juk; 12, 13

ngsjpftpay;

xypapd;
rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

njhFg;G : jpU.T. nre;jpy;Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.j.gpupae;jp, j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (t/ tTdpah jkpo; kj;jpa k.tp)
juk; 12, 13

Nju;r;rpkl;lk; 3.7

xypapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

kdpjdpd; nrtpapy; gLk; xypfs; nrtpg; g iwia mjpur; n ra; t jd; %yk; mt; xyp
czug; g Lk; . nghJthf ehk; Nfl; F k; rj; j q; f shy; nrtpg; g iwapy; NkhJk; tspapd;
mKf;fk; (P) Neuj;Jld; khWk; tpjk; gpd;tUkhW

,q;F xypg;G NkYk; ePbf;Fk; NghJ mjd; ,ay;Gfspy; khw;wk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; rpy
xyp Kjyplj; j py; ,Ue; J tUk; mjpu; T fs; Mtu; j ; j d ,ay; G ilajhf ,Uf; F k; .
,jd;NghJ Mtu;j;jdkhd Xu; xOq;fpy; mKf;fk; NtWgl ,dpikahd xyp ngwg;gLk;.
,J ,ir my;yJ Ruk; vdg;gLk;.

,jd;NghJ mKf;fk; (P) Neuj;Jld; khWk; tpjk; gpd;tUkhW

P

njhFg;G : jpU.T. nre;jpy;Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.j.gpupae;jp, j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (t/ tTdpah jkpo; kj;jpa k.tp)
juk; 12, 13

,ir xypapy; GwtiuahdJ Xu; xOq;fpy; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g tUk;. nghJthf rj;jKk;
,irAk; ngsjpfj; jd; i kapy; tFf; f g; g l; l itahFk; . ,it mtw; w pypUe; J tUk;
,dpik my;yJ ,dpikaw;w czu;itf; nfhz;L tFf;fg;gltpy;iy.

nghJthf rj;jk; nrtpf;F ,dpikaw;wJ.

,ir / Ruk; nrtpf;F ,dpikahdJ.

,ir xypfs; gpd;tUk; %d;W gpujhd rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

RUjp
cug;G
gz;G / RuFzk;.

RUjp
vkJ fhJ xypapd; kPbwid mwptjpy;iy. Mdhy; cau; kPbwDs;s xypiaAk; jho;
kPbwDs;s xypiaAk; NtWgLj;jp mwpfpd;wJ. ,t;thW kPbwdpy; jq;fpAs;s xypapd;
gpupj;njLf;ff; $ba xyp czu; ,ay;G mr;Ruj;jpd; RUjp vdg;gLk;.

xU Ruj;jpd; RUjp xypKjypd; kPbwdhy; Jzpag;gLk;

• kPbwd; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ RUjp $Lk;.
• kPbwd; FiwAk; NghJ RUjp FiwtilAk;.

RUjp $Lk; NghJ Nfl;fg;gLk; xyp ,dpikahdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

njhFg;G : jpU.T. nre;jpy;Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.j.gpupae;jp, j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (t/ tTdpah jkpo; kj;jpa k.tp)
juk; 12, 13

kPbwd; mjpfk;. RUjp mjpfk;.

kPbwd; FiwT. RUjp FiwT.

,irf; f Utpfs; ntt; N tW kP b wd; f isAila xypia ntsptpLk; . ,jw; F mjpUk;

xypKjypd; kPbwid khw;wNtz;Lk;.

cjhuzk;;
fpw; w hu;, taypd;, tP i z Nghd; w fUtpffspy; RUjpia
khw;w mjpUk; fk;gpapd; ,Oit khw;wg;gLk;.

Gy; y hq; F oy;, ehj]; t uk; Nghd; w fUtpffspy; mjpUk;

tspepuypd; ePsk; khw;wg;gl RUjp khw;wg;gLk;.

kdpjf; fhJ 20Hz— 20000Hz (20kHz)

tiu kPbwid czUk;. ,jw;F mjpfkhf
cs;s xyp fopnahyp vdg;gLk;.

njhFg;G : jpU.T. nre;jpy;Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.j.gpupae;jp, j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (t/ tTdpah jkpo; kj;jpa k.tp)
juk; 12, 13

xypr; nrwpT (I)

C lfj; j pY s; s Gs; s p xd; W f; $ lhf xyp miyfs; nry; Y k; NghJ mjw ; F r;

nrq;Fj;j hf Gs;spiar; #o;e;j pUf;Fk; xU rJu myFg; gug;g pD}L XuyF Neuj;j py;
nry;Yk; xypr;rf;jp mg;Gs;spapYs;s xypr;nrwpT vdg;gLk;.

xypr;rf;jp
xypr;nrwpT =
gug;G x Neuk;
E
I =
At
E = IAt

XuyF Neuj;jpy; nry;Yk; xypr;rf;jp tYitf; Fwpf;Fk;. vdNt

P = E
t
I = P
A

tY P ia cila rpwpa xypKjypy; ,Ue;J d J}uj;jpy; xypr;nrwpT I vdpd;

I =
P
A
I =
P
4 d2 P
I ∞ <—d—>

1
d2

xypr;nrwpT J}uj;jpd; tu;ff

; j;jpw;F Neu;khW tpfpjrkd;.

njhFg;G : jpU.T. nre;jpy;Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.j.gpupae;jp, j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (t/ tTdpah jkpo; kj;jpa k.tp)
juk; 12, 13

xU Gs;spapy; cs;s xypr;nrwpthdJ tPr;rk; , Clfk;, kPbwd;, Clfj;j pd;

mlu;j ;j p Mfpatw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. mj;Jld; xypr;nrwpthdJ Clfj;jpd;
mlu;j;jp, kPbwd;, tPr;rk;, vd;gtw;wpw;F tpfpjrkdhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.

cug;G
nrtpapy; cz;lhFk; xyp czu;tpd; gUkd; cug;ig epu;zapf;Fk;. mjhtJ nrtpia
milAk; miyfs; fhTk; rf;jp cau;thf ,Ug;gpd; cug;Gk; cau;thf ,Uf;Fk;. ,J
Xu; czu;thifahy; mse;jwpa ,ayhJ. Mdhy; xypapd; nrwpit
mstplf;$bajhf ,Ug;gjdhy; xypapd; nrwpitf; nfhz;L cug;G mse;jwpag;gLk;.
cug;G phon vDk; myfhy; msf;fg;gLk;.

xypr;nrwpT J}uj;jpd; tu;ff

; j;jpw;F Neu;khW tpfpjrkd;.

xypr;nrwpT ∞ (tPr;rk;)2
I ∞ a2
vdNt tPr;rj;ij ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahTk; cug;igAk; ghjpf;Fk;.

cug;igg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;

1. xypKjypd; mjpu;tpd; tPr;rk;

tPr;rk; $l
cug;G $l tPr;rk;
,Uklq;fhf;fg;gbd;
xypr;nrwpT ehd;F
klq;fhf;fg;gLk;.
2
I ∞ a
tPr;rk; FiwT
cug;G FiwT

njhFg;G : jpU.T. nre;jpy;Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.j.gpupae;jp, j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (t/ tTdpah jkpo; kj;jpa k.tp)
juk; 12, 13

xypr; n rwpit ,Uklq; f hf; f pdhy; cug; G ,Uklq; f hf mjpfupf; f hJ —

mnyf;rhz;lu; fpufhk;ngy; (1847— 1922) gupNrhjid uPjpahf fz;lwpe;jgb
cug;ig ,Uklq;fhf;f Xypr;nrwpit mz;zsthf 10 klq;fhy; mjpfupf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

2. xypKjypd; J}uk;

vy;yhj; jpirfspYk; xypiaf;fhYk; xypKjYf;F

1
xypr;nrwpT ∞
(J}uk;)2

1
I ∞
(d) 2

Mdhy;
I ∞ a2

a ∞ 1
d

vdNt tP r ; r k; Kjypy; ,Ue; j hd J}uj; j pw; F

Neu;khW tpfpjrkd;.

3. Clfj;jpd; mlu;j;jp
xypapd; nrwpT mlu;e;j Clfj;jpy; cau;thf ,Uf;Fk;.

4. xypKjypd; gUkd;
xypKjypd; gUkd; ngupjhf ,Uf; F k; NghJ mjpypUe; J ngwg; g Lk; xypAk;
ngupjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

5. tspapd; ,af;fk;

njhFg;G : jpU.T. nre;jpy;Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.j.gpupae;jp, j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (t/ tTdpah jkpo; kj;jpa k.tp)
juk; 12, 13

gz;G / RuFzk;

ntt; N tW tpjkhd ,irf; f Utpapy; ,Ue; J vOk; xNu msthd cug; G k; RUjpAk;
nfhz;l ,U Ruq;fis NtWgLj;Jk; ,ay;G gz;G vdg;gLk;.
xypapd; gz;G Nkw; n whdp cUthFtjd; mstpYk; ( Nkw; n whdpfspd; gpurd; d k; )
mjd; Rug;G tPr;rj;jpd; ngWkjpapYk; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
rhjhuzkhf ve; j xU njhdpAk; ,irf; f Utpfspy; ,Ue; J ntspahFk; NghJ
njhdpapd; mbg;gilr; Ruj;Jld; rpy Nkw;nwhdpfSk; cUthFk;.

mbg;gilr; Ruk; , 1k; Nkw;nwhdp vd;gd xd;Wld; xd;W nghUe;jp tpisAs; miy
cUthFk; tpjk; gpd;tUkhW

 1k; Nkw;nwhdp

 mbg;gilr; Ruk;

 tpisAs; miy

,q; F cUthFk; Nkw;n whdpfspd; vz;z pf;i fAk; rhu; G my; y J njhlu; G tP r ; r Kk;
,irf;fUtpf;F fUtp NtWgLk;. vdNt fUtpfspdhy; ntsptpLk; ,irf;F xypapd;
gz;G NtWgLk;. vdNtjhd; xypapd; gz;G miytbtj;jpYk; jq;fpAs;sJ.

NtW Ntwhd
miytbtk;
NtW Ntwhd
gz;Gfs;

njhFg;G : jpU.T. nre;jpy;Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau; (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)

fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.j.gpupae;jp, j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (t/ tTdpah jkpo; kj;jpa k.tp)