oe . ue ‘lear that large chunks of the first volume of | eA no other Book of Chilam Balam (see Table 2h, They are sandwiched between texts represent | Fe a kind of Maya. reporcario, as though the in er ofthe volume inte fo produce a com come reference sork incorporating portal. xa ent drawn fom bo ultra tultons. Ts Theva asshole repress a biultural epor Jor bse on the Spanish mas and donned by ih sources Be The second volume ofthe Kur hs very dite > ent focus. It is almost exclusively a compendium of «2 presenptions and therefore not an example of ae portone, The texts in Ware aso more difcl to fouree becuse they are more completely syncretized than the tens nthe fist volume, Only the medical texts on pages 74 through 209 have counterparts in eter Books of Chilan Balam, ' ‘The two volumes together represent the largest + Teference work known to have been produced by the colonial Maya, {tis more comprehensive than » reportorios, which were themselves encyclopedic works. It also contains more remedies than any other surviving Book of Chilam Balan, Whoever owned it had at his fingertips what was regarded as essential knowledge for people of both Spanish and Maya escent during the Colonial period SyNcRETisMt The Kava is unique amng the Books of Chilam Balam inthe degree of is dependence upon Europe: an sources (see Table 21). but it isnot simply a com- Pilation of texts of European origin, Not only are Some of is texts derived from the Maya tradition, but the choice of which European texts include s tohave been guided by Maya, not Spanish, interests Only a handful oF the subjects eovered by the three editions of Zamorano’s (1585, 1594, 1621) report: ios that are available (0 ws are represented in the Kana, and, i most cases, the sine lopies are the foe us of Mays texts in the Karur anal other Books of Chilam Balam, Thetefore, st would be misleading to a, INTROBLCTION 88 conclude from the Furopean provenience of many of the texts in the Kawa that it ean tellus little about eo: Jonial Maya culture In fact. the European as well as the Maya texts contuin some good evidence of the process of syncretism, which is “the integration (and consequeat secondary elaboration) of selected as peels of two or more historically distinct traditions (Edmonson 1960.192). We have identified calendries a5. the contain where syncretism is most elearly and frequently ex: pressed inthe Kawa. [tshows up in the coining of the term “the day bearers of the months” (w euch hint! ob) and in the division of the uinal into four ‘weeks” of tive days. headed by "week bearers” that ‘come fiom the same set of days as the yearbearers. or into three weeks of seven days. Iti also manifested in the redefinition of the kari as twenty-four habs and the back-reckoning of dates in terms of the new system. The purpose of all of these changes was to imtegrate the two different calendrical systems. and to do so required the kind of secondary elaboration that resulted in a wwenty-one-day uinal and a twenty. four-year katu There 's also a visual example of ealendrical sym cretism in the Kaua, namely the calendar wheel on page 10, which combines elements from scolkin and zkatun iconography with the European wind com pass. The link between the fcofkin and the wind com: pass is the directional symbolism of the former and the temporal associations of the latter. The connec: tion between the Aatun eyele and the wind compass is numerological (thirteen karuns equated with twelve winds) and iconographic (personified winds equated with glyphs representing the days on which atuns could end). The fit ts not perfect because. un like twelve winds. thirteen karwns cannot be divided into four groups of equal size. The real significance of the wind compass 1s not that it belonged to the Ew ropean tradition, but rather that it provided a tem: plate tor relating spa hhad never envisioned before (IE Bricker 1993) In another cultursl domain. the depiction of the winds as angels in the wind diagram on page 127 of the Kawa suggests that such a device may have been responsible for the syneretism of the ancient Maya wand and rain gods wash the Christian aehangels. a relationship later extended t0 the identification of the rnin god: with the four Horsemen of the \pocalypse to time in ways that the Maya Miram and VSeer eee eee ee 70 TABLE 21 TEXTS OF EUROPEAN Onin THE AAG (Spanish Mexican sources ane marked wath an asterisk. Fungpean Source Zamorane 1585 WS6. Lore of Seville Zanorana 158586 Beluan ds Sunts Ress 1786 155-156: Lope 167 Lopes 1672* Belin Samta Ross 1746 167-171" drse de Canta Lana de Li 1529.82 83 de Li 18298 de Li 1529.81 Belicia de Santa Koss 1736:155-100" de Li 1529 de Salaya 1542:100 dde Li 1529:79; de Sulaya 1542 96-97 de Li 1529:79 80; de Salaya 1542.97 de Lt 1539-72 reparsorsn, wissal steonoany {planets} lest spheres themes (numbers) picture medicine (pulses) medicine (urescopy) rdhcine (diseases) slmane calendar evr prognostiations medicine ‘car pregnostiations urlucky days ssllendar month prognostications mathematics (multiplication) astronomy (planets) {ay prognostcations calendar astronomy «planets) planets and ange medical astiology medical sto medicine (veins) medicine (prescription) medical astrology medicine (bleeding) medicine (eupping) medical aso ‘constellations and months medicine ¢hleeding) medical astrology cedar tame sible feasts) lendar (immo: able feats) “Other Book str Cham Batam Ne Yes ho No Ye No No No No Yes Yes Yo Yes No Yes No Yes Ves Yer Yes Yes Yes Yes No YesTABLE 21 (Continued) ‘Other Book(s) of Chilam Batam? ‘Kawa b pages European Source 56-87 missal ann peayers No = 2 medicine (presenpuonsi No ene Christian months Yes yo-t08 Historia d* la doncolls Thvotor lake of wise maiden Yes - 109-110? medicine (prescripuons) No I-17 Historia de ta doncella Theodor tale of wise maiden Yes 18 de Li 1529-79; de Salaya 1542:96-97 astronomy (planets) Ves 119 Zamorano 1585:2725-273¢ No 119-120 Zamorano 1$85:238r-240r astronomy (celipses) No 120 reportorio calendar Xo 121-123 reportorio astronomy (planets) No 123. reportario metcorology (wind compass) No 123-124 Zamoran 1585:324r-328v planning almanac No 124-126 reportono astronomy (planets) No 127 reportorio meteorology (wind compass) No 129-131 reportorio astronomy (planets) No bes? meteorology (thunder) Yes sy? medicine (prescriptions) No 1B8——_Zamorano 1585:Appendix, 2¥ Bible (Genesis) No 138 Zamorano 1585:221¥ astronomy (eclipses) No 18 Zamorano 1585:Appendix, 2r Bible (Genesis) No 138-141 Zamorano 1585:2: astronomy (eclipses) No 141-142 Zamorano 1585:3241-328 planting almanac No 12 reportoria astronomy (planets) No 12 Zamorano 158Saitle page bibliographic information No 142 Zamorano 1585:72r meteorology (winds) No 143-144 Zamorano 1585:Appendis, Bible (Genesis) No 145-146 missal Latin prayers No Mos7 9 commenti an Genests Yes 157-158 missal Christan prayer No 18-162? Christan texts No 162-165 amissal commenuryon the Mass Yes 3.208 7 medieme preseniptions) Yes 208.210 apothecary book* medicine (preser ption) medhineipresenption) No _mathemaues (numbers) xev 3 >ee eee ee ‘prmué PAGE (q)eatado dels siete planets jiro de medzcinarum Jygno de sangrar capitulo primero to rimero sol ta segonda luna latereera maris [a quarta mercurio ia gina jupiter iexta venus la septima satumo 30 del sefior de 1789 «nL Here and everywhere else in the manuscript. the sev “planet are those nthe geocentric or Ptolemaic mole tiie universe. which s shown onthe second pa aa The Sun and the Moon were bth consiered to be plumes. The Earth was not because it screed 3 the pont ot reference for this system. The other plnets inthe Pre ime theme were Mrcory. Venus Nar, pier. nd Sat tim. Uranus, which was dicovered in 1781 eight years before the date mentioned onthe tile page ofthe Kawa tad nshing todo wth this tation and was therefore not included in thelist of planets refered ton ths page Nep tune and Pluto were idened much fate. 1846 and 1930, spectively fo ate to be inluded the date ofthe Kua was n ft 1789, 2. There i no apparent eason forthe mixture of Latin and Spanish words onthe tle pags ofthe Kawa We hve in many cones, been ale to find the Ok! Werld sources fiom which mich of the Kaneda, nother ases. we have not been sucessful yet, this passage 1s unfor saiely one of them Above al. the yxtaposiion of "de ‘Medicinarum” with ~Sygno de Sangrar” is one that has tatazed us for 3 ong tne The mixtore of Latin and Spansh. on the ome hand, nd of the sng anl hep ta onthe other, cems completely aritary tus. Howes €r, We now at fast have a dea of where to look for an answer In the middle af the tet centr. Abbot of Ex felberg (ortho Abbot von Engelberg) vommasioned €opy f0 be male of sore of Sills malay The senibe began the Fourth Book. "De Medicina” with an “uminated init estat leer (ort 1983-488) The "At af the word "Medicina was incorporated nto pict of 4 bloodlating event Figure 40) The pste shows t80 ines. ome with lanes mts mouth anda bse his ih hand hs Tet hand araspny the head othe other man Vou se | a1 Tinie Paat (1) Treatise om the seven planets! And another on medicine Picwive of bloodleting” The first chapter: The first is the Sun> ‘The second is the Moon, The third is Mars The fourth is Mercury The fifth is Jupiter. The sixth is Venus, ‘The seventh is Saturn.* ‘The year of the Lord 1789, from whose right arm blood spurs into the bowl. Borst (1983:485) claims that the original copy of Isidore of Seville’s Fou Book began with the same omamental capital leter. If two scribes began copies ofthe same med real treaise with a picture of bloodletting (the Engelberg manuscript copy of the Isidore original) then i is pos sible thatthe wards “Sygno de Sangrar” on the title page of the Kawa served 28 a description ofan illuminated cap nal leer. The Word signa can mean “symbol” and “pic: ture,” a§ well as “sign,” and it i associated with zodiacal signs in several Books of Chilam Balam. Therefore, we suggest the following interpretation of the transcription of the title “or analysis: (1) Treatise on the Seven Planets. (2) Medicinal Tract. (3) Picture of Bloodletting. ‘3. Ahough the text in the lower hal ofthis page con: sists of Spanish words (except for the spelling of Mars as Latin Afary, stead of Spanish mart). it follows Mayan, ‘not Spanish. syntax. None ofthe sentences that refer 0 the planets have verbs. What is missing isthe Spanish copula es i (eg. la quinta pupuer should be la quinta es ups ter) However, these sentences would be perfectly gram matical in Maya. which does not require the use of a copula sn equations sente +The sequence of planets s the same as on page 38 of the Kawa and on page 27 of the Codlice Pires 11s not however identical tothe sequence inthe geogentrie world view, which s based on the length of the sidereal periods vf the plaets In that system, the position of the planets moving out from the Ean in the center, was the Moon, ‘Mercury, Venus. the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn Rath tx the sequence of planets given here reflects the nomen lature of the Roman and, later, Germanic days of the week The significanes of ths sequence is explained in note 270,Vouust | 9 Empyrean Firmament Prime Mover Crystaline First Age’ with Zamorano's reportorio 85:80. Maya, cam be found in various parts of the Kawa. Roys — thononthe lel side that (€1933:110n7) has commented om the similarity between of 1585 (ef: Zamorano | this model of the universe and the Maya representation of 7, The Earth (vokof cab) isnot named inthe reportorio | thirteen heavens, (Zagvorane 1385.86 6. Incopying the diageam, the sevibe made a mistake 8 This is the tite of «text shat 6 found on pages 143, the order ofthe frst four heavens. Ile then made a vorree- 4S ofthe Ke~ Sncrper Lean Demedcrneh J) J ~~ To NS [al M Ns“ S die que corporift mel ul re | aura fa tanec rere Fluuae 4 ORNAMENTED “MI” FROM ISIDORF OF SEVILLE'S ETVMOLOGIES. After Borst (1983485) Fic: ke $1 PICTURE OF HIRD AND SNAKE ON PAGE 2 OF THE AICi 4 Py picrune oF “CANCER” ee ‘camo yk tameaz lae 2) ly u wera am cd m0 9 2.0) by ji mo yk tomcos $Ssix mo tamcas ‘ox ssum u cuch Ie fo dm can yk u kaba Jay v uimbail canzer Iae 2 9, other versions of this text appear on page 47 ofthe £4. ua and,pn page 49 ofthe Chan Kan 10, Reading wembar! as uimbail. as on page 47. The cue in question is illustrated in Figure 41 ‘Acie (shown in Figure I] is of a quite realise macaw astride a coiled snake. {1 is identified as am-can mo ik tan- a epgerssake macow wind seizure. secure noted «dave a wich is seu mo judo manusenp, but no spider ppers inthe drawing and there is nth to ind {iter stzre or wid.” am can also eefer 1 stones Shed ip dvinion Tozaer 1941.15). which are some fines fade of obsidian For this reason, webvevanslated am cars obsidian snake. rater tan 5 spider sake 12 According fo Roys (1968) the Kawa “slate imanuseipt and by this earl inte nineteenth cent 1, dscaes with fauna names ha become conused th the personified winds (alos ares) 0 pocnent i nd em Maya medicine. Except for Be Kava mansenp. 1 have as yet found ite or no mention ofthese evil winds inthe colonial terre of Yocatn "He also sa hat since the sixtcemh century, sk has been defined as wind” “breath.” and “spirit,” Although the term 1k = has always been associated with a pathology of the breathing passages. as wel as with the winds that blow the idea of personified evil winds as a cause of disease seems to have appeared only quite late in the hterature ‘ofthe colonil period. A number ofthe evil winds are named for fauns, such as 1it-mo-ik (‘purple-macaw wind’), citanvik (peceary wind’), and amt cam-mo-tk (snake-spider-macaw.wind') (what we are reading as two names, obsidian-snake and macav-windl (Soe note 11). Others take their names fromm the disease which they cause Amony these are tancas-ik ('seizure-” oF shock-wind’). coe-sk asthma-wind").mamukik Cdebality-wind), kasap-tunak (aary-wind’) and a xetk Cesiesto-vonnitwind’) It seems uncertain in many eases just how @ wind occupies a patients body but recovery is dependent on is being forced to lease [Rays 1965:xxt. 13. Reading rameos as tameus as on page 47 In bis Votuse | A PICTURE OF “CANCER G) This isthe prcture!® of obsidian'™-snake and nacaw-wind? seizure here: {cis purple-macaw-wind seizure: Itis green-macaw seizure ‘Three piles! are its burden Obsidian-snake-wind is its name. ‘This is the picture of Cancer here fntroduction tothe Ritual of the Bacabs, Roys (1965:x¥1i) explains that nearly one-third of the Bacabs manuscript is devoted to incantations for various so-called seizures. The tem is rancas, 9 contraction of ramacas, which isthe name of a number of complaints. Among these are madness feenzy. numbness. spasm, and falling sickness Its de fined as a frenetic malady which strikes dumb, craze. and deafens the person who has it” (Maninez Hern: dex 1929-834], Strangely enough, tamacas was also the name of the Milky Way 4. rie S Thompson (1972:50) elaborates futher: (OF the faunal tanca: the most imporant appear 10 hhave been those nanied macaw, mo, and, a the macaw ttle is often qualified by other names, itis probable that ‘8 whole group of seizures had the generic name mo ‘Apan from plain macaw seizure, there is mention in Rit nal of the Bacubs of: jaguat-macaw, male-macaw jag tar (the same”), drunkard macaw, d="acal (remedy) ‘macaw. and in Roys (1931) of iit mo (spotted? ma- caw), amean (spider snake) macaw, and green macaw winds (we translate am cam as ‘obsidian snake’ (see note 11 above)), Macaw rameas and tit: (here translated as purple") macaw raneaz are mythical bids which bring death to children. Flying over houses atnight, hey vom va substance which will produce death if i falls m 9 sleeper’s (child?) mouth (Redfield and Villa, 1934: p 169), Ntarae moo ik, mealdling macay wind, also called ‘akab clic night bird. appears tobe the same danger: ous creature (Redfield and Redfield. 1940: p. 63). The macaw seizures are of importance tothe discus sion because the only glyphie-derived picture of a dis fase in a colonial (or Inter) document is of 2 macaw rancaz. and because a macaw isthe hoc [divinely sent disease oF punishment] of the moun goddess on page 16e of this chapter [of the Dresden Codex} and also on (M94 [Figure 42]. In shor. the spotlight is on macaw ‘maladies in the hieroglyphic codices, colonia! books. and present-day Yucatee Maya medicine 14 Reading ssim as sum as on page 47 ofthe Kane96 AN EXCOLNTER OF T#O WORLDS: THE BOOK OF CHILAM BALAM OF KAUS ‘'u lahea pis junio © w lubul y okol baleah loc CONTINUATION OF A TABLE OF NUMBERS (4) de aqui para adelante hasta 400 solu pondre qua: tro numeros de eada 101 por ser facil numerar los in medios siguiendo el prineio que puciere en cada divz y ef modo que asta aqui he traido desde el prin- cipio 15. The association of Cancer wath a picture of: bird is puzzling because elsewhere i the Kaas (eae 00 page 84), the zodiacal sign is associated with a picture ofa crab, The Solution 10 this problem may hein the almanac on pes 23, snd 24 of te Paris Codex, which contains evidence that at feast t8o of the vonstellations in the pre: zodiac were conceived of 3s bitds (Figure 13), and one of them seems to have been associated with the European constellation Gemini (H. Bricker and V. Bricker 1992) Floyd Lounsbury (1982:166-167)has pointed out hat “the 10" is used in both Spanish and Maya sources for ealendrical zodiacal divisions, not for constellations, By the sixteenth century... the constcllation of Gemini, be= cause of procession, was already mostly in the ‘sigh’ of Cancer.” This means that, although Cancer was said “Yo fall” on 12 June during the Colonial period, the constcls tion in question was Gemini, not Cancer and its possible that che bird shown on this page (Figure 41) was intended to represent the Maya constellation that corresponded to Gemini, which was at that time inthe “sign” of Cancer. It is also possible that the various kinds of macaw seizures were believed to cur under the Maya bitd signin the lat ter half of June, Furthermore. the zodiacal almanac in the Paris Codex also contains twa pictures ef snakes, one of them a ratle- snake, which was associated with th ss (H. Bricker and V. Bricker 1992), The Pleiades are adjacent Gemini inthe sky. Thus the picture of he bird perched un a coiled snake may have been intended w represent the relationship berween Gemini and the Pleiades, and the references to snakes in the ciTerent kinds of seizures to on ofthe signs der which they occurred. The twelfth of June would thes have been the date of transition between Gemini and Can cer in the Furopean system and between Pleiades ind Mi lumbian Maya cea in the Maya system, Finally, by relating seizures with Mayain names #0 eon sis that the precolumbian Maya stuaed an interest in astrological medicine wil the med cesal Furopeans. The "Moon Goddess Dresden and Made eodizes are ths focus (s slmacaes in the tohavea similar ote 13), and many over texts an the Kuta. of is on the veil of June when it falls in the world there. CONTIN STION OF 4 TABLE OF NUMERS! (4) From here on until 400, | only provide four num bers of each ten!” because iti easy to determine the ‘unos an between, following the principle’ that {have given for each decade and the pattern that | have es. tablished from the beginning up to here European on 16. This table gites the Mayan and Spanish names for he numbers trom 131 fo 245,18 3 copied verbatim pages 158 and 156 of Beltran de Santa Rosa's (746) _gratnmar. The frst part ofthis count ofthe numbers, fom, 1 to 130, can be found in the second half of the Kawa on pages 278-282, This is proof thatthe exo volumes ofthe Kua represent parts of 2 single work 17, Belurin de Santa Rosa (1746:155) has de cada 10a 10. tn fact, only three numbers of each decade are given (eg. 140, 141, and 145) 18, Reading prixe as principio Rosa (1746156), have astrological medicine as an explicit Fic 42 MACAW" REFERENCES IN THE DIES DIN AND MADRID CODICES 1, D166. M9 3 Atte: Villacorta Cand Villac23 ciento treinta y 0 a [Raeromie tat So cmagso 133 gS pottn e ciento quarenta ¥ 140 fiento quarents yuno 41 ciento qaureniay sinco 148 nto y singuenta 130 Sea eee saad al cientoy singuentaiuno 131 reno singuentaisinco 153 cientoy sesenta too sr egal eno vec 806 FLL reer ena tn Saectelen al temoactena snco 175 bao Simo eche's io serctihunksl cements (uno 181 SCRUM Som och sinco 185 faetu lan fal cleo nivel 190 Sictuldmntal —ciemonovcina juno 191 fot hu tal cio noveina i sinco 195 hun a dowenas 200 kmtubuluckal — docienos yono 201 porutulucla doiengysinco 303 Ffthtubutvetal —doeemos dies 210 Seluetubutue al ducienosyonze 21 pothstbuluc Kal Gocemosyquize 213, COMMENTARY ON FIGURE 43 o) (6) Lay sae kuyuch muyal yan tu nak can lae ti yan ah chibalob bai u cah cane ah chibal canob ba ix ma ah chibal eaan xani ‘yan uai y okol cabil lac y-whach lobil sisob 19, Reading no as uno as in Belin dk (1746156) 20. Reading hothu as hothun as in Belerin de Sants Rosa (1746:136), ta Rosa 21, Reading qauremta as quarenta asin Helin de San 18 Rosa (17462156), 22. Reading lui as lahun as sn Welicin de Santa Ross (1746-156), 23. Reading hothu as holhin as in Beltrin de Santa Rosa (1746: 156), 24. Reading Jah as Zahn asin Belirin de Sants Rosa (1746:156), 25. Reading hothu as holhiun as in Welinin de Santa Rosa (1746:156), Votes | 7 ne hurdred and hin one? one hundced and hit Fe fone hundred snd tory fone hundred and tory one fone hundred and fory five! fone hundred and fifty” fone hundred and fity one one hued and fi five ce hued an sixty fone hundred and sxty one one hued ad sixty five ‘one hunired and seventy * one hundred and seventy one one hundred and seventy five”? one hundred and eighty cone hundred and eighty one one hundred and eighty five cone hundred and ninety" fone hundred and ninety one ‘one hundred and nines ive” two hundred two hundred and one two hundred and five two hundred and ter ‘wo hundred and eleven two hundred and fifteen”® COMMENTARY ON FIGURE 43° “ (6) This white spiral happens to be a cloud. I exists in this part of the sky above the horizon Where there are wild animals. The sky is like this, They are wild animals of the sky 2" And without wild animals of the sky. There are places here on the earth That are terribly cold 26, Reading fan as Jahn asin Beltran de San (1746150), 7. Reading folhw as holhun as sn Beltran de Santa Rosa (1746:156) 28, Rewding lahu as hur as mn Beliran de Santa Rosa (17365136 29. Reading Ha Rosa (1746 156) 30, This txt refers t0 the preture un Figure 43, which appears on the obverse side ofthe page inthe Kawa Other Rosa 8 holla as in Behrin de Sama \ersions wf the text appear on pages 29 and 30 of the Caive Pere and on pages 100 and 101 ofthe Chan Kun See note 1111 tse another tteepectation ofthis prture ML. Thishnereterstothewoanimalsshow nin Figuresf ufraob ti can cr tam a Fea tabal a yail wine fach ma chan 22ct Peay oval kin w chucsa wine fy ma xan ufayal yori chuplat etyantal ton sis amal y oc Ki ohanob lai mun y otele palal Ii v ya haw ‘y. sgok ‘si bacab sise fsosak}keull yy chae haus Inix eu hokol Inix cu cohol u p'ul hail tuypaily oc uinie Iaixcu nahal up'ul bal ty oce yan i xuiobe eu kastal fhe u kat mancli Tu men ihil yeeb¢ u banaloe kakas sis bai canzeel xan bai tuy ahal caab tic i wlubulchae v chae onob can sisu euch ae In. saae kuyue fae lay... yan tw pachobe Iai buna THE PULSES (7) pulzos los golpes 0 ltidos de el pulzo 8 grandes y claroz anotan en el mucha sangre los pezos y ligeros anotan colera o Fabia 32, Reading cw cho as cu chal 33, Reading ime as uinive, as n line 23 on page 29 of the Cade Par 34 Reading © a vantal as ow yan’ :t as i ine 26 on age 29 ofthe Coulee Pere 35. Following line 28 09 page 29 ofthe Cadi Pere hich has sasa Aci itchy skin" a this place 36. Reading ewohv a3 viuobe. asm line 2 on pa the Cédiew Peres 37. The picture 10 whieh this text refers appears on the obverse side ofthe page sm question (see Figure 43) 2 30ot Vowune | 99 Cold are their houses in the sky. i drips pain on everything. The pain is falling on people? here There is simply no easy cure for it At every Sunset itattacks people: It does not take long at all to affect pregnant women, Who experience™ cold at every Sunset Anil there are sick people whose skin is tender And ckildren This is when leprosy attacks And scabs. “Thus, as for this skybearer cold. is [chy] skin? And leprosy And this is how it emerges Anda drop of dew strikes In the wound of a person’s foot ‘And the drop of dew that touches his foot. Its from plants ® When it gets worse, It won't pass Because itis in the dew that falls Ik is deadly cold Cancer is like this t00. Is like this at dawn, And when a heavy dew falls tis ringworm Cold is its symptom here This ... happens to be a white spiral This ... is on the back of it, This page? Tu PULSES (7) Pulses, ‘The beats or pulsations of the pulse. When they are strong and regular, they indieate that there is much blood in them, The close™ and rapid ones indicate yellow bile“ 38. Compare with Gregorio Lopez's Tesora de medicr: ides “Senales del Pulso: Lot landos grandes v claras signitican mucha sangre Los es pesos rubia colera P.queras stares floms. Pogueios s nas pur todas enferme fexpesor colera negra Pequeias y (ardios om incor [swords alsa appearing in the Kaur sre alicized” (Gueera 982-345) 59. Reading pezor as espesos as in Grey rio Lopez's Tesora de medicimas para todas enfermedades (Guerts 1982 Mop. 40 Reading cola arabia as rubra colent as infee 100 AN ENCOUNTER OF TWO WORLDS: THE BOOK OF CHILAM BALAM OF KALA fos pequefios y espesos snotan melancolis, Jos pequefiis y claros anotan flema los pequetas y asperos anotan colera neyra Uroscory (7) resetaz en lengua maya para que los yndios pueden enter arte u tial uixob ti kohanob bi ti toh y olob hhach malob ah miyabil thanob (8) u tial y oheltabal baax kohanil yan w uiniee ler esta medesina pai bee bala ca ual u tasal tech cchumue akab ca bin chabse uijxe ua cau lie bun kuch taate y-chachae ua eolahije bin u cah cimit me au ile uijse ‘chachac tuat u yen ti y it bazoe docan w ayal sis ti hasan tu men ik va cau ilic uive bai uy ich chacbil eke morado u kaba yyab chacuil yan tit u jem y. kan chikin xakan ‘ua cau ilic uijx bai buuo u uiche ‘yan bai yo. saa t uy it bazo yan sis ti ua ti chichan pale cau ilic uixee cca. pul hun xeth xiv Wi yehile ua tathie Gregorio Lopez's Tesoro de medicinas para todas enjer- imedades (Guerra 1982.46). 41. Black bile (Greek melane cole) was considered to bbe symptom of melancholy i the Middle Ages. 42, Here the Spanish term eolera negra is used to efer tw black bie (ef note 41) 43, In Avicenna’s Caron of Medicine: the section on Luroscopy immediately followed the secwon on the pulses (Sha 1906:232-274). The sume is tue of the section on uroscopy in Gregorio Lope2's Tesora de medicinas para todas enfermedades (Guerra 1982: 346-348) See pages 45 The weak und close ones indicate black bile The weak and regular ones indicate phlegm. The weak and iroyular ones indicate black bile: vroscory# (7) Prescriptions inthe Mayan language So that the Indians ean understand this medicine ** Guide to urine for those who are sick As well as those who are well The words ofthe wise men ae very good (8) Inordce tobe informed about what disease some- fone has First ofall Wel, you may tell him o bring it t0 you's itis at midnight that urine willbe taken If you see that its exceedingly thick And itis ven red Orit setied Then he is going to die. Uyou inspect the urine. ‘And the sediment at te bottom ofthe thick He has caught a cold He was seized by convulsions. If you inspect urine. And itis ike cooked logwood fit, Whose name is “purple. Then a high fever is in his chest ‘And bile was tired up If you inspect urine, ‘And it looks smoky. ‘And it has something like gruel athe bottom of the ss. He has a cold If in the case ofa small child You inspect the urine You may throw a piece of hetb init Ifit thickened, 10 48 ofthe Chan Kian. page 10S ofthe Mena manuscrip and Roys (1981-182-183) for other versions ofthis tex “4. This reference to “Indians” implies that the person responsible for uicluding this text 1m the Kawa 2s not a Indian. One ofthe owners ofthe Book was Carlos Marit Pacheco. a Spaniard of Hocaba (see note 1222). Ins poss ble that he compiled the Kuna in order wo make the texts it ‘tavarlable to Indians 7 45. That is. sample of wine 46, Standley (1930:288) idenifies ek as Haemaraxyot campechianum L. The tee, whose common name iste sia ites vasis sua hao yk hu uae uy ala + ya ualic man bal imen sacyahhech uae a ilic uix secwyen taatcaa (OX0C ~cauilae ua multah 5, bin cil °F she run ua ma mulahi thin cuxlah *, sua cau lic Vixe gan sule FF ymoboce cache ‘ma (9) hun heaani u kikeli surusutu cah y. ‘+ tumene! u toh ol y.whak ‘ma uf u yantal kohan y. y atan | ‘tumen fun hesan kiki i hhach kohan u yumil ‘minan ui of uacau ilie uixe kan chae i toh olal u yuri uac au ilie uixe chachac ¥. tun taat t uy it basoe sipan u yuril uae auilic uise hun kuch chaechae minan resfiado ehocuil yan ti ua cau ile vix vyayax kakan chac yan ¥ yom y okole ya etico ulmonia chibal hot ‘Wood. was the source of black, hu, and purple dyes (Roy, 240), 1s has contraction of he as vulliseh as aaevahech 49. Resins @ have a: hove 50. That is, the blood should be mised with the urine Reading sutstt as satus Vouuse | lor Then inspoct tere Whether it isa coe: Or its convulsions Or" i will be sai: Don’t say anything Because you are the doctor * Ii you inspeet urine, And white is its sediment And i is thick when it is poured: When you inspect it 1 fies swarm on it He is going to die But ifthey don't swarm, Hes going to live It you inspect urine, ‘And when i i sired hasan odor, And if his blood docs not (9) coagulate, When iis stirred around with it. itis because he is healthy Furthermore Ivis not good forthe patient to be with his wife. Because if blood was coagulated there, Is owner is very ill: Hes listless." IF you inspect urine And isis orange, lis owner is healthy I you inspect urine, And itis execedingly re. ‘And itis thickening atthe bottom of the Its owner has sinned. * Ifyou inspect urine? And itis markedly red He does not have a col Vek AF you inspect urine And itis greenish yellow With Foth on top. There is eonsumption.' And pneumonia. And aheadache 51, Reading ui of as ux of 2. This may be 2 reference to venereat disease 53 Compare with remedy number 150 in Roys (1931:73). See also Folia 6 of the Sonura Sd, Reading resfind as revfitada “cold” (see Roys W318) 55, Rewling ya as vaneee 102 lai y omi ua c au ilie uix va Lau ilah sacpil yan sis ti uchicul yan sis tw chun u nak i y itu basoil ¥y. yabal kokanil ua t au ilah ehae u yaksah taatt uy it bazo uchicul yan chauil tu uieh u pucsikal uchicul yan sis tu bobox tua bax tun va eau il wis ca tun sakbesae y. w kab ym xibil pal chuch ua bin u xakinte bin cuxtae tua ma tu xakinte bin cimic ca tokoe u kikel kohane cea chehee yehil haa us hun ta2 bin t uy itluche bin cuxlac ua bin xibice y okol hae yab nubya kohanil ‘va maatech u uenele cca bac wiv altanisa sac misib u lak u kaba ‘abac w kan hol te ua (10) bin uenece bin cuxlac bin cuxlac ca chabac u uix kohane ca chehes y okol xiu ultiga w kaba sua ma u eimeli cuxan loc cea chabac u aay keken cca yaltabac t vy oc kKohane tac canal he ix tae 56. There is something missing here 57, Rexding kokanil as kolanil “sickness.” 58, Reading chauil as chacuil ‘few 59, Reading sakbesae as sakbesac (60. Thats, the urine with the milk 61. Reading muda 38 munya AN ENCOUNTER OF TWO WORLDS: THE BOOK OF CHILAM BALAM OF KAUA This is what the froth means. Ifyou inspect urine, Ifyou see that it is transparent, He has a cold, tis sign that he has a cold in his rectum, I: is at the bottom of the glass.** And he is very ill’? the red sediment at the bottom of the Iisa sign that there is fever inthe pit of his stomach: Ieisa sign that there is cold in his hip, Or whatever then I when you inspect urine. Ic can then be mixed with the milk ofthe mother of an infant boy: Ii will mix with i, Then he will recover. In does not mix with it Then he will die. When the blood of a patient is bled, Then it may be poured into water: I t goes directly 1 the bottom of the container: Then he will recover. Ifitis going to separate, If itis upon the water Its a great agony iliness. Iti is insomnia, The ragweed may be taken: White broom is its other name. It may be placed on his pillow there. 1f(10) he is going to sleep, He will live He will lve The patient's urine may be taken: It may be poured over the herb. Whose name is nettle. IF it dovs not de, He will live Pig's fat may be taken Itmay be smeared®® on the patient's leg All the way up. And the fat here. (62, Reading ca bac 38 ea chabae (3. Reading w han iol te 35 (1 kan holt 64. Reading ulliga as 1 nettle’). (69, Reading ca yaltabac as ca yultabac 66, After it has been on the patient's body. it 58 iga (fiom Spanish off bin bin< usm he ui mau lib bai AG (0)i i | i I } | en obac ti pok whante ca tuxeahe bin cimic Ie mmae bin cuxloe garpatuxeabe oe eine bin tokoce ‘maw uenel yehil hun ppel Kin fag wuenel yehilutokole Febiew hokolu pixanyehil w uenel bailey ale ah miyabob lac A.CALENDAR WHEEL 9) be removed G7 This whee! associates to calendrcal eyeles with the four vardinal direcvons The swenty das in che Maa ‘week’ are dite inte fou yroups for this purpose Kan Chicchan, Cin, Mamk, and Lamat are east days. Mule Oc. Chuen. Eb, snd Ben are north days. Ix, Men. Cib. Cx ban, and Edynaty are west days, And Cause, Aha. Inns Ik, and Akbal ate south days, The movement trom one quadrant to snuther as eoumterclockwse (although the se quence of days with each quadrant is elockse) on Vou. se | 103 Iumay be given to a dog to eat Ie vomits it He 1s going 10 die Ifnot He will live I at does not vomit it Is good, Consider someone who ts going to be bled, He should not sleep for one day Ihe sleeps while he 1s bleeding. His soul is going to leave while he is sleeping. ‘This is what wise men say A CALENDAR WHEEL! cn) mentary en this par ofthe calendar wheel appears on page 21 itimglies that the days ate not given in strict eon because ot the counterclockwise movement ‘one directional quadrant to the ext The mer eyele reters to the sequence of katuns by the days on which they began in Late colonia mes (or ended im precolumbian tines [see note 113 for an exptanation of the shi from terminal to wt eounting in A.D. 1776) ‘The day names are represented by human heads funtion ing as Ahaw glyplis, and directly below them are thetlos AN ENCOUNTER OF TWO WORLDS: THE BOOK OF CHILAM BALAM OF KAUA, CONNOTATIONS OF THE DAYS IN A Maya Movi. (1) u muti u chucunil kin sansamal ukabaob y ahal eab hun kateb uu xocolob y ahal eab huhun ppel kin 1 hunnit kaan aah am ti can yx kokob ta u chichil chase ymix che u che coefficients in atabie numerals. The katuns beginning on 2 Abou, (3 Aha, and 11 Ahaw are associated with the east The next three karwns, besinning on 9 Aha, 7 Ahau, and 2 au, are associated with the south, and so on throu the eyele. Here the motion is clockwise, in eontast to ‘counterelockivise direction of the days of the “week.” The ‘commentary on this part of the calendar wheel appears on pages 166-171 of the Kaus ‘The orientation of this calendar wheel is identical that ‘of Old World maps of the Colonial period, sn which east namely, the orient) was located atthe top. On the other ‘hand. the conventionalized bird perched on top of the eross ‘could have precolumbian analogs. the cross carved on the Sarcophagus Lid at Palenque 1s surmounted by 2 quel bird. which is also trve of the Cross Tablet st the same site (Roys 1933-16709: Roberson 1974 Plate |. 1983-Figs 98. 99), Other calendar wheels appear on pages 99 and 195 of the Cédiew Pére:. page 73 of the Chumavel (soe Figure 38). page 123 ofthe Chan Kan, page 41 ofthe Mil see Fig ure 39), and in Landa’ Relacion de las cosas de Yucatan (Tozzer 1931:167) 68. Compare with pages 1 t0 4 ofthe Chan Kian. page 71 ofthe fail. page 21 ofthe Kaua. pages 94 and 95 of the Cadice Peres, and page 40 (= folo 20s) ofthe Te:xmin. A ‘Spanish translation ofthis text appears in Burrera Vasquez (1942) 69. This text is probably concemed with prognostica tions for the lives of people who are born on the sated days. It contrasts withthe farmer's almanae on pages 276- 28 in the second hlfof the Kau which refers the suit abilty ofthe days for planting or harvesting but not for the welfare of the indis duals who happened to be born on them 10, The wenty-day period referred 0 on these pages ean be dated 104-23 June 4.0. 1700. The first prognostie: tion mentions thatthe Pleiades are inthe sky on | Kan. The moder Maya take special note of the helacal rising of ths constellation in early June. which would have occurred on 31 May inthe eighteenth century. The prognostieation for 3 Cause sates expliity that 1s 2 yearbearer date. This ‘means that it represents the ealendar-round 8 Cauae | Pop, and that the first day of the wents-day period must corre spond to 1 Kan 11 Cumku in the colonial ealendar. a. 1700 isthe only yearn the Colonial period when | Kan 11 CONNUTATIONS OF THE DAYS INA Maya Monti! (11) The day-by-day tid The names of the dawns that are in one score: ‘The counts of the dawn of each day. 1. On 1 Kan. The rattlesnake” is in the sky.”” Gray's thrush? is his bird.” The ted Imix tree"S is his tee. 9 of days in the month "0 Cum falls afew days after the heliaal rising of the Pe iades. Furthermore, the prognostications for $ tix and 6 Iie mention the frangipani, which blooms duting May and June. This secures the June 1700 dating forthe prog cations on these pages. ‘The eorelation of the events mentioned in this text with ays in June 1700 assumes that the carly-cighteenh century Maya were still using a calendar that was continu 1 fall behind the tropical yea. It was not untl late in that century. the year 176. that the Maya permanently froze their ealendar to the Christian calendar with the i ‘roduction of initial counting and the twenty four-year ha tun (see note 113) TI. Reading wh fu as al jab “rattle (of rattlesnake}. a in the prognostication associated with 2 Chiechan be Tow fub ‘rae’ is the Maya name for the Pleiades (see note 15 and Figure 4). 72. Reading. e can as1i com as on page 12 ofthe Kawa 73. Roys(1931:335) identifies iv okob a asthe Gray's ‘rush (Merula grass Bonaparte). 74 “The ch ich - of “bit.” of the katun i closely aso- ciated with prognostcs and figures prominently in medieal incantations (Kaua, pp. 11. 12, 14, 21: Ritual ofthe Ba cabs, passim) Iti almost a synonym of mut. meaning ‘3 gu.” but it may have been symbolized by a bird” (Roys 19496:177, 9232). chic appears inthis context only 08 page 1] of the Kaa. mut, rather than chich, appears inthe ‘other places in the Kawa mentioned by Roys 75. The red lmix ice is one of four Lmix trees mer tioned on page | of the Chumavel, The ether tees are sociated with the colors black, white, and yellow. “6 Four trees are mentioned as “ndings” ofthe d3ysof this Maya month: red Imix tree. fish poison. cac90 frangipani. The days are also associated with other plas (eg. sweet potato and water gourd). birds (ez. GY thrush and magpie) and other animals g doz and stat) professions (eg. do tions for each day one included ce a bird, 2 mI 1th ian achat eg Table 22 for a list of such “ndings? ee sme sai (Gee note 85 for an example) a mut) of specie rand carpenter) and the lemens (ire. wind. and flood), (1s possible thatthe prognesle fiedor BR d i