UNIT IN Fourier Transform and Z-hansforn ~ Definition of CTFT and Jnvewse | CTET — Properties of CTFT + * > Linearity - 2D Time shifting a 2D Conjugahon and conjugate symmetry - = differenkahon and Trrograhon ~ => Time and Frequency Bcaling ~ > Duality > Ruseval's relation ms ® convolution property ~ > Multipttcetion Property é — Definition of DTFT and inverse DTFT — Properties of DTFT => periodicity > Linearity => Time shifting ancl Frequened shifting - > Conjugakon and conjugate gymmehy = Diffexentaton and accumulation »Time reversal => Twre exponson : > Diffeventotion in Frequent > faxsevol 's yelation - © Convolubon properly 3 > maultipweation | property -PF vefioshon of 2 -hansforr 7 Region of convergence - a -Invene 2-transfrm (Rxkal Fracton method ) ~ Geomercal ewluakon of dhe Footer “Ransform from pole Bevo pa 7 Properties of 2--hanshm > Lineaxity ilies > Time shifhing mad © Scaling in 2 -demoin => Time yeversa) > Time expansion - > Conjugation > convolukon property => Differentation in 2-domain - > Toibal and final value theovena ZT Relahonship kehoeen OTF and @-Avansfovey + ~The generalization of Fouriey cevies to aperiodic aynals can be deduced from an examinahen of the struchye of the Fourier senich for porrdic sigols aa the, peed To. | = Considey the periodic Signal X(t). shown below: XU)_ now think of Keeping the waveform of one period of SLE) ged and increase TT: ynchan only a Single pulse yvemains go the fimik os. T-254, © As. the period T incveases the fundamental. frequency Ww = 2 Closer to decreases and the Remon related components become frequency / ear, “herasparing between lines approaches Zero - > continuous . — We know Jnok = Xe ne-0 : nw, eee ( or Stee ts — Tn the limit as Too, we gee that ‘Vy becomes 20 infinitesimally mal) auankity ; dw, so that v ii, a T aw ~ We argue that in the re NW, Should be continuous variable : ~The fourier Coefficients pi “unt frequenty interval ane XL (sey exit a0 | Gm ‘Ftbe at - 0 in the ~ SubsKhuting ‘in the Aynthesis eguohon and recogniging that Ait’ the ‘sui’ “becomes! an intagral and al) approaches xl), we totain—z : ui ry iat joF dw Wy a. | ( {x se a) al a wand not t — The inney integral is a fanchon of only ~ Denoting the integral by xlo) we ts fx ede ' f Inverse am Fourier Trans 0 Fouriey Transform “28 pair ~ hen xlw) = fro en’ tat : -2 X(t) — Fourier Hansform oy fourier integral of xl) Symbolically, X(t) = F [xt] and x(t) = F [tod] x(w) fs a complex function of the variable wo -t x(a) = XqlwW)t J Xp(w) X(w) = }xto)] kw twahere | xl] = Jr eo + xz (w) ant xt) = “fe ) Xele) ad net Gee ces magnitide spechum ap alt) L® a u "=> phose spectrum ¢ aconvergence of Fourier Transform + Dirichlet condihons as im CTFS. @ fied the Fowler Transform af the continucus-time Signal oc(t) = or ult), aso . Pict the magnihide and phase Apectrum of x(t). Solution ° co E = x(w) = — Jot ; {xtoe ati. 2? ute) oe tae — 20 —od oo — (arja)+ : \ on ° —Carperit 5 1 ak ulk) ~-—_P spol aro | xtuy) 2 20 awed = ~ tox" @) ? 4 xu) The \xts)]@ketemine the Fouuan Fronefurro ¢ the unit impulse Sohuben: alt) = lt). By definition eR —jwot X(t) = fre yerat —2 fi jot . 5 gtty eo dt = gies 2A. gtk) <—_>1. FY alk) @ ° @ Fird the inverse Fourier fees of Ma) 3 S(w) - Solution + a(t) = , Tatas] = al aye ae - x | oo : ads ao Fae a ot 27 od ie eel pik € Wad av \ “a an, oe Troutne aia Ag > Sl) 3 ast). omi o. @ fied the inverse fouriey Transform of xlw) = S(w- We) olution : — ey wot xtt= [xwe ag 27 -*o ” jut = swe eda. " @ {se ) Le ‘ jut plik a é wWeWo = on a eit g > 8lu- we) 20 Z bis) a9, 8 bo- we) —JWot similarly pot es at g (w+ We) ® Consider the wectangulan pulse signal depicted below and a awt (4) : atl(4) : i", Goes . 2Te 0 / ole) A aa To Find the Fourier “Transform of xt) - Solution : a Re jot a Jott X(wo) = jroe mt 2 | Ae Boos 9lak ve gegeb | TP ~j wo -To ai ewes na -je =JjwTe _ gh eee Se oe ) wo 2) = 2 gin(wTe) wo 2 on (wT/n) (1 wt / 7) Xlw) = 2ATo sinc (J A vect | + <> Z2ATo Sine (2) 2Te ® Consider the Gaussian pulse signal defined as 2. att) = ee. Find the fourier Transform of x(t) - solution : of —jot . fae oo x (wo) = facoe Neat J gre a) at = fe (resie) -o 4 awe “A Gubstihehng Tejwt > (At 4yo_ es Hues OY, . 2 aT 3 os nd as J : 1 Se) oh -oyr ti jo \% law ( — (wer =e e at 0 2 oy des u-iott oe > pet Vr ?) i a ae a ol (a): e e a x(2) \ = y/, 7, 0 o = T ag = 2 mal V gu i ° 0d we i J ew due =o) : — 0 /atT w/t i® Find the Fourier hansform of oeCt) ~ cos (woot) jwot awot w0H) = cas(wot) = e Re & Fixte} = xtwy = F peetet” | % (Fle) +F Aas 2 + [ars fenw) +2 6 (e+ rl- xls) = 7 [slo +s(01¥») | cos (ttt) > 7 [slo-ws) rs g (10+ we) } Simi) anly TY g(w-ux) — stor W 5 [sco ua) — Stor 0)] sin (toot) <> @ find the Fourier Trangfirm of the signum functon ocCt)= agnlt) k ggn (t) = | Vin 72 =) pk eo ggnlt) can be rewritten as ggnlt) = ult) - ul-t) . hie signal ts not absolutely integrable . $0 consider 9gnlt) to be a sum of exponentals ak : etubce ul-&) in the limit as ao -ggolt) = Hi e*uty ~ “uc-e)] azo ; & sore sin, F Letaeo~ eee 2 lin § rle“aee] - Fletuce | ate _ lim oh a ~ aro | ane Q-je lit — 20 _ (lim | ——— “ avo 074 at ajo 4 bis Coe 8 ae 3 ete x(a) = Jxta)) = 5 Wy , a> bp © pxta + - tao"! (2) = tng yw Lo. @ Find the Fourier Transform of. Ye unk step funchon ult). Soluhon : zulk) sit ggnlt) ult) = 4 + 4 gol t) Ula) = Fis + 4. gyn()]Ube) = Le hd + 2 F [soll] 2 je = Lyatse)+4x a 2 < Ula) = Tstw4+t ye ult) 7 glo) 4 yo Properties of fourier Transform wo Linearibhy £ TH x(t) x,(w) and H(t) > Xa) then ax,(t)+ bx (t) 2— a x;(w) + b X2(t9) Proef The fourier transform of aa(t)+ bult) is F [a4 (¢) + bx (4) = f faxtyys2c3] eo aay ' op 3 | 0°} =) @’ \ : a [ane dt 4 » Jaton aH 2 0 x, (a) + bX4l) meek net rit 4y5f »~ Frequenty (hme, shifting 3 af x(t) <—= xl») then ac(t) elite <> X (two- Wo) Proof : < a a(t) ey 3s The Fourier transhrm of, at j +> jot] 2” F[zwe™*] = ffxw ole 4 ~o 0d s 2 =) (w-We)t = Jxwe at — 0 = x (w- We) >a Jrenuency ohift corresponds do multiplication to time domain bya complex sinusoid — whose frequency 's equal tthe hme shift - & Time shifkng : clk) <>») at! Hy } then c(t to)

xtde Proof Fourier Tsansform (of acle-te) 'S co. SBE F [a(t-te)] > fxtewe drt: oS sGooel pet Tet-ty =» AUS AT Es tite toe => Fre ; a 2 S. to «ao = (c+ to) dz = jx e . ea! : jx Oe i mee 0 oo = eu5n jae ede as jute F[xte+)] = xlwe = When a signal is shifted in hime, the magniucles of i Fowler Fyanshym yemain unaltered - Tn jpolor fon june F [ate] = xtu) = |xto)) € —jwto ; j tw) then F [xte-ts)] = Xl) e jo e }xtay} e” (x) wb) -The effect of time ghift on a! signal sis to introduce into ib Faunier tonsform @ phase shift, te which is a linens funckin qe: ‘ iT A) Time and Frequency scaling : Tf att) <> x) asd fen tee jar BLE hort Pra: fourier transform ¢ slat) }s rod . F feo} = fxcoe arcase J: o= For a pasibve yeal constant a, F fxtat)} free at ~% bet Teak | dzsadt t2-0 ~7> ie Laas ¢3'2 . . - z . F {xr} - fre J loja) ac a -o% - £x(9) case T: For a negatio veal constant -O, F[xcat)] - fe ae frat ret Z=-2t 2 dts Lad E t2-%, ta @ bn a, De ‘ 2 -y(-"4)* ryec-oul > (20 e ae a ‘ 4 (ca) © \ e dt 2+ ye iCombining the 4wo cases we have ¥ [octav)] = ei (2) 5) Time Reveysa) : af x(t) <——> xlw) Men ax{-e) ——> x0) Proof : Substhting q=-d in previous property F[lx-o)- xf Peo)» oe (8 = x(-w) C6) differentahon jin dime domain : TF x(t) e ——» x(w) then dAalt) ~ 5 jwx(w) We know 0 1 jut O=— ce) 4 fxwe’ dw 0 Differentiating both sides wot ea ano e zx Svesuy es aa) r ack aAx(t) » joxta) akcase J: For a pesitive veal constant as F {xlaty] - [rene rata — © te tack w Ge09e t2-a =~ cae tsa tT % J (w/o) ® é ale . F {xarr} frwe x ) el€ - 1 x( case I: for a negative real constant -o, Ffxt-at)] - fe ate ode pet ze-at oat = ade 2-2, ce wo Fee Pe CME, -0 -1(-®/a F feta} = (xe 2 Oo - (4a) © -4 [ame de a ~ odCombining the 40 canes we have F[xwj] - + *(2) 65) Time Reversal : if x(t) <—> xe) thes x(-t) > x2) Preof : Substihing as-4 ip provious propevy F[xc-e)]} = ‘si x >) = x(a) (6) Ddiffeventakon in time domain : xe 6 xt) e_a xlp) then dxlt) . 5 wx{w) at we know 0 x(t) = 4 { xere*" ‘Ae a Diffewertating both sides ort: Pe datt) rae fp jokta) @ e - oath 'Lioxte)] > 920, _, jon) - atSimilonly , di xlt) erat) Sx \i0) * lw) dv (1) Convolution property : ap alk) em then ot, (") * Lat) <— > x Proof : Ffxwa alot Z (w) and oe, (t) <> Xa) (vo) X2l0) 2 ajuk fx (eH) * x(tJ e at = a - {x x (t- 2 a) at SLE Tnterchanging the order of = : La F {oilt)* wal} = (ste ( [mee i ae)de: : 2 integrahon - 0 By Hime- shifting aay “w3) F{xlt-to)} = (ree getiak 4 xii, -e . Ljuel = fa xq (we ae. = Ft ie : ; aed) [ate dt -o 2 Xpta) % (a) = % (v) Xl) walt) * x, lk) 2-2 & (») xl)} (@) Multiplication or Modulation property ! TP alt) <—sxilra) ond salt) 4 then 2,(t) a(t) <—> + [xt * xl) Proof: Fourier transfrm of ate) o2lt) is oo : Flaw salt) - fiasco x(t] at ae a 0 ok —~jwt a J ( free” 2°) mete ot ov aa -% nterchang ing the onder of integrahon co — shin sity F[ocemtey] = foo | j Tawe™]e Mae) ao Frequency Shifting Property : 5] xcoe"*] = x (2-Wo) . ¢ font) m0]. > > fx (b) x, (o-0 49 ea Be = 2 [ate)x.ats)] at,(e) atatk) <> dls ¥00)] (a)ap aiflecemcton es Froqueniy demu | af (1) emmy ¥ (ta) men Jb) ¢ ditty tat) — 54 dul) . : 4 dw Proof : we know Be P xu) « fxtoe™at “a Differentiating both vides wel. “Wa” gives - ? {Esco ode ~~ dx) | ¢ {ext} dw Thovefore dey jit) <> ox t xy’ <> j dx) dw (is) Trtegration : f o(t) Xl) : J 1 xe) +7xO) glo) - eee fated a je The convolution of 2 signal oclt) with a unit step function ult) ts given by0) w(t) * ule) = frue-o4e — 0 cet Since te- 2 a TS om zs rs ult-2) = ; IL o, Ce < we get E octk) xuCE) = fetoue : ‘ ame 28 tn The convolution of a signal with a unit step 1s he 3 Cumulahve integral of Me signal - New we mn prove the ‘ategrachion properly of the fourier transfuy E f xwae = x(t) xult) - al feu]. $ [lx ult)| = x(w) Ulo) = x(w) aa ate} =. xte) + T x(a) 8 (ta) ye : = + xlw) +7 xle) Slo) ye & Thaxefe s Jato ies ix) 47x 0) 809) —o— % oD) pualty : wey olt) <——? Xlw) then Lt) el) Proof : By definikon a Fi xt) = = fare” dw -0 “ jot av x(t) = f xt oo dw - Om Replacing t with -t °° —jut gn x(-t) = fxtme dw a0 : Now interchanging the vauableg t an 0d jot anx(-%) = fxme dt ~o cy - Fe] x(t) <2 omx (-2) dw’ yletds an ox (2) Conjugation : Hy xt) <——_? x(%9) then tlt) <—— > x* (1) The Fourier Transform F a(t) ts ot 0d * . Flx*ee)) 2 fae Peony = | fe" a] ag, ->seus Wl = fx ot a] ae + = {xtv)] Ff xt] = xb) (3) Paxseval’s Relahon : Let xcC) be an energy signal andl if a(t) ——=> xl) then 08 % \ 1. E, = Jiecorae ae ftetorac : za ~o Paxseval's theorem states that the signal energies of an energy Signal and it Fouviey transhrm dre. equal. Proof : eo oe Ex = J ecoPae + fuer code - A 2 ry Fa jot - 7 fxco is Jxtae” ao) dt -o ; fa ( 4, i x*[u) oa) dt -* -2 és = at * ie a) dw ? a \ so( §x : -o oe _ feo xta)do 2 feet a hk aa od@ ensider the triangular pulse signal depicited below and defined as t (£ aAl- WL) eT A(i# &) ,-teteo at 4a) y A(i~ £04 EST ° y 1El=T ! SK Eee o » let Find the Fourier Transfrm of oc(t) using the dcfferenhahon ar sxlt) Be ) ; Soluhton™: me\tor ity 7 oe Using the ramp function , iG" fhe given triangular pulse written as hi aad oct) = eek e ‘The fivst Seta of the “OF axtt) . A ult+T) - au 4, AE CH su) ecay! ‘ Palen) “s+ (acy and the econd dlerivahve is dol). a sty t+ 4 2A sie.+ Agt-D ate T | as wh tn Taking 1 pa) toa) a 3 4A A st a ox!) Pale, F io Tava el os : ‘nd time - 28 propery using the athe “Ar A jot 2A + Ae (yey xl) as 7jer eT] on. 2 2ht) Se -a[e"]-* Z Wy GiwXto) = 2 ti ‘J nt [os (to1)- 4 st edt wet 2A [1 costo] st Tae ot sin (wtle) : 4A ani (2) 2 ie HD sin (tos) | gy ave” base z ar eal “cxoth silo? Y TOGA | dts} gens Lat bm es defined ay alti: (ready G)x @® consider an exponenily cle att) = €°* cos(wat) wee TP oe Pe ovdavirsls tov) at Find the Fowrior Patio p- pod =Gheal@ & — GIxk Je es “un ect) Ja scle) cos (ut) Satution ° att) = e“*ros (act) ult). i) haass x bas whee, faple)= & “cata A. Gixth x(w) = Beth, aA axe} wT Vg peut i Cena & zi bi aft) = Steve wd, Applying minty + i (F F [x05 mt -fosti}) TWdadcgys) ~|safste-egs stor] si [x a al be we) + x (at vd x(w9) = age ; \ + Gle) < Seas * “aajtes Ves ro =e e-\@ oe $ arjw-“Sye > : eS Toran) a (2- -tae) — (- we) (wre) on a “2 (ari) | hat oh : 2M igh aja (ep? OK e ( Ca $G)x ate (w). = a 1 Gy ae Dyajastor (4x (anv) oat ( @ Find the Fourier fe Os~ ey ( Fanafor of the signal defined by Gk) & ve* ute eee considen the given signal g(t) = teat) g(t) = Excl) Flac) =F [t xt] = j a Here x(t) = et*tult) <> eto age arje & Fite ull aa)? ae = FL hued] © Alas) * aay@ find the Touriey Transform Glu) the signal a(t) » + we Solution : Replaung “wath Ww’ in the expression of g(t), we have gn (t) +> in J is > Sgo(t) <——> is a(t) —— yw) 7 ; 1 x(t) = M Ssgnlt) and xe) 7 The uality property of The” ‘Fourier Transform states that +f x(t) e—> pe ¥ then xk) +—> orzo a tw ee! 3 smi) 2 = 2 sone) and xtt) =a m rop con 4 2 San (ti Yssinte) ¢ ats <> ~jsgrle) > -j , w Se m air , weo- @ find the inverse fourier Transform of ulw) solution + We knovo ult) <———> Ts(w) + cd Using the time - reversal mi we have ub et Me apghehys ul-b) etal aise) - . oft) <> Xl) x(t) = UC) ond -xbd) 2 Taba a ctw) = ult) and x(t) = 7 S(t) 7 the duality property states that if se(t) <> Xl) ten xw <— XC) awsths a aw ri ‘ - ile LRO- co = te @ consider a stable LTE syste altel by the differental equation aryl) y av) , sytt) = AX) 4 xt) ae ak / @) Find the frequency ‘vespence H(w) and the impulse “response hlt) of the system - Uo Wthak' la ane sespangs, of Me tyatone Hh the Inet x(t) = ult)?Solution : (a) Given that we) VCO , 4 AY y aye) - -_ + 2x(t) at at ‘Taking the fourier Transfim (je Yl) + 4 jw ¥la) byte) = joxl) * 2x(%) Y(w) [suf + 4j0+3] = x(a) [+f] ee ee xe) | uaajets briolsie) ee | H(w) = Using Partial Fraction Expansion ! ee WO > aye? 2 3He Taking the inverse fausier francfouo htt) = Le tutes 2 eule) i (b) We have atjo . Ya) = Xl) Hl) rd Lae arjv (iejey (33) Using Porhal Fachon ees Y[w) = Arh Lage ate BL iV “A Ite x py 4 340 YW) =es Taking the inverse — Fouriey Transom “ =) a) ii ’ 11 wilt 8 Fr Lye) s ult) » LF [apl*4 y [say | 45 ii vt yl) LeFutt) 4 Lie tutte Leute). Disewle- Time louriey Transform Representation of apewodte signals ' ‘The pisere te Time Vousiay TWarrpry oeansider a geneval sequence fn that i¢ af finite durahon sthat is, for some integers, Ny and No, xf{ndee outside the ‘rong? aN Sn So. 2 fom this aperiodic signal, we can “omit a periodic oq uence wt) for which xinJ is one period ys) be ~As we choose the period “N' do be jlatger, Sind is iderhtal to ae[w dyer @ longo” interval) and! as NP y ZLnd» otlol for ory fioite value of 9 i Spectfieally , we have ae in 2 eo % _, ke dn> iet8) gunn Kr N pa the In gi eye Kind owe ® period that (plage _ choose ‘the interval, # do -Ny SNE Nog, it ts convenient Jefe}! in he. summation and ‘Qy = jerval to that ElnI can be replaced ae i So jx 8)? No oe a)? L gxise Oy = + ee aa eaefj ‘ the interval ~We hove used the fact tmt xin] ZervP outside —Ni Zn SNe» Defining the function xls). x(e) = 7 xtde™ neo We sce that the cocffitients A, are proporhonal 4o Samples of» X/u) awe Qs 4 x (ke) Where Wo 72 fs the Spacing of samples in frequency olomaiin ’ J KWo? Xf]. ay Kliws) © kz c alae. 73 090, o] = LF xtwashe™ Ca) . a ei hj it { f “As Ni» ©, the abbve ‘equatin. passes. te, an integral - | ] ft pow o Bde xled a fo out » xl): = pre Md | *| ty so Smee. wen is periodic with be a1, the interval of integration can be taken as ‘any interval of length al. 1 ee a5 v Bln zS xlo) | ati, wea oR Seys Belede a( is Ne-O pny Gogh Sad Disexole ~ hine fourle™ shansform . pan .SS ne aTeT tages of bi) Se charity, aumente j tat fa, + &. |xtnt) < . or if the sequence has finite energy, that is S \aap<~ nee Thou au ne Convergence issues assccrated equation, Since the integral ic owr a finite interval of integrahon . @fird the fourier Fronsform cf the unit sample sequence. x{[n}=S{x) solubion, ! jen X(w) = Zapee Esse? ze Uith the ayrthesis -jva - o n2-0 } Sie: <> 4 @ Find the Fourier Transform of the causal sequence xo}: auin} alt ( Solukion : s an 2 auto] oa: a sen) os x(0) a an = rH) & Me -jwe L Zac)(1-ae™) X(w) = —————— (1-ae™”) (1 - mer’) | xa) = 1 ~acostis) — Ja sints) 4 ~ aaces(o) +47 Xpli2) 7 t= acos (2) | - racos(ws) +a” X00) sinus asin(9) ; ? bit B hee aacos(w) t a 2 Ix6o)| = fry (od +g 00F e=|{ = ——— ive) Je Ta aawey a 4 ft fay (- asin ) C | 1 Farcosts — aacosto) + a2 cin?) (1- 2acos (0) +ary> boty" s i J oi) «oa Xp lod = Beast) ” }xts))ore Toe Touriey ‘Transform of the sauerce aefeJ = aufen- jay >t giuton © “ —_— o -} <0 wey e Zaid”. Zatotennne ne-@ noe’ 1 en 20> ne-) d, (04) comer e >I ance uf-n-\J = { -—" le have ; on a 1 4 - si P<] = eC xe gees BIS ) ne nae 2 7 we) 1 2b) net Let m-o-} a> nemerl n= ame? gee TN ati ry) ue”) xv): 2G a med a yw {xe J Le ; * a mo Le. Va. ao = 0 = : 4 ee Re ain Ja) >! ——— , a * oe Pai) (ae -!@ find the Fourier Transform of - the} anktousal Sequanc? afr]. a” uf-r-1J + WEN = l Solution : 00, -yon x(w) = Sle N2-0 jen 2° Feoubn ey i ’ 4 QI8 nN=-0 \ mes | (n-1)-) =i =n en ; a ie ec 2 Slee’ >) n=-2 (‘t=-A es sao Bd . tue!) m=Y-) = nemt) m=0 os na) m0 as Naa = ee X(v) = ZS (ae) 3 ae Zlae ) x m=o t Cc on jo @e a= {= ae? ¥ yo ae” Gupns is I~ ae tAte steer tieiee te aiee ot rie cao} X(w) = Saw $(w- wo 201) Mm —2 which is Mustated beloto “le i. vol La an 24 v0 A+. yu Solubion * We can observe that xe) = grg(w-we) eo 4up 2a ' jer afej= —t [xe dw: am on av \ ee “weer” aw ai [ arsto-) Je? ay ° juo Jt = é ‘ays Jon = ? é a> cau glw lp atm)F ® kind the inverse DIFT of the rectangular pulse» spectrum ¢ in onl =Wts é WY toy 4w<éT “eg (os) | vw) 2 We w) 2 vect{ ‘ xlu) (=) : { o, well £7; Soluhon : pall ‘ th \ jo xfey - (J = 5 fixie do -7 We 24. j ol” atea =e er _ ime. “2m JM [we b —_ ° es & 5 1 mo es § Lis on aj avant) xfo) ‘ain l9) ie nv for n=0, Tv We ao] = Fr xu)ao = = f au = se Tv my We ,n2e afp]- 7 sink”) ate at The dbove squence is den expreced in compact form a8 stale sin (us0) |, Oden LH ith the urdexstanding tet ot neo, w sha}. seofp) = sin (wen) nt w = S sinc ven | Tv wv We one led XE gine | =— Shekel Ww aon \; 7 ] rect (Zs. Properties of OTFT () Lineaxily : a xp ale} <—_> x,() and mies” Xo(09) then act [nj+ bole] <—> axl) + b Xa (a) Proof : ; 90 -jer F {acate] booth) } = Z font voetedle eS ay oa i = ae xine +b Z miele th ns-o = axlw) + b Xa (w) (&) Time shifting: tf = xln) <> x(¥) then uf} = xfn-ne] <-—> Y F[zin-rl) = J str-oge n 27 (vo) = sahene te bet m2n-Y° nemtNo © -o when nae? +08 —}0(m+ne) m= me to when n= F [oefn-nel) = eZ xin) e aeevtne 2 piel ™ms-a F§sto-ng}. x0) oo?” Th polex form, 5 xe) we Xe) = | xt] e F [xLo-nay} = Xlw) e = |x (w]e 3 [Lx - we] & Frequency Shifting : rf axfp] -——»xlw) then vind = xtgel™ , yay = x(0- We) Proof: Fhe" - EZ [atae’ “|e a =} (w=) - ost e ne-o = x(w-We) A) Time Reversal yp xi) <3 xl) . then vind ei-n] <—>. Y (0) = x (-¥) Proof: shy { oft Yl) = Zune jt nz- . Zabe™ naeLettimg m=-9, yi: Sate” roy -)(-w)” = = almje m>-0 Vl) = x(-~) (6) Time Expansion : Let 'm’ be a positive integer, and define the signal Xemrid = [LQ], if ‘wis a multiple of ° , ifn’ is not a rnultiple of m XemalP] con be obtained from xin] by placing (m-1) Zeros between Sucessive values of the oviginal Signal - tae FY xfn] ——> xl) Aes aia] Xp, sly & eee Yl) = x (me) Proof : | wo . 0 awn -jwn Ffyted} = Yl) = ede. xLxJe” n2-& na“ Let Ye Ro Mae => yo-% ™ NDt0 => YO Ylw) = 2 xtael™ er) ™m Yl) = x(mu)&) Db ing i Differencin in time dormin « rf x[n] <—— x(u) ye ) ret) xle) ther, Sir} = xin] _xbp-) << y(~) 2 (i ¢ Prof Given se[n] e—> xl) By time. shifting properly afo-1J -—> xlo)e Using neatily property . As ada ofp <> x) xtude afr) - s{p- <7 (- et?) xl) P jo: mM Differenhahion in, Frequency odlomain *. yy oh xl) thi . ” —jnaf{o] <> an ov nxlhd <—> J dxta) aw Bk : we know o xtw): oc aie fic a Differentixing wr t. wo dxw) . 2 ste Lele ie 2 ~ jor ne-® . Efile” neoJue) . EL inate] 2 jn etn] <> axt ) alxla) ~ aw" Snip. if « sei <—— (8) Convolution Property , xp ate} <—> XW) and atx} > Bete then oe fn) & alm] <> _X(w) % Lo) " Proof: > Lalectaler 2, =jwn Flateleotdy = 2 [atd» aaled |e st x. ae xth-r ) e eo (NET Thterchanging the ovder of itegrohon Summahoo F (oited x xt} - oH {m] ae {n- mje” ier) m= =jom Applying me shithag propesty Xalwe {jem FJauted * astnl} = yale) em tle = xv) Xe) = ktw) x2)(a) Accumulahion properly | ye a(n) <————> x(w) ; Aa then 0 xt) +1x(o) £_$l4- m0) me sind -—* —w me-@ Kaeo )-@ G9) rulliplicahion (ov Modulalion or Windowirg ) properly: Te ato) <—»x,(w) and wate) ‘a> x0() then f sirJostn) <———> 4 [ements periodic convolubion * Ref 00 F Youd) xstrd} = Zz ) jon A isa x (eae) xfer = oFlodoge JX na ost ar —jwon inj asbrl] @ Trlerchanging the orcler of integrahion and | sdintilcohion 2: oo ° iy F {ite} so tr} . = Jar[ % fume””)-*") de oT Nard i Frequency - shif hing proyevy [ rilodaate-s) 4 : ow ea |x 1 wt) | Applying the F fated ate) = + 20adConjugation and conjugate synmeby is Math] sya) then fn] H———» x" (-w) Reef Fha"llp 2 FS xt{jet” mie ¥ [zs ier] * fF xi "| (2) Pavseval’s Relabion « Tg xpd be an energy signal, and if fn] <—> x(a) then Bs & 2 4 ie | Ex = Zlat) ae § 1x) ‘dw. | om | Proof ‘onsider the LAS | 4 a ey 6 | Ens led” = ate] xf neo nz-0 E b ow ; ; Ps : ar fauye"ae) nz-e mJ . jen L * a we”) dl ss Paral B 5 x*(u)e av) a {i (s) 2 q2-® am an es iNS 1 ax: “ 1 2 a |X (o)xWdw = > fixcorae ; ay 20 @find te over of the sequence xfo] = dsine ($00) Sohihon ce sy _2nm ss ee Zt (Sz) —s wen yee! 2 cne(¥0) a aa <= Subekihing we =" = w- 20m ' 8 Sane(F)e— Fae ae ) mee Time -shifhng properly yields / rim \ ~)20 4 sine( 4-29) 5 BS. rect (232") ma -0 @ Find the Fourier Transforr of an exponential Sequence with alteyncding sign bi . yf} 2 (1) a? uted, 141 < } Solubion » Let xin} abun] <—> xlw) = : \-ae 7 eo consider the sequence ule} = cu’ arutn) , Jal<) jm9 ene Lia . yind 2.e@ aufs} =e xin) : = | Gh a, | ix]Now apply the Frequency ~ shifting properly Ylw) = xtw-m) 92 _h gerite-™) \ —_ )-aeie -jo \ a === jo - + ae -. the Fourier Transform of the sequence ulnJ = ne Pufnd > woaler. Solubon : y : 12 +(e Let xin] = a ufnd <—> xe) = ‘i h-ae yin] - nafs] : Apply the drfterenhahion in frequency clomaxin, property ae ys \ rs 5 YU ) = Ia ea a(t ae” | (i ew {Fouts | alt aes”) 4 ee @relexmine the inverse \ , ale} prt of xia) “cached dion: ie Soluhon yaaa 7 OM 2 used ene u- ae”)ne Using the time~ shifting property [ -j8 : ae jo (nna ufos) 4——3|>——. | e g-aet) Cor) a uty 2 > a Q- ae)” (ns) a ules) <——> st) a ae2D @ Using th . » ‘es Convelubion property a the wnvoluhoo xn] = aylo)enf quences lens) afm) = tn] = th 1 = Slori]t slat sto-1J = 16 ©, othovwite Soluhon » The Fouriey Trans firm afr] = %atn] & given by of 3 . Hog xf) = xa) > eowteyerner = Beery ot plagh Ne-D (onest s fe Me wis af eee] i +2. = 14acelv Using convelution properhy , © [pated xatol] = xte) = % lu) oo) [it gatos) = 34 4c0sW) + 2c05 (+9) is O48 (e* Le sy 4 te eu) yw g eee ya t ze, .-i2Taking inverse FT cfr] = ginr2)+2 Sint] 43 Sho} + 2 ste-J 4 > fers] sln-2] @ Find the energy of the sequence x{nJ = sinc (#2) vw: Solubon ; wo - 21m BE cine( Ys 20) <——> eo Feet (SE a2”) 7 T mae ~ sinc el TZ rect eo a ) TT ms -® From Parseval’s elation, od 2 \ 2 & e_ lst) = Oh {txt dw 21 na-o wT . 2. ~ aw J we <7! vert (%)) 4 a} 1, lle We vect(¥.) - V4 aw cweT We 2 oy ax 2¢ = | Bes Hh, [sdoe TS We. ‘oe a wr we ~We@ Find the Fourier TFenaform of te peviodke sive! + Pus afin} = cos (won) with Wers Solukon + : om? dV ge inl eosftom) = Ge + & me -Wam 2am) ~ oom s(w- We me7% -. X[w) = Fi sem pe Fige ert 1 oo sb zamslwo- wea zin)+ 2 Z argos oro) oe ne geal 2m 1 av § (w+ FE ~ TIM x4) = 2 ene be 5 compe 2 a aoe ’ m2 -® Q@ ansider a causal LT system that i6 onoracteriged. by. the, difference equahoo uid - 2 yf 4 1 Ute -)5 act | (2 Find the frequency response HL avd meer biel F the system - J © Find the _vesponse urd if the input” 244 the cyttem is ade) = (F wird, | *@ solution: (@) Taking the DTFT of the difference equation Yo) = 3 ye os + 3 Ye) ev = 2x(w). vio [= 20 re ei] « axty2 Ma Nequemy Teasponge yi (ia) : Yiu) MO xX (w) eRe ek ol | . 8 Voc fornging the denaminaiy 2 (1 4e) (1. Penis) Applying —pavhal Fachon expansion Hiv) « PUY peat a Mein pe eee 1- Lewes jy. bens 2 4 Taleng the inverse DET P hin} 's a(d) ufn}= 2 (*) uly] > ob) x” 4. DTFT of the given inpul in) (4) ated ae Ales . jo ~te 4 : : Ylw) ~ wy f{——— | | ee frat | lye] ee eee enue (1-4e"") {ve see)* using parkal frachoo expansion : 2 ie ee ra i jw Y(w) tem td iw) \- de {ie Yl) = Ylw)a Yr (w) + Ys (w) Taking inverse OTFT ute)» — ule) 7 yin] + Yale)LLL WEd> a(Lfutea and vale] > *(2) ae \ coral} ad <> ey 4 2 (nn) (5) wea SS ee 4 * Yaln] = 26040( 4) ule) - + ¥fe] heal Jutrd- 26o+( tYuted+ a(2) ub ‘ETrensform - —The z-transform of a discrete-time sequence x{nJ is olefined 2 x2. EZ xin] 7” avoe whee Z is a Complex variable - In polar form Bere toheve y Is @ yadhus of o circle —Tf the sequence x{n] exists for n’ in the vange —& tb a, then, the equahon represents two sidecl or the bilaleval &-tanstra — Tf the sequence exish only for NO, then X, (2) = Base pme n=0 Which jg called @& one sided Z-transform. putting z-re” . * s) =P x (re!) > Bo xt] (re) n=-@ Zpiayo” n+-@_ Nreve equation vepwaontt the pp oh the signal alin” jw) gin \ x be yer dw on multiplying by v" xin}. n se ye bveP™), (ve) 49 2 sess Suloc Khu hing 2 ve” \ xe) = a4 x(z2)t az 2) ¢ wheve § denotes integrahon around the circle of vadtus lzl=y in é 4 counter-clockwise dtrechon - *Yy = 1 i “em be +b,e +--+ x(2) » both 2 od @ -N LeQE + Ae + > “Faye - Z-Waneform X(%) is @ rato of two polynomials on 7! given = Roots of the numevaty polynomial ave those values of 2 for which x[zZ)=o => Zeros of x(z). ~ Rooks of denominate polynomial ave Known @s poles for which X(2) is infinity « = The Z-ansform exich when the infinite sum converges . ~The sur may not converge for all values of 2. - the values of “Z' for which the sum converges is Called the Region of Convergence (roc):@ find the Ztranshrm and ROC for the signal xin] = a? ufal Soluhion * = 2 x(z)= S xine” . - 20° uta} 2? = ze = ” Zor nN>-@ This is a geometric series of infinite length dtoxvorr te Se st 1-7 The Summahvon converges cf |az“] <1! ov Je) > lal. ° Imlz) Poe rele) ® Determine the z-transform of the signal ofa}: buly-U - Solution : 0 q Day x(2) = Eat] azar § ule z ne-@ ns-a uted = 1 fr Pal pl> toons) o fw -n-) 40 w NBeWI af 0 Z) | ronverges 1 oe ne? nz) \b'z) 21 bz é js) a ghSikan ls; fel Jee x (2) ee ek \212 hs) Jol 2) @-plane Re(2)- = eee ee Determire the . : 7 z-treatthwm of afr}. a uled-b vfn-J xt2) s Sty 2? ' b'2 jar ls! tyke . —— + — a 2) < tl as els jeralel la) gi whe ge roc. laled#l “ el - ; cle i jad ote-plane eentexed at hE omg: the ROC 1S tye thon the Roe « z= Yuo-sided sequence the, ROC VS erty nee the Roe will ® Tf xr] is an infinite“urdhion , two sided Seque) ' tntextoy and me) ol at, nsist of a ving 2 ene, bounded on the any poles - ‘ contains the unit eircle - © HE Roc must be @ connected reged) @find the z-transform of the signal afr] = gin (oon) u [ny Solution : a xlz)- Sainz” ne-@ a 4 oA = eintwon) ud 2 = FA sin (wen) Zz” nao 2) nse 7 # x ‘ ov 2°. ¥ Era Zee 3 [ze i827) - Ze" °z =f | |e Jwo he and ler jwo zea) => |2) >) Series converges\ ae or 4 ~ “\ -y 1-e 1-e & -jwe_- jwo -1 se rd _ Vie 2 7 2 \ pee) fr-e 2) -\ (Sinwo) Z : fa $y 2 (2 * — UCostee) 24 2 @find the z-transform of xing: Slo) Solution + ~ y(2) = zsh 2°” = A, Roe: Enive z-plane ne- 9 Properties 4 2-dvans form : ) Lineaxi ain] <——> %2 (2) (2) Fy isi gto ged and then gan} 4 bx2In] <—_> ™ (2) + b%2 Proof : zfanfl+ poate) } = £ [axle] + bX tn) z ax, (2)+ b% (#). ne-2 em fe) 27+ pz z ne-® @ Roc of a sum of Sequences is the intexsechon of the ROCs of the individual transforms - WTime shifting : x(z) = 2 fat} and the inital condchons of x(n] are Bexo, then g Sxin-mJ} = zx (2)-Proof oo Z}xbr-m]} = So xine? ne-@ Let n-m 2b then b= pr (m+ pd oo es sip) z?P Z fxin-m]q - ate ZT *e capane = z’x(2) £ Zro IE ™>0, Roc of 2 ™x(2) is the same as XC2) except RY Pe @ Find the z-transform of the sequence aiea vines Solution : afr} = ound, <> x2) = ae By time shofhing property Jel>\a) -} mbes) st weld zfa utn- a2 ae a (2 Multiplication by an exponential Sequence » Th xle= ZfateIt tren Zax] = x(a'z) rool * Roc =R Roc = \a\R- re - n n oe fn zforxid}= ZavxtIe”. Z xl1@"z) ns-0 Ns = x(0'z) Roc is Rk,

a Zee | (5) muliplioehon by n' Bf Z {ated} = x2), ther Zn xi} = _ 2 agen) Roe =e Roc =R Proof: x(2) = 2 xiel 2° 2-00 (2 Sin zfoxtsd} = e_natel z ne-o e -n-) zeinwid ee = ne-0 eZ rine om@Belermine the Z-hanshrm of alo] = nuded Solution = * Z{utrd} i out a = n \ z le"l<) 2 eh See i 2 jon 2-1 lersi zZ = gerd fh a {ruled} = -2 4. ( _ “2 Me-— % 1 ee 28 12>) ee cars sae Ey a Re (6) Convolution ; {nj}: Hl), then RQ A mp aafeJ} = xt2) ond 2 fh Z\xfe]* biel} = ” Hle). nee se wind aac eed 2 Zab rs a Taking Z- ee on both sides Ylz) = Pa h[»-k] z, ke-@ ‘ ‘6 7 Zab z «Eso Ble rt ue n-keb o g al z «Pou z = x(z) H(z)4 . ng Z-tranchrm, find the convolution of too sequences xf] = au 2,-1,0,3}, ule] {1.2 -1} t _ ate] = be vy4 astra] Vitjs2 daz 2 “waz ale] = gle} s 2${n-i} -1sto-*3 X2(2) = sinpee 4422 ‘Sais xt) = X42) w2l2) = (lore gay. oe ah (eet 2) a 2 ees -2 4 a a -- - 21422-2492 44 gate gL 22 +2 32° 4637? _ 31x = HAR 4 227 ag art 4 be “SLaa-* xe] - SIs] 44Sn-i] +2 Slo-2] ~4 Stn 81 + 4 SlP- alse Stn- sj 4 ~ 3 $in-6) = {i,4,2, -4,h, 6 ~ 31h 2s ¥ (0 Time The signal WOR | Leite 4 kan if 7 is @ multiple af K 0, ifm is) not a mulhple of kK . has (k-1) Zeros imserted between sucessive values of original signal af {sted} = x2) Reese Ym a ee zistsl > =x(2"} pe cer ates sits aft Nt zai tet 2k, then K a: z{ allt = B sid a . Fx’) au ah). ye-2 hz -2@ Conjugahion + Tf zfxir]} = x02) then 2 {x*lrl] = Xz way. Zee 12. * ne-0 (a) Boshi) value theorem * zp x,(2)= z fotry}, the? art sete} = tim X4O® 250 Proof : = ale] gx aly aye x, (2) = Zatae” As 22% all the i oe x4 (2) = ole] - , j terms vanish except och - Qs) Fnal value. theorem theorem ! rf xp xX,(2) = ay 2 dati; where, the, RoC fr x4(2) includes, but is not necessarily eonined 19 jal>1 and: (2=0%(2) ‘has ne ‘poles on of outside the unit circle , theo xlel= 2 Lipo, (2 artes ' a ae zjxtrl} = ee, Etat xtra ]z” 2x0) - zacle)- %(2) = i ¥ fet sable (22) x, (2) - oe Bo, a [atid pata}? 3Te eee ae lig (2-9 X42) — xe] - ens, § Afxt3- Le) J [xtey-x Cd] + Poteet - xe F + 2 oelw)-xfe) - t xLe) = a (4-1 % C8) -2")xte). ea xf] = tin, U z > Relahionship between €-tansforn and DTFT: — consider a discrete-time Signal xn] ZY xb} ~xX(z) = stn) 2-? N= —0o Substitukng z= net? zf{atd} = Zz xtJ Grain? ss | 2 E peaele® asrt ie so | z{xtl} = Ffemy -n Thus, he Z-tansform of eth is the Fouvier, Transform of x(r)y¥ Pt Tf val, we obtaco z{otnd} i= FL xt}, for .% Z-tronsform reduces to te STFT | when lal at alte, 2 2?) Region -of - convergence for z-bransfrms : 0 - = We know that rye oe 305: et tn. zixtely - aL vai. ’ ~ Z-yansform ts eae 4 Converge f aged G absolutely summable - 7~ S \aidy?) x2) = 5 afde Need Substiuking Zs ve! into the obett equahon , xe) = Svhed (ve "y” Ce) ji a Zyaro" N=-e “4 Tye }x(z2)] = & (stl ‘Je N= -o 2 S lpi er] ns-0 so Pie ‘then |xC2)) 22> neo Ll ¢layy ~ he ange of valués of lel=¥ fr, hich he" 2-hanshrm Converge is termed. the. ae a Convergence (eoc)' i ir = Sine the oTeT ib! oblaied from «the bilateral E-transform by setting T=, the ROC in this ease is a unit cirele + F the poe of XL2) includes the unit civele , xin} is Founia Fao ond xX (el) can’ be obhained xo by ‘ee by vreplacing z lo t.3 -properhes of ROC: Roc of XCz) consist of a ving in the z-plane ‘centered’ about the ongin - @rf x(2) is vahonal , then the Roc must not contain any poles @ sf xfrd is of finite duvatvon and is absolutely Summable, then the RoC 1s the entive plane except possibly Z-0 andloy z= 00 OH xhrd is vight-sided and of infinite durakoo then the Roc 's the region in the : Z-plane outside +the outermect pole - Furthermove , Hf afr] is causal Cif it ts vight-sided and equal tm 0 fev neo), then the Roc also includes 2208 ©yp exfrd is left-sided and of infinite Oluration, then the Roc is the Yegion then the ROC is the Yegion in the 2-plane inside the innermost nermast pole» Furthermore, if x£n) 's an anh'-causal sequence Cif iF ie ‘Veft-svded and equal 6 fw >0), then the Roc also includes zio © rp scl] is two sicted and of infinite durahion, then the ROC will consist of a ring in the 2-plane © for a finite duration right-sided signal (ie. xfn}=0 fr neo and fy N>N) for some finite Ni), the ROC will be the entve Z-plane except @ =o @ fr a finite durahon two-sided signal, the ROC will be the entive z-plane except z=0 and Z=o . Okra Porte duration left sided signal [ie, xlJ=0 fr nso and né-Ni), the except roc will be the entive Za0- Z-plane |@Lklermine jhe z-hansform of and the locoh md fel [LJ uted + 2"eie) and depict R00 078 Solution z poles on zews plone ocho) = () utyd + 2° vind z{xtrI} - afr] + [rue] : ' }z)> Ja] ee terse aut’) <> wae ' ai (ayant <> v1) pas “1 ' y -2ble alo 208 sit # Papa esha tT bopigp BE a | : yaa? ” get ce Roc. of. x(2) ,'s a) see t atog , faocrrs ’ boo ogeBpest 2i Vi Fel>2 zo -S2 2" ai ix 2@ »@antermine the 2-hansform of an) = - (Zyuer4 ,Pul-n-9 ohn xn} = -({)ute-9 sata fell x(2) = 2|- Eyerr-3] -2 j-rratr-a] we know -@uf-n-] <——> |, }zl2 la) fae y -(4)utr-4 pa ' * peek . 1. ket 3 ~2°utn-9 es 1 iene 3s By, en ¥ ene ated e / ibe @ \- Kee! 1-227) (1-524 a : @determine the z-transfem of aid = (4) 4 tut-n-") Solution : x(2) = uy] = a[-euto-9) 1 4 \ (4)°ated ———4 eye 5 lelo S 1 ja2e7 Lane j222 'pel?) ® dekrmi rosea the 2-transforo and Roc of the following finite - duxabon @) a,[r] = { 1,2, b -24%, 3} & x2) 2 Feder es Lede ne-@ neo . afedeabd # ‘yx. b)2 7+ xfs) 27 *4a[a}2 “yx Lae 21422 ‘yor tag 432 ms Roc is the endre 2-plane extept 220 w mais] « { at -2,0,34 at) = z xafe} 2772 mala] 2°74 afd 2 ‘saute Le) nan? 4 2[2J 724 x {32 - zaztb- at'ese° Rec is the erkve _ 2-plane except 2:0 and Zouco) ssin}= 4). 2, 6, -2,0, 34 " o. 7 Yg(S) 2: SET AP = mL-d2+ xu [-aJ2"+ gle 2 46 x9 23 a n2-S ¥aLdz2' 4 std s = goeazaed?_9 2743 Roc i the erhvre z plane except 2> 0 orem the @-tyvansform and the pole - zero plot for the stgnals ” aint =} (oen ent © , elsewhere - where 2>° Solution : ~° ge ite! i net 4o x(@)= 5 _afeJz = Oe = = Cae) neo R-1 nso no nN ~aes 1 z°-¢ x (2) G-ae), bee ae Sime aE = OR OT ym ie zhaN has n roots (at id Sinee a>o, eos n.9) ee Te texo Zo eancels the pole at Zaza. rhus n-1 z x(2@) = => has (N-!) Zeros and (N-1) poles = Iml2)® ; a Determine the Z-tandform of the somone Qin} = na®ufal Soluhon : g(n] = na?ute] = net} where xf = aPuln) and the eT y(2) = a lel >lal paz’ v gfgtel] = z [xt] dx(2) qlz)= -2 Ge 24) ‘| te y-az" og 2th az! lek a—ae)* *Cy-aet)® @®etermine the signal xfs] whose 2-honeform is given by x(z2) = log Q saz), lel >lel Solution : By taking the fivst devivetive of xl2) dxlz) _ =e dz It4.az7! _zdxte) . 2art ae itaz! Taking the inverse @ transform welds Zz aut) z"| 4at |-2 Ge hk =| -\ natn oe ep] it az le know that 1 @ute} <——> aa l2|> Ja)terete, (ay°uto) <5 1 jz >lal ira? ete, athe, Se , Pe Sil l4a27' sing the fime- shitting property ot-@y-uifney) «ty SE : jel >lel = Ita2! ’ (Jem, 22, oe! 4 let aiel - Irae! 7 i wicainih et, ASE jzi>lel sav’. nxin} --Ca)"ute-') etd x{n) = 64)" tq] i (0 @°uto-') > 7 Toverse_2-transform faxhal Frachon miethed * @find the inverse 2-transferm of with ROC petee2 wo. a \4'n5* (-4e) (aea-e) Soluhon * vail 1-2 4 x(2) *agevl yenoae fir 2) Mulhply the numerator and dermminaty by 2° 3 sje 2 z7+z (z-4) (z-2(2-9 ‘ fo ae xz) gz2t) A —t a 2 (eye ae) 74aes Gye evel “ . € >: 4 By, @-2(2-9) ley Az=(2-2) X22 g =. “leeo* * be Ag 2 (2) 2 B no; é zel vay Le 2-2 2-1 az (ae lente 7 +e 2-1 fee ize 1-2) ROC is a ving in the 2-plane Pole of the frst term is at Z24 rele) _ poe haa'a vadius greater than th pole 5.S0;this pole comesponds cousal signal - = Second term hat a pole at 2:2- Heve the Roc has a vedi lose than this is pol ‘e pole, so this pole corresponds Jo ank cause) Segueni - 2 ce. ae lade’ _ The third term has a pole at Z.1 => Roe has a rade than this pole => causal signal - i nef “ye (»" ul-) -) eos otixete] = 2ufn} eo. 2 y- Bhs othe) = (3) ulead — 2(2)"ul-n~) ~ 2Quln)e the Qymlermine ” causal Signal xfny having Ihe 2 ~ trans fost? bit ® Xia) = _7-l : Craze) teen)? Soluhon : x(2) | ee Mulliply numeveloy and denominehy by (14 200-2 z* vit) aie om 2 we (zyi)(2-1)? a (2nyle) Using pavhal fraction expansion X(2) : A + A + thes 2 gan (a) GY A, = (zn Xf a 2 n fiteoregy,, < lzalls” gnjoe- 27 3 * (eny 4 @e-1 2s —t+— ayjye z ze etn BY. | Be BEE ep x(@)esqiaen + < \ 1 2. oy a + 2 ea 2 else ae = Taking inverse @ fransfor' al wis ain}: (hated +3 at) A© Find “the 4244 win, a27- 92-4 Roc. lee, inverse €-Nansform of x(2) = z Solubon Given Polynomio | hes ovder of. numeraly >ovder of clenominahy Using long division 052-455 az — B-a2-4) BR oe 4244 Wake 22 Foe aa —F2f -22 +4 Ye +92 78 ys ie ne 4 . X(2) = osz—45 — Werth a2 98-4 : 5 2r = 0562/45 = 55257 . ospaag- SSS) 22 2-Hd (z+) (22) Using parhee} frackon & oS %)= 052-454 —- >> x(z) = 0 4 a Zo sosz-45 4.052) _ 42! ae ' >| We know -bul-n-1 > ~Ee. > Inb2 ° ! -69 ubn- -— wet ,leets 1-227 eat UD ¢—o SRE sig TFET” properly.Simi lealy ss 1-227" nor wd alo) - os slo) ~4-58ln]- 050-9 a cea eter” A - 6(2)" uf-n} eee +A causal dhicreto-hine LTT system is descrited bY Ufo] - Sfp - J+ gylo-2) eaxfe - wre of] and yfr) are the input and output ap eaten vespochvely : @Delermine the syslom functon Hl2) for a causal system fender ©) find the impulse response Hin] a the system - (find the step vesponse of the system « Solution: Cay ab) Given that a. wh - 2 3 2 ufn- -1J4 Zubr] = ofr] Toking z a =x(2) y@) 1-22 be ‘y= : - ies te eee » H(z) = We cag zdert . He) = 1 AL 4 As - ( Dr i #5. |" 2 eye rk Ar =(2° y) tan” H(z) | = +a Za 2 2-4H(z) 2a 4 2 Taking; ang 'exse 2- hansfor i> hing =-(4) bls a[2) uted <> unit impulse vespore sca), He) = [alnd = rinda vend iret g(2) = H(z ul2) nay x, Iz * SCz)s ae bit ip Onin G-290 0-224 27) Zz (en (2-4 (ey (2-3) (z- 4%) S02) z 2 Atelpodas 4 Ae 2 evle W(e%) © Gy, (2-4) (2-4) s@ ~ FE) peel 82 [Oye — Ayr Pe 2] m= ag 2 sl2) —-\ 5 fa = © MU) =e z aay, 3 Is 2) 88. 21a ae a Sasp SPY Taking inverse z-transform ; Sin} = & uf -— 2(3) “ute) + 3(4) ute