11.

1 Socio-economic content and the role of insurance in a market economy

According to Art. 1 of the Law of Ukraine "On Insurance" of March 7 In 1996, with subsequent
changes and additions, insurance is a kind of civil-law relations for the protection of property
interests of citizens and
legal entities for the occurrence of certain events (insurance cases), determining by the insurance
contract or by the applicable law, at the expense of the funds, which are formed by payment by
citizens and legal
we are persons of insurance payments (insurance premiums, insurance premiums) and income from
the placement of funds from these funds. So insurance is a system of economic relations, and any
the language implies the presence of at least two subjects. In insurance I n the case of the insurer
and the insurer - the main subjects of the insurance market Of Ukraine.
The insurance market is the sphere of economic relations, in the process of which demand and
supply for insurance services are formed and an act of them is carried out purchase and sale.
An insurer is a financial institution that is established in the form of a shareholder a full, limited
partnership or a subsidiary company responsibility, and in some cases - the state organization (funds
co-financed by
health insurance), which has the status of a legal entity and owns license for the right to engage in
insurance activities.
The policyholder is a legal or capable person who has entered into talk of insurance (or is an insurer
under current law yum), paid the due contributions and is entitled to the occurrence of an insured
event reimbursement within the insured liability or the amount of money that is due in the policy.
On this basis, insurance is a bilateral economic relationship.
sons who consist in the fact that the insurer, paying the money outside
juice, provides itself (or a third person) with the onset of an event, stipulated by the
thief or law, the amount of payment from the insurer, which holds a certain
the amount of responsibility and for its maintenance is replenished and effectively
trains reserves, takes preventive (preventive) measures aimed at
to reduce risk, and if necessary, reinsure part of its remuneration.
responsibility.
The objects of insurance are property interests related:
- with life, health, disability and supplementary pension
hooker or insured person (personal insurance);
- with the possession, use and disposal of property (property
insurance);
- with the indemnification by the insured person of the harm he caused to him
or its property, as well as damage caused to a legal entity (fear-
responsibility) The most important classification feature in insurance is the form of
doing On this basis, insurance is divided into voluntary and
required
Voluntary insurance - the form of insurance, carried out on
on the basis of a voluntary agreement between the insurer and the insurer
in accordance with the insurance policies developed by the insurer and the
ruled by the Authorized Body. Voluntary insurance is subject to:
livelihood, accident insurance, health insurance, investment insurance, litigation costs, financial
insurance
insurance, insurance of cargoes and luggage, insurance of loans, others
types of voluntary insurance.
Compulsory insurance is a form of insurance based on
the principles of binding both for the insured and for the insurer. And-
to whom insurance is subject: insurance of sportsmen of higher categories,
aviation insurance, insurance of civil liability of owners
vehicles, insurance of water transport, insurance
space objects, other types.
Modern insurance is based on certain specific principles,
to which, first of all, belong: competitiveness, insurance risk, insurance
interest, maximum conscientiousness, reimbursement within the limits of
deductible, deductible, subrogative, indemnity, co-insurance and
reinsurance, diversification.
With the development of market relations, the degree of risk increases and, consequently, increases
the need of society in the means of protection and mechanisms of risk reduction.
The insurance compensates the loss (or part thereof) in cash, and not
It damages material goods and therefore can not completely
eliminate the disturbed course of the reproduction process. But it weakens
the dependence of social production and the individual entrepreneur on
seen undesirable cases and is a society produced by the mechanism
to combat the violation of economic equilibrium. This is partial or complete
Damage compensation is not the only insurance function. There are others, because
REM: risky, the function of creating and using insurance reserves
(funds), the function of saving money and preventive.
What is the role of insurance in a market economy?
First, insurance provides confidence in business development, because
in the formation of private property can not be centralized in the
order to manage the placement of financial resources. Such management
Linya is a matter for the individual owner, and he acts in accordance with his
Resets, constantly adjusted by the situation, in the markets of goods, valuable
securities, loans. No owner is investing his capital in development
production of certain goods or services, without taking into account the
the risk of loss of advanced resources.
Due to the transfer for a separate, relatively small fee, the
Liability for the consequences of risk events for insurance companies investor
I am sure that losses in the event of a fire, natural disaster or theft
will be reimbursed.
Insurance is very important both for those enterprises that have long been fu-
For both newly created, or just organized, and
have not yet acquired sufficient productive capacity and have not accumulated
Reserve funds. Insurance not only provides for the recovery of actual losses caused by a certain
event. Availability
insurance agreement makes it possible to use credit more confidently
digest or buy the necessary means of production, replenish the commodity
sou in the trade network and so on.
Often, insurance contributes to the emergence and introduction of new technology and
chnologies, scientific developments.
Second, insurance enables you to optimize resources directed at
organization of economic security, since insurance protection is a manifestation
economic security of individuals and legal entities. It makes it possible to achieve
rational structure of funds directed at prevention (or
operational elimination) of the consequences of the element or other factors that interfere
help the activities of one or another person.
Insurance, having great opportunities for maneuvering reserves, is
an important link in the formation of the entire system of economic security. Such is
the role becomes real only with the proper level of development of the insurance business.
Thirdly, insurance provides a rational formulation and use of
the funds allocated for the implementation of social programs. World dossier
from proved the expediency of accumulation and use of funds for social pro-
the insurance method. The resources generated by this method are used
as an addition to state resources aimed at financing education,
health care, retirement benefits and some other social measures.
Insurance method for the formation and use of social funds
the direction eliminates the depersonalization of such funds, and due to this and the level-
the leech in their distribution, when the same size pensions get the main ones
designers and cleaners, increases the responsibility for the quality of copper
and other services.
Creating with insurance the ability to accumulate funds for
payment of future pensions, purchase of housing, payment of tuition fees in
Higher education institution helps to ensure that every citizen realizes
waved its capabilities and satisfied the needs. In this case, it decreases by
the state budget, and control over the rational use of
The funds are transferred directly to the consumer of social services
services and payments.
And, fourthly, in insurance there are significant cash reserves
resources that are the source of growth in investment in the economy. Cash
the reserves are so different from the natural ones that they even when they are
temporarily withdraw from the circulation of funds of a particular enterprise-owner,
do not cease to "work" on him and the country's economy as a whole.
Resources temporarily released at some enterprises through
credit system, securities market, investment
used for use by other business entities. Last, its cher
goy, pay interest to owners of attracted resources - dividends.
Insurance companies, receiving income from investment activities,
get reduced tariffs for insurance services, increase their own
reserves, deductions to the budget, incentives for staff,
increase dividends of their shareholders.
Accumulated in insurance companies resources through the system of investor-
tion contribute to the expansion of production or acceleration of implementation
other programs. It is profitable for insurers, insurance companies, banks
and other business structures and the state as a whole.
So, in a market economy, insurance has enormous opportunities
to contribute to the economic and social development of our state,
take interests in protecting life and health, property and income as a legal
them and individuals.
11.2. The structure of the national insurance market of Ukraine
and the main problems of its development
The insurance market of Ukraine is a part of the financial market, where
the object of purchase and sale is insurance protection, the demand and pro-
position on it.
The main function of the national insurance market is the accumulation and
distribution of the insurance fund for the purpose of insurance protection of the society.
Objective necessity of the emergence and development of the insurance market
due to the public need for insurance services and available
the insurer, able to satisfy them.
In Ukraine, the period of creation of the insurance market is considered the beginning of the 90-
ies. It was then that the first private insurance companies appeared
the edge of the total monopoly of the State Insurance. Among them: "Omete-Inster", "Ri-
Zik, Skid, Salamander, Skid-West, ASKO-Prometheus, Ros-
current "," Slavia ", etc. The leading Ukrainian and Ukrainian insurance companies came to the
Ukrainian insurance market.
are well-known foreign insurance companies operating mainly through a joint venture
insurance activity. This is how the alliance "Omete-Inster" - "Lloyd" (Ang-
Lyay), Ukrainian-Israeli society "Insurance company" System of re-
the pledge was opened by the Austrian firm Safe
invest ».
The insurance company is a legally registered unit of the company.
activities in the form of a joint stock company, a full, limited company
with full responsibility, which has a license for the right of
activity.
All companies of the insurance market of Ukraine can be divided as follows:
1) by form of ownership (private, joint-stock, mutual, state, government
wives, etc.);
2) by the nature of operations (specialized, universal and re-
whining);
3) by the territorial criterion (local, regional, national and
transnational);
4) by the size of the authorized capital and the volumes of accumulation
insurance payments (large, medium, small).
In Ukraine, the Insurance Supervisory Committee in Ukraine
In 1997, there were about 700 insurers, but in the period since 1998
for 2003, licenses were revoked in almost 250 of them. The most severe violations
The insurance legislation has been identified in companies such as Ukar (Kharkiv), Al-
Bina "(Lviv)," Aspej "(Chernihiv)," Kherson-Asco "(Kherson)," Ukrin and K "
(Kiev) and others like that. The main reason is the inability of a large part of insurers
fulfill obligations assumed by the insured person.
To the internal structure of the insurance market of our state on-
lie:
- insurance products (services for specific types of contracts
insurance);
- a system for the organization of sales of insurance policies and the formation of
drink on insurance products;
- Flexible system of tariffs (prices, privileges, discounts, margins, fines,
penalty, etc.);
- own infrastructure of the insurer (agencies, offices, branches, pre-
betting, channels of commercial communication);
- material and financial resources that determine the situation of the
hovik - human resources of the insurance company;
- the financial position of the insurance company and the credibility of it from the side
financial institutions;
- liquidity of the insurance fund.
The external environment of the insurance market consists of elements that are
we can manage the insurer, but from those that it can not influence
should take them into account in their activities.
The components that an insurer can influence include: market
demand, competition, know-how of insurance services, insurance infrastructure
market, etc.
The components that insurance companies can not influence include:
population, age and sexual structure, migration season,
purchasing power of the population, etc.
Consequently, the insurance market is an open system capable of
and narrowing, depending on how the general economic situation in the country, and from the
activity of the insurer.
Depending on the criterion laid down in the basis of classification of insurance
market of Ukraine, distinguish institutional, territorial, sectoral and
organizational structure.
The institutional structure is based on the distinction between private, public or combined form of
ownership, on which the insurance is created organization. It can be represented by corporate,
corporate, mutual and state insurance companies. By industry, distinguish between the markets of
personal, property Holding and Liability Insurance. Each of the named units hasits structure
(segmentation).
Personal insurance - this is an insurance industry in which the object insurance relationships are life,
health, disability, and retirement human security. Such insurance is aimed at providing protection
family income of citizens, as well as the accumulation of funds for them raising your financial well-
being. To personal fear- the following types of insurance: life and health insurance foreigners,
accident insurance, health insurance, insurance, the athletes of the higher categories, the employees
of the state forest protection, specialists in veterinary medicine, public officials tax inspectors,
judges, blood donors, people's deputies, employees Prosecutor's Office, customs authorities,
members of the organs and subunits of the cases, control and audit service in Ukraine, etc.
Property insurance is an insurance industry in which the object of Housing is a property belonging
to legal or natural persons. By property Insurance covers the following types of insurance: railway
insurance, land, air, water transport, cargo and luggage insurance, insurance of loans, financial
risks, issued guarantees, insurance aviation craft, crop and perennial crops seedlings in state
agricultural enterprises, etc.
Liability insurance is an insurance industry where the Volume is a liability to third parties in the
event that they are due to the activity or inactivity of the insured will be harmed. Fear-
The liability covers the following types of insurance: civil liability insurance responsibility of
owners of land, air, water transport, liability insurance before third parties.
The organizational structure of the insurance market can be represented in
the form of insurance companies, insurance unions, associations and insurance pools,
mutual insurance companies, insurance intermediaries /
Insurance intermediary is one of the three main actors on
the insurance market together with the insured and the insurer.
Insurance agents are citizens or legal entities operating from
name and on behalf of the insurer and perform part of its insurance activity
namely, they conclude insurance contracts, receive insurance
Teigi, perform work related to the implementation of insurance payments and
insurance reimbursements. Agents are representatives of the insurer and operate in
his interests for remuneration on the basis of an insurance contract com
Intermediary activities of insurance brokers in insurance as an exceptional type of activity and can
combine counseling, spontaneous information services, work related to the preparation, conclusion
and the execution (escort) of insurance contracts, including regarding the settlement of losses in
terms of obtaining a transfer of insurance
payments, insurance payments and insurance indemnities under the agreement
hooker, other intermediary services in insurance.
Insurance brokers are legal entities or registered citizens. in the established order as subjects of
entrepreneurial activity and carry out intermediary insurance activities for remuneration name on
the basis of a brokerage agreement with a person who needs a fear-
As an insurer, as well as brokers, are not entitled to receive and recoup insurance payments,
insurance payments and insurance payments reimbursement.
An actuarial is an officially authorized person who, having well, professional training, with the help
of methods of mathematical statistics calculates insurance rates and is responsible for so that
insurance funds enable companies to fulfill their obligations under the issued policies.
Surveyor is an expert, inspector, insurer agent who inspects ship, cargo and other property taken for
insurance.
Emergency commissioner - a person who, at the request of the insurer finds out the reasons for the
occurrence of the insured event and the amount of losses (in insurance pre- safely transport risks).
Dispasher (Juster) is a specialist in the field of maritime law, which carries out calculations on the
distribution of expenses for the general accident between the vessel, cargo and freight.
The main problems of the development of the national insurance market Aging: the imperfection of
insurance legislation, financial and economic non- stability of the country, lack of state-oriented
policy towards the development of insurance and a low insurance culture of the population.
Implemented obligatory insurance of civil liability of owners of trans-tailor-made means has
encountered obstacles to the legislative nature, there are cases of delay in insurance companies with
payment of insurance sums and insurance reimbursements, unlawful waivers of payment contrary
insurance law. All this testifies to the unsatisfactory state the pursuit of insurance activity and the
imperfect system of state role in the financial reliability of insurers.