NOUNS

CLASSIFICATION
1. Common nouns: dog, cat, puppet
2. Proper nouns: Elizabeth, Mary, The British etc.

3. Countable nouns: have both singular and plural forms: doll-dolls, but
potato-potatoes
ATENTIE!!! PLURALUL SE FORMEAZA CU S, SAU ES.
CU –S IL FORMAM ATUNCI CAND SUBSTANTIVUL SE TERMINA IN
CONSOANA: DOLL-DOLLS
CU –ES ATUNCI CAND SE TERMINA IN VOCALA: POTATO-
POTATOES
EXCEPTII!
ATUNCI CAND SUBSTANTIVUL SE TERMINA IN –CH, -SH, -S, -X,
SAU –Z, ACESTEA PRIMESC –ES.
EX: BUS-BUSES, BUSH-BUSHES, QUIZ-QUIZES, WITCH-WITCHES
Alte exceptii:
 substantivele care se termina in y, si au inainte o vocala, y-ul nu se
schimba: monkey-monkeys;
 substantivele care se termina in y, si au inainte o consoana, y-ul se
transforma in i si primeste es: fairy-fairies; lady-ladies.
 substantivele care se termina in f, la plural se transforma f in v, si
primesc es: calf-claves; elf-elves; leaf-leaves; loaf-loaves.
 Exceptii de la aceasta regula fac urmatoarele cuvinte:
dwarf-dwarfs/dwarves; hoof-hoofs/hooves; scarf-scarfs/scarves.
 Irregular plurals: (nu formeaza pluralul cu –s, sau -es)

child-children; mouse-mice; foot-feet; goose-geese; woman-women; man-

men; tooth-teeth; louse-lice; ox-oxen; penny-pence; die-dice (zar-zaruri);

Cuvinte de origine greaca sau latina:

singular - plural
bacterium - bacteria;
criterion - criteria;
phenomenon- phenomena;
analysis – analyses;
parenthesis – parentheses etc.

4. Uncountable nouns:
Sunt 5 categorii care intra la uncountable:
1. Liquids (tot ce e lichid): water, ink, oil, vinegar etc.

2. Food: meat, bread, salt, pepper, sugar, rice etc.

3. Materials: silk, glass, plastic, paper, iron, cotton, wool etc.

4. Abstract phenomena: justice, freedom, love, friendship, air etc.

5. Natural phenomena: rain, sun, lightning, thunder, wind, snow etc.