

xU myF Neuj;jpy; vspa ,ir ,af;fj;ij Mw;Wfpd;w nghUs; Mw;Wfpd;w miyTfspd;
vz;zpf;if mjpu;ntz; vdg;gLk;.

miyT fhyk;

xU g+uz miyit Mw;w vLf;Fk; Neuk; miyTfhyk; vdg;gLk;.

ve;j xU miyaj; njhFjpapYk; miyTfhyk; mjd; tPr;rj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;fhJ.

A A

a x

a  
2
x

,q;F ɷ - mt;tpaf;fj;jpw;Fupa khwpyp. ,J Nfhz mjpu;ntz; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.

miyT fhyj;jpw;Fk; mjpu;ntz;zpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G

mjpu;ntz; = kPbwd; = f
miyT fhyk; = T

xU nrf;fdpy; Mw;wg;gLk; miyTfspd; vz;zpf;if = f

f miyTfSf;F vLf;Fk; Neuk; = 1 nrf;fd;
xU miyTf;F vLf;Fk; Neuk; = 1
f
1
T f

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13


Ɵ = 2Π   Mf t = T MFk;.
t

2

t
2
T 

1
T 
f
1 2

f 
  2f

nghJthf ngsjpftpaypy; J}uq; f s; mjpfupfpd; w jpirfNs kw; i wa ngsjpff;

fzpaq;fs; njhopw;gLk; jpirfshf fUjg;gLfpd;wjhYk; ,q;F Mu;KLfy;, x mjpfupf;Fk;
jpirf;F vjpu;j;jpirapy; njhopw;gLtjhYk; kiwFwp ,lg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mu;KLfypw;Fk; ,lg;ngau;r;rpf;Fkhd njhlu;G

+ɷ2A

+A x
O
-A

-ɷ2A

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

tpirf;Fk; ,lg;ngau;r;rpf;Fkhd njhlu;G

F  ma
F  m(   x )
2

F  m 
2
x

F  ( m  ) x
2

+mɷ2A

+A x
-A

xU rPuhd tl;l ,af;fKk; vspa ,ir ,af;fKk;

xU rPuhd tl;l ,af;fj;jpypUe;J (my;yJ rPuhd

Row;rp ,af;fk;) Kbtpyp vz;zpf;ifahd
vspa ,ir ,af;fq;fis fz;lwpayhk;. ,t;thNw
xU vspa ,ir ,af;fj;jpypUe;J Kbtpyp
vz;zpf;ifahd rPuhd tl;l ,af;fq;fis (my;yJ
Row;rp ,af;fk;) fz;lwpayhk;.

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

cjhuzkhf

rkhe;ju xspf;fw;iw
Jzpf;if P' rPuhd tl;l
,af;fj;ij Mw;Wfpd;wJ.
P

Jzpf;if P' vd;gJ P ,d; fpil

vwpak; MFk;. P' ,d; ,af;fk;
vspa ,ir ,af;fkhFk;.

P'

,t;thW epiyf;Fj;J vwpak; , rha;js vwpak; vd vz;zw;w vwpa ,af;fq;fis fz;lwpayhk;.

t=0
P ɷ
a
P t= t

A Ɵ V
Ɵ a cosƟ

a'
o
P'
x

A Mih nfhz;l tl;lg;ghij topNa Jzpf;if P rPuhd NfhzNtfk; cld; tl;l

,af;fj;ij Mw;Wfpd;wJ. ,jd; fpil vwpak; P' If; fUJNthkhapd;

OP' = OP cos(90-Ɵ)
OP' = OP sin Ɵ (Ɵ = ɷt )

OP' = OP sin (ɷt )

X = A sin ɷt

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

P' ,d; ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; tl;likak; O, miyT ikakhf njhopw;gLk;. X MdJ

,lg;ngau;r;rpahfTk;, A tPr;rkhfTk; nfhs;sg;glyhk;.

,lg;ngau;r;rp Neuj;Jld; nfhz;Ls;s khwy;

+A

-A

X = A sin ɷt vd;Dk; rkd;ghL t=0 ,y; ,lg;ngau;r;rp G+r;rpakhfTs;sthW Mw;wg;gLfpd;w

vspa ,ir ,af;fj;jpw;F kl;LNk nghUj;jkhdJ.

Mu;KLfy; Neuj;Jld; nfhz;Ls;s khwy;

a'
P ,d; ikaNehf;F Mu;KLfy; a +Aɷ2

a = Aɷ2

Jzpf;if P' ,d; Mu;KLfy; a' t

a' = -a sinƟ
-Aɷ2
a' = -Aɷ2 sinɷt

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

Ntfk;; Neuj;Jld; nfhz;Ls;s khwy;

Jzpf;if P ,d; njhlyp Ntfk;; V

V cos Ɵ
V= Aɷ
Ɵ
Jzpf;if P' ,d; njhlyp Ntfk;; V' r
Ɵ
V' = V cos Ɵ Ɵ V sin Ɵ
= Aɷ cos Ɵ
= Aɷ cos ɷt
V' = Aɷ cos ɷt

V1
Aɷ

-Aɷ

vspa ,ir ,af;fj; njhFjpapd; nghwpKiw rf;jp

vspa ,ir ,af;fj;ij Mw;Wfpd;w nghUs; xd;wpd; nghwpKiwr; rf;jp mJ nfhz;Ls;s

,af;f rf;jpapdJk; mOj;j rf;jpapdJk; $l;Lj;njhifahFk;.

,af;f rf;jp

1

2
E K
2 mv

m( A cos t )
1 2

2
1

 m 2 2 cos 2 t
2 A 

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

,af;frf;jp Neuj;Jld; nfhz;Ls;s khwy; gpd;tUkhW

EK
1
2 mA 
2 2

t (s)
T T 3T T
4 2 4

Ntfk; cau;thf cs;s NghJ kl;Lk; ,af;frf;jpAk; cau;thFk;.

mOj;j rf;jp

m x
1

2 2
E P
2


1 2

2 
m 2 ( A sin t )
t
1

2m
2

2
A sin
2

mOj;j rf;jp Neuj;Jld; nfhz;Ls;s khwy; gpd;tUkhW

EP

1
2 mA 
2 2

t (s)
T T 3T T
4 2 4

,lg;ngau;r;rp cau;thf cs;s NghJ kl;Lk; mOj;jrf;jp cau;thFk;.

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

nkhj;j nghwpKiw rf;jp

nkhj;j nghwpKiw rf;jp Neuj;Jld; nfhz;Ls;s khwy; gpd;tUkhW

E E E
T K P

1 1

2m  2 A2 cos2t 
2m  2 A2sin 2t

1
2

m 2 A 2 cos 2 t  sin 2 t 
1
2 m A
 2 2

ET

t (s)
T T 3T T
4 2 4

nkhj;j nghwpKiw rf;jp Neuj;Jld; khWtjpy;iy. Ve;j xU fzj;jpYk; cs;s

nkhj;j nghwpKiw rf;jp vdg;gLtJ mf;fzj;jpYs;s ,af;f rf;jpapdJk; mOj;j
rf;jpapdJk; $l;Lj;njhifahFk;.

1
2 m A
 2 2

t (s)
T T 3T T
4 2 4

,af;frf;jp cau;thfpd;w NghJ mOj;jrf;jp ,opthfTk;, mOj;jrf;jp cau;thfpd;w NghJ

,af;frf;jp ,opthfTk; fhzg;gLk;. mjhtJ nkhj;j nghwpKiwr; rf;jpapd; tbtq;fs;
xd;wpypUe;J njhlu;r;rpahf kw;nwhd;wpw;F khwpf; nfhz;bUf;FNk jtpu Mdhy; fhg;gilAk;.
,J ,yl;rpa vspa ,ir ,af;fj; njhFjpfSf;F rhj;jpakhFk;.

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

Ntfj;Jld; ,lg;ngau;rr
; p nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G

V  A cos t x  A sin t

V x
cos t  sin t 
A A

2 2
 V   V 
cos 2 t  sin 2 t      1
 A   A 

2 2
V  x 1
A
2 2 2
A

 x A 
2
 
2 2 2
2
V

  [A  x ]
2 2 2 2
V

 I 
2 2
V A x

Aɷ

-A +A

-Aɷ

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

mOj;jrf;jp ,lg;ngau;r;rpAld; nfhz;Ls;s khwy;

m x
1

2 2
E P
2

E P

 x
1 2 2

2m

x
A A
,af;frf;jp ,lg;ngau;rr
; pAld; nfhz;Ls;s khwy;

1

2
E K
2 mv

 (A  x )
1

2 2 2

2m

1
 A
1 2
  2 x )
2 2
E 2m 2m

E K

 x
1 2 2

2m

x
A A

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

nkhj;j nghwpKiwr;rf;jp ,lg;ngau;rr

; pAld; nfhz;Ls;s khwy;

E T

 x
1 2 2

2m

x
A A

nkhj;j nghwpKiwr;rf;jp

 x
1 2 2

2m

x
A A

EP

EK EK
njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)
nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

cau; mOj;jrf;jp cau; mOj;jrf;jp

g+r;rpa mOj;jrf;jp
g+r;rpa ,af;f rf;jp g+r;rpa ,af;f rf;jp
cau; ,af;f rf;jp

B O A

T T
t  t  t O
2 4

x  A x o x A

V  V  A V 

a o a   A
2

a  A
2

T 3T
t  t t O
2 4
x  A x o x A
V  V A V 

a o a   A
2

a  A
2

vspa ,ir ,af;fj;jpy; mtj;ij

vspa ,ir ,af; f j; i j Mw; W fpd; w Jzpf; i fapd; Nfhz uP j papyhd epiyNa

mtj;ijahFk;. vspa ,ir ,af;fj;ij Mw;Wfpd;w ,U Jzpf;iffSf;fpilNa

fhzg;gLfpd;w Nfhz uPjpapyhd epiy NtWghL mt;tpuz;bw;Fk; ,ilapyhd mOj;j

tpj;jpahrk; vdg;gLk;.

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

,ij tpsf;Ftjw;F gpd;tUk; cjhuzj;ij fUJf.

B ɷ

A
ɷ
Ɵ

A'

B'
A, B vd;gJ rPuhd ru;trkdhd tl;l ,af;fq;fis Mw;Wfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; fpil vwpaq;fs;
A', B' KiwNa vspa ,ir ,af;fj;ij Mw;Wfpd;wd.

A', B' vd;gd xNu tPr;rk; xNu mjpu;ntz; nfhz;l vspa ,ir ,af;fj;ij Mw;wpdhYk;
mtw;wpw;fpilNa epiyNtWghL cz;L. ,t; NtWghL Nfhzk; rhu;e;jjhf Ɵ vd;gjhf
fUjg;glyhk;. mjhtJ ,tw;wpw;Fupa tl;l ,af;fj;ij Mw;Wk; Jzpf;iffshd A,
B ,w;fpilapyhd Nfhz NtWghNl A', B' ,w;fpilapyhd Nfhz NtWghLk; MFk;.
,JNt ,t;tpuz;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l mtj;ij tpj;jpahrk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

xj;j mtj;ij
vspa ,ir ,af;fj;ij Mw;Wfpd;w ,U Jzpf;iffspd; ,af;f jpirfs; vg;nghOJk;
xNu jpirahf fhzg;gbd; mt;tpU Jzpf;iffSk; xj;j mtj;ijapy; ,Ug;gjhf
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
A'
glk; i
0
B'
0
A'

0 glk; ii
B'

0
A'

0
glk; iii
B'
0
njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)
nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

,uz; L Jzpf;i ffSk; ve; j epiyapYk; xNu jpiriaf; nfhz; bUg; g jhy; xj; j
mtj;ij vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,tw;wpw;Fupa tl;l ,af;fj;ij
Mw;Wk; Jzpf;iffSk; xNu jpiriaf; nfhz;bUg;gjhyhFk;.

B B A
A
glk; i glk; ii glk; iii

,t;thW ,Ug;gjw;F A apw;Fk; B apw;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nfhz NtWghL 0 , 360° , 720°

……………… Mf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt ,U Jzpf;iffSk; xj;j mtj;ijapy; ,Ug;gjw;F mtj;ij tpj;jpahrk; Ɵ = 0 ,
2π , 4π , 6π ……….2nπ Mf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,q;F n - Neu;KO vz;

vjpu; mtj;ij

vspa ,ir ,af;fj;ij Mw;Wfpd;w ,U Jzpf;iffspd; ,af;f jpirfs; vg;nghOJk;

vjpu; jpirahf fhzg;gbd; mt;tpU Jzpf;iffSk; vjpu; mtj;ijapy; ,Ug;gjhf
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
A'
glk; i
0
B'

0
A'

0 glk; ii
B'

0
A'

0
glk; iii
B'
0
njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)
nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

,U Jzpf;iffSk; ve;j epiyapYk; vjpu; vjpu; jpirapy; ,aq;Ftjhy; vjpu; mtj;ij

vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,tw;wpw;Fupa tl;l ,af;fj;ij Mw;Wk;
Jzpf; i ffSk; xNu jpiriaf; vjpu; vjpu; jpirapy; ,aq; F tjhyhFk; . (Mdhy;
mit ,uz;Lk; xNu RopapNyNa ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.)

A
A

B
A
180° 180°
180°
B
B

glk; ii glk; iii

glk; i

,t;thW ,Ug;gjw;F A apw;Fk; B apw;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nfhz NtWghL 180° Mf ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ 180° ,d; xw;iw KO vz; klq;fhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

vdNt ,U Jzpf;iffSk; vjpu; mtj;ijapy; ,Ug;gjw;F mit ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapyhd

mtj;ij tpj;jpahrk; Ɵ = π , 3π , 5π ……….(2n+1) π Mf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,q;F n = 0, 1, 2, 3…….

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

A,B ,w;F A',B' ,w;F

,ilapyhd ,ilapyhd xj;j mtj;ij
,y A,B ,d; epiy
Nfhz mtj;ij vjpu; mtj;ij
NtWghL tpj;jpahrk;

1 xNu epiy 0 0 xj;j mtj;ij

2 tpl;lj;jpd; me;jq;fspy; 180° Π vjpu; mtj;ij

3 xNu epiy 360° 2Π xj;j mtj;ij

4 tpl;lj;jpd; me;jq;fspy; 540° 3Π vjpu; mtj;ij

5 xNu epiy 720° 4Π xj;j mtj;ij

6 tpl;lj;jpd; me;jq;fspy; 900° 5Π vjpu; mtj;ij

,jpy; tUk; rpy gFjpfs; S.R.n[af;Fkhupd; Gj;jfj;jpy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

ed;wp

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R..=kjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)