Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Exercises PDF
Exercises PDF
i) X = too:= {(Xn)nEN: Xn E IR for each nand suplxnl < oo}. d(x,y) = sup{lxn-Ynl: n EN}.
ii) X = foo, d(x,y) = #{n EN: xn #- Yn} (Hamming distance).
iii) Take X to be London. For every pair of points x, y E X, let d(x, y) be the distance that a
car needs to drive from x to y. (Taxicab metric, this is not the distance "as the crow flies").
iv) Let X be a chess board, and for any pair of squares x, yE X, d(x, y) is the number of steps
that a knight needs to go from x to y.
v) As iv, but now with a bishop.
b) The diameter of metric space (X, d) is sup{d(x, y) : x, y E X}. Find the diameters of the
examples given in Notes 1.
c) Find the diameters of the examples in part a).
Problem 2: Show that for all x, y, z in a metric space (X, d): d(x, y) 2 Id(x, z) - d(z, y)l·
Problem 3: An (open) ball of radius r is B(x;r) = {y EX: d(x,y) < r}. A closed ball
or radius r is B(x; r) = {y EX: d(x, y) ::; r}. Take X = IR2. Draw the open ball B(O; 1) (Le.,
the unit ball) if
a) d is Euclidean metric.
b) d is sum metric.
c) d is sup metric.
d) d is discrete metric.
Problem 4: a) If d1 and d2 a metrics, check if the following functions are also metrics:
i) d1 + d2;
ii) max{d1, d2};
iii) min{d1, d2l;
iv) ~d1 + ~d2'
v) d1 . d2.
b) For each of the four axioms in the definition of metric, find an example d that fails it but
satisfies the other three axioms.
Problem 8: a) Check the triangle inequality for (£00,111100)and for (£1, 11lid·
b) The triangle inequality also holds for (£P, 11lip) and pE [1,(0), but for pE (1,00) it is much
1
harder to check. Can you find a counter-example to show that (£2,11111) 2
is not a normed space?
Problem 9: a) Show that any Cauchy sequence can have at most one limit.
b) A subsequence of a Cauchy sequence is Cauchy.
c) Give an example of a non-Cauchy sequence with a Cauchy subsequence.
Problem 10: Let X = C([-I, 1]) with norm 11lit- Let (fn)nEN be defined by
if x E [~, I),
ifxE(_ll) n' n '
fn(x) -1
= { ~X if x E [-1, -~].
a) Show that (fn)nEN is Cauchy.
b) Is (X, 11lid a Banach space?
c) Is (fn)nEN convergent in (L1([-I, 1]),11 111)?
Problem 11: Let lP'n([a, 1]) be the space of all polynomials p : [a, 1] ~ IR of degree::; nand
lP'([a,l]) be the space of alll1lynomials p : [a, 1] ~ IR of any degree.
a) Is lP'n([a, 1]) a linear space" What is its dimension?
b) Question a) but now for lP'([a, 1]).
c) Use the norm 111100,i.e. uniform convergence. Is lP'([a, 1]) a proper normed space with this
norm?
d) Find a sequence (Pn)nEN that converges to f(x) = eX.
e) Is (lP'([a, 1]),11 11(0)a Banach space?
f) Show that if Pn ~ 9 in 111100,then f is a continuous function.
Problem 12: Let f be a contraction of the metric space (X, d). "
a) Show that f can have at most one fixed point.
b) Show that f is continuous.
(~ / (")'
Q
I
~~
~~"'-
'" \.\,/
~ ~~
)~
'\' !
Problem 14: Let (X, d) be a metric space.
a) Show that a Lipschitz function is continuous.
b) Fix P E X and define f : X --+ ~ by f (x) = d(p, x). Show that f a Lipschitz function. What
is a smallest Lipschitz constant.
c) Let d' on X X X defined by <tt(Xl, Yl), (X2, Y2)) = d(Xl, X2) + d(Yl, Y2). Show that d' is a
metric.
~ >:-p jx", -:;",/ +- r~p Iy:-. ~?h I .=- d (K)f! -4- thy! z)
H~ N c,f d de w1.(jr I ~ b.e c~.AJ2 er (~ y) f d ( 'f / ,( fcl CA. e /0 0 h. e -I;J C:f S (-r-e.ei: r.
IV) irlCof i~1kj!& r .~ ~c1-{qJ ~c. ~ r:~ x {~J' J tL) sRot~ (c/1 ~itu£.
Mf
M"c
Cl
Lr) ,,~-til-C·.
~(M -j-t ~q~1 r~&
If b,sJ1vp cU--t -pact?
r:~ X
f?~{2/(_R_--5
+J VlQ
CVt.-, ~lHA
2..
1_QJ.J{ ~ e~
_
5~wa 1..e-f
tJ
~) cI(e-., OR: £v<aPriv:_).::: ~ --' ~?ftc"",((K~ j (1) = ~) (}L'~ < A~ i-IC'l""VH;:J ~
:: IV
tP.-
i;Y 'j/I/(() ~ JfJ ,~.J(K., l1) .: /lltCX <. dJ.AI y) ) dl (XI' Y) '~ Ne'v If d( ((~ y) ~ CI2/~r)
W/(:;~ < cJl(~/yJ J d.t[~l'yj1 .:::: mQk{~JJl5 (x';~Jt- f,t.t.o./i'.( dpdJ (t-'J)'
(v) As i)
It) No! (.t ry~-hiC.? -it 4- iVte/V(_J!~ ft,IJ,; I~ U~~ ~ ((f.<J £«-~iec~ ) ~ ~ o-.jclz.'
"'W ,-fl x'.;' (}/ 1:::. f;. j :z " f . .
s-. ·1
}.
(7 ; ••IJ f-s..e
frf-=i
t'"
'~4t--
~
--tiej
Cl =-.b,
;"j hue. ~ ~~ <[70.) 5>0 d {a, b} -R~ i te e.eeJ 0-,
a) 2- hV' I
(Co-...
dl V<ttr'" ~
v.uy--- ~ f~ fC/!.
y- ~
i" >- i
1
~ (~)
~I t f ~6 (~)y; <= -[ 1 lec&-10t ~ <) ()~I J» i '~.2j?f'
r 0-00
JP , .... .,) J-D
-~ {",tu.- X>f(1 III
">:">.>".). ..--} X€ {60", bc..~ r'/ 'F er~
d) -(0. ke- X € 1 P.;, 50 ~ I K,nI f <: €X) < ,,-t. ~uJ ,:... ~j(; Je/l alia l:-
~PC/U1- () • ;:?/x;"lq
1-1 ~ 1-1.
~
-;;;: j I x",/~ +- '1~ >:'/'''+1 I X'111
2
$--. ----
+ /;(~/'f
h-:-NH
li X t-jll(X) =- ><.cp
~ (r Xh f Y•.I) .s ~
1,"-1" ({Xl< I + '7,.. I ) -S 5'-<f
=- ~•.• F."
/1", 'f-V,,/ oS :2 I Xh /rlI,,, 1 .;:' Z,.,....
{x,) I- 2" /
IVj.,,1 .
dec"c).
'"'- 'V, tC
<
J0
E- i- £:
Cc::-c:;,
,.....
-::: f dt 4.> ;;;),/ J".~f c Cv< ~ -e 1 ch 0..> a) =- 0)
b)
(v,
/~I:-
IN .su
(Cl",)~e/f/
et -tKot-
gYtk- --
Gur.ePy
~ .
9"'-<1f (i-lt)kf-ItJ! atA-J ~L-I.-U-tU-
c) CX((}.
ot tA.v{
;o0/[ le
r fu
C~
.J
( an
%1.<
)vz
f
e~f.
e--/N 1'7
( 01.2 •.• )
Ji<.
I-! E:-/A(
(,vI tR
I j
Q", -:: (-
CC/h Y 1-0- ••
1/'.
f- 1)
~"1
Cl kJ7('
Co£-, )
1'-1
i-1~N
q.,ef{k-1
~h.I:c..f'
'(~IIA-,
/1 0.)
i .(
>'11--1.
!Pn ([0; t1)
1, .:co -j
eCrU/1St of
.:x-I 0 10 :1 :, "-
JL (fi >-1', I.e)
R...-..<-
f?~CA..
gl""=- t
~) /l(t-v/ I]) c~tJ-t 11L- f~'/~ I!vr.e~ c~J!~o /(~S
1
l2-)
{1--,.2(~X~'~.]
/1 p /~
--tL-,
=- §«--e
-t(:-[;<>,']
!l p /1 Cb
( p ft.--)
:-
Jo;{;J
I iJ o.
:> 'f.
<2Vl
~"I
Ip ({-) I
,-P r
(~r..,,·.!.e
--5-
c/rWte-t--0'{04-zoiJ
p(f.-):: qo 1- q, +
y, t:E-~6,11
~
c(
d (((,{)/ f(y»)
2/)/
~i~,fl'~
e-X}
~.
5cr
ir
c dC"<I)
C4-:!rhv,,!j"
<::;
l.J
c· S =
UVZ I/?-~
c·£
1 e,
< ~J
~ et;
~<.--J:.~fL;.J
CV1--.+, •..·uC>i.<J
~ (J
•
(,,",cC.-~cL.. t
I'-------------------------------~ -- --
Lfj?J,{2-
L
Ivr&c( If /,( ~ ~ Ct/YlSfc:utJ {te"<.- tWe- COq
/1 f~-r/~ = ~~p
-/;-
!~[n - rc- I ~ ~«p
!:-.sYnL
jnt-R/$ ~-- o.
cp,.4wt If,- Q) ~ qy~Wr /3b)
c) JN? tL c0 L7 I~~t; ~
cl ( (XI) '7,) .J (x 2- J y,,) ): ~ { K, J y, > -r- cl ( x"-) 72-)
~: