• Waste management is all those activities and action

required to manage waste from its inception to its

final disposal.
• This includes amongst other things, collection,
transport, treatment and disposal of waste together
with monitoring and regulation.
• It also encompasses the legal and regulatory
framework the relates to waste management
encompassing guidance on recycling etc.
• ‘Waste management’ shall mean “the collection,
transport, recovery and disposal of waste, including
the supervision of such operations and aftercare of
disposal sites”
….European Union Directive on waste

• However the newer concepts of ‘Waste management’

talk about ‘Reduce, Reuse and Recycle of waste’ over
and above waste disposal.
• ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS:
 Surface water contamination
 Ground Water contamination
 Soil contamination
 Air contamination

• ECONOMIC EFFECTS:
 Municipal wellbeing
 Recycling revenue
• Saves limited natural
resources.
• Prevents greenhouse gas
emissions and water
pollutants.
• Saves energy.
• Provides raw materials for
industry and creates jobs
• Saves landfill space.
 Make double sided copies.
 Circulate memos, documents and periodicals.
 Use durable cups and silverware.
 Proof-read documents on the computer screen.
 Purchase merchandise with minimal packaging or
order in bulk.
 Read periodicals online.
 Send e-cards.
 Reduce your junk mail by writing to the Direct
Marketing Association at Mail Preference Service, PO
Box 9008, Farmingdale, NY 11735-9008.
 THE 3 R’s – 3. Reuse
• Reuse envelopes.
• Reuse single-sided paper for scratch paper.
• Reuse foam peanuts and other packaging material.
• Use remanufactured or surplus office equipment.
• Use rechargeable batteries.
• Use rechargeable fax and printer cartridges.
• Compost grass clippings and food waste.
• Donate toys and other items to charity.
WASTE HIERARCHY CHART
Sources of Wastes

Households

Industry
 Sources of Wastes

Agriculture

Fisheries

11
Method of
disposal
 1. LAND FILL
• It is the most traditional method of waste disposal.
• Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits.
• Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil
• Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate
power.
• It is generally used for domestic waste.
ADVANTAGES
 site is a cheap waste disposal option for the local council.
 Jobs will be created for local people.
 Lots of different types of waste can be disposed of by landfill in comparison
to other waste disposal methods.
 The gases given off by the landfill site could be collected and used for
generating power.

DISADVANTAGES
 The site will look ugly while it is being used for landfill.
 Dangerous gases are given off from landfill sites that cause local air pollution
and contribute to global warming.
 Local streams could become polluted with toxins seeping through the ground
from the landfill site.
 Once the site has been filled it might not be able to be used for
redevelopment as it might be too polluted.
LAND REQUIRED FOR DISPOSAL EMMISION OF METHANE FROM
OF MSW LANDFILL
• Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of
solid waste at 1000C.
• waste materials are converted into ash. , flue gas, and heat.
• The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and
gases due to organic waste.
• the heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power.
 ADVANTAGES
 Minimum of land is needed compared to other disposal methods.
 The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the initial value.
 No risk of polluting local streams and ground waters as in landfills.
 Incineration plants can be located close to residential areas.
 Gases are used to generate power

DISADVANTAGES
 Expensive
 Required skilled labour.
 The chemicals that would be released into the air could be strong pollutants and
may destroy ozone layer (major disadvantage).
 high energy requirement.
 3. COMPACTION
 The waste is compacted or compressed. It also breaks up large or fragile
items of waste.
 This process is conspicuous in the feed at the back end of many garbage
collection vehicles. Deposit refuse at bottom of slope for best compaction
and control of blowing litter.
 4. PYROLYSIS
• Pyrolysis is defined as thermal degradation of waste in the absence of air
to produce char, pyrolysis oil and syngas, e.g. the conversion of wood to
charcoal also it is defined as destructive distillation of waste in the
absence of oxygen. External source of heat is employed in this process.
1 2

3
MAKING
• Biogas typically refers to a mixture of
Biogas different gases produced by the
breakdown of organic matter in the
absence of oxygen. Biogas can be
produced from raw materials such as
agricultural waste, manure,
municipal waste, plant material,
sewage, green waste or food waste.
It is a renewable energy source and
in many cases exerts a very small
carbon footprint.
PROBLEMS WITH PLASTIC
 Disposal of waste plastic is a major problem
 It is non-biodegradable
 Burning of these waste plastic bags causes environmental polluti
on.
 It mainly consists of low-density polyethylene
 To find its utility in bituminous mixes for road construction, labo
ratory performance studies were conducted on bituminous mixes.
Laboratory studies proved that waste plastic enhances the propert
y of the mix.
 Improvement in properties of bituminous mix provides the solutio
n for a useful disposal of plastic waste.
 MAKING PLASTIC ROADS
Plastic use in road
construction is not new.
Recent studies in this direction
have shown some hope in
terms of using plastic-waste in
road construction i.e., Plastic
roads. Plastic roads mainly
use plastic carry-bags,
disposable cups and PET
bottles that are collected from
garbage dumps as an
important ingredient of the
construction material. When
mixed with hot bitumen,
plastics melt to form an oily
coat over the aggregate and
the mixture is laid on the road
surface like a normal tar road.
• ADVANTAGES :-

 No cracking or potholes
 Resistance to water
 Reduced cost of maintenance
 Reduced stress on bitumen which is not an unlimited resource either.

• DISADVANTAGES :-

 Cleaning process- Toxics present in the co-mingled plastic waste would start leaching.
 During the road laying process- in the presence of chlorine will definitely release
noxious HCL gas.
 After the road laying- It is opined that the first rain will trigger leaching. As the
plastics will merely form a sticky layer, (mechanical abrasion).
 The components of the road, once it has been laid, are not inert.
 Solid Waste in India
• 7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste
• One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year
• Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes
• In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million tonnes of high
volume low hazard waste every year, which is mostly dumped on open
low lying land areas.

Growth of Solid Waste In India

• Waste is growing by leaps & bounds
• In 1981-91, population of Mumbai increased from 8.2 million to 12.3
million
• During the same period, municipal solid waste has grown from 3200
tonnes to 5355 tonne, an increase of 67%
• City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste per annum.
• Waste collection is very low for all Indian cities.
WASTES PER INDIAN CITIES
 Waste Collection in India
• Primarily by the city municipality
-No gradation of waste product e.g. bio-degradable, glasses, polybags, paper
shreds etc
-Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts
• Local raddiwala / kabadiwala
• -Collecting small iron pieces by magnets
-Collecting glass bottles
-Collecting paper for recycling

How solid waste affected us in recent years?

• In Mumbai (2005) clogged the sewage line due to large no. of plastic bags.
• Blast in the Bhusan Steel factory at Noida, caused due to imported scrap from
Iran
• Reduction in the number of migratory birds due to consumption of
contaminated foods
• animals dying on streets and farmland due to consumption of plastic bags, which
blocks the food movement in their stomach
 INTERNATIONAL AWARENESS
REGARDING WASTE
• At the 1992 Rio Conference, waste was made one of the priorities of
Agenda 21
• Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally,
nationally and locally and was adopted by more than 178 Governments
at the United Nations Conference in Rio de Janeiro
• At the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in
2002, the focus was on
• Initiatives to accelerate the shift to sustainable consumption and
production reduction of resource degradation, pollution and waste.
 INTERNATIONAL AWARENESS
REGARDING WASTE
• Implementation plan adopted by the Summit, stated the priority to:
• "Prevent and minimize waste & maximize reuse, recycling & use of
environmentally friendly alternative materials, with the participation
of government authorities
• all stakeholders to minimize adverse effects on the environment and
improve resource efficiency, with financial, technical and other
assistance for developing countries.”
• This would include actions at all levels to:
• Develop waste management systems, with the highest priority placed on
waste prevention and minimization, reuse and recycling,and
environmentally sound disposal facilities, including technology to
recapture the energy contained in waste.
• Promote waste prevention and minimization by encouraging
production of reusable consumer goods and biodegradable
products.
WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICIES
• Environment protection act, 1986

• Hazardous waste rule 1989

• Bio-medical waste rule 1998

• Municipal solid waste rule 2000

• Waste management act 1996

• Solid waste policy in India 2006

 DID YOU KNOW
• About 0.1 million tonnes of municipal solid waste is generated in India
every day. That is approximately 36.5 million tonnes annually.
• Per capita waste generation in major Indian cities ranges from 0.2 Kg
to 0.6 Kg.
• Difference in per capita waste generation between lower and higher
income groups range between 180 to 800 gm per day.
• The urban local bodies spend approximately Rs.500 to Rs.1500 per
tonne on solid waste for collection, transportation, treatment and
disposal. About 60-70% of this amount is spent on collection, 20-30%
on transportation and less than 5% on final disposal.
• Calorific value of Indian solid waste is between 600 and 800 Kcal/Kg
and the density of waste is between 330 and 560 Kg/m3.
 DID YOU KNOW
• Waste collection efficiency in Indian cities ranges from 50% to 90%.
• Out of the total municipal waste collected, on an average 94% is dumped
on land and 5% is composted.
• Between 2000 and 2025 the waste composition of Indian garbage will
undergo the following changes:
• Organic Waste will go up from 40 percent to 60 percent
• Plastic will rise from 4% to 6%
• Metal will escalate from 1% to 4%
• Glass will increase from 2% to 3%
• Paper will climb from 5% to 15%
• Others (ash, sand, grit) will decrease from 47% to 12%
 It is found that with increase in the global pop
ulation and the rising demand for food and ot
her essentials, there has been a rise in the a
mount of waste being generated daily by eac
h household. Waste that is not properly mana
ged, especially excreta and other liquid and s
olid waste from households and the communi
ty, are a serious health hazard and lead to the
spread of infectious diseases.