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    13 views93 pages

    Resumos Biologia PDF

    Uploaded by

    Leonor Monteiro

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 93
    IGCSE Biology Notes Robert Martin ‘complete set of notes for Cambridge IGE Biology 11 12 13 21 2.2 23 24 25 2.6 2.7 28 29 CONTENTS Characteristics of Living Organisms Classification and Diversity of Living | Simple Keys Cell Structure and Organisation BB Levels of Organisation Size of Specimen: Nevers out of Celis Enzyme: Nutrition Respiration] Excretion in Humans (i 2.10 Coordination and Response [il] 3.1 3.2 3.3 41 42 43 44 4S Reproduction Growth and Development Ee Inheritance: Energy owl Food chains and Food Webs [i Nutrient Cycles Population Size Human Influences on the Ecosystem |i) Appendix a | — 2 0612 i Chatactersics of Living Organisms =m Fa cern dul nen rr : iaeieeres + fiieiss aking in of viens wich ae ore - fubtances and miner fons eonining re ‘rata or energy fer growth and issue rep, | absorbing ad assimiatng them + Ban a ero. rom oganiems of tx mata, the waste product of mstabaicm [chemical eactons els nctudng rspratin) and substaness in eoess of equrerents + Bip 2s he cherie esctans hat reak don uient moles in ving cals fo release OF mw Satay 0 sity to detect or srse ges inte ernment a tore espoees be rocasesthamate area these id of oganam + rts pormarntincease in nd oy trasabyan erase clues cS of | + meri 2 on acion by an orgs ot smcausing a chee of poston a ico 17 Goad zat Divers aig of _Lwing eo. foncept ond woe « efac sificatory 5 = 21 Concept anausa of cacsitestery sytem ore na Supplement 1+ Deine and dose te rariag | + Know that there ae other caeaetion —_seecns as a systam in which he seentename ofan | sytemsag. ciate Iced on ANAL} _sroanisms mace i of 149 pats showing te genus | BNA suancng dt and species 1st tha mai estes ween te ——— + List te ain osteo te flowing vertebrates clessieaten ofthe allowing gouge: |-——— ee bony ah mghbios, epee and marae ‘ast, tetera and hr, thi ‘pation to te onicrment, a= 2, ih |The | Ginotial ayptem give Ned a. 95 eg Waslence hae cee len b Organisms oue vavally classified by theif charocteyyhc)- I Moin Fealwe of vertebrate group (chordal) —_ : Chartres i comes , hy aa Fish © Gatto breathe oxygen dlesoived in |< Seat ————} — : 2 eee nay Amphibians Use lunge to breathe on land, = atic ab uta = Reptiles * Sintomamgat » enum ne As| Birds ne ¢ Beaks Hai orfor Mammary glands ___|__ + Young develop inside There are other cysten> of clasification +s crane claduhes, al ae = Mammals which» based on DNA /RN) cin lar eo of wwsey, bax d ae eae Hs Group [——chaecieafeg J aaa, + Bubswiroscopi, equa an eledron a Consnts oa pon cot | Viruses * SSrouncing sand or nucleic acd = ‘nner No eyoolasm, cleus or membrane ~ Microscopic, canbe seen with ight mmcroscope . ‘+ Nonusevs just loops of DNA Bacteria (ilasmics) + Surrounded by cot wal, sometimes have slime capsules + May have Nagel for movement Visible wih ight microscope, some vise wih naked eye + Main body of fangs called ‘ryssluy toad called yoha2 Fungi + Repreduce with spores 3 Most are cop"0"25"= (eed of dead) + No chlorophyll i Fave col wal made of cin) and nucle 0610 ow Rt Boterian — call wall 1 Bthbiowe - Virus eg Influenza nc materia | mi ie protein aa) sul foe protein Virwses: = ceproduce quickly , comfantly. changing inl new strain) > pororitic, they enter hert cells to multiply Bacteria: = can form spores which can suryive in haya conditions Fe eal cad ond Woug hf protective covering 10. tha thay ca susvive long Hine, Fungi: - branch hyghae over the, food source, which release enzymes to extuinally digest the Cece = repioduce with spai2) that con be cartied by the wnd Ackaptations of Orgasiory toteir-onionment sree wherever posse) | C 122 adn the isto of he + Howe true foot), stem ond leaves + Howe floweo Howe seeds Monocotyledons Dicotyledons _ || Tong, naxtow leawes broad |eowe. i “leowey hove gosallel veie2 _| Ties hasta ua toe of: Al cahslelon Geet leare| per | vert) ‘Teolyledons per seed €-9 bongs yiolels ~The! pot of + one pair of antennae — Moses “Taide a Ted, aden a ipo | tig pin of wings = 4 “ce ith salto cubicle scien blot alan water joo> __| + they 4a fly 40 geod. eae ~|Gustoceam: Uehueat Sond 20 ta S pad. 103 Of [0 | vty hart challty exorkelete a cree [TD paleo ee Neues aes + compound eye? = Arachnida: - 4 paits of [ego and no wing? +_ne antennae + body divided info two pod > eerer! poaits of simple eye) = ‘can pacalye prey with poison fang > ——=[Mytiopads: = Rody divide into many sepmeny «20 or mere_pai of eg? ede aod cenfgede > I eg mill) Anselids 2 (+ Long teas: like podien + Podies axe smooth, net seg mer + Long cylindrica) eq mented bodies i + roy hove bristles — 6 Dito fomoun hoy ave ured fo iden ity erga SOT Neatiigilet etic, Mt includes a veries of — of questions which lead to identification, aria nd pan cals oe tlie slater ving etganim aie made up of cell Animal cell (cheek cell) — [dl menbrond as So Weclany — ; ed ent Se raf toly ell ‘allewn Jome sirtoaes Nand ont: pee aa Teactions take place gives shape to cel Vacucl ‘storey sally Paugues + full oF wafee fo eetaie Fumnnes of cells — [ehloroplagh| spheFosynthienis estore stoic —_DiFFecencey Lelween plant and anima) cell [Feo twe Ploal coil | Animal coll (Glluboe cell wall Present ‘aon } a ___| shove permanent shape deleminl shapes vauy~ qo cll | =| by cell wall watl Moroplosts | “prexent 1 sone cells absent | yacwole [large recarert vacncler small vack ola, no Bnfoining call sap cell sop Huclens prion uovaly close fo pat anyulee i 22 Level of Organisation a + Keep trachaen, free of dust Howe cilia, which best feck ond forth. Thee move mace wanN Oneal up te the mouth (and the throat | ppt teat hair cel! 2 Bol hag ail iva sabsotb er mineral ow fom soil jane long extension» of cell» called foot huirs Bae las ape ea etn et eben . Xyleg vessels Allow water and ion> to x oe od slat, alc ne spec! Gla ad Are eylindéicall “and emply, aa 4, Muscle cell nA Bee BS + Atfachah to bone) and con moe flan ot joints ul “Hae Fe) whch can shorfon ot conkrad, pully bes. © 0610 om RM Plonts = in the rane, spongy mesophyll ell provide o Jovy? subace ofea For gar exchange, fakny in (0, givng out O, \Woder as a solvent aot t emcee cae Wn eal ed TAG Cocee Ts (expire ond produce enegy «fi al aia. 15% cet 5 con Cony inineral ions pound plants via. the xylan sep. + Work ts J Adive traaygoct enable toot fair coll) 4a dake up tons, ond epithehal eld of the vill $0 fake up gluco Adve transport coquices endgy become jf wes cartiel probe a ouside ead oot ions al enh ‘g aa voit i Spat reretne Sonera cactier proleio Oy ca oda Costier profeias cosy mineral ons fron the oubside of the cell ta the inde of He cell ee 243 _Oynoso te cision of water roles om aregion ol thet higher || Concerto alte soliton 9 rep Of her lawer concantraton foncanted Solute, ough apart pornesble + Descre th imeartnoa of asm inthe | prakeof ator by pan, ands eft on + Desrite and asin he impotance ofa vate potental gadientin so uptake of water by pans LEégect) of osmasi 08 plant ond apinal Plant cells ___| + Wal into plant cell Es asmouis, A plant cll full He fugid . Tg als prow (F For Howes stons amas [16 Pr moms ctlaked sugar solution, wale vocuele ee aang Asean mov) away ers [all wall = playmo pee ni a + Sete m wate-no cell wall to aist inc —_dilled water (but) (nomall) ptake of water by plant +Worler dige wes inte roa} hair cells fem woke cyound soil by coma E (00 0 high water fotentia) {2 a low water potrte! down the water Pobential gradieat thiough the ee pe mieble se call_nembanes. ~ Water then pare? to lows water pofenbal he cell) of cotter ondeyenfually $0 of yet leer hale pola in the xy ke as substance that acon aris net tine that function ¢ | + Explin neyo actonin tems of those | fet of changas in | « nye acy TAIL onzyae? ore pufein molecnles. The actiy site jy whee He eal atlas tad seat ex a oadlsdhacrens ben lakes gled. = A Bnzym@ con been laige molecuks inl allan L.Enzyne) com bul lage mokcule tron smallones Tea estas Yeas are walea ig oar as substance that acon aris net tine that function ¢ | + Explin neyo actonin tems of those | fet of changas in | « nye acy TAIL onzyae? ore pufein molecnles. The actiy site jy whee He eal atlas tad seat ex a oadlsdhacrens ben lakes gled. = A Bnzym@ con been laige molecuks inl allan L.Enzyne) com bul lage mokcule tron smallones Tea estas Yeas are walea ig oar a) ‘is lenguiahuve inefewer fect al + As the tom perature incre ut aaly “up toa certain point (the optinwt) Ieatfec UiS oho, We tae cf achily of axzye deca ae eee ee tia =A aig incre@se), oye and wbtiafe pooleeles gain KE, yo ome AT Wey hives Rote oF HN, “Each the ye works best at a speciéic ophimue | dread pew the phi, the take of But ater the oplitun point the onz yme becomes dena Tove, ify al aiae ee changes Substrate con no longer fit info achve yike a ect of Hon a f activi fron he opfimut pH, the en2 ym by are chonge), the substale canne era Ge i" ae ioe ate, » 0610 : oo 2 of enzyres in germnaling seeds + In beer groduchon, . amylase inside the botley seed> convert stored starch into maltose (vider worm, mreis cotdibions), Maltove is Used by yeast In femteatahot te produce alcohol + During _gamination, ib in seeds axe broken dowt by ipa; therefore if they ave te be used for oll weds not let them germinate Use of enzymes ia bdogica| p = Enayirer can te ue te clean clothe ond remove stains “Protease - breaks down grote stains (e.g bloed, em) + Lipose — preabs down fos in gave Maina (2-9 ve, tec) sAmyloe- break) dovn staich +Qllulase- peaks down celuloe fibres to wemow attached dirk owe modi fied fo withsfogd high temperate and alkaling conditions = Biological woshing gouders do mt bwin She eavifonmart. Use of gneyne> in the God icdut “foctinases break dow gechind, yhichace molecules that act Uke, glue in cell walls “ fechinae> axe Masegore wied to sof to vepetables and help to eqtrack fruit juice. Lndustrial fermentation Padlera 0g Bacily, ore qroun jn Femonkea predue pray €or we i biclog ical wayhing powders The bacteria rekae exyme fo digest the substance) around bt. There enzyme) ove cellec ted @ Azone Production of penicillin ~Fersentohon weave) provides all Phe necesrory au tients ir Sisttad iciliugn qt well in the conditions (24°C) = wed _wgar a Py = Wwe aMinenud salt> fo make nucPle acta? * Sticring sedate lero (9 anism Suspended 9 2 hore access a nucle dy a a outs aca ae Ahiough out «AIC: = prondes onygen for fig to | reais = See, 5 10s 4 n starts, 20 = a sue gb conilonl, wat Ilia production. ty fermentodion is complete. 6.1 Nutrients core + Ustthe chemical ments that make up + extonytas + te 1+ Doscrite the cymes of ange moles fom imple sugars to stach and geosen 1 acd proteins fay as rl hoe to nts aes = 0610 oe RM i Chemical composition of pute + Corb hydrates; Casbon, hydrogen, ory 920 + Fat: Gxbon, hydogen, axgyee ; + Proteins: Coubon, hydogen,, otygen , niTrog?, aulphws, Synthesis of lage molecules fom smaller one> =] Mag" stay nada Gna sage sya trade by joing aay sintle aagor oc ale> Fopethe, Ponts ote sfasch fr <9, hve syne? dl ca (ais jay at ghae Peak ach el ere lgrnan Single toa Nie pea Glee a copes cat, entgy oot, for oainals ft bateed a fhe Tie aad MuIc12 5 con be broken down i need eol + How protein ove mage €rom omine cxcidd: Feofeins ove long chains of amino acid joined fogether by peplin bonds. The sequence of ani acids detemnes the type ef protein «How fa ate mode Cron fally acids and glyceial: Foch {fo rolecule is made up of one wolecule of glycerol attached fo yee fatly cad. Differat fay acids fom ai€reent fats ibe tat To starch oc soln fois ead soon! + Desert te se of mirrors he E importance of fea nds, ith referee 0 yooh 2c shale cel poten + Dosoibe the ves, benefis an heath area costed ut fod a9, crete ining etre | 4 tains and ont i ‘+ inert salts (calcium and iron ony | | + xe rovstooe) : 1+ Desc the decency syngtoma for + iain (Cand © ont +o salu a iene Ure of micro erganiym> in the food induutry + Tomo ke yoghu! [Bacteria Oded to milk, spicing camerchically. wing, nee eas oot a wd uf), This pro lactic acid, bwering the — plLon: ee 1e_milk to a + Te make rotern : __[Bycopeeenn Set a aac he {unger (Ewovival b> » wale E wn oxyg s, glucae (for enefg4, Pireral volts ond ommof 14 fo make amit aadr. Hycoptotein iy low in fat, Chemical fests for foo iB If matenal is solid, mate af exttact f iy gta ih inating with ae [petty adding wom t@h, then Giles Pad Sem? of feat yioteral in dal fue, ond a i cn” of redid) Rega » Heat in water bath Be ipmaeal 25 0 ipitate yadicad mmg_sugal ae ‘Test for stoxch: C —[. Place about Jew of terbmalerial in tet tube, add o few drops of jodine oolufion. A blue blach colow indicates sfaich — faa reel e Sai J Ped Sem? of tet-maderial 0 testtube Add a few duo ulfhale aolufion olbed by scdiun byl a B.A dupe cole oi ndiales protein bate i Gor fa ion Sao eee LRA Fen of material in fet tbe, 693. Sem? OF ethanol ther shahe. Add. Sem’ of water then shake ( wole mut be cold) TL. Cloudy og peacasce indicates fat = 060 ie wo RM Nutrients im the hunt diet Trent Rich Good sousce) [What nutriont 0 needed For Costodydeate| + ee Yo provide immediate souce| ae of eneigy + me to replace or fepait este eal nina cali + butter to pronde o. long-term fe + cheere, cea store Fibre + Bran cereals absorbs Prion fion bacteria in + cabbage + grevents constipation * food chemical reaction) Ie Meter = dark Files Giatecians ati Vitamins and Ninel: Nome | rich food souices | we in body deficiency symplon orange) ue raja |» bleeding gums Nitoain) enon pigaiteorees It are other cilw fui | disease > fish ol sobsorbtion of + Soft bone? hat alk bles | kau “lesp bow culwnd> C smade by skin in sun _[rsttangthens bones @ feeth| (rickeds\ + Meat formation of | + tiredness tron |+ egg» haemoglobin + lock of energy 99: 9 20249 «Ler (Conoea'a\ fe mith + Stren gthers boney| + weak bilfle bone Gleiue |+ Goh and teeth ond teeth (cickes) + gree vegetable [ead veatness 4 crops Food _additives Colouring: replace colowe last during pressing = may comse asthma, hypeiactivity in children @ cause tuo, “Preeciotwes: Prevent Food From Aecompooing reat od foul Fi Flayowsings: enhonce flaxow = noy cous borcholitis bly reals Atobilivers fat eil fo miy with walor = may cause diarrhoea, oF convtipaior- Py E | & | Fa Loe ants ir 00 eae ee cece 7.621) ove + st SER he fundamental roses yw as arc | Stns fom materi ng enry ‘omg + Sutothewordeasten foe produto ot sie sns naen + vost th reeesty orn ht tncaten donde or ghtonen ng Zooropa cone Crore the ae oxen nian var boon Esp at isn ap ight ney and Converts es em ney fre aon ‘ecatinaes der aaa sage Photosynthesis Supplement State the baancod eaten for photesythess in symtels 60, +0 piss, 0, +60; + vestige ar stata tho fc of varying ih ietansity, eben conde concanatin nd temperature on heat of photoyriesis tea. n submerged ate plants! 1+ Dati he rman ist 28 Somathing prosent nthe enaronment i si shot Supp that rest Ife process Egan the concept of ining fates in photosbesis Expian the use of ebon oxide ener cntinum ght and opti ternpersuesin ssheuse systoms TTT sualight tee—Aogt doxide qlucre + Oxygen co H 0610 eect ns oe! nl? Ment ee ee eet REY Investigating the necesity of chi ororhull, light ond COs | Ge- starch plant by Kewing in the doxk for 48 hows Litloke swe that you axe only changing one faclor af a fi me Or: Sasi ( .erloe gloat 7 he of leaé inj a. NOiegated, ubite)| 3-ercloe past io | 2, lower aul of lea Fe aa TROL bag wth oda fre | leowe Coro obi Then A. teak €or stow 4.40 sone without test for starch Only gion parb_go Yve- back Seda line only when vered podbs Fileae for a utile, | Go blue-Hack ( then ie fox ouch, negate Leenisenane +Light which pievide eneigy *Chiosofhyl | which abyorbs energy Fon light to make cov bohydrates +(oL hos @ hich diffes into he leaf from the air ret which is abyorbed by the plant's cot) ect oF ing light intensity © ale of pholosynthan 3 + Ay light jotemity increases the rate of ( q| photooynthesip iicieasey , bul only wp jo. point 3 shen a certain jatensity is feached the rate camain> conn) -semedhing eben bivhig the ee Tp weary Effect o€ vosying CO concorfiation on the rake of photaynthan = similar to light intensity — Eccect of varying temperate on the rate of cespivotion “Ay Lempormbuce inereases, the fae of ghofsyntheriy increares, butonly wohl on opfimun bem. otter which rote decreases rthis iy becawe the enzymey ia the chloroplast) axe denatwed Aah a eee Limiting feclocs For oleh ie let acloo oe: igh inkouiy, 4anpetalwe and coxbon diende concehlration Glasshouse pteducdgn a Crdiion na. gh howe allow dep to grow rs the yeas Lod 19 places they would el normally grew. ce = Tem; ; a = electric healers wed in cold weather |= vorhloting fp) cool the glesshowe on hot choy» ’ IN ‘ ea es 52 = artificial light jE too dolk, blind, if toe brigh F | Garbon dioxide ; tae a = with quay ait spaces in befueen Take boas xylem yexel bring wate ond salty, ehleo tubes iy dusolved food (qlucore ) awa + Lowa egidetnis no thick cubicle, has stonala te allow gases fo defuse In and out of the leo. Chloroplast dies bution Mosk of she chloroplasts ove found in the palioede mesophyll Tho i> become the palvade mesephyll » near the top of He leaf so that fhe chloroplast) can abyg(b mannan lights SYome ta The stomata axe in the lower epidermis. This is 20 that dhe gasey will hare ditect acces 10 the airspaces, 6 the 9020 cag easily difwe inand owt of thotouyn the sisiny cab. Vascular bund le \. The vasctla, buidles traasport water ond miteal valls fo the laf L. They else Support fhe leaf 2¢ Hat Hae ahiorh moxrauet sun lighh @ ore Supplement + Desetetheimpontane of ee rte ons fr potan syrtesis magnesium on dtcincy on lark aot + magnesiumions for esoropyl synthesis 1+ escrite te uses, andthe dangers of overuse, of nivogen eters | inet ol Use in plants cea GREENE | —PRagneaiwe [= production of claegh “Teayer look yellow | Ng? Cinloroisy* | Nitfake “| sproduchion of aminoacids | + peorgrowth | etd NOx | (wed in protem,horrane el az [she Sr a) —_[Niftoyen fection aL Sea da mate arflizo fo replace Je ming pileyen, [Te Rhe weil doo got cattsin enough nifrale, found. and grea? mag Howeiet, phere b a donge of oveiwe- eutrophication + Fertilver com fe washed info water syatemy- leaching + The Ger tiller stimulates the growth of algae 63-AninatNocbeton ——— +Animaly that eat algae do Net mnttigly fast enough fo contol their giowth Algae cover the yulfacé, pland below hie without light Algae ole die Weeawe of ovecpopulat + Decom posers, uel ee agrol 4) Cedwel ion E - bically, ceducing oxygen concen | fation, 30 larger animals inhale? Si nee 031 Oi Cora + Soto whois meant by he sales et and crerts a alnce et tad oe, x ste att ofan ind Describe the eft of matnutton latin ‘| oration, eronary heart sea, cnstipation » 0610 om RM Balanced diet A baloned die} iy a dict thot keep you healthy, awoidiag | AeFicency diseose>- Ik containrall the nujvieats fhe bodyneeds ia the coftect quashities The nutrianb needed ove the some for cach person, but the quaatity WO4ie) according to age, ex oud activity bevel. + Age ~ Childlen need east piotia thay adulfs becowe they ave fowing. Also, youn: le need more energy to giow, Sie ent aaa ald eed + Sex- Moles requile more energy thas fanales Che cowe trey ove a Roane vast and need mote eneigy fol bedy maintenaace sAdiwilylevel- An active person require? mote eaggy thaw an IMachve ne, fot work ond manent: Molnutrtion + Starvaction eau ia very low body ma? with Jack o€ fat and muncle wasting, plusa lack of cesirtagce te infections Owing sfouvation the body 46am) on tb 01910) of coctohydyate , Far} ond protein or engigy * Geonots hut daas, Vr, comsecl by a bbchage of the co mray alesis RUR Foclow: jet high in salwated fal a, aletty, omtoking, lack of exercis®s ste) genetics (CHD ruin fanilien, 99° CCHD increases Likelihood withage), sex Cmennoce likely te get CH?) + Guligatyn ; Reng hage ot bre i> tntfy cloat ino balonced diel i b maneiee bitstimulate muck» of the gut wall to contract aed move food along. If the God move to slouly it will tewlt in_comgardot making i haid te defecate “| Dbeaity & cowed by conduating too mich food, ondh _puifiy ono lot Salt ehh Oeste iq de Coal go beng 2 gra glate He Romeadal [weight Cor one) lest or haiing a HH of ovel 0. Ob? 14y U camel by a high intake o€ falty foodd cand 0 lock of execcre- Obesity can. ead $0 (tb lens vu oy: hen + dive0. i abeter, Ligh blood press ond arth this. 2.631 Food Supely epreriae as see, {63.2 Food supply _ a | Core Supplement a) acmasamnaintowsineon | "onan tastes ew oti —] rater iinet rans |” Getesuscenaen so sm | foblemy of Worl Food Supplier il There iy enough food ut dvtributio® o unequal People 1 edain areas Cerpecially the horn of Africa) com sufeer fron food slotlages of eva) famine. Feactots_cottributing 40 famine Diath oleate us slouin hoe | unewual dolrbutioo of food Joss (oupply routes conptomived) «lech plagues (eg locwls) + poverty “+ Increasing. populale amore mouths bo eed, + overex pbitel y> 1 which todd 0 ggreultwal_machi + cheical ferhilives + peshicidey & herbi ides _+ genetic modi fication sreléctive breeding soc hificial olection 3 Hutos Al mentaayCasliceit Imivvill kno Inomegba, PELE { ce Haran alimentary canal | ies Si a Sees, | i ne vn ng oot fdas | mandieur, panera rg teste: colon and rectum, anus functions of th gins ofthe \yeaal sted above, relation igostion, absorp, asimiaton mot ood (ras erence 62.4 46371 omachond the small inkeshing, the swaill intes ine, where absorbtion occu) 263.4 ~ teeth 15.24 Moctancal and physica gestion 1+ Deserve the process of chewing Mechoaiccr! ond Physical Digestion Sapplamant Define BBB: tho breakoom of ge, ineolbl ood molaculs inte sal water ‘solble malaces using mesial and tently he types of human eet and deste rust and fonetons State the eaoses of dents! decay sd describe tho groper car of tooth + Desrte how ther reduces oath day en flan aumento anc against te aston | ef arde 1 pubic water supp [Deseriethe ol lengua and aur Cusine he rol of ile ners ft, to narese the surface a fr the acton ot = Inc bors are chivel-shaged for buiing and cuthng + Coainer oe poitkedt aad Shoup for piercing and deowng + Premol ars haxe_FWo uneven cusp? fF Jfind + Malas owe 3-4 uneven cusps For grinding dad chewing Tooth decay (dental dea) salt Bowlin ith alin f frm plaque which Hebe fh Dbpcteria pice anaerobiath, a Suge leftin teeth info ood 2) eeatA4| Acid attack enone!) then dante When it caches he pulp cavity, seyore bothache, [Preventing dettal decay ne * 7_Regulodls behing Feofh with Pel teothish + Regularly viiting the deqbit™ iting the. + Avoi ding 94g ory foods [Uhing Chad Saal | seg thay ena! Ere gril Tortioa RRO: Kaumenh for aed ogaint the addition of flouride fo wate For: AGAINST +Fluoride Aengthany ename), + People Feel they should be given woking teeth mor reifort to acid the cholae fo dvin K flow datel water + Reduce tooth decay + Long-term health effecls ace uak noun Chewing. + Incvor and caine teeth bile food into chuaks + Thea plemo lass ond molars grind the chugk 3 m40 j maller pieces, jacreasiag swiface feo so Bae amylase con be more effective «the tongue mires the food wath sali, which contains aeylare aad vhich lwbriates the food te make swallowing ea she. Peristalsis t ical macer aa fathract + Perulalso mai a wade of Muscular engine | he contacton that squeeze the foed elu, ene, tty itdown, foe stomach. oi Thelen The food bolw, the circular mucky | Esa @ contract, pushing it along ¥ [ln Front o¢ the polw the eiccalar muscles relax and the longituoh sal moc contract fo widen the geo phagur fallow the ood to nove a long Bile Bile is alkaline and nostro acids in He aforach to achioe the aptinut 9H for digestive enzyme? Loge globule ee ea food bol o@rophage “Bile emubifin fab by breahing dout loige globule of ft into Staller ones this increases Juface fea for lipaye ehaymes fo.act onthe faf. 163 Lie [| 5 _ Chemical Digedin 835 Chenicat digestion oro Stat te sigatienoe of choca digestion in pee the arama aralin producing sma, soe rolocis that can be absorbed 1+ State wear, the almentorycaal, ems, protease and nese eneymes ara screed State te tunctions typ arse, 3 pioteassand pase sing he subsrete and foe enolecyley cannot be Awmiolved be cane they are too big They pater he — of the alimentary caval Enzyme [Whee tf pidaced| Subhrates] Prodach Ariylae |salvony glonds, poacieas| starch maltose Protease pofctea? protein | pmino acids Lipave ‘poncieas fobs Talycerd, fally ac 2.63.6 Absocbhon a, | + Deine isopaen as mavmertatdgestes | + Desate te stu of avis, cudng be f— 6.16 Absorption - Core Sseppiement food maeedes tough tewal of te ntesine | le of capiianes and tess the boos a hana 1 State tha role ofthe hepatic oral vin nthe (denny me mat ast asthe eon fr he | anspor of absorb food 10h ar eset shoot of gested food + Init herle of he sma ites sad | ‘+ esciethesignicane of vilinineessing | colon nabsopon of wate he sins theta srace ata of hesmalntestne | absats5-10.<” per dy. the coon 03-05) [the inallintatins u do’ aqiandonthadinatHiq tet ake froducts of Ayestion — The small intestine ond colon (lage inteshie) ae alo ingen) ta the ai as of ater ; = small infetine absorbs S-1Odm’ per day = eolon absolp> 0-3-0-T km? vil = 0610 RN SPY [RSM ea ae The lining ofthe doen is filed uith many Finger like wil Blood cagillauy amine aads ond. sug 04 molecules (maltose) clirsohe theough the thin villus wall info the blood copillary vitlio wall + only one cell thick 0 subsfoacer can easily diffe thiough Lexcheal (lyaptcopi{lays) + Fatty acid cad glycevol ore absocbed inte laches | Hood take Food ndecul te the wat oF the body. Alsortes food nbkeuled ave quel transported. to the iver By the Repatic portal vein TL yogh cautied falty Spates blood coming fo villus Iyegh cing fo —> villus Agog tochions of intestine 0% abnorbtion_ A. Very laige swface oven (4a!) > if in long Cémin net adult), it is covered with FingerhRe vill, and the inner hiniag is folded. Li Lining is very thin 20 digested food ca eculy di€fuse info Hod & Lymph 13. Good blood supply te maintain high caneenhiation gradient 1.63.7 Anil ation core = | + Ostine asamaiORs movemantot digested | + + Stato tate : tM Tivar rervaves glucose 410m the blood aad stores it to form glycogen, hich con he broken doun back 4o glue if needed the iver eonuFactures protein fiom amino acid, and deominafes ercey> ataning acids 1 The liver is the site of breakdown of alcohel and othe tating FoF toy an lspnergy aloe “The liver converts fatly acids ond seat ob Gl ch at seed wader the skin axound the heat} aad ken Ore gramne of at feleases more Han twice ay much eazgy than = ale eee | When the body needs enaigy, iF breaks down fat into a wale “energy Loe, 17 Transpartabign —— ys41 —— at “Et Troaspot lotion in Ploa 7 apa ps | Core foes + State he tnt of em ad hoa + ennty th postions of xvem ad alosm L ‘isos af Seon taverse sctons of oS eee ___ ae Function oF sgl aa phlaon ne Fron the wi 2, Flowers cuit thraugh the stem. a orf vin one direct! + Phloem Fisue Hronsps d wuctore, amino acid oad hormones coud the pled = Sueroxe tv ma de jn te leoves aad can be stored in sboroge organ (swollen cots or stems = Traasgort 12 in te ditctiow; dounwd + (orl ond upwords to Flowes, €ui ond badd. Plan} stem Root A xy lon @Q~ © C | rot ha all Boni bait ccib_have long ea en ton ae wothait called mot Rants. These oat large CA Divina Pt abordton of water aad myneral ins Ole concondionted alition — low water pokenhia! The pethway of water of a plant cag te investigated fy leawng the lant (eg celay) in q beaker of wolec with a fav sore Of red dye i if, After afew hous the red dye will te in the ayia foot, foot cortex xylem sacophyLl air celb 7 vowel cell? due Nips eee ee) |p oaeeereeeaee the suthees of hemesepyl eas osemedby | mavementin tims of tanspration producing loss alaterwapaur fom planteaves, trough | tension pul tom atowe crt » wate tre senate toni racentn th er, saving + Descrbe Now water vapour les ia related t» | cohesive war malecules up the pant “+ asc the otf of vriton f tempat umiy and ightintnsty on rane 1+ Dosen how wing orcs Disaite he adaptations of he lot, som and oot otha conesing enaronmants te ince pond, garden and desert. with ‘ripasis on oc warps (hare porate) an the acors dso VEIT |_ivecoe cons putadio unter fiom jhe_¢bat 4enrion (qull’ [+ Thi creates water potential gmdent jn the xylem, ip coheowe een an at = (h@ion water molecules oHtract each othe Sticking! fogelhor ~ABheion: water molecule> Shick’ toxylem vere Woder vapor lo» + Cll surfaces odes ages ater ftom ihe uge internal CA ctea ted dy the oo te ace) salucaed fee ¥ ee 1p Wually more water vapour im the ait spaces than Hae is ia my he oubide ait, 10 water Yapow diffuse) oul of the leaf (iSfy mola come DS AGRA i) ABT TO uses ont of the leaf fhrough dhe » ‘Factoo affechng raaprachon | Ten pereclune : 1 er ofits = Wormer our can wold mere _wot®l Yopous __= Tone P tte of diffusion of water yorous = 0610 oot THe ily: iy ¥ Fonsfiashon = Phunidity Punter molecules in atmorphere. concirtration rodent therefoe Y rote of AfEWIO® 3 Light wlensty; Tight 7 fompeodion = light cause the ytomata. to dilate so more water vopout con Aiéfive out Wilding «A sight orn hal dry conditiens qlaal stomata lve Yo reduce weer Ces. by tranapication VC the pat ifs els are 40 0 + Stem ne longer 2 not get enough water it will stack to wit, peeuste ner Auaid (Erm Full of uated) , Hey O4e £acc uptight, jeaues stort fo dioop “This con allow the leaves 1? aucid direct swahght tations of 4o dit wil Ms Desert TEnwtonment [Exon tle Adowglations ] Cactuy + Hick wosy cuticle toreduce 4catspitaloo * Shallov., spending to gon to quickly Spine» inleed of leaves fo teduce trons pita tan “Swale sen? ceiing wader-siorage fume alyotb inves ot oxi qndugscie bacon Hibiscus + wilting nd ytomata closing fe reduce heatahorbtion and traynspi(a ten Pond \doker Lily ~oobs otly for anchorage, no coot hain + many cif space) ~ uoyuacy and diffaSio® + Title oF no acyor Fisue -save + no cuficle- to need fo copetve wattor 27.3 _Trwbeotion Supplement | —— incorms othe moverent.} + Describe ransocaton toughout te lant | 088 End amino as npr of pnd chemicals, nung sytem i 1 fromregons of pesucton pesticdas |sas = ‘sof storage OR toregons of | * Compare theo of wanspation and foam eon eapnaion oF ol ‘enslocaion nthe wanepot of mata rom | sour sks, win parte leant | { seasons cen to all - of the gl cd. eee lan Per fealing on ue will ingest peric ise cmd kelly a ahaa “Composing transpittion ond fisnyetation 2.9 in potatoes ___+| Tra spirediion fs ieee | = Wedel ond minetal ions Hronsper tek = 1 dedi alvey uynaid) on tcob b leawt, egal of eas 7 C - Troasleca Hoo i | = Frapogorb yugow made by photosynthesis = dwting, towing eaten, Honypitation y dlownwos 0) ftom | storage organs tube tk aoe of fhe next on offation |) wpwards a by cae wes [uuh) they ove se suicien)_ with seos0r 72 Wansportin humans ~ pos + Desabe th sadn suman amet BD cemins pp oeew omare sonny + Drone dbl sede nwt —" Crmourscratoneas grmetin Peorusainevsteteeel p—— ‘Sete clnes other een » 0610 ow RA +The heck ond valve ene a one way Glow of Heddl a/ouad the cetauladoty ays z + Qu bedi Kay doutle ciculation - Bod gasses {hrough the heart twice 1 one complete evccuit + Low presse citculation to lungs = lungs ove very close 4 heart + High pressine circulation to body tinue) = bleod hor to trowel futher - 2721 Heat core ~ needs hier prenwe — I The heort-two pump made orkely of cardiac muscle Hane +Muculor wal] contracts WA tia) and telaxed fo move ‘oa = Septum= thick wall of muscle Ses Walve that provers izing of blooal + Attia= vp per chombeo where lego empte) into + Ventridles ~ lower cham bor hat [y= alia aitos contiacl_ and punp bleod out + Abra ventticular valves ~ prevents bleod pwAfed £ron the ventricles ftom flowng back info ata i. (> Re a le chon zt e—-muscle) contacting ont dole «A dtostole: + All 4chombets elaxed, aciovertricul Oe vohe> Cmittal ond trtcuspt one closed _ age + Blood dro passively into atria fom veny Ee FCG aay hoe eee aE wetvouled dastele) «Blood, forced ito ventricle» ee Bhentrialac systole: fides contract, atnoventricular valves clue, (catcial disytole Reali ale anit ioc pulmonass) open | Blood forcech into alaries Teint diastole: All of the valves clove to prevent backflow of — blood inte ventricle ond attia The effect of exercine on pube wate C Exercise camses of increase in pube, ta.le exereve—p _mwseks of, usxle cells, mote ange > |pube rate more ace reypwe more required increases —— | Stoners Reel ease Ca) ae iN yes the coronagy af 42tie get [locked The head ywxle' will dnt eee spelly ~heast a tts he et ae ia (ough deponits “of fat and cho leo¥e%ol, which sometimes cau a cloftoform. 17.22 Arteries, vein aad Capillori a ‘ies ns denies = ee eee sin blood yess oa fam the + ipa now stucure an funciona lated | hea, lung, ee and hey in anes, wins ae capilaras | + Desert + of materi betwen cali nd eau Hi + Desi he stuctr ad uncons of aris, veins ae capris Wome of asiocioted Does vevel___—] Pring SbodielThevsryaatiahinglboauay Comiepa | Heart 2 Oxo frig alum, | lonely artery an Orgon pultionady vein do leet ventric; “ooite from lest yatttricle C Lungs pulmonary artery pulmonary vei 5 pega < aflery hepa isi Hagia eatalechivien tera Ret, oe [hae Feral avtery renal vein eure Arteries isso Arteries tenyport high pres we blood owayfiom hen to oigan. of jhe if + thick lager of muscle = to withs tend high prenute «f bloc Awak ger ofmudle + elovtic Cibfed which fecail - he recol! helps te push the CReashcbiH ood, maintaining ib awe ssaccow lumen Veins \ Veins conty low premuse blood om £ the ody oO eae eae Two thimee yen o fer midcular ord les clash walls low press bleed iy movek by ouerounding muscles squeezing 4he veel, + Wake lumen — snore space for bliod to low Avough with le resistance + Hes seoti-lunar valves - fo maintain onc-way flow of Wooo @ Beane Conillogie> “Mery caccow — blood Flow very slowly giving fine for Suisloace ex chaaye i Wh a bb (1ceh thick) ~ shor! ee ae _| pa cael =maitiains kigh cowertiaken giadent fer of idly belween capillarie, inne When bloc aches true, some of the ae of plasma ay wal. rite bbod cells move thiough illacy wall, to form tisne | oxound the cell’, thiy piovder a staile anne fot the el e Ful subptoces Juch as > onl glucae digéuse into the cells om athe Huse fluid = Wo.te such ay when ditewes into the touefuid */Morte Ye {now aA paver backinto the bl bud seme olya in jako the tymphadic system 17.23] Blood ; Pe __1723 boos core Supplement T+ erty ed ant wit bod els as soon under |+ Deter the immune system ints of thelight mirescope on prepared slides, andin | anttody production tissue eacton ana ‘dowrams and photomisoaraehs| prapoctesis + Usttho components a biood ere blood cas, |» Describe he acon ofthe yeh tit ion cl, lteter and laa ‘jst in rosabon of ody His end the 1+ Stat the fnstions of loo eduction f yocytas + red bec els haemegiotin sndoxygen | * Dasrbe te process of long ibrinagen to ‘in an = —S - whiebbed: body = aotts -ausingcotng in dis) blssra~ transport of bod oa, ons, | sobstie nutints,nermones, eon done, se ae plasma potas Blood consuts of; + red blood cell nite. plasma. - platelets 9610 oo RM Component Function s Red bleod cells Ho.ertoglebit and oxygen transport ate bletd cells phagoc yin and onli Platelets causing cleHfing Plasma Fromsport of bed cell, ons, soluble nudieth, hoxrone, “bon dioside, yea, plauma sloteins he Immuse Syston Antibody production by lymphocy bes; Lymgho cyte) are a type of white bleed cell. They make protein called oAtibodics when a pathogen ender the body & is fecopnived as foreign, Antibodies con attach pathegen by: smaleing them agglutingle Chick foyether) + dissolving Heit call men branes + neutralising their texiny There da differett type of antibody for each Wpe of pothorer. Arter hoving a certain dnease, lymphocytes axe mote ready to ploduce more of he apelortia le oalitod iar making you mole immune fo that divear, Phagocytair by ghagocyten ; Phagacyte> axe asother pe of white bleod cal]. They suowid and ingest pathazem, taking them ithe fod vacuoles, They then cliget them using enzysies, Rilliag the gathayens. Phagocytes can squeeze though cafilars es. Tisue_tgection “When a efsot feceives an erga to plant, thee is a choare that Yheit immune systtr willatrack the new 01940 To educe the chance of this hop pening: = blood typing and tissue typing before the tramp lsat = patient must dake imiun coup preant, bu thee cun mahe He cecigieat mere susceptible to cettain infections = bone marrow Heated with radiation to tempracily disable waite Hood cell pedtea Qa zone The Lymphatic Syste __ + When tinue Fluid ertler the Lymph covillavies of is 1 call mph: “+ Lymph cotfains qasne ard white bleed cel, but ro c@-Head ell 61 kage proteins | ih dana ile the He ~The bela gle oa pee aon wlth es ede «Lymph nede> carta lynphoyies, whch mellily clurng oa infection, Blood clefting. (When you cut younelé platelebs fhicken to-foim ack, preventing bleod i Ee te gothaens fom entering. LL When 4 flood vessel x claw aged, glateleb celeoue a“subs tarces. fo change eth protein fibrinogen inlowoble prrtén fin, farming a me of Gbies phe Hoa cal are Hed te fon act hoddew to form . Scab oenually falls off ‘Define FBR as the chanical reacts that, rales oneray ‘isn. setivenansgon, ont, the passage oF nr imoulses andthe maintenance of constr ty temper The body user ey for: muscle contraction, — proteiq synlou, division Aine jnsgert, pas _pasiage of neve impulses, hemeatasis, HI \erobie respigation = Jam + bain Ero ate of» treason o ood sustnens te pst + Sune vordequtenreercbiresiaton | 6 Site the quien awa reinon na vsorse0, 2600,"040) | glucne + oxygen— couton dionde + woter + ENERGY CoH Oe + 60.—>6C0, + 61,0 + ENERGY 231,_Anoaoby. respon + Define the alae of lava srl arent of energy bythe byaskdonn of fod substanoes ithe absence of oxen State the wor equation for neerobie espa | © C inmusslee ring rd ero ose > Inia end he mcrcrgane yea ose tatbon dx) erbierespiatonia | Deserve he elect of et ced-naking hing eerie nla oxygen + Coma attic aspiration and arzerabic ont ception tx of live amounts of In muscles during hard exercive: glucoe —>lacte acid +r ENERGY GHi2 — 2G He 0, + ENERSY Tn He nicto organi yeu: Ee at we —> alcohol + coulm dice + ENERSY CoHG— 1G WOH + 200, + ENERGY Spite of yeast i a Tika Teoc etudaa hy « pores) Tove at ality, lady gem ortinats to prolace maltese, Yeost i added which respire> apcerobically Gecnee', using the mltose, 4 produce alcoho! ond corto dior de. erobic tortion of yeast in bread-nabin le Bread. in nade fron dovgh, a mixhve of: flow saltwatel, sug aad yoo! abe 4 ploduce alcohol and bubbles of casbon dixie. [Boing the breodl causes the ublles of (0, fp ex paid, poking the b(ead cise em oft. The alcthol evaporate. the effect o€ lactic ocid in muscles Wheat mune feapiré aaa cally Chad rate, thy produce lachc acd. + Lactic acid ispoirsonow, so fo cenove tt ue casty on breathing foter and deeper a F12F rexecise. Energy wlewed fom re piahoa energy (cleo “— giant of glucie aerobic | feementation by yeart aNQero bic in musle Supplement + Lstthe features ofgosochangesurttcsin |» Deserbe the le of tars. the itera sninals and exoralitecostal musclas ad he ‘+ dentifyon diagrams an nar the ley, iaphagm in producing volume and pressure C trachea, trond rane, veal ab ‘Ganges leading tothe venation of te ings sstocstodcailies Sate the difrercesincompasiton tetwsen | petecing tho gas exchenge system om insied and expe ait psnogens nd parties ro ime water ox test foreaton dante | * EXpsin tho rk teen physical actty 10 rvestigat the ferences in composiion ita ad dt of reathing ts of econ speed and xpd at ‘anges inthe rate at whic sues reso Sand heer of carton dade concetaten, Sand pi mtssues an inthe boos Elan the rl of mucs and oan Irwesignta and describe the alec of ahs act thot boat Fooduces of a gas exchange sutface more geo though fol non = 0610 oon OM, Thin wall (eg one call Fick iq alect s0 gave dor! have fo difwe far + A goosk blend yup ply ito amintarn o highconcentration ginal on} _ The respivotocy system - The goo exchange suéacerp annals aye he alveok wall —+Any pathogen or particles ontoring the ga exchange system are trapped by mucus, which a then moved to the mowh fy cilia where it can be digeyted or exgelled si Breathing Cas ae "Breathing in: external “infecostal muscles contact 4o nove b> uyand onl. Dghiy contiacts ond noves dourwaud Nolune in chet f,ptexucev, a fuahes in hs + Breathing out: external | | iodercostal re usces celo¥ fo Mowe ib dounl it, Dughagn relaves (ond jules up. Volume, eeomel ir (whe) 1 ae Mexernalinterostss daptrag~ = mosses convact re \nogired oad E; pited air — Composition 7 Gas Tnopired_ait a tet ue —TOxygen ay etic [a3 [acer Corton Diocide | 0.04 as < Nik(ogen Bears gee — MMate Vogou | varia He sadwalet | “Limewoler com be pred to inestip® ¢ entation Ebtecl of thal ereccve Phy neal evercve murcle» pee ‘ach —_ [respiration increases 4 ells ‘mmpie carbon dioxike is ptoduced| it moe re dioxide dxfwes c H of He bled dec: feaues broin Eb 7 pl at _lincteaes 1 i} [Yote oF breathing] 1.9 Excretion in Humans on | Core Supplement Datine isthe emo om | stoi fc rats be ware ‘ls incsing aerator and eubeancesn (cess ofraquiemen’s Suastarces shuld ‘reli carbon send, wea endsals Sete trten ote rmyn wma |* Cua hs ity ta Secrmololuccss oces iw |” muda ve sot wes od tavasopton guess edeorects, | hesmceand hing ow teae (ute ey sare nd eemenae mst | cin teed + a fen sion Fo Satire ystonslueon, tr |" Giunta gin om aaa eee srdenco moar + ocfundetnetecrne gam, “[ + Sai duels matin arom resale on eso cows sri Teuant lad wenconetenctver -— broker santa nsw {than of wr rom blood oasis hid Discuss the appleston of assim idney Fide wanclants, compared wit ahs the pid Removal of wea (Formed Ly deamnafyn of amine acits in lver) CL Rema val 9 f exces wots vu 3, Reaborbtion s¢ glucose and “some salty ee ~ Alcotal, daug> oad Se ate_broken down in the Ive Urinary System a | Kidneys are located acl the top of the abort cavity, below plngh by Ince, lh” al filer the blood , camoving Waste sul wea a LThe woste then de iveced by the - cette th eee erets fo the + the aes Nh Ton peMaMae LE The ovlery splits ino copilloyies, that enter kidaey tubules +The tl | entering the 1s 13 wi \an_the one leayiné U4, and fhe bidagys are clos? fo the heac| ie fea ‘ + Cogillory lining is hike a ned: blood colls andl large molecules stay in, | tlasma" (ves, anino acids, avall ptoleins, salt», glucce Fuater \ pass «[Glective Ceabieltion occur: all guceré, Some salty and most oF the water (esp i(dehydcated! are roahporbed inte capillarie atovnd tubule. +|Vreq and excen salts Auseled iM nate flow into collecting duct laa using, collec in te pelvis, gor weta to sade, and out Ye wetha Cleaned? blood in cagillafies joins fo Form the onal vein, with much ley wea and loss of even water and salh ‘Kidney Dialysis ieee bene ° +/i¢ tell sine or. donoget i con be fatal yaler yor go Gr i Jan 1a.\ ELS + Dysing bide dinky, urea Aiffwer Ihiough the thal ble _[Aialyv meartbrane ote Ane didlysy fluid. There b no nek diffiwio of gluctse, sore Jolt and wotar became they ace ia the: some _ encaiahow iq the blood and the dialysis fluid = Acanypleul on nea en} halysp, but Yhere Mm be piatloms finding adotor ond there ts @ fuk of HUE fejechon 0619 one RM ~ Viney dialysis vets kidaoy Has lan t [Treatment | - AdwoMlage> + = Pisadvoatoges — ~Atler cocowry, pationt ca | Neada notmal fe | “Wo need for dialysis [+ Normal digh + complete Ridag Fusclioning | KIDNEY’ TRANDRANT| + dangel of tissue (gection + di€Ficull fo find donot + bote-maniow must be radial ion 4 eated and “not a cohy qs easplatt] IDIALYSS + keeps you alive aet whl intucsypeab| “patient must vge machine — | | foc severe! hows, 23 time Aveek | + terhticled diel with ls) prota eran LOE 210 Necvous contol 1a humans Coordination ond Response ba abr core Supplement + Describe th human nervous aystrninteims | ¢ Distinguish between vlunsry an inlunany ey ental nanusayster fain ana spiral | actions ord a ates of coordmator sd te petghor rervus system whic topetersene to | nora a egos badyfurctons | lett, ey connect ans ones rom dag imparelex ain ems of sonsory, {sre fautmataly and oi iterating Sud cooing sal th esporsas + Stotethnt muscles and gland an ot 6 thoticeps and toeps atthe ee int entering oun of ecto ats pun 0 spent stl hh, sun too, temperature ard chemi 1 Gistngushbetaen ads and cones, inte of uneton and disbuon rain CNS = SH —— a chaage in the _ensiConnent thatean be detected A eutsne| pis ok detects ay sue ts ‘nealone| — E BiaDEss swuscle/gland which come) the vespowe RESPONSE —— eachon eg mow am ot Effeclor bene [narra Receptor Consllal| hiovul i ____[Shimal Receptor Location in bod Tight Photo receptor f{—esetenin feds “etna eS Sound adage raner_eag ____ [Touch kin. ____[Tenteratwe | Phermorecoptor kin. (Chemica chemo (ecoptat nose/tongue eg ential Nevous Syston (crs) Consrts of: + Frain - protected by skull | _____ Spinal cord protected by vertebral celwen Peripheral Nerv oy tem (PI of F cout y iompulsey fokween CNS od | + Cranial nerves: = side of beain link» brain with organs in the heod, tho [Each nerve is made up of many nerve celle (newones) prac cele fox oad abdona | Spinal nerves: = nerve» split fom spaal card Neh sual gags Cverebie) | Links spinal cord to acm) Leq>, thorax oad abdomen by protective datly time. Newcones frormit infomahor as dlecliical nerve impuli cptogiaw ucla - = ae + Gaitier iMpulie fiom seMie ofyans to ens «Cell body b near spinal cord at the eadleta neyone in « gare! pon ety impdie Ser eaway + Long dendton, short ayo Relay Neurone Askort nemone thal Leaqstart3 impulses within > the CNS ftom semory fewones to motor neurones. dondies + Carties npulse from CNS to effecta se + Signal comes Mom nex fone, es e motor neuote cell boly is jnvide the derdion “cal body CREE NED otey matter of tHe spinal cated CNS Long axon, short Aen dron Synapse, “Funchonal gap bohveen tua adjacent nencones, where impulses ove Meamilted in the form o¢ cham ica! newfotasmiltes, When the impube caches a vynapie it camer the neUiolionpitie te be telewed, ANE Fy sing across athe synapse Ona Ligercing 99 impube 1a the seco td tgytt pak sian aM ep treo Na enota Myolin she » Fat! legen Formed by separate cell which giow around neurones ET astidayislasteeal tulad tate nal cUsrwadl on aawiletiamdes + Makes impulses torre) quickly: used in fost reeteres - \OOmA tection Nolun fary and Involuntary action, Volutory actions Involularg “achons ought don't have fo think about it + Happens conciously, invalving| + Hagpens subconsciowsly, you | + Doesn't include reflexes + Includes ce leres, therefore therefore foster + Brain i th + Sinal cod» condinar genglly Reflex ar ST igyatirntically ek na Alex achion 1s 9 means of Yapidly integrating and coo ra tng- e SETS pHenuly ond tespono@ 5S cto 80K (2 shimulirceceptor—s seuoiy neuione—>s pial 1 Rapid cesgonse plotects the body Hom iquuly e.g burn eg rar ERB Ee awh mu at iin” sensy cob entre te ey meter tic muscle pai Muscles cat only pull on tones, thy contol pwh + As a consequace, tuo muscles ate fequi(ad to opeiate the elfow + The bicep and 401ceps how poppaing action) and 0 af called an antagonwhe pail. — aH 4 loch to flex the ac + The triceps contyact te extend the acm m= 0610, 2 om RM. Flexion: = biceps contacts ond shortens, ice feloxer = biceps gull on divs, pulling forearm upwards Exkension: - biceps contjors and shot tens, biceps relaxes tricep? pully on ulna, pulling forewm dowrnasds ond extading arm Stivclu¢e and fuachon of the aye + Coren. - tans palant part of the sclera. that bonds the incident [ght cays + Conjumctivo.- delicate, tronspalent rymbrane that protects the coma. 1 Sa kept mot by teats from the tear qos confainng onjoeplic loz yme, + Scleja./sclecotic = white, torgh outer layer for projection + levy = colowed port of the eye made up of tadial and circular muscled which can change the size of the pupil + Pugil=hale in the centre of the iriy thal allows light to enter He eye * Lens - tromsporent bi-convex disc behind the ib, aHached Jy the swpror ligaments fo the ciliary muscles. it changes shape to focus light on celina + Ciliacy mwdle = ring oF huscle suifounding [ens which coatials leas thickness + Svopensoty bgaments = ligaments joining lens and ciiagy muscles + Refine — inner lining of the eye contaititg pholoreceplc (focb and cone) lophe Be —butlle oF qarones leaving eye, coxtying impnlies Fam pholorecepks alg Re big = ily over /yellow spot - point of maxima Voual sharpness on retina, cfeating ie cles image =|Chotid= cask layer of blood vessel» prevertin vesyel» preventing ag retlechion within ep + Blind fot - point whee optic nerie leower the back of the ye - no = proto recqPlars therefore qo mage. {Ras cells: - distributed around the poriphory (onbide of fe coe detects Hack /hite Kg ht = Responds to low tight jatonities = cae be wed at night vision — (Cone cell: ~ clustered ovound the fovea giseee = detect high light-intensity in different colows Accommodation aura ear. “Accommodations the change ocewing inthe eye to focw on far or [near objects, “Light mut te eGacked Gu to see the object cally Newby object staat object + Ciliary muscles conf Oct + Suopauncy gata slack +Lens chainks and becomes \Z fatter and rere founded + econ al etl fay) for dutont + Becamse light (ays €10m clove ence neatly parallel and ____objers didtige ond need | don’t need to be feftacted au ch be refvacted wole to focus » 0610 oe RM = The pupil ond ins cegulede the inloncity of light that aches the celina - + Siengle protective reflex arc to ermme that the retina isn't damaged by light / ceceives enough light fo see. i Greilar muscles and facial muscles are of antago nutic pail. Bright gh: = citculah enueley contac f Racial mupcle rele = Pugl consteichs © Less Light reaches cebina Dim light: z = Creulog muscles relax = Roghial rmweles contiact = Pupil dilates = Note light reaches refina 2.102 Hormones CO cor + Dative sles a chemical stetace, | ¢ Disease tho use of hermanos in fod fwoduiond bya land, caied by the baod which | eroduton one or mee spastic target seepaont oe | S then destoxedby thee ise te bod snes cocerafon ond | ‘A hormone 1a chemical mesenger, which ws cosried jn the blood. It alter the activity of one of more target orga. 8 ae een Adaenaline help» prepare the body fraction by shmulating Wo + Lives cells to cone | glycogen. in h diffuses into the bloed. Thu makes more glucare (each the miucls as an enegy SOuce For the cagid contracton needed for waden action Ls The_heart fete to incense hel mare gleene ond orygea afe | delivered to the muscles Cor ereigy lease + dilation of The aways so Thal more oir céaches the alveoli in the lungs Gx mole gasenhange ri _|+Nasodilat ion of aiteridles in the brain ond muscles so more gluccve ___| and oxygen ate delwered to these muscles ‘Vosoconstrichion of les in thea _and_ other oe allowing mowe _ oxygen jo be ai stage at 4 | Adkwaline may be secreted: when scared (eg cock climbing), when lin donger Ce Eeice dog), or when nervous (e.g before an &xom) Comat Lo’ erious and endocrine i fealuce Mian System, Endocine System Touches eaves aloud conksing secielory cal | lest imp ules hocmones Cchemica)s) secret 100 by glands response | muscle conblachon 06 along neutones 19 de blood short-lived ey muscle cell gat -losheg | elect contfachs (Ca sboit Lime (mes td ag allen Forget | localised~only aa imnedially | hole tissue or ae tome | LO al the ond of a naufone atbeck the uddle bedy | jesgones e.g piokin | many {ess sy MB, ale ofteyiation ele = 0610 ss o= RM Hormones im food grakuction, | LF book points + = Bod points = ie _ [increases yield “animal yetore concerns [eg + increases animal gow mate} in cows BST cower montis) | trodlepaiaceat + fog sabe fof hotane> eh inl ak ae = Responses. ae y Sh ae Supplement ESE * Grentysotelndedngpccnimend Ea ‘erat roth, ae the lc of f a "ynheti pont homenes ured as weesitrs | | roots ove pasifivly gootephic, grwing in the same dicechion ay the pall of growity. They grow downwatds temnids the soil fo acces mined) rons € HO, os pelle fo stbilve» *Ploat shoots are negeitively ee sgrouling ¥ sae So their lewe, howe accan fo sunlight, fit! | Gay arestenlasteaniyiente saga l cow) fhe ok of the Plant to Gend downwards. @ i ZONE td | Phototopin_ “Plant Coots de Oot een eee Plant shoots oxe gosilwely tholotvqpc, growing towards light 20 Hat —_[theic leave have maximun expred een for efficiert ghotosyithesns S. tt ales Ten: a rt ie sear! yee Ae Aunin bwlds | | asin on, —— Sit «Synthesis, ace offetve selec wedi a + When hofbicides like 2.4-p ace sprayed over ciop), they (un of€ the thin : E-WnkForenlial Alongation so Seok bends founds (ight “Syothelicglant bormone wacotyledancu leva) of the ctop butase abbrted by the bad leaves of weeds (dicolyledan) + The auras increase the rate of cell divsion of the weeds, ond the weeds ____me_unall de enough fod fiom plotaynthesls fo maimlain growth and soon die. : 210.4) Homeostasis s {704 Homeostasis — — Cove suplenet | + tenses te manenncsote | fain ne coco beatin + temtonadsoamotne isnt, swat | + Dent tl of he se ate eas aroauerecmos doo! weses, | ei oat by hal. dy on mantras sueon tom he pene Describe he msintenaee ots constant boty nd he ool emportize receptors inthe “Sasoconstion of ae upping ski surface cpiares andthe cordnatng ole ot 0610 AM The skin: + Protech the baly From Aanage + top pathogen: from entesiag + prevents too much water ler> + detects plesswe, pain and tenp. change “fegulata belytanp by. lang heat by conduction, convertion, fadiah on. The contiol_of body femporatuce. + Tomporatime sensor) under the skin are uhm ylated by aifhor hot temp. or a porsible los» of heat: + Fad acts ar a general. insulator _ i Nerves bring info to the Aypothalaaw in he beri, which thon sends nee \™puer 40 ctruclives of the shin fo either wartl or coo! the body. In the heat: + Vosodilation of arteriles (pecially near the skin\. More heat iu los fo the sureomaddings by convection aad, radiation “Sueoding~ sweat gtoduced by sweat glands, which evaporates Jo cool the body li the cold: is s\asoconirelion of atteriales in chin, so lev heat is last “L€ comerting heat iv not enough , the body needs fo increawe heat ploduction. “The hypothalamus stimulates shivering , ywhere mucles contract spontoneouily fo warm bleod with heat Com respitectrar Negative edback + Acts to aoe thot condition (eg tody awe.) are kept ot preset levels (37°C). If body temp. is ton high of low, the body take» actions to. bring it back to normal: a hypothalamus Aetert> change in bled 1 for. anc Faber acho according Contcolling blood glucose +Celb need gluccve for enemy so they need a constoal supply fiom bbod Ceara ees susie atta eae ear ola wer cell» to odd or remove glucare. ja Glucare concentiation [insilin cemves glucee in] giware concentration incterses (food intabel> | the livar to chaye into eet glycogen. ay a [normal blo normal _bloo cone. __|_glucore level Aut —ghucas ee] —glucare-concentiaian aia glucagon causes glyepen] reins ee a glucose «+ When bleed glucare yets too high, fhe pancreas makes insulin foatimulate decreax When lod gluane gets too Low, the pancreas makes stoulate inclease + By dove nv, within hmits agd dees tot chaye so much en Jr gas ary substance tkeninto te | + Esplin vty ani ll balers bu not body thot madi or tlects chemical resctons | viusas the body \ scribe the madcal ue of ani forthe sine of batt lection + Descbe the eflcs of tha abuse of heroin: & powerful depressant, ables of aectn, p= Sever thal Sympoms and assoited protien sucha cma and inaction 29, Hivos: + Describe the afecs of excessive consumption ‘of loot reduced eet-sont, deprassen, — fect on reaction mes, mage tive ans Describe the etets of tbaoooemoke and ts rnonoxie, sme partes} on the es exchange “Drugs com be eedicaal and recreational + Some drugs ae addictive,

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