What is the significance of neural networks in the evolution of Al?

Neural networks are also ideally suited to help people solve complex problems in real-life situations.
They can learn and model the relationships between inputs and outputs that are nonlinear and complex;
make generalizations and inferences; reveal hidden relationships, patterns and predictions; and model
highly volatile data (such as financial time series data) and variances needed to predict rare events (such
as fraud detection). As a result, neural networks can improve decision processes in areas such as:

 Credit card and Medicare fraud detection.

 Optimization of logistics for transportation networks.
 Character and voice recognition, also known as natural language processing.
 Medical and disease diagnosis.
 Targeted marketing.
 Financial predictions for stock prices, currency, options, futures, bankruptcy and bond ratings.
 Robotic control systems.
 Electrical load and energy demand forecasting.
 Process and quality control.
 Chemical compound identification.
 Ecosystem evaluation.
 Computer vision to interpret raw photos and videos (for example, in medical imaging and
robotics and facial recognition).

2. Define rational agent. Define the rule based learning in AI.

The performance measure defines the criterion of success for an agent.

Such agents are also known as Rational Agents. The rationality of the agent is measured by its
performance measure, the prior knowledge it has, the environment it can perceive and actions it can
perform.

 An ideal rational agent is the one, which is capable of doing expected actions to maximize its
performance measure, on the basis of −

Its percept sequence

Its built-in knowledge base

Rationality of an agent depends on the following −

  The performance measures, which determine the degree of success.

 Agent’s Percept Sequence till now.

 The agent’s prior knowledge about the environment.

 The actions that the agent can carry out.

A rational agent always performs right action, where the right action means the action that causes the
agent to be most successful in the given percept sequence. The problem the agent solves is
characterized by Performance Measure, Environment, Actuators, and Sensors (PEAS).

 Rule-based systems are used as a way to store and manipulate knowledge to interpret information
in a useful way. Often used in artificial intelligence applications and research.
 Rule based system or knowledge based systems are specialized software that encapsulate ‘Human
Intelligence’ like knowledge there by make intelligent decisions quickly and in repeatable form.
 What are various issues in knowledge representation?

3) What are various issues in knowledge representation?

 4) What is the difference between Computational Intelligence (CI) and Artificial
Intelligence (Al)?
The development of CI techniques follows a different path than that of the AI. Well,
AI aims create intelligent machines which can exhibit intelligent behavior and which
can think and learn like human beings. CI, on the other hand, is a subset of AI which
emphasizes on computational paradigms that make intelligent behavior possible in
natural or artificial systems in complex and changing environments. Although, both AI
and CI seek almost similar goals, they are quite different from each other.

AI is concerned with decision‐making capabilities such as knowledge representation,

search methods, inference techniques, heuristic reasoning, and machine learning. CI
techniques include expert systems, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms (GAs), and artificial
neural networks (ANNs).

5) Write the time & space complexity associated with depth limited search?
To solve the problem of DFS getting stuck in a search tree with infinite depth, depth-
limited search restricts the depth of the tree to a predetermined depth limit l. Time
complexity is O(b^l), and space complexity is O(bm) (It is same as DFS, only with
restricted depth to l).
 6) What are the limitations of propositional logic to represent the knowledge base?
o We cannot represent relations like ALL, some, or none with propositional logic.
Example:

1. All the girls are intelligent.

2. Some apples are sweet.
b. Propositional logic has limited expressive power.
c. In propositional logic, we cannot describe statements in terms of their properties or
logical relationships.

7) What is backward chaining inference method?

The Backward Chaining approach is used in AI to find the conditions and rules because of which
a particular logical result or conclusion was reached. Real-life applications of Backward Chaining
include use to find information regarding conclusions and solutions in reverse engineering
practices as well as game theory applications.

Some other applications of Backward Chaining include automated theorem proving tools,
inference engines, proof assistants and other artificial intelligence applications.
Steps of working for Backward Chaining

Step 1. In the first step, we’ll take the Goal Fact and from the goal fact, we’ll derive other facts
that we’ll prove true.

Step 2: We’ll derive other facts from goal facts that satisfy the rules

Step 3: At step-3, we will extract further fact which infers from facts inferred in step 2.

Step 4: We’ll repeat the same until we get to a certain fact that satisfies the conditions.

Let’s take the same example as taken in Forward Chaining, to prove this time that Robert is the
criminal.

Step 1:

In the first step, we’ll take the Goal Fact and from the goal fact, we’ll derive other facts that
we’ll prove true.