7 Agustus 2020

Oleh : Maulana Sastradipradja & Khulaila

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DESKRIPSI KEJADIAN
When Beirut, Lebanon

Where Selasa, 4 Agustus 2020, pukul 18.00 waktu setempat

Event Who Warga Lebanon, terkonfirmasi 135 orang tewas, 5.000 orang terluka

1. Kebakaran pertama belum teridentifikasi, namun 4 orang meninggal seketika.

2. Terjadi ledakan besar yang merupakan eskalasi terhadap bahan mudah
What meledak Amonium Nitrat yang tersimpan di ruangan tertutup.
3. Total Kerugian akibat rangkaian kejadiaan berkisar $3Billion
Dugaan root-cause dikarenakan terjadinya kebakaran pada penyimpanan kembang api,
Why yang kemudian api tidak terkendali menyambar 2750 ton ammonium nitrat di
penyimpanan sekitarnya, dan menjadi ledakan besar hingga menyebabkan crater lip
(kawah).
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Maps Ref : CNN

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Video Footage

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Ledakan terasa hingga ke kota Cyprus, sekitar 240 kilometers jauhnya, dan tercatat
setara gempa 3.3 scala Richter.
Formasi kawah yang disebabkan oleh ledakan berkisar 124 meters diameter, atau setara
lapangan bola dalam panjangnya, berdasarkan Planet Labs, Inc. satellite image.

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BEFORE

Site of Explosion
Destroyed
Crater Formation
Grain Silo (85%
of Country
Grain)

AFTER

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BEFORE AFTER

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Explosion Overpressure Effect for Asset [Ref.2]

EXPLOSION EFFECT Overpressure
Impact Consequence
Intensity (bar)
Explosion Overpressure Intensity Thresholds [Ref. 1] • Corrugated asbestos shattered;
corrugated steel or aluminium
Overpressure panels, fastening gail, followed by
Type of Damage buckling; wood panels (standard
Intensity (bar)
15% lethality for people outdoors, in the housing) fastening fail, panels
0.14
0.35 bar open; blown in;
30% lethality for people within the facility • Partial collapse of walls and roofs
50% lethality for people outdoors, in the of houses;
0.50 bar open; • Concrete or cinder block walls, not
100% lethality for people within the facility reinforced, shattered;
• Wooden utility poles snapped; tall
hydraulic press (40,000 lb) in
1. Vulnerability of Humans, OGP 0.35 building slightly damaged;
• Nearly complete destruction of
RADD Report No. 434-14.1,
houses.
March 2010. • Loaded train wagons overturned;
2. Vulnerability of Plant Sturcture, • Brick panels, 8-12 inches thick, not
0.50
OGP RADD Report No. 434-15, reinforced, fail by shearing or
flexure.
March 2010.
• Probable total destruction of
buildings; heavy machine tools
0.70 (7,000 lb) moved and badly
damaged, very heavy machine
tools (12,000 lb) survive
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Modeling Input Data:

Meteorogical Data di Beirut [Ref.1]: Input data Software [Ref.2]:

Temperature rata-rata : 27.5 oC Flammable Mass : 2750 Tons AN equivalent to

Humiditas rata-rata : 0.71 1155 Ton TNT
Kecepatan angin pada saat kejadian : 4 m/s Power of TNT : 40 Percent

1. https://en.climate-
data.org/asia/lebanon/beirut/beir
ut-3572/
2. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/0
8/05/world/middleeast/beirut-
lebanon-explosion.html

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Maps Ref : Bingmaps

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Map Ref : Planet Labs Inc

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There have been conflicting reports of what caused the blast. Initially the explosion was
blamed on a major fire at a warehouse for firecrackers near the port. But on Wednesday
morning, Prime Minister Hassan Diab said that about 2,750 metric tons of ammonium
nitrate, a highly explosive material, had been stored at the port for the past six years
"without preventive measures."

Court documents show that the ammonium nitrate came to Beirut on a Russian-owned
ship in 2013, which had originally been headed to Mozambique. It stopped in Beirut due
to financial difficulties (debts), ship leaks and unrest among the crew -- and never left
again. The crew abandoned the ship, which was detained by authorities, and the
ammonium nitrate on board was stored in a hanger at the port -- just a few minutes'
walk from shopping and nightlife districts.

Ref: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/08/05/middleeast/beirut-blast-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html

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APA ITU
AMONIUM NITRAT?
Amonium nitrat(AN)
termasuk golongan
AN merupakan oksidator yang
kristal anorganik yang kuat yang memiliki reaktivitas
digunakan sebagai yang stabil tetapi jika kontak Kondisi yang harus
pupuk, peledak, dengan material lain dapat dihindari yakni,
piroteknik, menimbulkan api.
panas yang
herbidisium, AN tidak dapat terbakar, berlebihan, bahan
insektisidium, namun jika dipanaskan zat
mudah terbakar,
campuran pembeku, akan meleleh, terurai, dan
melepaskan gas beracun bahan organik, agen
zat pengoksidasi dan
termasuk nitrogen oksida dan reduktor, asama
zat pengkatalisis
gas ammonia. kuat, logam bubuk
Titik Leleh AN: 169.6 C

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MSDS Amonium Nitrat

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MSDS Amonium Nitrat

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INVESTIGATION
1. It is not yet clear what chemicals were
being burned at first fire event.
2. Warehouse of hazardous chemicals are
located close to dense community. just a
few minutes' walk from shopping and
nightlife districts.
3. Residents are unaware of that there were
hazardous chemicals stored near their
home for almost 6 years.
4. Government lack of safety awareness and
safety regulation implementation
5. Inadequate safety management of
dangerous chemicals
6. Lack of supervision by authorities

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KEJADIAN SERUPA
1921 1947 2015

• Sekitar 4.500 • Kecelakaan • Sebuah

ton amonium industri paling ledakan yang
nitrat mematikan melibatkan
menyebabkan dalam sejarah amonium
ledakan di AS terjadi di nitrat dan
sebuah pabrik Galveston Bay, bahan kimia
di Oppau, Texas. lainnya
Setidaknya
Jerman, menewaskan
581 orang
menewaskan tewas ketika 173 orang di
lebih dari 500 lebih dari pelabuhan
orang 2.000 ton Tianjin, China
bahan kimia utara
meledak di
atas kapal
yang berlabuh
di pelabuhan.

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HOW TO AVOID as per EPA

1. Hindari adanya pemanasan AN di ruang
tertutup.
2. Pastikan AN tidak dapat terdampak
ledakan. Penyimpanan AN dekat benda
mudah terbakar / meledak harus
memenuhi Separasi Lokasi sesuai
standard*.
3. Hindari AN dari kontaminan organic yang
mudah terbakar.
4. Hindari AN dari kontaminan inorganic
yang dapat memicu ledakan seperti
klorida dan debu logam halus.
5. EPA guidelines juga merekomendasikan
fire resistant walls di lokasi penyimpanan, AN : Ammonium Nitrate
noncombustible flooring, dan controlled EPA : US Environment Protection Agency
temperatures. * ATF’s Table of Separation Distances. 27 CFR
555.220.
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LESSON LEARN
1. Mengidentifikasi bahaya amonium nitrat
dalam konteks bagaimana bahan disimpan
dan ditangani
2. Melakukan penilaian risiko untuk
menentukan sifat, kemungkinan, dan
tingkat keparahan insiden yang bisa
mengakibatkan kerusakan pada orang dan
lingkungan
3. Terapkan tindakan pengendalian yang
tepat, memastikan risiko terhadap orang,
properti, dan lingkungan diminimalisasi
sejauh mungkin.

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Reference :
https://tirto.id/penyebab-ledakan-di-beirut-lebanon-diduga-karena-amonium-nitrat-fVPX

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/05/world/middleeast/beirut-lebanon-explosion.html

https://edition.cnn.com/2020/08/05/middleeast/beirut-blast-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html

https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2020/08/06/090600323/ledakan-lebanon-apa-itu-amonium-
nitrat-dan-kenapa-sangat-berbahaya-?page=all

https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/01290.htm

https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/08/06/085000565/fakta-seputar-amonium-nitrat-dalam-
ledakan-di-beirut-lebanon?page=all

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 TERIMA KASIH

3/26/202
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