Political Science 56

INDIA
A COUNTRY
ANALYSIS
 Table of Contents

Introduction

Foundation of Policies
Georgraphy of India
Land Formation and Boundaries
Climate

Religion and its impact

Hinduism
Buddhism
Islam
Minority Religions

Imperial India and Dynamic Influences

Caste System
British Empire and its Effects
Nationalism
Revolutions
Impact of Partition
Socialism
Democracy
Social- Cultural Changes after Nehru

Political Actors
Political Groups
Political Actors

Government
Constitution Structures and Development
Leadership through Nehru to Present
The Legislature
The Bureaucracy

Policies
Foreign Policies towards Pakistan
Nationalization on Bank
Emancipation of the Untouchables

Analysis
Bibliography
India is a very large country with many diversities from language, tribes, caste and religions. It
is one of the most diverse country in the world. Its diversity is mainly because of its rich history
and culture. With its vast area, India is the mother of two nations, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In
this paper we will examine the geographical features that contribute to the country’s political
system, its relationship with its colonizer, Great Britain, its struggle for freedom, the bloody
partition of Pakistan, India’s government, its political actors, its policies and its relationship to
Pakistan. An analysis is the end product of the paper. It is to find out the factors that
contributed to India’s political system and status.

Uttar Pradesh

The fourth largest state of India. It lies in the north-central part of the country. Uttar Pradesh is
bordered by the state of Uttarakhand and the country of Nepal to the north, the state of Bihar to
the east, the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast, the state of Madhya
Pradesh to the south, and the states of Rajasthan and Haryana and the national capital territory
of Delhi to the west. On January 26, 1950, when India became a republic, the state was given its
present name, Uttar Pradesh (literally, “Northern State”). Its capital is Lucknow, in the west-
central part of the state. Area 93,933 square miles (243,286 square km). Pop. (2011) 199,581,477.

The state can be divided into two physiographic regions: the central plains of the Ganges
(Ganga) River and its tributaries (part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain) and the southern uplands.
The vast majority of Uttar Pradesh lies within the Gangetic Plain, which is composed of alluvial
deposits brought down from the Himalayas to the north by the vast Ganges network. Most of
that area is a featureless, though fertile, plain varying in elevation from about 1,000 feet (300
metres) in the northwest to about 190 feet (60 meters) in the extreme east. The southern uplands
form part of the highly dissected and rugged Vindhya Range, which rises generally toward the
southeast. The elevation of that region rarely exceeds 1,000 feet.

Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir, union territory of India (until October 31, 2019, a state), located in the
northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and
westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The territory is part of the larger region of Kashmir,
which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of
the subcontinent in 1947. Legislation passed in August 2019 set the stage for downgrading
Jammu and Kashmir from statehood to union territory status and splitting off a part of it,
known as the Ladakh region, into a separate union territory. The change went into effect on
October 31 of that year, though several court cases affecting its status remained pending. The
information that follows describes the former state of Jammu and Kashmir, including the
Ladakh region.

Jammu and Kashmir, formerly one of the largest princely states of India, is bounded to the
northeast by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang (China), to the east by
the Tibet Autonomous Region (China) and the Chinese-administered portions of Kashmir, to
the south by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, to the southwest by Pakistan,
and to the northwest by the Pakistani-administered portion of Kashmir. The administrative
capitals are Srinagar in summer and Jammu in winter. Area 39,146 square miles (101,387 square
km). Pop. (2011) 12,541,302.

Gujurat

Gujarat, state of India, located on the country’s western coast, on the Arabian Sea.
It encompasses the entire Kathiawar Peninsula (Saurashtra) as well as the surrounding area on
the mainland.

The state is bounded primarily by Pakistan to the northwest and by the Indian states
of Rajasthan to the north, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and Maharashtra to the southeast.
Gujarat also shares a small segment of its southeastern border with the Indian union territory
of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and, together with the Arabian Sea, it surrounds the territory
of Daman and Diu. The coastline of Gujarat is 992 miles (1,596 km) long, and no part of the state
is more than 100 miles (160 km) from the sea. The capital is Gandhinagar, on the outskirts of the
north-central city of Ahmadabad (Ahmedabad)—the former capital, the largest city in the state,
and one of the most-important textile centres in India. It was in Ahmadabad that  Mohandas
(Mahatma) Gandhi built his Sabarmati ashram (Sanskrit: ashrama, “retreat” or “hermitage”) as a
headquarters for his campaigns against British rule of India.

Gujarat draws its name from the Gurjara (supposedly a subtribe of the Huns), who ruled the
area during the 8th and 9th centuries CE. The state assumed its present form in 1960, when the
former Bombay state was divided between Maharashtra and Gujarat on the basis of language.
Area 75,685 square miles (196,024 square km). Pop. (2011) 60,383,628

Karnataka

Karnataka, formerly (until 1973) Mysore, state of India, located on the western coast of the
subcontinent. It is bounded by the states of Goa and Maharashtra to the north, Telangana to the
east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the south and by the Arabian Sea to the west.
The state extends for about 420 miles (675 km) from north to south and for about 300 miles (480
km) from east to west. Its coastline stretches for some 200 miles (320 km). The capital
is Bengaluru (Bangalore), near the southeastern border.

Before the independence of India in 1947, Mysore was a prosperous and progressive but
landlocked princely state, with an area of less than 30,000 square miles (78,000 square km),
located on the Karnataka Plateau. The transfer of additional territories to the state in 1953 and
1956 united the Kannada-speaking peoples, gave the state an outlet to the sea, and greatly
extended its boundaries. The state took its present name, a Kannada word meaning “lofty
land,” in 1973. Area 74,051 square miles (191,791 square km). Pop. (2011) 61,130,704.

Land Forms and Boundaries in India

From a country that has many land formations and bodies of water that served boarders from
neighboring countries. From the vast mountains of the Himalayas. To historic river of the
Ganges river. And in to the domes of sand of the Thar Dessert.

Himalayas

The Himalaya Mountains serve as the northern boundary of India; some of the mountains and
many of the surrounding foothills are within the country. You can divide the Indian Himalayas
into five different regions. The Regions of Jammu and Kashmir has foothill plains and lakes as
well as some high peaks. The Himachal Pradesh region is generally snow-capped and forested
with conifers; Dharamshala, home to the Dalai Lama, is within this region.

Ganges River

The Ganges River runs 1,560 miles. Beginning in the Himalayas and flowing into the Bay of
Bengal. The River flows through Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. Upon Merging with the
Brahamaputra and Meghna Rivers, its forms a river delta that is 200 miles across

Thar Dessert

The Thar Dessert is located at the western part of India is it the seventh-largest desert in the
world, covering about 92,200 square miles. With extremely severe temperatures, the Thar is one
of the most inhospitable parts of the country. Winter temperatures are regularly around
freezing, and summer temperatures can surge to more than 120 degrees Fahrenheit. Annual
Rainfall is condensed into a few months of monsoons in late summer. The Thar Desert spans the
India states of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Punjab and extends into Pakistan to the west. Give the
extreme climate, the Thar has plentiful of fauna and flora, with around 14 known species of
native birds.

Andaman Island
The Andaman Islands form a archipelago in the Bay of Bengal, just the south of Burma.
Altogether, the archipelago numbers about 300 islands, most of which comprise a territory of
India. The islands are mountainous with dense rain forests. The islands also feature two
volcanoes, The Narcondam and The Barren Island volcano. The Barren island is the only
historically active volcano in India

Climate

India climate can be classified as a hot tropical country, except the northern states of Himachal
Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir in the north and Sikkim in the northeastern hills, which have a
cooler, more continental influenced climate.

In most of India summer is very hot. It begins in April and continues till the beginning of
October, when the monsoon rains start to fall. The heat peaks in June with temperatures in the
northern plains and the west reach 45° C and more. The monsoons hit the country during this
period too, beginning 1st of June when they are supposed to find the Kerala coast, moving
further inland from day to day. Moisture laden trade winds sweep the country bringing heavy
rains and thunderstorms; sometimes these monsoon rains can be very heavy, causing floodings
and damage, especially along the big Rivers of India, Bramaputhra and Ganges.

The plains in the north and even the barren countryside of Rajasthan have a cold wave every
year in December-January. Minimum Temperatures could dip below 5 degrees Celsius but
maximum temperatures usually do not fall lower than 12 degrees Celsius. In the northern high
altitude areas of northern mountains it snows through the winder and even summer months are
only mildly warm.

Indian Monsoon

Indian monsoon, the most prominent of the world’s monsoon systems, which primarily

affects India and its surrounding water bodies. It blows from the northeast during cooler
months and reverses direction to blow from the southwest during the warmest months of the
year. This process brings large amounts of rainfall to the region during June and July.

At the Equator the area near India is unique in that dominant or frequent westerly winds occur

at the surface almost constantly throughout the year; the surface easterlies reach only to
latitudes near 20° N in February, and even then they have a very strong northerly component.
They soon retreat northward, and drastic changes take place in the upper-air circulation
(see climate: Jet streams). This is a time of transition between the end of one monsoon and the
beginning of the next. Late in March the high-sun season reaches the Equator and moves farther
north. With it go atmospheric instability, convectional (that is, rising and turbulent) clouds, and
rain. The westerly subtropical jet stream still controls the flow of air across northern India, and
the surface winds are northeasterlies

Monsoon Onset And Early Developments

As the high-sun season (that is, the Northern Hemisphere summer) moves northward during
April, India becomes particularly prone to rapid heating because the highlands to the north
protect it from any incursions of cold air. There are three distinct areas of relative
upper tropospheric warmth—namely, (1) above the southern Bay of Bengal, (2) above
the Plateau of Tibet, and (3) across the trunks of the various peninsulas that are relatively dry
during this time. These three areas combine to form a vast heat-source region. The relatively
warm area above the southern Bay of Bengal occurs mostly at the 500–100-millibar level.
(This atmospheric pressure region typically occurs at elevations between 5,500 and 16,100
metres [18,000 and 53,000 feet] but may vary according to changes in heating and cooling.) It
does not appear at a lower level and is probably caused by the release
of condensation heat (associated with the change from water vapour to liquid water) at the top
of towering cumulonimbus clouds along the advancing intertropical convergence. In contrast, a
heat sink appears over the southern Indian Ocean as the relatively cloud-free air cools by
emitting long-wavelength radiation. Monsoon winds at the surface blow from heat sink to heat
source. As a result, by May the southwest monsoon is well-established over Sri Lanka, an island
off the southeastern tip of the Indian peninsula.

Religion

India is a land of diversities. This diversity is also visible in the spheres of religion. The major
religions of India are Hinduism (majority religion), Islam (largest minority religion), Sikhism,
Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism and the Bahá'í Faith. India is a land
where people of different religions and cultures live in harmony. This harmony is seen in the
celebration of festivals. The message of love and brotherhood is expressed by all the religions
and cultures of India. 

Whether it's the gathering of the faithful, bowing in prayer in the courtyard of a mosque, or the
gathering of lamps that light up houses at Diwali, the good cheer of Christmas or the
brotherhood of Baisakhi, the religions of India are celebrations of shared emotion that bring
people together. People from the different religions and cultures of India, unite in a common
chord of brotherhood and amity in this fascinating and diverse land.

Jainism Jainism is believed to have originated in India in the 7th-5th century BCE and was
founded by Mahavira. This religion believes in the theology of self rather than God. It follows
the principles of ahimsa (nonviolence), aparigraha (non-possessiveness) and anekantavad (non-
absolutism). A minority of Indian population (about 0.5%) practice Jainism, as per census 2001.
As per the history of Jains, there were twenty-four propagators of the religion who were known
as tirthankaras, Rishabh was the first while Mahavira was the last. The followers of this religion
undertake five vows of ahimsa, satya, asteya, bramcharya and aparigraha. Mahavira Jayanti,
Paryushana Parva, Diwali and Maun-agiyara are some of the festivals celebrated by the Jains.

Other Religions in India

Judaism and Zoroastrianism are also practiced by minority population in the country.
According to Judaism, there exists a covenant relationship between God and Jewish people.
One of the minority groups in the country, Zoroastrianism considers that humans are the
helpers of God. The people who follow Zoroastrianism are known as Parsis and those who
follow Judaism are called Jews.

Although, different religions are practiced in India, the secular and sovereign nature of the
country remains intact. In fact, all religions collectively play an important role in maintaining
the harmony, culture, history and peace in the country.

Five Major Empires

South Asia is like a world unto itself. Also know as the Indian subcontinent, its particular
geography and climate have always led to it having distinct sets of histories and cultures.
Currently, over a fifth of the world’s population lives on a landmass almost the size of Europe
excluding Russia—it contains deserts, polar-like conditions, rainforests, plains, hills, and
temperate forests. In short, South Asia is a microcosm of the world.

Therefore, it should come as no surprise that its history is complex, with empires, states, and
independent cities often coexisting together in the region. South Asia’s historical political
configuration bears more resemblance to Europe’s than China’s: a recurring theme in South
Asian history has been the difficulty of creating and maintaining empires that span the entire
subcontinent, with smaller, regional states being the norm. As in traditional Hinduism's idea of
reincarnation, empires are born to die, only to give rise to new empires, which then fall, in a
never-ending cycle.

Maurya Empire

The Maurya Empire (320-185 B.C.E.) was the first major historical Indian empire, and definitely
the largest one created by an Indian dynasty. The empire arose as a consequence of state
consolidation in northern India, which led to one state, Magadha, in today’s Bihar, dominating
the Ganges plain. In the wake of Alexander the Great’s invasion of northwest India, one
Chandragupta Maurya took over Magadha and created the Maurya Empire.

The empire was initially very successful both internally and in terms of foreign policy. Many of
its policies were set out by Chanakya, Chandragupta’s minister, who wrote a book advocating a
strong, centralized, authoritarian state, The  Arthashastra. After a treaty with Alexander’s
generals, the empire acquired territory in Afghanistan and Iran. By the time of Chandragupta’s
grandson’s reign, the empire included most of South Asia except the southernmost parts of it.
This grandson, Ashoka, is famous for having embraced Buddhism due to remorse after his
bloody conquest of Kalinga (today’s Orissa) around 260 B.C.E. This elevated the nascent
religion.

The Maurya Empire collapsed not too long after Ashoka's death in 232 B.C.E.  Some historians
have argued that the elevation of Buddhism was responsible for this as it is not as compatible
with running a state as Hinduism. However, the empire’s fragmentation reveals the problems
of actually maintaining an empire in a region as diverse as South Asia. Despite Chanakya’s
book, the empire depended less on institutions than on able rulers, the lack of which doomed it
and led to increasing local rule.

Caste System

The origins of the caste system in India and Nepal are not fully known, but castes seem to have
originated more than 2,000 years ago. Under this system, which is associated with Hinduism,
people were categorized by their occupations

Although originally caste depended upon a person’s work, it soon became hereditary. Each
person was into an unalterable social status. The four primary caste are Brahmin, the priest;
Kshatriya, warriors and nobility; Vaisya, farmers, traders and artisans; and Shudra, tenant
farmers and servants. Some people were born outside of the caste system. They were called the
“untouchables” or Dalits – “the crushed ones”

The Dalits

Dalits, also known as "Untouchables," are members of the lowest social group in the
Hindu caste system. The word "Dalit," meaning "oppressed" or "broken," is the name members
of this group gave themselves in the 1930s. A Dalit actually is born below the caste system,
which includes four primary castes: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriya (warriors and princes),
Vaishya (farmers and artisans), and Shudra (tenant farmers and servants).

Why They Were 'Untouchable'

Indians believed that people were born as Untouchables as punishment for misbehavior in
previous lives. An Untouchable could not ascend to a higher caste within that lifetime;
Untouchables had to marry fellow Untouchables and could not eat in the same room or drink
from the same well as a caste member. In Hindu reincarnation theories, however, those who
scrupulously followed these restrictions could be rewarded for their behavior by a promotion to
a higher caste in their next life.

The caste system and the oppression of Untouchables still hold some sway in Hindu
populations. Even some non-Hindu social groups observe caste separation in Hindu countries.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, at Porbandar, in the present-day
Indian state of Gujarat. His father was the dewan (chief minister) of Porbandar; his deeply
religious mother was a devoted practitioner of Vaishnavism (worship of the Hindu god
Vishnu), influenced by Jainism, an ascetic religion governed by tenets of self-discipline and
nonviolence. At the age of 19, Mohandas left home to study law in London at the Inner Temple,
one of the city’s four law colleges. Upon returning to India in mid-1891, he set up a law practice
in Bombay, but met with little success. He soon accepted a position with an Indian firm that
sent him to its office in South Africa. Along with his wife, Kasturbai, and their children, Gandhi
remained in South Africa for nearly 20 years.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Shri Jawaharlal Nehru was born in Allabahad on November 14, 1889. He received his early
education at home under private tutors. At the age of fifteen, he went to England and after two
years at Harrow, joined Cambridge University where he took his tripos in Natural Sciences. He
was later called to the Bar from Inner Temple. He returned to India in 1912 and plunged
straight into politics. Even as a student, he had been interested in the struggle of all nations who
suffered under foreign domination. He took keen interest in the Sinn Fein Movement in Ireland.
In India, he was inevitably drawn into the struggle for independence.

The Impact of Partithe division of British India into the two separate states of India and
Pakistan on August 14-15, 1947 – was the “last-minute” mechanism by which the British were
able to secure agreement over how independence would take place. At the time, few people
understood what Partition would entail or what its results would be, and the migration on the
enormous scale that followed took the vast majority of contemporaries by surprise.

The main vehicle for nationalist activity was the Indian National Congress, whose best-known
leaders included Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. Even before the 1940s, it had long
argued for a unitary state with a strong centre; even though Congress was ostensibly secular in
its objectives, organisations representing minority interests increasingly viewed this idea with
suspicion, believing that it would entrench the political dominance of Hindus, who made up
about 80% of the population.

At around 25% of its population, Muslims were British India’s largest religious minority. Under
imperial rule, they had grown accustomed to having their minority status protected by a system
of reserved legislative seats and separate electorates. The British system of political control
hinged on identifying interest groups willing to collaborate, a governing style often described as
“divide and rule”.

The prospect of losing this protection as independence drew closer worried more and more
Muslims, first in parts of northern India, and then, after World War II, in the influential Muslim-
majority provinces of Bengal and Punjab. In 1945-6, the All-India Muslim League, led
by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, won a majority of Muslim votes in provincial elections. This
strengthened the party’s claim to speak for a substantial proportion of, but never all, the
subcontinent’s Muslims.

Political Actors

Political Parties
Political Party is an organization of people sharing certain political principles or objectives in
common, and working together by constitutional means for the realization of those principles
and objectives

India is a large country and has a very diverse multi party political system there 3 type of
political party in India. These are the national parties, which there are 7 in tota, the state-
recognized parties, where there are 24, and the unrecognized parties, where there are a total of
2044. All the political parties are required to the registered by the Election Commission of India.
A recognized party enjoy privileges like reserved party symbols, free broadcast time on a state
run television and radio in the favor of the party.

India National Congress

is a political party in India with widespread roots.[21] Founded in 1885, it was the first

modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. [a][22] From the
late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, Congress
became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement.[23] Congress led India to
independence from Great Britain,[b][24][c][25] and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial
nationalist movements in the British Empire.[d][22]

Congress is a "big tent" party whose social democratic platform is generally considered to be on

the centre-left of Indian politics.[6][14] Congress' social policy is based upon
the Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya—the lifting up of all sections of society—which involves
the improvement of the lives of economically underprivileged and socially marginalised people.
[26][27]
 The party primarily endorses social democracy—seeking to balance
[11][7]
individual liberalism and progressivism, welfare and secularism.  The party's constitution
[28]
adheres to liberal–democratic socialist philosophy.

After India's independence in 1947, Congress formed the central government of India, and

many regional state governments.[29] Congress became India's dominant political party; as of
2019, in the 17 general elections since independence, it has won an outright majority on seven
occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further three times, heading the central government
for more than 54 years. There have been six Congress Prime Ministers, the first being Jawaharlal
Nehru (1947–1964), and the most recent Manmohan Singh (2004–2014). Although it did not fare
well in the last two general elections in India in 2014 and 2019, it remains one of two major,
nationwide, political parties in India, along with the right-wing, Hindu nationalist Bharatiya
Janata Party (BJP).[e][30] In the 2014 general election, Congress had its poorest post-independence
general election performance, winning only 44 seats of the 543-member Lok Sabha.

From 2004 to 2014, United Progressive Alliance, a coalition of Congress with several regional
parties, formed the Indian government led by Manmohan Singh, the Prime Minister as the head
of the coalition government. The leader of the party during the period, Sonia Gandhi has served
the longest term as the president of the party. As of July 2019, the party is in power in six
legislative assemblies: Punjab, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra (as part
of the Maha Vikas Aghadi), and the union territory of Puducherry

Government

The Legislature

Legislature of the Union, which is called Parliament, consists of the President and two Houses,
known as Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and House of the People (Lok Sabha). Each House has
to meet within six months of its previous sitting. A joint sitting of two Houses can be held in
certain cases.

Rajya Sabha

The Constitution provides that the Rajya Sabha shall consist of 250 members, of which 12
members shall be nominated by the President from amongst persons having special knowledge
or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service;
and not more than 238 representatives of the States and of the Union Territories.

Elections to the Rajya Sabha are indirect; members representing States are elected by elected
members of legislative assemblies of the States in accordance with the system of proportional
representation by means of the single transferable vote, and those representing Union
Territories are chosen in such manner as Parliament may by law prescribe. The Rajya Sabha is
not subject to dissolution; one-third of its members retire every second year.

Rajya Sabha, at present, has 245 seats. Of these, 233 members represent the States and the Union
Territories, and 12 members are nominated by the President.

Lok Sabha

The Lok Sabha is composed of representatives of people chosen by direct election on the basis of
adult suffrage. The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the Constitution is now 552
(530 members to represent States, 20 to represent Union Territories, and not more than two
members of the Anglo-Indian community to be nominated by the President, if, in his opinion,
that community is not adequately represented in the House). The total elective membership of
the Lok Sabha is distributed among States in such a way that the ratio between the number of
seats allotted to each State and population of the State is, as far as practicable, the same for all
States. The Lok Sabha at present consists of 545 members. Of these, 530 members are directly
elected from the States and 13 from Union Territories, while two are nominated by the President
to represent the Anglo-Indian community. Following the Constitution 84th Amendment Act, the
total number of existing seats as allocated to various States in the Lok Sabha on the basis of the
1971 census, shall remain unaltered till the first census to be taken after the year 2026.
Qualification for Membership of Parliament
In order to be chosen a member of Parliament, a person must be a citizen of India and not less
than 30 years of age in the case of Rajya Sabha and not less than 25 years of age in the case of
Lok Sabha. Additional qualifications may be prescribed by Parliament by law.

Functions and Powers of Parliament

As in other parliamentary democracies, the Parliament in India has the cardinal functions of
legislation, overseeing of administration, passing of the Budget, ventilation of public grievances
and discussing various subjects like development plans, national policies and international
relations. The distribution of powers between the Union and the States, followed in the
Constitution, emphasises in many ways the general predominance of Parliament in the
legislative field. Apart from a wide-range of subjects, even in normal times, the Parliament can,
under certain circumstances, assume legislative power with respect to a subject falling within
the sphere exclusively reserved for the States. The Parliament is also vested with powers to
impeach the President and to remove the Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts, the Chief
Election Commissioner and the Comptroller and Auditor General in accordance with the
procedure laid down in the Constitution.

All legislation require consent of both the Houses of Parliament. In the case of money bills,
however, the will of the Lok Sabha prevails. Delegated legislation is also subject to review and
control by Parliament. Besides the power to legislate, the Constitution vests in Parliament the
power to initiate amendment of the Constitution.

The Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy or the Civil Service constitutes the permanent and professional part of the
executive organ of government. It is usually described as the non-political or politically neutral,
permanent, and professionally trained civil service.

It runs the administration of the state according to the policies and laws of the government
political executive. Upon the qualities and efficiency of bureaucracy depends the quality and
efficiency of the state administration. It, however, works under the leadership and control of the
Political Executive.

Policies

Nationalization of Banks

Currently, the Indian banking system is divided into commercial banks, cooperative banks,
regional banks, etc. In commercial banks, there are two types of banks, public banks, and
private banks. The important event in the history of Indian banks is the nationalization of
banks. This made the way for India to become the leading economies of the world. In this
article, we will give you a brief on the nationalization of banks in India.

Impacts
Due to the nationalization of banks, the efficiency of the banking system in India improved.
This also boosted the confidence of the public in banks.

The sectors that were lagging behind like small-scale industries and agriculture got a boost. This
led to an increase in funds and thus increase in the economic growth of India.

The nationalization of banks also increased the penetration of banks. This was mainly seen in
the rural areas of India.