Topres. oO Advarteses and dis advon tegen of Structuyel steel. @ Shrew and Strain relation. © fy value + @ Structure steel mp osition Steel Grodes. @ Stel Sections.ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL High strength ‘The high strength of steel per unit of weight means that the weight of structures will be small. This fact is of great importance for long-span bridges, tall buildings, and struc- tures situated on poor foundations. Uniformity ‘The properties of steel do not change appreciably with time. as do those of a rein- forced-concrete structure. Elasticity Steel behaves closer to design assumptions than most materials because it follows Hooke’s law up to fairly high stresses. The moments of inertia of a steel structure can, be accurately calculated, while the values obtained for a reinforced-concrete structure are rather indefinite. Prepared by Eng.Maged Kamel.Permanence Steel frames that are properly maintained will last indefinitely. Research on some of the newer steels indicates that under certain conditions no painting maintenance what soever will be required. Ductility ‘The property of a material by which it can withstand extensive deformation without failure under high tensile stresses is its ductility. When a mild or low-carbon structural steel member is being tested in tension, a considerable reduction in cross section and a large amount of elongation will occur al the point of failure before the actual fracture occurs. A material that does not have this property is generally unacceptable and is probably hard and brittle, and it might break if subjected to a sudden shock.DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL Corrosion Most steels are susceptible to corrosion when freely exposed to air and water, and therefore must be painted periodically. The use of weathering steels, however, in suil- able applications tends to eliminate this cost. Fireproofing Costs Although structural members are incombustible, their strength is tremendously re- duced at temperatures commonly reached in fires when the other materials in a build- ing burn. Many disastrous fires have occurred in empty buildings where the only fuel for the fires was the buildings themselves. Furthermore, steel is an excellent heat conductor—nonfireproofed steel members may transmit enough heat from a burning section or compartment of a building to ignite materials with which they are in contact in adjoining sections of the building. As a result, the steel frame of a building may have Prepared by Eng-Maged Kamel,Fatigue Another undesirable property of steel is that its strength may be reduced if jected to a large number of stress reversals or even to a large number of variations of tensile stress. (Fatigue problems occur only when tension is involved.) The present practice is to reduce the estimations of strength of such members if itis anticipated that they will have more than a prescribed number of cycles of stress variation, Brittle Fracture Under certain conditions stecl may lose its ductility, and brittle fracture may occur at places of stress concentration. Fatigue-type loadings and very low temperatures aggra- Nate the situation. Triaxial stress conditions can also lead to brittle fracture, to be protected by materials with certain insulating characteristics, and the building may have to include a sprinkler system if it is to meet the building code requirements of the locality in question. Susceptibility to Buckling As the length and slenderness of a. compression member is increased, its danger of buck- ling increases. For most structures, the use of steel columns is very economical because of their high strength-to-weight ratios Occasionally, however, some additional steel is needed to stiffen them so they will not buckle. This tends to reduce their economy. Prepared by Eng.Maged Kamel.STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS IN STRUCTURAL STEEL Ifa piece of ductile structural steel is subjected to a tensile force, it will begin to elon- gate. If the tensile force is increased at @ constant rate, the amount of elongation will in- crease linearly within certain limits In other words elongation will double when the stress goes from 600) to 12,000 psi (pounds per square inch). When the tensile stress reaches a value roughly equal to three-fourths of the ultimate strength of the stcel, the elongation will begin to increase at a greater rate without a corresponding increase in the stress,ott! tren igh f = axial tensile stress A = cross-sectional area = axial strain L = length of specimen AL = change in length F (Notts) Tardaiag ah oHeh ~Shreng th steel Yield strengths: az by oh os% Strain Yield —» FES Stren Strain, in/inStructural Steel Composition The following is the composition of two well-known grades of structural steel: ASTM 572 and ASTM A36. While other structural steel grades possess analogous compositions, they may also have extra alloys or have undergone additional processing. Seromecr Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Sea 36 0.25-0.29% 1.03% 0.04% 0.05% 0.28% AS72 0.18-0.23% —0.5-0.7% 0.035% max —O.04%max ——0.150-0.3% AS14* 0.12-0.21% 0.85% Not specified Notspecified 0.28% Ash ses aco 720 gn (126 un) Yrs moo A eis 0 Pa CON ps Ae asa Ps toa anda he ms 75 (000008),ope stress/strain 29,000 ksi ois 0m 025 Sines pinch Prepared by Eng.Maged Kamel. Carponstees |) + A06- stu stapes ana pt + A89-sutual pe antag. + AS00 src pipe and ung + A stl pe ana og + AS00-ucual shapes ad pe + AT05- seu pipe ar ign stength iow aly stees [st] + Att scr shapes and pes, + ASTD suc shapes and pes + At -srucual pipe ana ng + ASs0- Posse apa ae oS Beas, + AOS -Cuened an Se Tenet (OST) stapes, + A27D-Snatral stapes ana pes ro 58-80 Kel 050.7% 110-130 ksiSp ie ees Meelneasbers states Beargries Wome Sis, TPSnges —cSimpes—_| Smits sce has des Tees od fom Wshanes L -T seine Le —— Rectang halow suc etons ‘Squ how strucuel sections ‘ound hollow suc sections Poe. Prepared by Eng-Maged Kamel,shape ‘Steot Type ge kot Wide flanged Beams 50-65 Standard beams: Beanng piles 36 50 Miscellaneous channels Angles: 36 36 Ts cut from Wshapes Ts cut from M-shapes ‘Ts cut from S shapes 50-45 a6 a6 Hollow structural soctiens, rectangular Hollow structural sections, square Hollow structural coctions, round ‘AS00 Gr & |ASOO Gr. B ASO Gr. B a6 as a2 Trou LB Type of Stool Used Prepared by Eng.Maged Kamel. E=stress/strain 29,000 ksiWeb Pepin, | Thickness, bw in. a in 43.6 |43%] 0.865] 7 15.8 | 15% |1.58 |1%6 43.3 [430.785] "5 15.8 | 15%) 1.42 | 176 }42.9 [4276] 0.710] "/s| 15.8 | 15%|1.22 [1% in. 44.0 [44 =) 15.9 [16 [1.77 [1% Toe most commonly ustd structural shape is the wide-lange or W shape, This is 4 dovbly symmetrical (symmetrical about both the x and y axes) shape consist- ing of two rectangular-shaped flanges connected by a rectangular web plate, The flange faces are essentially parallel with the inner flange distance for most of the groups, with a constant dimension.t There is some variation due to roll wear ind other factors, but the distance is held constant within ASTM tolerances. ‘The shape is produced as illustrated in Fig. 1-1. . X-X mayer omnis Prepared by Eng Maged Kamel,Table 17-1 SI Equivalents of Standard U.S. Shape Profiles‘ines, 4 = 18 [the 10 [tie q Difference between W and bald ex 8 1. The flange width of the S shape is less. 2, The inner face of the flange has a slope of approximately 16.7°. 3, The theoretical depth is the same as the nominal depth. An S510 X 111.6 isa shape of nominal depth 510 mm X 111.6 kg/m (S20 * 75). Prepared by Eng-Maged Kamel,imsaze ai} wroanst xi wage wg of 2s rors [wu asians | 2012 las | {2012 far | H20}t2 |avs | & lars | a lav | | 143 Sp ‘Ths dty yam saps ch eo cid as Wot Shae, ‘Thee ar shot 2 het shaps cif as M. An MBGD 25 Jest shape nd i vio of oil 4) un ph ith asf 256 iyi,Table 1-5 C-Shapes Dimensions tit so j100 |1580 ania ra san (| (050 ts asi st (at 585 ga8), a asTable 1-6 (continued) MC-Shapes Properties nays ‘alin at a? ‘alee ns sm ‘m3 63 5t@ sm2 Me an fats 03.yoo Table 1-8 Table 17-6 =f], WT-Shapes S| Equivalents of Standard U.S. Dimensions Shape Profiles WT-Shapes ‘Stem Flange T |wea, Toe J ‘Stops | Sait rts, | ae sa, ra [Case mete FIM me | TaD ne tag [mars wma] wesc 4 xi x6 25 w]e | m [alm mn | fm [alm oan ses lesz jzz0z2 fame |r| we [ze |isa fie [iz | [ose | xis as Jaze aie |ri}oaes| mi | Hs |tas [158 158 | ri [238 26 maces x5 sas an |214f0705| "| aro fis fast] 142 | [220 2 055 a ae faa ans |2rmf0rt0) wa] 2 [52 |r fase 122 | 1h [201 2h 288 a mas| sms A WT20S x 298 is a structural tee with a nominal depth of 208 mm and ss of 29.8 kg/m and is obtained by spliting the W410 x 595 section (rom Wii x a0), teparea vy bng.magea Kamel,. A W27 X 114 is a W section approximately 27 in deep, weighing 114 Ibift. . An S12 x 35 isan $ section 12 in deep, weighing 35 Ibvft. . An HP12 x 74 is a bearing pile section approximately 12 in deep, weighing 74 Ib/ft. Bearing piles are made with the regular W rolls, but with thicker webs to provide better resistance to the impact of pile driving, The width and depth of these sections are approximately equal, and the flanges and webs have equal or almost equal thickness. . An MB x 6.5 is a miscellaneous section 8 in deep, weighing 6.5 Iby{t. It is one of a group of doubly symmetrical H-shaped members that cannot by dimensions be classified as a W,S, or HP section, as the slope of their inner flanges is other than 16 2/3 percent.LL Channel Stiffened = Zee Stitfened channel FIGURE 1.2 JL L L Cold-formed shapes. Sigma Angle