ngsjpftpay;

eLf;fpay; (Seimology)
juk;-12,13

NjHr;rp kl;lk; 3.4.1

eLf;fpay; (Seimology)

GtpapD}lhfTk; Gtpiar; Rw;wpAk; mire;J nry;Yk; eLf;f miyfs; njhlHghfTk; kw;Wk; Gtp
eLf;fk; njhlHghfTk; fw;wy; eLf;fpay; vdg;gLk;.
GtpeLf;fk;> eLf;f miyfs; njhlHghd fw;ifapy; <LgLNthH eLf;fpayhsH (Seimologist) MthH.

eLf;f miyfs; (Seismic waves)

Gtpa pDs; Ns ghiw xd; w pd; j pBH cilT fhuz khf my; y J ntbj; j y; xd; w pdhNy h
cUthf;fg;gLk; rf;jp miyfs; eLf;f miyfs; vdg;gLk;. ,r;rf;jp miyfs; GtpapD}L efHe;J
nry;tJld; eLf;f tiuapYk; (seismograph) gjpthfpd;wd.

eLf;f miyfspd; tiffs;

gytpjkhd eLf; f miyfs; cs; s d. mit ahTk; ntt; N tW Kiwfspy; ,aq; F fpd; w d.
mtw;wpy; Kf;fpa ,uz;L tiffs;

1. Nkw;gug;G miyfs; (Surface waves)

2. clyf miyfs; (Body waves)

eLf;f miyfs; GtpapD}L nry;Yk; tpjk;

Nkd;ikak;

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R. rpwpkjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU. F. r[Ptd; , Mrpupau; (j.njh.njh.) (K/ky;yhtp kj;jpa fy;Y}up, ky;yhtp)
juk;-12,13

GtpeLf; fk; Vw; gl; l ,lk; Ftpak; (focus) vdg; g Lk; . ,J GtpNahl; b y; ,Ue; J gy fpNyhkP w ; w H
Moj;jpy; my;yJ gy E}W fpNyhkPw;wH Moj;jpy; ,Uf;fyhk;
mjpHT epfOk; ,lj; j pw; F NeH NkNy Gtp Nkw; g ug; g py; cs; s Gs; s p G+fk; g k; ikak;
nfhz;l Gs;sp vdg;gLk;. (Nkd;ikak;)
Gtp eLf;fj;jhy; cUthFk; ,U tifahd eLf;f miyfspy; clyf miyfs; Gtpapd;
cl; gilfspD}L efHe; J nry; Y k; > Nkw; g ug; G miyfs; GtpNkw; g ug; g pd; topNa kl; L k; efHe; J
nry;Yk;.

clyf miyfs;

Gtpapd; cl; G wj; j pD}lhf ,t; miyfs; nry; f pd; w d. epy eLf; f j; j hy; cUthFk; Nkw; g ug; G
miyfSf; F Kd; dH clyf miyfs; cUthfpd; w d. ,t; miyfs; Nkw; g ug; G miyfspYk;
ghHf;f caH kPbwd; nfhz;lit.
clyf miyfs; ,Utifg;gLk;. mitahtd

1. P - waves (Primary waves) (P - miy)

2. S - wave (Secondary waves) (S - miy)

P miyfs;/ Kjd;ik miyfs;

clyf miyapd; KjyhtJ tif P - miy my;yJ Kjd;ik miy MFk;

,J kpf Ntfkhd eLf;f miy MFk;. ,t; miyfs; mKf;f miyfs; vdTk; mi-
of;fg;gLk;. ,it eLf;f mtjhdpg;G epiyaj;ij Kjypy; te;jilAk;.
ePH my;yJ GtpapYs;s jputg;gilfs; Nghd;W miyfshy; jpz;kg; ghiwfspD}Lk;> ghap-
fspD}Lk; ,aq;f KbAk;. xypaiyahdJ tspapy; neUf;fy; Ijhf;fy; %yk;
,aq;Ftijg;Nghd;W P - miyfs; ghiwfis js;sp my;yJ ,Oj;J mirar;nra;Ak;.
epyeLf;fk; njhlHghd P - miyfis rpy rkaq;fspy; tpyq;Ffs; czUk;. cjhuzkhf
epyeLf;fk; tUtjw;F Kd;dH Nkw;gug;G miyfs; tUtjw;F Kd;dH eha;fs; ,ij czHfpd;wd.
vk;khy; miyfspd; mjpHTfisAk;> mopTfisAk; czuKbAk;. ,t; miyfs; js;sTk;
,Of;fTk; nra;fpd;wd. ,jpy; miy nry;Yk; jpirapNyNa Jzpf;iffs; mjpUk;. mj;jpirapy;
rf;jp CLflj;jg;gLk;. ,it xU tif nel;lhq;F miyfshFk;
P - miyfs; mKf;f miyfs; vd;gjhy; Gtpapd; cs;Ns cUfpa jputepiyapy; cs;s Gw
mfzpf;$lhf CLUtpr; nry;yf;$bad. vdNt ,it Gtpf;F FWf;fhf efuf; $bad. ,tw;wpd;
Ntfk; GtpNkw;gug;gpy; mz;zsthf 5km s-1 - 7km s-1 tiuAk;> %LghiwapYk; mfzpapYk;
8kms-1 ,Yk; FiwthfTk;> ePhpy; 1.5km s-1 MfTk; tspapy; 0.3km s-1 ck; MFk;

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R. rpwpkjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU. F. r[Ptd; , Mrpupau; (j.njh.njh.) (K/ky;yhtp kj;jpa fy;Y}up, ky;yhtp)
juk;-12,13

GtpeLf;f GtpeLf;f
Nkd;ikak; cs;ikak;

Nfhstfk;

miy epoy;tyak;

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R. rpwpkjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU. F. r[Ptd; , Mrpupau; (j.njh.njh.) (K/ky;yhtp kj;jpa fy;Y}up, ky;yhtp)
juk;-12,13

S - miyfs;/ Jizmiyfs;/ nfha;T miyfs;

epy eLf;f miyfspy; czuf;$ba ,uz;lhtJ tif miy MFk;. ,tw;wpd; Ntfk; P–miyapd;
Ntfj;jpYk; FiwthdjhFk;. mj;Jld; ,it jpz;kg;ghiwfspD}L nry;Yk;. Mdhy; jputj;jpD}L
nry;yhJ. ,it Gtp Xl;bd; ClhfTk;> %Lghiwg; gFjpf; $lhfTk; CLUtf;$bad. S-miyapd;
,t; ,ay; Ng Gtpapd; Gw mfzp jputj; j hy; MdJ vd eLf; fpayhsHfs; KbTf; F tUtjw; F
fhuzkhFk;.
,t; miy nry;Yk; jpirf;F nrq;Fj;jhf ghiwj; Jzpf;ifs; Nky; fPohf my;yJ gf;fk;
gf;fkhf mjpUk;. S - miyfs; xU tif FWf;fiyfs; MFk;.

mfzp

S miy epoy;tyak;

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R. rpwpkjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU. F. r[Ptd; , Mrpupau; (j.njh.njh.) (K/ky;yhtp kj;jpa fy;Y}up, ky;yhtp)
juk;-12,13

Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;jhd Moj;Jld; P - miy> S - miy

Ntfkhwy;

Ntfk;
Mok;

Nkw;gug;G miyfs; (Surface Waves)

GtpNahl; b y; efHtjhy; ,t; miyfs; ; Nkw; g ug; G miyfs; vdg; g Lk; . ,tw; w pd; kP b wd;
Kd; i da miyfis tplf; F iwthFk; . ,t; miyfis epyeLf; f gjp fUtp %yk;
NtWgLj; j p mwpa KbAk; . ,t; miyfNs Gtp eLf; f j; j hy; Vw; g Lk; mdHj; j q; f Sf; F
fhuzkhdit MFk;.
Nkw; g ug; G miyfs; clyf miyapd; gpd; d H Njhd; w pdhYk; Mokhd epyeLf; f k;
Vw;gLkplj;J ,t; miyapd; typik FiwthFk;.
,it ,Utifg;gLk;

1. yt; miy - (Love wave)

2. Nwyp miy - (Rayleigh wave)

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R. rpwpkjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU. F. r[Ptd; , Mrpupau; (j.njh.njh.) (K/ky;yhtp kj;jpa fy;Y}up, ky;yhtp)
juk;-12,13

Nyht; miy (Love Wave)

,t; miyahdJ 1911 ,y; miyfs; njhlHghd fzpj hP j pahd khjphp xd; i w mikj; j
gphpj;jhdpa fzpjtpayhsH A.E.H. Love vd;gthpd; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t; miyahdJ
epyj; j pd; gf; f k; gf; f khfr; nry; Y k; kpf Ntfk; $ba miyahFk; . mjhtJ Jzpf; i fspd;
,af;fk; miyapd; jpirf;F gf;fthl;by; ,Uf;Fk;. Gtp Xl;bd; Nkw;gug;gpw;F vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;L
KOikahf fpil ,af;fj;ij cUthf;fk;
,tw;wpd; Ntfk; 2 km s-1 - 4 km s-1 tiuahFk;. ,tw;wpd; Ntfk; Rayleigh miyapd;
Ntfj;jpYk; rw;Wg; nghpjhFk;

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R. rpwpkjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU. F. r[Ptd; , Mrpupau; (j.njh.njh.) (K/ky;yhtp kj;jpa fy;Y}up, ky;yhtp)
juk;-12,13

Rayleigh Wave (Nwyp miy)

kw; n whU tpjkhd miy ,JthFk; . 1885 ,y; ,j; j ifa miyapd; ,Uf; i fia fzpj
mbg;gilapy; vjpHT $wpa John William Strutt Lord Rayleigh vd;gthpd; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
rKj; j puj; j py; my; y J thtp xd; w py; miyfs; cUz; L nry; t J Nghy; Rayleigh miy
jiuapD}lhf cUz; L nry; f pwJ. cUSifapy; jiuahdJ Nky; fP o hfTk; mj; J ld; gf; fk;
gf;fkhfTk; nry;fpwJ. epyeLf;fj;jpd; NghJ mjpfstpy; FYf;fy; Vw;glf; fhuzk; ,t; miy
MFk;. ,tw;wpd; Ntfk; 2km s-1 - 4.2 km s-1 tiuahFk;

P, S, Nwyp> Nyht; miyfspd; efHTk; Jzpf;ifapd; ,af;fKk; rk;ge;jkhd cjhuzk;

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R. rpwpkjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU. F. r[Ptd; , Mrpupau; (j.njh.njh.) (K/ky;yhtp kj;jpa fy;Y}up, ky;yhtp)
juk;-12,13

eLf;fkhdp (Seismometer)

RoYk; cUis
RUs; tpy;

ghukhd epiw jiu ,aq;Fk;NghJ

epiw xNu kl;lj;jpy;
cs;sJ (rlj;Jtk;)

jiu Xa;tpypUf;Fk;NghJ jiu Nky;Nehf;fp jiu fPo;Nehf;fp

,aq;Fk;NghJ ,aq;Fk;NghJ

,t; cgfuzk; ghukhd jpzpnthd;iwAk; jiuapDs;Ns kzypy; Gije;Js;s rl;lnkhd;iwAk;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ghukhd epiwahdJ tpy;nyhd;wpy; njhq;f tplg;gl;Ls;sJ. RoYk; cUisapYs;s
tiuGj;jhspy; mjpHT gjpag;gLfpwJ. rlj;Jtk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd; gb jiu ,aq;Fk; NghJ epiw
xNu kl;lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
,t; eLf;fkhdpiaf; nfhz;L epiyf;Fj;J mjpHit mstplyhk;. fpil mjpHit msf;f
fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s eLf;fkhdp gad;gLk;.

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R. rpwpkjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU. F. r[Ptd; , Mrpupau; (j.njh.njh.) (K/ky;yhtp kj;jpa fy;Y}up, ky;yhtp)
juk;-12,13

eLf;fkhdp xd;wpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l tiuG gpd;tUkhW mikAk;

Nkw;gug;G miy

Kjy; P miy
Kjy; S miy

Neu Muk;gj;jpy; Neu ,Wjpapy;

,t; tiugpypUe; J GtpeLf; f mtjhd epiyaj; i j clyf miyfspy; cs; s P - miy

KjypYk;> gpd;dH S - miyAk; te;jilAk; vd;gij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. Mjypdhy; ,jd; gpd;dNu
Nkw;gug;G miyfs; mtjhd epiyaj;ij te;jilAk;. Ftpaj;jpypUe;J eLf;f
epiyaq;fSf;fpilahd J}uk; $Lk; NghJ P - miy> S - miy vd;g tw;Wf;fpilapyhd
Neu ,ilntsp $Lk;.
C
B
D P&S GtpNahL
1. mfmfzp/ cl;Nfhstfk; P
Inner core P&S
P A
2. Gwmfzp/ ntspf;Nfhstdk;
Outer core mfmfzp P&S
Gtp eLf;fk;
Gwmfzp

%Lghiw
House
B
A
D
C

A apy; P,S miyfSf;fpilapyhd Neu ,ilntsp kpff;FiwT. mjw;fLj;J KiwNa epiyaq;fs;

B, C, D ,y; Neu ,ilntsp VWthpir mikAk;. P, S -miyfs; epiyaq;fis mile;j gpd;dNu
Nkw;gug;G miyfs; milfpd;wd. S – miyfs; jputj;Jf;$lhf nry;yhJ vd;gjhy; epiyak; D
ia P te;jilAk; S- miy te;jilahJ.

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R. rpwpkjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU. F. r[Ptd; , Mrpupau; (j.njh.njh.) (K/ky;yhtp kj;jpa fy;Y}up, ky;yhtp)
juk;-12,13

wpr;lH msTj;jpl;lk; (Richter Scale)

epyeLf; f k; xd; w pd; N ghJ ntspahFk; epy eLf; f rf; j papd; msit mstplg; gad; g Lk;
vspa ,yf;fNk ,JthFk;. wpr;lH msTj;jpl;lk; (m) gpd;tUkhW mikAk;

,q;F I GtpeLf;fr; nrwpT.

I0 epakkhf mstpLk; GtpeLf;fr; nrwpT.
wpr; lH msTj;j pl; lj;j py; 5.0 gUkidf; fhl;L k; xU GtpeLf; f mstP l;L kl; lk; 4.0 gUkDila
eLf;fj;jpYk; ghHf;f 10 klq;F nghpajhFk;
gyk; tha;e;j GtpeLf;fk; xd;wpd; NghJ cUthFk; eLf;f miy 1011J - 1018J tiuahd
rf; j pAs; s ghhpa miyfshFk; . eLf; f miyfspd; rf; j p nghJthf wpr; lH mstpy; $wg; g Lk; .
,jd;gb miyfspd; rf;jp nghJth wpr;lH mstpy; $wg;gLk;. ,jd;gb eLf;fj;jpd; tYTf;Fhpa
gUkd; my;yJ G+fk;gj;jpd; tYTf;Fhpa gUkd;

m = 0.67 log E - 2.9 My; jug;gLk;

,q;F rf;jp E - J (A+y;) ,y; msf;fg;gLk;

Eg - E = 1017 J vdpd;
m = 0.67 log 1017 - 2.9
= 0.67 x 17 - 2.9
= 8.5 Richter

wpr;lH msTj; jpl;lKk;> Vw;glf; $ba tpisTfSk;

m

< 1.9 eLf;f tiuG %yNk fz;Lgpbf;f KbAk;.

2 - 3.9 mtjhdpf;ff; $ba mirTk; epfo;Tfis cz;lhf;f ty;yJ.

4 - 5.9 fz;zhb ad;dy; Nghd;wtw;iw cilf;ff; $baJ. epiyaw;w

nghUl;fis tpOj;jf; $baJ.
6 - 6.9 fl;blj;jpy; cilT.

7 - 7.9 fl;bl mj;jpthuq;fis> GtpNkw;gug;ig cilf;Fk;.

8 - 8.9 gykhd fl;blk; jtpHe;j Vidatw;iwAk;> ghyq;fisAk; cilf;Fk;.

> 8.9 KOikahd mopT.

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)
nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R. rpwpkjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU. F. r[Ptd; , Mrpupau; (j.njh.njh.) (K/ky;yhtp kj;jpa fy;Y}up, ky;yhtp)
juk;-12,13

wpr;lH msTj;jpl;lj;jpy; 3.4 gUkidf; fhl;Lk; xU GtpeLf;fj;jpYk; ,Uklq;F tPr;rj;ij cila

Gtp eLf;fj;jpd; wpr;lH msTj;jpl;lk; ahJ?

3.4 103.4

I1 = 103.4 I0 ————— (1)

I2 = 10m I0 ————— (2)
Mdhy; I2 = 2I1
10 I0 = 2x103.4I0
m

10m = 2x103.4
log10m = log 2x103.4
m = log 2 + 3.4
m = 0.3 + 3.4
= 3.7

Rdhkp (Tsunami)
RdhkpahdJ ghhpa njhlH miyfisf; nfhz; l> fiuapy; my; y J mJ jhf; Fk;
NghJ ghhpa mopTfisAk; caphpog;GfisAk; Vw;gLj;jf; $bajhFk;.
Rdhkp vDk; nrhy;yhdJ “JiwKf miy” (harbour wave) vDk; [g;ghdpa nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J
te;jjhFk;. Rdhkp jtWjyhf tw;Wg; ngUf;F miyfs; vd;Wk; miog;gJz;L. tw;Wg;ngUf;fpdhy;
Rdhk p Nj hw ; w k ; ngW tj py; i y. flypd; k P J re; j pudpd; <H g; gpdhy; tw ; W g; ngUf; fiy
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJthd fly; miyfshdJ fhw;wpdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Rdhkp cUthtJ

Nky;Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; miy

ePhpd; fPohd epyeLf;fj;jpy; Rdhkp cUthjy;

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R. rpwpkjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU. F. r[Ptd; , Mrpupau; (j.njh.njh.) (K/ky;yhtp kj;jpa fy;Y}up, ky;yhtp)
juk;-12,13

 ePhpd; fPohd epy eLf;fj;jpdhy;

 Vhpkiyr; rpjwpdhy;
 ePH %o;fp xd;W ghiwAld; NkhJtjypdhy;
 milntspapypUe;J cLg;Nghyp my;yJ vhpfw;fs; ePUld; NkhJjypdhy;

ngUk; g hyhd RdhkpfshdJ eP H f; f P o ; epy eLf; f j; j pdhy; cUthf; f pd; w d. 6.75 hpr; l H
msTj;jpl;l mstpw;F Nkyhd Gtp eLf;fkhdJ Rdhkpiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. 90% khd rfy
RdhkpfSk; gRgpf; rKj;jpuj;jpNyNa cUthfpd;wd.

Rdhkp xd;wpd; msT

 Rdhkp kpff; $ba ePz;l miy ePsk; nfhz;lJ. mjd; miyePsk; 100 km - 400 km tiu
ePsKilaJ.
 mjd; miyTfhyk; kpfTk; $baJ. Mokhd ePhpy; fpl;lj;jl;l 1 kzpj;jpahyk;
 Mokhd flypy; Rdhkpapd; cauk; 1m cauk; tiu mikayhk;. Mokhd flypy; Rdhkpfs;
ntspg;gilahfj; njhpaf; $badty;y. ,jdhy; Mo;flypy; Rdhkpiaf; fz;lwpjy; kpfTk;
fbdkhFk;.
 milntspapypUe;J cLg;Nghyp my;yJ vhpfw;fs; ePUld; NkhJjypdhy;

Rdhkpapd; fjp

Rdhkpapd; miyePskhdJ (100 km - 400 km) rKj;jpuj;jpd; Moj;jpYk; (4 km-5 km) ghHf;f
kpfTk; nghpaJ. vdNt Rdhkp miyapd; fjp v=gh vd;w rkd;ghl;bdhy; jug;gLtjdhy; Rdhkp
miyapd; fjp rKj;jpuj;jpd; Mokhd gFjpfspy; nghpajhfTk; fiuia mz;kpj;j gFjpfspy;
rpwpajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt Rdhkp miyfs; rKj;jpuj;jpd; ikag;gFjpapD}lhf
caHNtfj;JlDk; mjhtJ caH ,af;frf;jpAlDk; efHe;J fiuia milAk;NghJ ,af;frf;jp
Fiwtiltjdhy; mOj;jrf;jp mjpfhpj;J ePHj;jpushf gy kPw;wH (0-30m) cauj;jpw;F vOk;Gk;.
,JNt caukhd miyfs; Vw;glf; fhuzkhFk;
jpwe;j rKj;jpuj;jpy; Rdhkp miyapd; fjp 970 km h-1 ,Yk; mjpfk; (n[l; gwg;gJ
Nghy) ,jdhy; KOr; rKj;jpuj;ijAk; fle;J nry;y rpy kzp Neuk; NghJkhdjhFk;. rhjhuz
fly; miyfs; (fhw;why; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ) Vwj;jho 90 km h-1 fjpapy; nry;fpwJ.

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R. rpwpkjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU. F. r[Ptd; , Mrpupau; (j.njh.njh.) (K/ky;yhtp kj;jpa fy;Y}up, ky;yhtp)
juk;-12,13

Rdhkpapd; cauk;

 RdhkpahdJ fiuapy; epiyf;Fj;jhf 30m tiu cauf; $baJ.

 ngUk;ghyhd Rdhkpfs; fliy 3m caur;nra;fpd;wJ.
 filrpahf Vw;gl;l RdhkpahdJ (2004 Mk; Mz;by; Vw;gl;lJ) miyfs; 9m tiu
rpy ,lq;fspy; caur; nra;Js;sJ.
 Rdhkpapd; miyePsk; kpfTk; nghpanjd;gjdhy; rf;jptpuak; kpfTk; rpwpajhFk; MfNt Rdhkp
miyfs; kpff;$ba J}uk; nry;Yk;.

mjhtJ rf;jptpuak;  1
miyePsk;

jiuiaNehf;fp efUk; Rdhkp miy tbtk;

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.R. rpwpkjd; , Mrpupau; (ngsjpftpay;) (ah/aho;g;ghzk; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU. F. r[Ptd; , Mrpupau; (j.njh.njh.) (K/ky;yhtp kj;jpa fy;Y}up, ky;yhtp)