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01 FM=- Q 01 a N ! " "#@ A V#%• 23 | 9 8 Q #x $
8 I#•M " =?; ! "=?; ' A ! Q* S# % "¬# . + % •h 8I •M " d 5 >?@
ƒ =? Q@ u bcŒ » ! ' Q y % 3 23 F5– 6 8#?@ #
$
u ' / B01 + U1 th "#$ %& ? !M% S1 ! + M% 23 b?Œ-
( 10! v. !/ ]5 h u ¡ ! "#I ? ( @ ' @ v. 1 M8• h
' 53 u o*O " O! … ; >?@ S r S(N a 7. ¬8-! #; #; 10! [ c Mf "#I ?
ƒ"#-*! "#.M. r @ Mr " M ;5 S7. • u "# *O " O ; < $ p? Œs "

$- '
ƒ ¥ " -(;i U*! J (I 5 ! E F0& z 5 5 ƒ
' 1% ' f "#h * " O 9 G $ H# I J & 17 w ³ M. #*; ³ ƒ
ƒ ¥

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 ) (

"* = 9K E5 LM&( N & 0 C! I J & O) PQGR U!5 Œ V z 5 % @ ƒ

ƒ ¥ ' 1 % : zM O-? ¬I 5 2/
" -(;i : zM O- : =? + &i 5 > A O PQGR $ -. S#7* @ #*; ƒ
ƒ ¥ "-; + h
" -(;i U*! J (I 5 %Q R K&M O %& ; : *-E z 5 5 ƒ
ƒ ¥
ƒ ¥ " -(;i W X U*! J o ( : *-E -. O -8! c. Q~ ƒ
ƒ ¥ ¥ Vh ; : ! U!5 Œ V z 5 % @ ƒ
' 1 % : zM O-? ¬I 5 2 / "* = K ST U!5 Œ V z 5 % @ ƒ
ƒ ¥¥
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! -8! c. Q~ ƒ
"#$ %& a ;i MN :h m >% ? † ! ( Žr - th "#$ %& a ;i † ±#O + Q@ Mh ƒ
ƒ ¥ "-; + h >?@/ U! ;i G?µ
"-; + h +5 / ’+ Q@ : zM O-? ! X 5 U0&# >&. : *-E F -=A c# ƒ
ƒ ¥
ƒ ¥¥ h t Q? S?* 5 2 / "* = * ; O ,Q R VW E% ; Q~ƒ
ƒ ¥ J : zM O-? V = SX YZ& v*?$ ³ ƒ
14. Guy Hermet, le temps de la démocratie, revue internationale des sciences
sociales, n° 128, 1991, P 269.
' 1% O- "w ? a 1/ ! 2 / "* = (h 8! "w $ [\ E O. 3 +ƒ…ƒ
ƒ ¥
ƒ ¥ +5 / O-? 5 2 / "* = &+ $ -. F x Q~ S#?; Q~ƒ
ƒ ¥ ¥ Vh : GI.ƒ
¥ Vh : GI.ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! %& ; : *-E z 5 5ƒ
ƒ ¥ " -(;i ' J "*! J 5 : *-E œ 1M @ v* Q~ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! ! E F0& z 5 5ƒ
O-? < % A ® * " ! K "* = ^/ ]]] 3 < p#-! ³ @ƒ
ƒ ¥¥ +5 / + - O- ; ? "#h * " ;–
ƒ ¥ ' 1% ® * œ ( 5 " (! 2 / "* = U0&# >&. P _ ! >I=c!ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! ! E F0& z 5 5ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! ) I V ` + ” F M( "I#? U?@ƒ

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 ! " #

! 2 / "* = a b# c < $ 5 % &d I J & O 0&# + ” H™ p;M #; hƒ

ƒ ¥ h "#h * ' NM ; 5
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! : *-E -. O -8! c. Q~ƒ
ƒ ¥¥ M@ MO-! I J & O 9 +& œ 0_ Q~ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! I V ` F M( "I#? U?@ƒ
' NM ; 5 ! 2 / "* = I '0 EW $ @ H# + ” U( ! Q~ ƒ
ƒ ¥ h "#h *
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! I eJ & O f: F M( "I#? U?@ƒ
2 / "* = / 5# h i \& ! > 5 O g A+ + ” +M#?x + 1 hƒ
ƒ ¥ h "#h * ' NM ; 5 !
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! I J & O) PQGR U!5 Œ V z 5 % @ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! F x Q~ S#?; Q~ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! : *-E z 5 5ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! I V ` e+ ” F M( "I#? >?@ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! I J & O f: + ” F M( "I#? >?@ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! F0& z 5 5ƒ
ƒ¥ Vh ; : ! … Mh U* O Q~ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! œ 1M @ v* Q~ƒ
ƒ ¥ ¥ Vh : GI.ƒ
ƒ ¥ ¥ Vh ; : ! F x Q~ S#?; Q~ƒ
43. Barthélemy et Duez, Traité élémentaire de droit constitutionnel, 1993,P 62.
ƒ ¥ ¥ "#; # S7- z 5 5ƒ
ƒ ¥ U*! J œ ( "#. "* = U0&# >&. : *-E O A Z& Š N 5MQ~ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! : *-E z 5 5ƒ
" -(;i 9 * 'žO-! j 5 #:% k . ^M W0& O $ -. % $ ; mM ! #QX @ƒ
ƒ ¥
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! … Mh U* O Q~ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! 1 7 w ³ M. #*; ³ƒ
ƒ ¥ ¥ Vh ; : ! œ 1M @ v* Q~ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! … Mh U* O Q~ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! mM ! #QX @ƒ
O- " c "#*QJ 2 / "* = S#-x >I=c! Q~ "w ! m l) : ( - t? ƒ
ƒ ¥¥ ' 1 % "# * " % " *

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54. Jean- Louis Boursin, Les dés et les urines, les calculs de la démocratie, édition
Seuil, 1990, P41.
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! 1 7 w ³ M. #*; ³ ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! : *-E -. O 8-! c. Q~ƒ
8Q7. " (I ' - Or -! «Mn ® * $M u "#$ %& "#; # " 5 * † $ h Xƒ
ƒ ¥ À À ’ + Q@ ® * (I 4 -!
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! I J & O) PQGR U!5 Œ V z 5 % @ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! ! E U0& z 5 5ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! %& ; : *-E z 5 5ƒ
"#h * ' NM ; 5 ! 2 / "* = I J & O f: + ” F M( "I#? >?@ƒ
ƒ ¥¥ h
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! 1 7 w ³ M. #*; ³ ƒ
ƒ ¥ h "#h * ' NM ; 5 ! I J & O > :.R n& + #w t Nƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! : *-E z 5 5ƒ
ƒ ¥ Vh ; : ! I J & O f: + ” F M( "I#? U?@ƒ

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