Aut

otr
ophs-theseAr
eli
vi
ngt
hingst
hatusesunl
i
ght
,chl
orophyl
l
,wat
erandcar
bondi
oxi
de
t
oproducefood.

cir
culator
ysyst
em-
iti
sbestdescr
ibedast
hel
i
fel
i
neoft
hebody;
thebody'
s"pi
ckup"and
del
iverysyst
em.

ar
teri
es-car
ri
est
heoxygen-
richbl
oodt
othehead,
arms,
chestanddownt
othewai
stand
t
helegs.

neoronsorner
vecel
l
s--ar
etr
ansmi
tt
ersofmessagesf
rom t
hedi
ff
erentpar
tsoft
hebr
ain
andvicever
sa.

br
ainst
em--partofbr
aincont
rol
sthef
oll
owi
ngact
ivi
ti
es:br
eat
hing,bl
oodpr
essur
e,hear
t
r
ateandaler
tness.

Foodchai
n-r
efer
stoasequenceofor
gani
smsi
nacommuni
tyt
hatconst
it
utesaf
eedi
ng
chai
n.

Ecol
ogi
cal
communi
ty-
-isagr
oupofi
nter
act
ibgpl
ant
s,ani
mal
sandhumani
napar
ti
cul
ar
ar
ea.

Gr
eenhouseef
fect
--excessivepr
esencei
fcar
bondioxi
deint
heairt
rappi
ngheatnear
t
heeart
hssurf
acecausi
ngar iseint
emperat
urei
ntheenvi
ronment
.

moon'
sgr
avi
tat
ional
pul
l
--causeshi
ghandl
owt
ides.

Ozonel
ayer
--t
heEar
th'
sshi
eldagai
nstsun'
shar
mful
radi
ati
on.

l
ongshor
edr
if
t--
movementofsandandshi
ngl
esal
ongt
gecoast
.

1
950'
s--
Theor
yofpl
atet
ect
oni
csgener
all
yaccept
ed.

Er
osi
on-
-tgeweat
her
ingawayofr
ocksbywat
er,wi
ndandi
ce.

cal
ori
e--
theuni
tofmeasur
ementofener
gyi
nagi
venamountoff
ood.

ami
noaci
ds-
-thebui
l
dingbl
ockofpr
otei
ns.

DNA-
-deoxyr
ibonucl
eicaci
d.

par
thenogenesi
s--
thedevel
opmentofeggwi
thoutf
ert
il
i
zat
ion.

Li
ght
--sour
ceofener
gyneededf
orphot
osynt
hesi
s.

sci
ent
if
ict
heor
y--
isahypot
hesi
snotyetsubj
ect
edt
oexper
iment
alt
est
.

mass-
-iti
sthemeasur
eoft
heamountofmat
teri
nanobj
ect
.
 speed-
-ist
hedi
stancet
ravel
edbyt
hebodybyperuni
tti
meandt
ell
howf
astorsl
owt
he
bodymoves

acceler
ati
on-
--t
her
ateofchangeoft
hedi
stancet
ravel
edperuni
tti
mei
nast
ated
di
rect
ion.

moti
on--i
stherel
uct
anceoft
heobj
ectt
ochangeei
theri
t'
sst
ateofr
estoruni
for
m
moti
oninast
raightl
i
ne.

Lawofconservat
ionener
gy--t
hisl
awstat
est
hatener
gycannotbecr
eat
ednor
dest
royedbutonl
ychangesfor
mtoanother.

kinet
ict
heor
y- -t
hiskawst
atest
hatmat
teri
smadeupofal
argenumberofmol
ecul
es
whicharecont
inuousmoti
on.

absol
utezer
o--
thel
owestpossi
blet
emper
atur
ethatasubst
ancecanr
each.

specif
icheatcapaci
ty-
-ist
heamountofheatr
equi
redt
orai
set
het
emper
atur
eofkg.Of
asubstancebydegreeC.

symbi
oti
crel
ati
onshi
p--t
herelat
ionshi
pofgi
ve-
and-
takeofl
i
vingor
gani
smsi
na
bi
ospher
eisabalancedofnat
ure.

aer
ati
on-
-pr
ocessofr
emovi
ngexcessodori
nwat
er

j
upi
ter
--i
soneoft
hepl
anet
shast
hegr
eat
estgr
avi
tat
ional
pul
l
.

l
awofi
nert
ia-
--i
sthel
awwhi
chexpl
ainswhyonepul
lapi
ecewi
thoutt
appi
ngagl
assi
n
aqui
ckmoti
on.

wor
k--
appl
i
cat
ionofener
gy.

pr
eci
pit
ati
on-
-thef
all
i
ngofanyf
orm ofwat
erf
rom t
heai
rtot
heEar
th'
ssur
face.

ozonel
ayer
--t
hepar
tofat
mospher
ethatf
il
ter
stheul
tr
avi
oletr
aysoft
hesun.

Per
ihel
i
on-
-thepoi
nti
ntheEar
thsor
bitnear
estt
othesun.

aphel
i
on-
-thepoi
nti
ntheear
thsor
bitf
art
hestt
othesun.

phosphorescence-
-apr
oper
tyofmi
ner
alswhi
chgi
vesof
fraysofl
i
ghtwhenexposedt
o
ul
tr
avi
oletl
ight.

UNESCO'
S5PI
LLARSofEDUCATI
ON.
.

Lear
ningt
oKnow
–thedevel
opmentofskil
l
sandknowledgeneededt
ofunct
ioni
nthi
sworl
de.
g.f
ormal
acqui
si
ti
onofl
it
eracy,numer
acy,cr
it
ical
thi
nki
ngandgener
alknowl
edge.

Lear
ningt
oDO

–t
heacqui
si
ti
onofappl
i
edski
l
lsl
i
nkedt
opr
ofessi
onal
success
.

Lear
ningt
oLi
veToget
her

–thedevel
opmentofsoci
alskil
l
sandval
uessuchasr
espectandconcer
nforot
her
s,and
t
heappreci
ati
onofcul
tur
aldiversi
ty.

Lear
ningt
oBE

–thel
ear ni
ngthatcontri
butestoaperson’
smi nd,body,andspiri
t.Ski
l
lsincl
udecreat
ivi
ty
andpersonaldi
scovery,acquir
edthr
oughr eading,t
heInter
net,andactivi
ti
essuchassports
andart
s.

Lear
ningt
oTr
ansf
orm Onesel
fandSoci
ety

–wheni ndividualsandgroupsgainknowledge,devel
opski
ll
s,andacqui
renewvaluesasa
resul
tofl
ear ning,theyar
eequi ppedwi
thtool
sandmi ndset
sforcr
eati
nglast
ingchangei
n
organi
zati
ons,communi t
ies,andsoci
eti
es.

Pr
ofEd

CURRI
CULUM DEVELOPMENT

METREVI
EW

1
.ESSENTI
ALI
SM

Thet
eacheri
sthesol
eat
hour
it
yinhersubj
ectar
eaorf
iel
dofspeci
ali
zat
ion

Excel
l
encei
neducat
ion,
backt
obasi
csandcul
tur
all
i
ter
acy

2.PERENNI
ALI
SM

Teacher
shelpstudentst
hinkwit
hreasonbasedonsocrat
icmet
hodsofor
alexposi
ti
onor
r
ecit
ati
on,expl
i
citordel
iber
ateteachi
ngoftr
adit
ional
val
ues

Useofgr
eatbooksandr
etur
ntol
i
ber
alar
ts

3.PROGRESSI
VSM

Subj
ect
sar
eint
erdi
sci
pli
nar
y,i
ntegr
ati
veandi
nter
act
ive

Cur
ri
cul
um i
sfocusedonst
udent
sint
erest
,humanpr
obl
emsandaf
fai
rs
 School
ref
orms,
rel
evantandcont
ext
ual
i
zedcur
ri
cul
um,
humani
sti
ceducat
ion

4.RECONSTRUCTI
ONI
SM

Teacheractasagent
sofchangeandr
efor
minvar
iouseducat
ional
proj
ect
sincl
udi
ng
r
esearch

Equal
i
tyofeducat
ional
oppor
tuni
ti
esi
neducat
ion,
accesst
ogl
obal
educat
ion

5.CURRI
CULUM

a.I
tisbasedonst
udent
sneedsandi
nter
est

b.I
tisal
waysr
elat
edt
oinst
ruct
ion

c.Subj
ectmat
teri
sor
gani
zedi
nter
msof

knowl
edge,
ski
l
lsandval
ues

d.
thepr
ocessemphazi
sepr
obl
em sol
vi
ng

e.Cur
ri
cul
um ai
mst
oeducat
egener
ali
stand

notspeci
ali
st

6.BEHAVI
ORI
STPSYCHOLOGY

Lear
ningshouldbeorgani
zedsot
hatst
udent
scanexper
iencesuccessi
nthepr
ocessof
master
ingthesubjectmat
ter

7.COGNI
TIVEPSYCOLOGY

Lear
ningconst
it
utesal
ogi
cal
met
hodf
oror
gani
zi
ngandi
nter
pret
ingl
ear
ning

8.HUMANI
STI
CPSYCHOLOGY

Cur
ri
cul
um i
sconcer
nedwi
tht
hepr
ocessnott
hepr
oduct
s

per
sonal
needsnotsubj
ectmat
ter

psychol
ogi
cal
meani
ngsandenvi
ronment
alsi
tuat
ions

9.SOCI
ALFOUNDATI
ONOFCURRI
CULUM

Soci
etyaseverdynami
c,i
sasour
ceofver
yfastchangeswhi
char
edi
ff
icul
ttocopewi
th

1
0.PHI
LOSOPHI
CALANDPSYCHOLOGI
CAL

FOUNDATI
ONOFCURRI
CULUM
 Helpsi
nanswer
ingwhatschoolarefor,
whatsubjectar
eimpor
tant
,howst
udent
sshoul
d
l
earn,
andwhatmater
ial
sandmet hodsshoul
dbeus ed

1
1.HI
STORI
CALFOUNDATI
ONSOFCURRI
CULUM

Showsdi
ff
erentchangesi
nthepur
poses,
pri
nci
plesandcont
entoft
hecur
ri
cul
um

1
2.GOODCURRI
CULUM

Compl
ement
sandcooper
ateswi
thot
herpr
ogr
amsoft
hecommuni
ty

Pr
ovi
desf
ort
hel
ogi
cal
sequenceofsubj
ectmat
ter

Cont
inuosl
yinvol
vi
ng

Compl
exofdet
ail

1
3.WRI
TTENCURRI
CULUM

TeacherChari
ssei
mplementsordeli
versherles
sonsi
nthecl
assr
oom basedona
cur
ri
culum t
hatappeari
nschool
,di
str
ictordi
visi
ondocument
s

1
4.RECOMMENDEDCURRI
CULUM

Pr
oposedbyschool
arsandpr
ofessi
onal
organi
zat
ion

1
5.HI
DDENCURRI
CULUM

Unint
endedcurr
iculum whi
chi
snotdel
i
ber
atel
ypl
annedbutmaymodi
fybehavi
oror
i
nfl
uencelear
ningoutcomes

1
6.TAUGHTCURRI
CULUM

Teacher
simpl
ementordel
i
veri
nthecl
assr
oomsorschool
s

1
7.OBJECTI
VES

Implementorcomponentoft hecur
ri
cul
um pr
ovi
desthebasesfort
heselect
ionof
contentandlear
ningexper
iencewhichal
sosett
hecri
ter
iaagai
nstwhi
chlearni
ngoutcomes
wil
lbeevaluated

1
8.LEARNI
NGEXPERI
ENCE

Whati
nst
ruct
ional
str
ategi
esr
esour
cesandact
ivi
ti
eswi
l
lbeempl
oyed

1
9.CONTENT

Whatsubj
ectmat
teri
stobei
ncl
uded
20.EVALUATI
ONAPPROACHES

Whatmet
hodsandi
nst
rument
swi
l
lbeusedt
oassest
her
esul
tsofcur
ri
cul
um

21
.INTEREST

Al
ear
nerwi
l
lval
uet
hecont
entorsubj
ectmat
teri
fiti
smeani
ngf
ult
ohi
m/her

22.SI
GNI
FICANCE

Whencontentorsubj
ectmatterwil
lcont
ri
but
ethebasi
cideas,
concept
s,pr
inci
plesand
gener
ali
zat
iont
oachievetheoveral
lai
m ofthecur
ri
cul
um theni
tissi
gni
fi
cant

23.LEARNABI
LITY

Subj
ectmat
teri
sthecur
ri
cul
um shoul
dbewi
thi
nther
angeoft
heexper
ienceoft
he
l
earner
s

24.UTI
LITY

Usef
ulnessoft
hecont
entorsubj
ectmat
termayber
elat
ivet
othel
ear
nerwhoi
sgoi
ngt
o
usei
t.

25.LEARNI
NGCONTENTOFACURRI
CULUM

Fr
equent
lyandcommonl
yusedi
ndai
l
yli
fe

Sui
tedt
othemat
uri
tyl
evel
sandabi
l
it
iesofst
udent
s

Val
uabl
einmeet
ingt
heneedsandt
hecompet
encesofaf
utur
ecar
eer

26.LEARNI
NGEXPERI
ENCES

El
ementsorcomponent
soft
hecurr
icul
um i
ncl
udesinstr
ucti
onalst
rat
egi
esandmet
hods
t
hatputi
nacti
onthegoal
sanduset
hecontent
sinordertoproducetheout
come

27.AI
MS,
GOALandOBJECTI
VES

Theypr
ovi
det
hebasesf
ort
hesel
ect
ionofl
ear
ningcont
entandl
ear
ningexper
iences

Theyal
sosett
hecr
it
eri
aagai
nstwhi
chl
ear
ningout
comeswi
l
lbeeval
uat
ed

28.SUBJECTMATTER/
CONTENT

I
tist
hecompendi
um off
act
s,concept
s,gener
ali
zat
ion,
pri
nci
plesandt
heor
ies
.

I
tisi
ndi
vi
dual
sper
sonal
andsoci
alwor
ldandhowheorshedef
inesr
eal
i
ty
29.EVALUATI
ONAPPROACHES

Refert
othef or
maldeter
minati
onoft
hequali
ty,
eff
ect
ivenessorval
ueoft
he
pr
ogram,processandproductoft
hecur
ricul
um

30.I
NPUT

I
ntheCIPPModelbyStuf
flebeam thegoal
s,
instr
ucti
onalst
rat
egi
es,
thel
ear
ner
s,t
he
t
eacher
sthecont
entandall
mat eri
alsneededi
nt hecurr
icul
um

31
.CONTEXT

Referest
otheenvi
ronmentoft
hecur
ri
cul
um ort
her
eal
sit
uat
ionwher
ethecur
ri
cul
um i
s
oper
ating

32.PROCESS

Ref
erst
othewaysandmeansofhowt
hecur
ri
cul
um hasbeeni
mpl
ement
ed

33.PRODUCT

I
ndi
cat
esi
fthecur
ri
cul
um accompl
i
shesi
tsgoal

34.HI
LDATABA

Gr
assr
ootsappr
oach-
teacher
swhot
eachori
mpl
ementt
hecur
ri
cul
um shoul
dpar
ti
cipat
e
i
ndevel
opingi
t

35.RALPHTYLERSMODELofCURRI
CULUM

Pur
poseoft
heschool

Educat
ional
exper
iencer
elat
edt
othepur
pose

Or
gani
zat
ionoft
heexper
ience

Eval
uat
iom oft
heexper
ience

36.PLANNI
NGPHASEi
ncur
ri
cul
um devel
opment

Theneedsoft
hel
ear
ner
s

Theachi
evabl
egoal
sandobj
ect
ivest
omeett
heneeds

Thesel
ect
ionoft
hecont
entt
obet
aught

Themot
ivat
iont
ocar
ryoutt
hegoal
s
 Thest
rat
egi
esmostf
itt
ocar
ryoutt
hegoal
s

Theeval
uat
ionpr
ocesst
omeasur
elear
ningout
comes

37.I
MPLEMENTATI
ONPHASEi
ncur
ri
cul
um devel
oment

Requi
rest
het
eachert
oimpl
ementwhathasbeenpl
anned

38.EVALUATI
ONPHASEi
ncur
ri
cul
um devel
opment

Amat
choft
heobj
ect
iveswi
tht
hel
ear
ningout
comeswi
l
lbemade

39.CHI
LDCENTEREDDESI
GN

Desi
gnmodel
indevel
opi
ngcur
ri
cul
uki
sat
tr
ibut
edt
oDewey,
Rouseau,
Pest
all
ozi
and
Fr
oebel

Cur
ri
cul
um i
sancor
edont
heneedsandi
nter
estofchi
l
d

40.HUMANI
STI
CDESI
GN

Abr
aham Mashl
owandCar
lRoger
s

whosai
dthedevel
opmentoft
hesel
fist
heul
ti
mat
eobj
ect
iveofl
ear
ning

41
.EXPERI
ENCECENTEREDDESI
GN

Exper
iemcesoft
hel
ear
ner
sbecomet
hest
art
ingpoi
ntoft
hecur
ri
cul
um

42.PROBLEM CENTEREDDESI
GN

Dr
awsonsoci
alpr
obl
ems,
needs
,i
nter
estandabi
l
it
iesoft
hel
ear
ner
s

43.MANAGERI
ALAPPROACH

School
pri
nci
pal
ist
hecur
ri
cul
um l
eaderandatt
hesamet
imei
nst
ruct
ional
leader

44.SYSTEM APPROACH

I
nfl
uencedbysyst
em t
heory,
wherethepar
tsoft
otalschool
dist
ri
ctorschool
are
det
erminedi
nter
msofhowt heyrel
atedt
oeachother

45.BEHAVI
ORALAPPROACH

Chagceofbehavi
ori
ndi
cat
est
hemeasur
eoft
heaccompl
i
shment

46.HUMANI
STI
CAPPROACH

Consi
dert
hewhol
echi
l
d
 bel
ievesthati
nacur
ri
cul
um t
het
otal
devel
opmemtoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
ist
hepr
ime
consi
derat
ion

Thel
ear
neri
sthecent
eroft
hecur
ri
cul
um

47.SYSTEMSAPPROACH

Theor
ganizat
ional
char
toft
heschool
showst
hel
i
nest
affr
elat
ionshi
psofper
sonnel
and
howdeci
sionaremade

48.PROCESSOFFEEDBACKANDREFLECTI
ON

Togivei
nfor
mat
ionast
owhet
hert
het
hreephas
eswer
eappr
opr
iat
elydoneandgave
goodresul
ts

49.EDUCATI
ONALTECHNOLOGY'
SROLE

Upgr
adi
ngt
hequal
i
tyoft
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningi
nschool

I
ncreas
ingt
hecapabi
li
tyoft
heteachert
oef
fect
ivel
yincul
cat
elear
ningandf
orst
udent
s
t
ogainmaster
yofl
essonsandcourses

Broadeni
ngthedel
i
veryofeducati
onoutsi
deschool t
hroughnontradit
ional
approaches
t
onor malandi
nfor
mallear
ningsuchasopenuniver
sit
iesandlif
elonglear
ningtoadult
l
earners

50.CURRI
CULUM ASSESSMENT

Teachergat
her
sinf
ormat
ionabouthi
sst
udent
sknowandcando.

51
.PI
LOTTESTI
NG

Aprocessofgatheri
ngempir
ical
dat
atosuppor
twhet
ert
jemat
eri
alort
hecur
ri
cul
um i
s
usef
ul,
rel
evant
,r
eli
ableandval
i
d

52.MONI
TORI
NG

Aper
iodi
cassessmentandadj
usmentdur
ingt
het
ryoutper
iod

53.CURRI
CULUM EVALUATI
ON

Syst
emat
icpr
ocessofj
udgi
ngt
heval
ueef
fect
ivenessandadequacyofacur
ri
cul
um

processofobtai
ninginfor
mationf
orj
udgi
ngt heworthofeducati
onalpr
ogram,pr
oduct
,pr
ocedur e,
educati
onal obj
ect
ivesort
hepotenti
alut
il
i
tyorl
falt
ernat
iveappr
oachesdesi
gn
t
oattainspeci
fi
edobj ect
s

54.CURRI
CULUM DEVELOPMENT
 Theprocessofsel
ect
ingorgani
zi
ngexecut i
ngandeval uat
ingthelear
ningexperi
enceon
t
hebasisoftheneedsabil
i
ti
esandinterestoft
helearnersandont hebasi
softhenatureof
t
hesociet
yorcommuni t
yforthepossibil
i
ti
esofimprovingtheteachi
nglearni
ngsit
uati
on

55.CURRI
CULUM DESI
GN

Focusesont
hecont
entandpor
pusesoft
hecur
iccul
um

56.BACKWARDDESI
GN(
UbD-
Basedcur
ri
cul
um)

St
age1
:I
DENTI
FYI
NGRESULTS/
DESI
REDOUTCOMES

Cont
ent
/Per
for
mancest
andar
d

Essent
ial
under
standi
ng

Obj
evt
ives
-KSA

Essent
ial
Quest
ion

St
age2:
DEFI
NINGACCEPTABLEEVI
DENCE/
ASSESSMENT

Assessment
-Pr
oduct

Per
for
mance

Assessmentcr
it
eri
a/t
ool
s

Si
xfacet
sofunder
standi
ng

Expl
ain

I
nter
pret

Appl
y

Per
spect
ive

Empat
hy

Sel
fknowl
edge

St
age3:
LEARNI
NGPLAN/
INSTRUCTI
ON

Expl
ore

Fi
rm up
 Deepen

Tr
ansf
er

57.K-
12CURRI
CULUM

1
.Uni
ver
sal
Kinder
gar
ten

2.Cont
ext
ual
i
zat
ionandEnhancement

3.Spi
ral
Progr
essi
on

4.Mot
herTounge-
BasedMul
ti
l
ingual
Educat
ion

5.Seni
orHi
ghSchool

6.Col
l
egeandLi
vel
i
hoodr
eadi
ness
,21
stCent
urySki
l
ls

58.MEDI
UM OFI
NSTRUCTI
ON

RATI
ONALI
ZED

Pr
esi
dentAqui
nos10waystofixPhi
leducat
ionr
efer
stot
heuseofmot
hert
oungeasa
medi
um ofi
nst
ruct
ionf
rom pr
e-school
tograde3

59.EVERYCHI
LDAREADERBYGRADE1

Byt
heendofSY201
5-201
6ever
ychi
l
dpassi
ngpr
eschool
mustber
eaderbygr
ade1