First Edition November 2015 Second Edition : September 2016 Third Edition =: August 2017 CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS has taken due care in collecting the data ‘and providing the solutions, before publishing this book. Inspite of his, if any inaccuracy or printing errors are tnere, CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS owes ‘no responsibil. CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS will be grateful if you could point out any such error, Your suggestions will be highly appreciated, © All right reserved by CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the written permission from the publisher. Regd. Office: 28-A/11, Jia Sarai, New Delhi-16, Ph: 011-26851008, 26861009: E: info@careerendeavour.in, W: www.careerendeavour.inPREFACE, The present booklet on Oscillations, Waves & Optics section of the Physics-PH deals with the syllabi mentioned in the IIT-JAM & other M.Sc. Entrance Exams in their respective notificaions. The Booklet has been de- signed and organised in a manner so that the aspirants can make full use of it for their immaculate preparation. The panel of experts and faculties in the R&D team of Career Endeavour have done lots of hardwork and that too with immense care in formulating the booklet into its present form. A brief discussion is given on every topic mentioned in syllabus alongwith ample of solved examples on the concepts discussed. The idea is not only to.bring out the basic concepts clearly but also to help the students in developing the analytical approach for solving any problem. This booklet contains Previous Year Questions of IIT-JEE, IIT-JAM, IIT-JAM(GP), JNU, TIFR, JEST and IISc as solved examples relevant to the topic. It is expected that the booklet will form an integral part of the Classroom/ Corresspondence program which the student would join for his/her success at Career Endeavour. Even though due care has been taken while preparing the booklet, the booklet may contain errors/mistakes here and there, we sincerely apologize for the same.We would be also thankful to those readers who point out the errors. Finally, we from the R&D team of Career Endeavour, wish all the aspirants ‘GOOD LUCK’ and will always be available to help them out so that they come up with ‘flying colors’.Chapter Page Nos. CHAPTER-1 Simple Harmonic Motion ..... . (1-23) CHAPTER-2 Damped & Force Vibrations CHAPTER-3 Acoustic Wave Motion. CHAPTER-4 Phase & Group Velocity CHAPTER-5 Doppler Effect ..... CHAPTER-6 Fermat's Principle. CHAPTER-7 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces .... CHAPTER-8 Thick Lens & Lens combinations .. CHAPTER-9 Interference of Light .... (110-143) CHAPTER-10 Diffraction of Light. CHAPTER-11 Polarisation of ligh Reference Books...Chapter Simple Harmonic Motion 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM): 1.1.1 Equation of motion: ‘Suppose a particle of mass m is undergoing SHM along a line. If be its displacement at any instant from the position of stable equilibrium, then restoring force F under small oscillation approximation may be written as 1) where sis the restoring force per unit displacement, called force constant, ‘The negative sign indicates that F and x are oppositely directed. For spring restoring force follows Hooke's law of elasticity. FromNewton’s law, the equation of motion is F=~sx Px &x agrk = qe tex =0 o (2) where @* = s/m_ Equation (2) is the differential equation of motion of simple harmonic oscillator. Its general solution is given by the principle of superposition as x=cel™ + cI" 3) => x= (coset + jsin wt) + ¢, CEBECES = Acosat Beltran © @ where, A =(c, +¢,) and B=j(c, -¢,). Again, introducing two other constants a and bythe relations 4 =a sin ¢ andB =a cos €, suchthat [4 + B® and tans=A/B , solution (4) can be put in the form, sin(wt +6) O} x Putting e = 3 + 8, the solution (5) can also be expressed as x = acos(wr +8) ~O 1.1.2 Characteristics of SHM: Let us choose the solution, x = acos(«t + 8) Here ‘a’ represents the maximum value of displacement from the position of stable equilibrium. Its called the amplitude of SHM, The time period 7's the time interval in which the motion repeats itselfand is given byEx.1. Simple Harmonic Motion x(t) = x(t+7) > acos(at + 8) = acos[w(t +) +8] = acos[ar +8 + oF] cos[(at + 8) + aT] > acos[(or + 8)+2n] im For equality we must have, @T = 2 on 7 = aslo= 20% =) ‘The quantity © is called the angular frequency. The usual frequency v which gives the number of 1 1 fs oscillations per unit time is givenby ¥ = 7. => - 8) The quantity (ot + 8) in equation (6) is called the phase of motion and 8 is called the initial phase or epoch. Effective acceleration due to gravity (¢’) ‘When simple pendulum is kept in inertial frame its time period is given by naan fe g eS ‘When simple penduluin is kept in non-inertal frame its time periodis given by T=2nf4, 8 where g' iscalled efféctive gravity andis given by e=8-a 9) where @ is acceleration of the frame. ‘period 2 seconds. When the cart A simple pendulum, susp accelerates in thehor time period of the pendulumis (g =10m/s%) (@ 2" seconds ——(b) 2" seconds. -——() 2" seconds (d) 2 seconds [JAM-GP: 2007] @ Forces on bob 1, Gravity downward: mg 2. Tension force: 7 3, Psuedo force :—ma ‘Now, at equilibrium condition, sum of gravitational force and pseudo force will be balanced by tension force,simple Harmonic Motion When a= 0 4 8] r ma: mg mg mg. Mean position Mean position o=0° 0=0, : 7 7 z Z Time period = 20, [4 = 20 | 4 = 29) | |=20, 8 \gr+a? a g gylt oe & Ex. 2. Two springs of force constant k, and k, are arranged in a parallel arrangement and a mass ‘m’ is suspended fromit. The arrangement is equivalent to a single spring of constant given by (DU 2015) @ h-k ) ky +h, © Kika (+h) @ blk 3oln, (b) Ifan elongation of xis given to the system, then restoring force Fs-khx-kyx=~(k, +h) x=-kx hy ig where, k =k; +, = equivalent spring constant 8x. 3, Find the time period for the arrangement of the spring mass system having constant k, and k,.. ky by LAREE 3oln, Let x be the displacement of mass m from its equil yi FUR 1m position at an instant and x, and x, are the extension in the springs &, and 4, respectively. {+m @ Tension force at each points in a spring is equal to the external force applied at one of its end, ky ky rp NNO > F Fisk FaF oi) where &' is equivalent spring constant, From equation (i)Ex.4, Simple Harmonic Motion ice, if there is same tension force in all connected springs, equivalent spring constant is given by equation @w. A solid cylinder of mass m, radius a and height also a and a solid sphere ofthe same mass and the same radius are connected to the two ends ofa thin rod ofmass m/5 and length 4a. The line joining the centres of mass of the cylinder and the sphere coincides with the axis of the rod: The vertical cross-section ofthe assembly is shown in the figure below. The whole assembly is suspended vertically by a massless wire passing through its centre of mass. The torsional constant of the wire is 76 ma®/sec*, Calculate the frequency of the torsional oscillation about the suspension in the horizontal plane. ‘sphere el Ja [JAM-GP: 2010] Letus calculate the moment of inertia about of cylinder and sphere, and the rod about vertical wire. Cylinder: 7, =/, 41, = t ‘ma* (Perpendicular Axes Theotem) a1 mat 4 Applying Parallel Axes Theorem, moment of inertia about vertical wire of vertical wire Cylinder: Toy + (3a)? = dma? +9ma® Sphere: J, =/,, + ma)? = Fma’ +9ma' lypelm 12 ‘Moment ofinertia of system about the vertical wire, 1 =sumof moment of inertia of individual bodies about vertical wire Rod: Now, ifthe rod along with the cylinder and sphere is twisted by an angle of 8, a restoring torsional torque, 1 =~KO acts and tends to brings the system back to its original position.itmple Harmonic Motion Angular frequency of torsional oseialtion « 1.1.3 Energy in SHM: ‘a : L (ay Kinetic energy at any instant is given by E, = 2" ae a B= pro? sin? (we + 8) (10) Total potential energy acquired by the particle for the displacement x is E,=~[Fede= oar = Se a > E, = mots? = Lmo’e? cos (ot +6) w(t) 1 Total instantaneous energy, B= By +B, => mo?a? =constant ... (12) and itis equal to the maximum value of the kinetic energy or the potential energy, Thus in SHM energy oscillates between the kinetic and potential forms but total energy remains constant. Energy position graph; KE= PE PE : Graph is parabola with vertex at x= 0. KE: The KE curve is inverted parabola, ‘x. 5. Find the position in terms of amplitude when kinetic energy is equal to potential energy ofa particle is SHM. ms. Hf x=dsinot o@ = Aw cos wtSimple Harmonic Motion . =o[4#—]” Gi) Kinetic energy, KE afm? = jmo* [a -] Gi) Potential energy, PE a when, PE= KE rma? = mo? [A 2] Ex. 6. Frequency of energy change © from KE to PE in SHM is related with the frequency «, of SHM by : @ o=20, @o=0 @ o=a, Soln. Potential energy PE = jmads? If.x= Asinayt then PE= jm a sin? @yt = praia [=e] = J mo} dA mapa? cos2ans =e-ccos2ayt, where ¢ =: CARC => frequency of energy change [o, = 20}. mazA* = constant Force Constant in terms of potential energy: If U(x) is potential energy of the oscillating system in SHM, then at equilibrium point x=, ane) . oe ny Solving this, we get mean position x,. The force constant ofthe oscillating system can be given bySimple Harmonic Motion Ue): Stable equilibrium Ex. 7. A particle ofmass ‘m’ is moving : a potential v(x)=4 (8)=Lmoge? +2 where @, anda’ are positive constants. The angular frequency of small oscillations for the simple harmonic motion of the particle about a stable minimum of the potential V(x) is: @ V20, (b) 20, © 40, (@) 4V20, (T-JAM : 2011) wn Soln. (b) V(x) =F mojx? +t Fe mR ‘At minimum potential 5 WM no(etx=x) ue a ma;x, = = -(33) . €quilibrium position 1.1.4 Equation of motion from principle of conservation of energy: 1 y a Total energy ote osetorisn() + Lex? = B constant). (13) 2 2 ax dx dx Om gy |e =a th a? ~ [sae & - ‘Since dx/dt cannot be zero for all values of t, m- +sx=0 we (14), rolSimple Harmonic Motion which is the equation of motion. 1. 2REPRESENTATION OF SHM BY ROTATING VECTOR: OB isa vector of constant magnitude a which rotates with constant angular ve- locity @ in anticlockwise sense. At time t =0 the vector coincides with the line OA which makes an angle 6 with x - axis. ‘The x-component ofthe rotating vector is x =a cos (wt +8) Figure 1 which represents a SHM. The y-component of the rotating vector is y = asin (wt + 8) which also rep- resents a SHM. From the above treatment itis clear that SHM can be viewed as a projection of circular ‘motion on any fixed diameter ofthe circle. 1.3 SUPERPOSITION OF COLLINEAR SHMs: ‘The principle of superposition according to which resultant displacement due to a number of sourcesis given by the algebraic sum of the displacements caused by the individual sources. 1.3.1 SHMs of same frequency acting along the same direction but having different amplitudes and phases: Let two SHMs be represented by x, =a, cos(at + 8,) w (15) x, =a, cos(at + 3,) + (16) where a, and 2, are the amplitudes, 6, and 8, are the initial phase angles of the two SHMs of same angular frequency ©. By the superposition pris ple the resiltant displacement is given! Xx = X,+Xx, =a, cos(at +8,) + a,c0s(at + 8,) = (2,c0s8, + a, e088; coset ~(a, sin8, + 2, sind, sinat Putting a, cos, + a, cos, = Acosd a,sind, +a,sin8, = Asing weget x = Acos(at +4) (16) Ti shows that the resultant motion is also simple harmonic, amplitude of which is given by A? = ai +a} + 2a,a, cos(8,-3,) (17) sing, +a, sind, And tand "5, coed, +a, 0058, (18) 1.3.2 Two SHM$ of slightly different frequencies acting along the same direction: Let us consider two SHMs having slightly different angular frequencies «, and @,, x, =AysinoytSimple Harmonic Motion x, =A,sina,t ee ~20, sn( 222) sco 5%) ] Lt 2222, and =P 0,4 k=2A, sino, 605 Gast 2A, COS ,9t) Sin oot x=Acosogt where A=(2A, COSOsqt), if 0, ~o,, @,, 90 amplitude A =2A, —> nearly constant ‘Then the result oscillation is nearly SHM with frequency o,,, and amplitude 2A, For maximum amplitude Agu =? CO8 Ont = o,t=2on 2on 2nn @,-@) -2nv,-v) time difference between subsequent maxima, At Similarly, time difference between subsequent minima, At = Beat : One maximum amplitude followed by aminimum, is called a Beat. Beat time : Beat frequency Ex. 8, ‘The superposition of two harmonic oscillator oscillating in same direction result motion ofa point given by x=acos 2.1t cos 50t Caleulate (i) individual frequency, (i) Beat frequency Son. () Ifx, = Acos@s and x, = Acos a,t, then X= HHH =2.1 => @,-@=4.2 and By comparing, =50.0 => @, +0, =100.0 %, a-a 2 O40, 2 => 2, =10044.2 => @, =52.1Hzaa Simple Harmonic Motion . Gi) Since, @, —@, = 2n(v, -' = 82 <0.66 He 2a Ex, 9. Ata given point in space the total light wave is composed of three phasors Beat frequency, v, ~ R=a,P, =fe and P, =e" The intensity of ight at this point is 2 (@) 4a? cos? (3) (©) da? oos'(2) © a cos?(9) (a) 4acos? (28) 2. a [T-JAM : 2006] Soln, (b) Resultant phasors, penshsRaartet ste P,=0+=sin-Ssin0=0 * 2 2 aces @ SAS P, =a+4cos0+2cos0 2 2 =a+acos@=2acos* % ‘The intensity of light at this point is 1 = P? = 4a” cos* 9% 1.4 SUPERPOSITION OF TWO SHMS ACTINGAT RIGHT ANGLES TO EACH OTHER: 1.4.1 Oscillations having same frequencies: Let two simple harmonic motions acting at right angles be represented by the equations x = acos(ot + 5,) and (23) y = beos(at +) wa 24) > . = cos(at +3) cos(ot# 8/88) where § = 8, — 6, isthe phase difference between the two SHMs. ‘Therefore, a cos(ct + 8,).cos5 ~ sin (ct + 8).sinS xcosd — Jl-x?/a” sind a = x yy x) = (tmz) (1-8 Juwe > YY 0968 = sin? (25) ab It represents the general equation of an ellipse bounded within a rectangle of sides 2a and 2b. The major axis of the ellipse makes an angle @ with the x-axis, which is given by tan 26 (26)iimple Harmonic Motion a= Gy Case-I: If 5 = 8, —5, = 0 ie, thetwo SHMsare in phase, then the Equation (25) reduces to =(2-4) Itrepresents a pair of coincident straight lines y = ee, passing through the origin and inclined to the x- axis at an angle tan” (b/a) Case-II: When § = 1, Equation, (25) becomes This also represents a pair of coincident straight lines passing through the origin inclined to thex-axis at an angle @ givenby tan@ = (—b/a) 2 Case-III: When § = 1/2, Equation (25) reduces to 7 x. & It represents an ellipse with semi-axes a and b along the coordinate axes. If, in addition, a= b ellipse degenerates into a cirele, x? + y? = a? 7 3R/2 7/8 Figure 1.3: Resultant pattern due to superposition of two _.Fectangular SHMs 1.4.2 Oscillations having slightly different frequencies: Let two rectangular SHMs having slightly different frequencies be represented by x = acos(ct +5,) (27) y = beos[(w + Aw)t +8, ]= beos(wt +3, +5) ... (28) where 5 = Awt + 5, ~ 6, isthe phase difference between the two SHMs. As 6 changes from 0 to 2r the resultant pattern goes through all the phases shown in Figure1.3. As 8 goes on changing with time the whole pattern will be repeated in a cyclic fashion. The pattern goesthrough acycle of changes in time T given by 8(t + T) =8(t) +20 > AT = 2x +29)Note: Simple Harmonic Motion 1.43 Frequency ratio 1 : 2: Let two rectangular SHMSs of frequencies in the ratio I: 2 differing in phase by 8 be represented by x= acosot +30) y = beos(2at + 3) Gl) => zt cos 2ot.cosé ~ sin 2ot.sind = (2cos? wt ~ 1)cos8 - 2sin wtcos at-sind y x = 1 \eos8 — 6s cee > [2+ sos6- 25°08] =* b a a This is an equation of fourth degree in x and , in general, represents closed curve having two loops. For a given value of § the exact nature of the curve can be traced. For example, if’ = 0 then Equation (32) reduces to = (33) @ © ‘Figure 1.4: Resultant pattern of two rectangular SHMs having frequency ratio 122 It represents two coincident parabolas (Figure 1.4 (a)) given by 34) ax? If3 = x/2 equation (32) reduces to 35) This equation represents a curve containing two loops as shown in Figure 1.4(c). Ifparticle displacement are of following form x=asin(2ot+6), y=bsin (ct) the general equation ofresultant curve is given by Ca ‘And resultant Lissajous figures loops areSe Simple Harmonic Motion Gy "te te “fe "te =a - la * a TL =a ae b-F 3 1.5 LISSAJOUS FIGURES: ‘The figures or curves formed by the superposition oftwo simple harmonic motions at right angles toeach other are known as Lissajous figures. The shape of these curves depend on the ratio of frequencies as well as onthe initial phase relationship of the component simple harmonic motions. 1.5.1 Uses of Lissajous figures: 1. Ratio of frequencies ‘These figures may be used to find the ratio of two exactly commensurate frequencies of the component vibrations. For this purpose draw a horizontal and a vertical line such that it intersect curve at maximum point and find the number of intersections each line makes with the curve. Now the ratio of the number of cut of the vertical line to that on the horizontal line will give the ratio of the horizontal to the vertical frequency ie., Number of eutson verticalline Number of cutsonhorizontalline N, +» (36) lp Wy Ex. 10, Superposition of two sinusoidal waves x(¢) = A sin (af) and y(t) = B sin (@,t) produces the following Lissajous figure. The ratio @,/ay is (a) 12 @1 : (e)2 (4 Son. (6) ‘Number of times figure cuts y-axis ‘Number of times figure cuts x-axis {UT-JAM GP : 2010] 42a 2-0, 0, =20,