Ce 435 Compilation of Expirement

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Reducing Field Sample of Aggregates to Testing Size

2. Sieve Analysis of Aggregates
3. Determination of Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregates
4. Determination of Moisture Content of Coarse Aggregates
5. Determination of Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregates
6. Determination of Moisture Content of Fine Aggregates
7. Determination of Unit Weight and Voids of Coarse Aggregates
8. Determination of Unit Weight and Voids of Fine Aggregates
9. Soundness Test for Fine Aggregates
10. Test for Organic Impurities
11. Abrasion Test for Coarse Aggregates
12. Determination of Setting Time of Hydraulic Cement
13. Concrete Mix Designing and Proportioning
14. Fabricating Concrete Specimen for Tests (Concrete Cylinder and Concrete Beam)
and Curing
15. Test for Unit Weight and Yield of Concrete
16. Determination of the Air-content of Freshly Mixed Concrete
17. Determination of Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen
18. Determination of Tensile Strength of concrete cylinder
19. Determination of Modulus of Rupture of Concrete Beam
20. Test for Compressive Strength of Concrete Hollow Blocks
21. Determination of Moisture Content in Wood
22. Test for Static Bending of Wood
23. Test for Compressive Strength of Wood Perpendicular to Grain
24. Test for Compressive Strength of Wood Parallel to Grain
25. Test for Shear of Wood Parallel to Grain
26. Tension Test of Structural Steel
27. Penetration of Bituminous Materials
28. Marshall Stability Test for Asphalt
1
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Reducing Aggregate Field Samples to Test Samples
Referenced Standard:
ASTM C702-87
AASHTO T248-89
Introduction
Investigation of a large quantity of aggregates may sometimes become
impractical, thus, only a representative sample is obtained for specific tests. This sample
when obtained and prepared properly is expected to possess the average characteristics
of the entire quantity of field sample.
Sampling methods introduced in this experiment can be used to reduce a large
mass of field sample into representative samples for succeeding aggregate tests. The
3
Splitting Method is recommended for samples smaller than 45 mm ( 1 ”). Sampler
4
3
splitter with 25 mm openings are for aggregates having a maximum size of 19 mm ( ”)
4
3
and the sampler splitter with 50 mm (2”) openings are for aggregates up to 45 mm (1
4
3
”). The Quartering Method is used for coarse aggregates larger than 45 mm (1 ”).
4
Objectives:
1. To be able to learn how to obtain and prepare test samples from field
samples
2. To understand the significance of aggregate sampling in civil engineering
projects
Apparatus/Materials:
Spade Containers Sieves (25mm, 45mm, 50mm)
Sample Splitter Trowel or Scoop Aggregates Field Samples
Procedure:
1. Take a representative sample of aggregates from the field. Refer to Table 1
for the minimum requirements for field samples. The sample must be dry and
free from roots and debris. Wash the field samples as needed then dry allow
to thoroughly dry before reducing them to test size.
2. Mix the clean and dry field samples thoroughly until it appears to be
homogeneous.
3. Use the following methods (Splitting and Quartering) for reducing the field
samples to testing size:
A. Splitting Method
1. Place the two catch pans under the splitter.
2. Part by part, pour the sample into the splitter uniformly allowing the
aggregates to pass through the splitter opening to the catch pans.
2
3. When full, empty the catch pans unto a container. Two separate
containers must be used to store the two fractions of aggregates that
passed the splitter.
4. Complete the pouring of the entire quantity of field sample into the
splitter. Use a brush to collect the samples from the splitter. Refer to
Table 2 for the minimum requirements for test samples.
5. Label the containers with which the test samples are placed.
B. Quartering Method
1. Place the field sample on a clear, smooth and hard surface.
2. Mix the samples thoroughly until it appears homogeneous then form it
into a mound.
3. Flatten the mound by pressing it down carefully at its apex by a shovel
until a uniform thickness and diameter are obtained.
4. Using the shovel, divide the flattened mass into quarters. Include the
fine particles in the surface.
5. Collect in one container the aggregates in two diagonally opposite
quarters and in another container the other two quarters. Take note of
the minimum requirements shown in Table 2. Label containers with
samples appropriately for further tests.
Table 1
Recommended Size/quantity of Field Samples
Approximate Minimum Mass of Field

Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregates
Sample
Fine Aggregates
3.36 mm (#8) 10 kg (25 Lbs)
4.75 mm (#4) 10 kg (25 Lbs)
Coarse Aggregates
9.5 (3/8”) 10 kg (25 Lbs)
12.5 (1/2”) 15 kg (35 Lbs)
19.0 (3/4”) 25 kg (55 Lbs)
25.0 (1”) 50 kg (110 Lbs)
1
37.5 (1 ”) 75 kg ( 165 Lbs)
2
50 (2”) 100 kg (220 Lbs)
1
63 (2 ”) 125 kg (275 Lbs)
2
75 (3”) 150 kg ( 330 Lbs)
1
90 (3 ”) 175 kg (385 Lbs)
2
Source: Marotta & Harubin (1997)
3
Table 2
Minimum Requirements for test Samples
Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregates Minimum Mass of Test Sample
9.5 (3/8”)
ss12.5 (1/2”)
19.0 (3/4”)
25.0 (1”)
1
37.5 (1 ”)
2
50 (2”)
1
63 (2 ”)
2
75 (3”)
1
90 (3 ”)
2
Source: Marotta & Harubin (1997)
Drawing:
Observations:
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Discussion of Results:
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Conclusion:
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Post-lab Questions:
1. Explain the difference between: a) natural and manufactured aggregate, b) fine and
coarse aggregate.
2. Weigh each of the test samples from the catch pans. Do their weights differ? By
what percentage?
3. Weigh the samples obtained by the quartering method. Does each of the two
fractions represent 50% of the total mass of field sample? Why or why not? Explain
briefly.
5
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Sieve Analysis of Aggregates

Reference Standard:
ASTM C 136-84a
AASHTO T27-93
ASTM C33 / C33M-18
AASHTO T-27
Introduction
Sieving consists of shaking a sample through a stack of sieves arranged in

progressively decreasing sizes. The mass retained on each sieve is determined and the
analysis is made to produce a gradation curve that describes the particle-size
distribution in the sample.
Suitable gradation of an aggregate in a concrete mix is desirable in order to

secure workability of the mixture and economy in the use of cement. Gradation or the
distribution of the particle size can be determined by plotting the graph of the percent
finer. The range of amounts retained on the sieves may indicate well-graded, uniform-
graded, or gap-graded samples. For asphalt concrete, suitable gradation does not only
influence the workability of the mixture and economy in the use of the asphalt, but will
also affect its strength and its important properties.
Objectives:
1. To perform and learn the procedure for sieve analysis/ aggregate gradation.
2. To understand the importance of aggregate gradation to concrete and asphalt
mixes.
3. To determine particle size distribution of mass samples of fine and coarse
aggregates.
Apparatus/Material
Set of sieves Mechanical Shaker (optional)

Container Weighing Balance
4.75mm (No.4) 2.36 (No.8)
1.18mm (No.16) 600ᶣm (No.30)
150ᶣm (No.100)
Procedure:
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1. Assemble the sieves in the order presented in the Table 1.
2. Obtain and prepare a representative sample according to the sample
quantities prescribed in Table 2.
3. Dry the sample to a constant mass at a controlled temperature.
4. Place the weighed aggregate (one part at a time) on the top of the sieves stack
and cover the lid. Properly secure the sieves in the mechanical shaker and
turn on the shaker for five minutes. A mechanical shaker is recommended if
the sample weight is greater than or equal to 20 kg. In case of the absence of
mechanical shaker, shake the stack of sieves with your hands continuously at
the same time
5. Assemble the sieves in the order presented in the Table 1.
6. Obtain and prepare a representative sample according to the sample

quantities prescribed in Table 2.
7. Dry the sample to a constant mass at a controlled temperature.
8. Place the weighed aggregate (one part at a time) on the top of the sieves stack
and cover the lid. Properly secure the sieves in the mechanical shaker and
turn on the shaker for five minutes. A mechanical shaker is recommended if
the sample weight is greater than or equal to 20 kg. In case of the absence of
mechanical shaker, shake the stack of sieves with your hands continuously at
the same time.
9. Record the weights of the materials retained on each of the sieves, including
the weight retained on the pan. Use a weighing balance accurate to 0.1 g for
fine aggregates and accurate to 0.05 g for coarse aggregates. If the sums of
these weights are not within 1 percent of the original sample weight, the
procedure should be repeated. Otherwise, use the sum of the weight retained
to calculate the percentage on each sieve.
10. Continue sieving until not greater than 1.0 mas percent of the residue on any
single sieve will pass the sieve during a 1.0 minute of continuous hand
shaking.
11. Compute the cumulative percent retained and the percent of weights passing
each sieve.
12. Plot the gradation curves for the coarse and fine aggregates form the
experiment
7
Table 1
Sieve Sizes
US Standard Sieve Sizes Clear Opening (mm)

3” 75.00
2” 50.00
1
1 ” 37.50
2
1” 25.00
3
” 19.00
4
1
” 12.50
2
3
” 9.50
8
No. 4 4.75
No. 8 2.36
No. 10 2.00
Source: Marotta & Herubin (1997)
Table 2
Minimum Sample Sizes or Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregates
Particle Size Minimum Sample Size (kg)

3” 100
1
2 ’’ 60
2
2” 35
1
1 ” 15
2
1 10
3
” 3
4
1
” 2
2
3
” 1
8
Drawing:
8
Observations:
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Coarse aggregate:
Initial Weight: 5000g
Weight of Sieve with

Sieve no. Weight of Empty Weight Retained
Aggregates
Sieve (grams) (grams)
(grams)
2 in
1 ½ in
1 in
¾ in
½ in
3/8 in
No. 4 (4.75 mm)
No.8 (0.0937 in)
No.10(0.0787 in)
Pan
Data Analysis:
1. Percentage retained on each sieve:
Massratained on theindividual sieve

% retained = x 100 %
Total mass of the sample
2. Percentage passing ( finer):
Total mass−Cumulative mass retained

% passing = x 100 %
Total mass of the sample
3. Coefficient of Uniformity, Cu:
9
D60
Cu =
D10
Where:
Cu= coefficient of uniformity
D60= particle size @ 60% finer
D10= particle size @ 10% finer
Calculations:
Coefficient uniformity:
D60 3/4 ' '
Cu = = =8
D10 0.0937 ' '
Results:
Initial Weight:
Final Weight:
Weight Cumulative Weight

Cumulative %
Sieve no. Retained Retained % passing
Retained
(gram) (gram)
2 in
1 ½ in
1 in
¾ in
½ in
3/8 in
No. 4 (4.75 mm)
No.8 ( 0.0937 in)
No. 10 (0.0787 in)
Finest
Gradation Curve:
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Conclusions:
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Determination of Fineness Modulus of Aggregates
Procedure:
1. Add the Cumulative % Retained on all of the sieves except the No. 200 (75ᶣm) and the
Pan.
2. Then divide by 100 (remember to report answer to the nearest 0.01)
3. Once this result is obtained the average size particles in a mix can be determined by
looking at the scale and placing a mark where it fits in the best. If for example the F.M. is
2.65, then you would place the mark between the No. 50 (300ᶣm) and the No. 30
(600ᶣm) sieve.
Example: average cumulative retained = 2.96
#100 #50 #30 #16 #8 #4 3/8” 3/4" etc

1 2 X 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Table 1
Maximum size Volume of dry-rodded course aggregate per unit volume of concrete
Aggregate for different fineness muduli of fine aggregates
(mm)
2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
3/8”` 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
1/2” 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53
3/4" 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
1” 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65
1 1/2" 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69
2” 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72
3” 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76
6” 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81
Drawing:
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Conclusions:
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Post-lab Questions:
1. Using the given data below plot the gradation curve and check against ASTM
requirements. Also, identify the gradation of the sample described.
Sample 1A
Sieve No. Weight Retained
(grams)
4 12
8 70
16 85
30 96
50 120
100 100
Pan 10
Sample 1B
Sieve No. (in) Weight Retained (grams)
3 500
2 860
1 1/2 1240
3/8 980
50 600
Pan 85
2. Determine the coefficient of curvature for samples 1a and 1b above. Infer

from the results of your calculations
3. What are the main purposes of Sieve Analysis of Aggregates?
4. What is the difference between coarse and fine aggregates?
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
13
DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF COARSE
AGGREGATES
ASTM C127-88
AASHTO T85-91
Introduction
Basically, specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of material
to the weight of an equal volume of water. The variations of the definitions of specific
gravity depend upon the material and its purpose. In concrete work the term specific
gravity customarily refers to the density of the individual particle, not to the aggregate
mass as a whole. The most common definition of specific gravity in aggregate in
concrete is specific gravity in the saturated-surface-dry condition (SSD). The bulk (oven
dry) specific gravity and apparent specific gravity are used to a lesser degree.
Absorption, according to STM C127 and C1280, is a measure of the total pore
volume accessible to water. The absorption capacity of an aggregate is determined by
finding the weight of an aggregate under the SSD condition and the oven-dry sample
weight is the absorption capacity. Course aggregate are considered to be saturated
surface dry when have been wiped fee of visible moisture film with a cloth after the
aggregates have been soaked in water for 24 hours.
Objectives:
1. To perform and understand the procedure for determining the specific
gravity and absorption of course aggregates
2. To understand the importance of SSD in determining the absorption capacity
of aggregate
3. To determine the following properties of a course aggregate sample:
a. Apparent specific gravity
b. Bulk specific gravity in the SSD condition
c. Bulk specific gravity in the oven dry condition
d. Absorption
Course aggregate sample Balance sensitive to 1.0 gram
Wire mesh basket Oven
Sieve Sample container
Procedure:
1. Prepare the sample of course aggregates obtained from Experiment 1. Refer
to Table 1 for prescribed quantities according to sample size. Perform the
sampling procedure of Experiment 1 if new test samples are to be tested.
14
2. Soak the test sample clean water for approximate 24 hrs. Specific gravity and
absorption of aggregates not oven-dried before soaking may be higher than
aggregates dried at room temperature.
3. Dry the aggregate sample to its saturated-surface-dry condition (SSD) by
wiping its surface dry using a towel.
4. After wiping its surface dry, weigh the test sample in air (B) to the
nearest 1.0 gram. Do this quickly to prevent evaporation of moisture from the
aggregate.
5. Place the weighed test sample in a wire mesh sample and dip it in water at a
temperature of 23± 1.7℃. Removed entrapped air in the aggregates by
shaking. Measure the weight of the sample in the basket while dipped in
water ( C ).
6. Removed the sample from the basket and allow to try in the oven at 110±5℃
to a constant weight (A).
7. From the values obtained above, calculate the specific gravities and
absorption of the aggregate.
Table 1
Minimum Requirements for Test Samples
Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregates Minimum Mass of Test Sample

<12.5 mm (1/2”) 2Kg
19.0 mm (3/4”) 3kg
25.0 mm (1”) 4kg
37.5 mm(1 ½) 5kg
50 mm (2”) 8kg
63 mm(2 ½) 12kg
75 mm(3”) 18kg
90 mm(3 ½) 25kg
100 mm(4”) 40kg
Source: Marotta & Ilerubin (1997)
Drawing:
15
Observations:
Quantity 1 2 3
Mass of the empty basket in air, g
Mass of the wire basket + SSD sample in air, g
Mass of the SSD sample in air, g
Mass of the basket +sample in water, g
Mass of the empty container (used for oven-drying) in air, g
Mass of the container + oven-dried sample in air, g
Mass of the oven-dried sample in air, g
Data Analysis:
1. Apparent Specific Gravity
Ga = Mo ÷ [Mo Mw]
2. Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD)
Gssd = Mssd ÷ [Mssd – Mw]
2. Bulk Specific Gravity

Gb = Mo ÷ [Mssd – Mw]
3. Absorption
A = {[Mssd – Mo] ÷ Mo} x 100%
Where:
Mo = oven-dry mass of sample
Mssd = SSD mass of sample
Mw = mass off sample in water
Results:
Aggregate: Coarse Aggregate Nominal Size: 1 inch
Measure 1 2 3
Mass of the SSD sample in air
Mass of SSD sample in water
Mass of oven-dried ample in air
16
Property Ave. value
Apparent specific gravity
Bulk specific gravity
Bulk specific gravity SSD
Absorption
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Conclusions:
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Post-lab Questions:
1. Define hygroscopic moisture.
Hygroscopic moisture is a moisture firmly as a film on soil particles and not
responding to capillary actions.
2. A 3.0-kg sample has a moisture content of 12%. Determine its dry weight.
3. Derive the formula:
MT G SSD−1
Free Moisture: ( )(
MW
X
G SSD
−1 )
Where:
MT = Mass of Sample in air

Mw =Mass of sample in water
17
GSSD = Specific gravity in the SSD Condition
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Determination of Moisture Content of Coarse Aggregates
ASTM C566-96
AASHTO T255-92
Introduction
The amount of water in concrete mixes includes the amount of moisture
necessary to fill the voids in aggregates and to combine the concrete mix to produce a
homogeneous material. If the aggregates are absorbent, water in the mix should include
water for the cement matrix and water to coat the surface of the aggregates and to fill its
voids.
Moisture of aggregates occur in three conditions, namely: a) air dry, b)
saturated-surface dry (SSD), and c) oven-dry. In the air dry condition, the aggregate
appears dry but contains some moisture and still may be able to absorb more. In the
saturated-surface dry condition, the surface of the aggregate is dry but its voids are
completely filled with moisture. In the oven dry condition, the aggregate is totally dry in
and out.
The amount of moisture present in aggregates is useful for determining the
adequate amount of water needed for concrete batches.
Objectives:
1. To learn the procedures for determining the amount of moisture in coarse
aggregates
2. To qualify the components of evaporable moisture in aggregates
3. To calculate and compare the total evaporable moisture with surface moisture
Coarse aggregate sample Balance sensitive to 1.0 gram
Oven Sieve
Sample container
Procedure:
A. Total moisture content of coarse aggregates
1. Obtain the prescribed test sample size.
2. Weigh the test sample to the nearest 1.0 gram. Due to this quickly to avoid
moisture loss.
3. Under controlled temperature, dry the sample in an oven. The sample is
completely dry when further drying would cause less than 0.1 percent
additional loss in weight.
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4. Weigh the dry sample to the nearest 1.0 gram.
B. Free moisture content of coarse aggregate in the SSD condition

1. Obtain the prescribed test sample size.
2. Soak the sample for 24 hours.
3. Weigh the wet sample to the nearest 1.0 gram. Avoid moisture loss.
4. Using a towel, wipe the surface dry unit it loses its shine.
5. Immediately weigh the SSD sample to the nearest 1.0 gram.
Drawing:
Observations:
Measure COARSE AGGREGATES FINE AGGREGATES
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Original mass of the test sample,
grams
Mass of the SSD sample, grams
Mass of the oven-dry sample, grams
Data Analysis:
1. Total Moisture Content
MC = [(Mt – Mo)/Mo] * 100%
2. Absorption
A = [(Mssd – Mo)/Mo] * 100%
3. Free Moisture or Surface Moisture
FM = Mt – A
Mt – Mo(1 + A/100)
= -------------------------- 100%
Mo(1 + A/100)
Where:
Mo = oven-dry mass of sample
Mssd = SSD mass of sample
Mt = original mass of test sample
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Results:
Discussion of Results
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Conclusion:
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Post-lab Questions:
1. Determine the bulk specific gravity, bulk specific gravity in the SSD condition, the
apparent specific gravity and percentage absorption of a sample with the
following data:
SSD weight of sample in air = 3.6 kg
Submerged mass of sample = 1.2 kg
Oven-dry mass of sample = 2.8 kg
2. Will the immersion of the aggregates in water saturated its voids? Explain
briefly.
3. Discuss briefly the significance and use of the specific gravity and absorption of
the aggregates.
20
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF FINE AGGREGATES
Reference Standard:
AASHTO T 85
Introduction:
In Portland Cement Concrete the specific gravity of the aggregate is used in
calculating the percentage of voids and the solid volume of aggregates in computations
of yield. The absorption is important in determining the net water-cement ratio in the
concrete mix. Knowing the specific gravity of aggregates is also critical to the
construction of water filtration systems, slope stabilization projects, railway bedding
and many other applications. Specific gravity is important for several reasons. Some
deleterious particles are lighter than the “good” aggregates. Tracking specific gravity
can sometimes indicate a change of material or possible contamination. Differences in
specific gravity may be used to separate the deleterious particles from the good using a
heavy media liquid.
Specific gravity is critical information for the hot Mix Asphalt Design Engineer.
This value is used in calculating air voids, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and voids
filled by asphalt (VFA). All are critical to a well performing and durable asphalt mix.
Water absorption may also be an indicator of asphalt absorption. A highly absorptive
aggregate may result in a low durability asphalt mix.
Objectives:
1. To perform and understand the procedure for determining the specific gravity
and absorption of fine aggregates
2. To understand the importance of SSD in determining the absorption capacity of
aggregates
3. To determine the following properties of a fine aggregates:
a. Apparent specific gravity
b. Bulk specific gravity in the SSD condition
c. Absorption
21
Apparatus
Balance Pycnometer
Mold Tamper
Procedure:
1. Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce the sample to the required size in accordance
with AASHTO T248 (Reducing field samples of aggregates to the test size). The sample
size for this procedure is approximately 1000g of material passing the no. 4 (4.75 mm)
sieve.
2. Dry test samples to constant weight in an oven set at 230±9⁰F (110±5⁰C). Cool the
sample at room temperature for 1 to 3 hours. After the cooling period, immerse the
sand in water at room temperature for a period 15 to 19 hours. Instead of completely
immersing the sand in water, AASHTO consider sand to be “soaked” if the sand is
maintained at a moisture content of at least 6% for the prescribed period. This is the
recommended procedure to eliminate the need to time consuming and difficult, since
great care must be taken to avoid decanting some of the sample along with the water.
Additionally, the sand will be much closer to the SSD condition when soaked at 6%
moisture, which expedites the dry procedure.
3. Decant water from sample, avoiding loss of fines. Spread the sample on a flat, non-
absorbent surface. Stir the sample occasionally to assist in homogeneous drying. A
current of warm air may be used to assist drying procedures (Figure 20; however, fine
particles may be lost with this procedure if not careful.
4. Determine the SSD condition of the sand using the Cone Test.
Note: Throughout the process of drying step 3, test the sand for SSD condition using the
cone method. Place the cone with the large diameter down on a glass plate. Fill cone to
overflowing with drying sand. Lightly tamp the fine aggregates into the mold with 25
light drops of the tamper (Figure 3). Each drop should start about 1/5 in. above the top
surface of the fine aggregate. Remove loose sand from base and carefully lift the mold
vertically. If surface moisture is still present, the fine aggregate will retain the molded
shape. When the sand achieves an SSD condition, the sand will slump.
5. Calibrate a specific gravity flask pycnometer by filling with water at 73.4±3⁰F
(23±1.7⁰c) to the calibration line. Record this weight as the weight of the pycnometer
filled with water to the nearest 0.1 g.
22
6. Place the SSD sand into the pycnometer and fill with water (set at 73.4±3⁰F
(23±1.7⁰c)) to 905 OF PYCNOMETER CAPACITY.
Manually roll, invert and agitate the pycnometer to eliminate air bubbles This
procedure should be repeated several times to ensure that any entrapped air is
eliminated. Agitation of the pycnometer does not have to be constant.
7. Bring the pycnometer to the pycnometer calibrated capacity with additional water.
If bubbles prevent the proper filling of the pycnometer, adding a few drops of isopropyl
alcohol is recommended to disperse the foam. Place the pycnometer in a water in a
water bath at the regulated temperature and allow the sample to equalize.
8. Determine the total weight of pycnometer, specimen and water. Record the weight to
the
Nearest 0.1 gas Weight of Pycnometer with sample and water.
Calculations:
Determine calculations based on appropriate formula for desired result as follows:
A. Bulk Specific Gravity (Gsb): The ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of
aggregate at a stated temperature ro the weight in air of an equal volume of gas free
distilled water at a stated temperature.
Gsb= A/ (B-C)
Where: A=Oven dry wt B= SSD wt. C=wt. in water
B. Bulk SSD specific gravity (Gsb SSD): The ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of
aggregate, including the weight of water within the voids filled to the extent achieved by
submerging in water for approximately 15 hours, to the weight in air of an equal volume
of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.
Gsb SSD = B/ (B-C)
C. APPARENT Specific Gravity (Gsa): The ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of the
IMPERMEABLE portion of aggregate (does not include the permeable pores in
aggregate) to weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated
temperature.
Gsa= A/ (A-C)
D. Absorption( % Abs): the increase in water of aggregate due to water in the pores of
the material, but not including water adhering to the outside surface of the particles.
%Abs = [(B-A)/A] x 100
23
Table:
A Wt. of oven dry specimen in air
B Wt. of Pycnometer filled with water
C Wt. of Pycnometer with Specimen and water
S SSD wt
TRIAL S A B C B+S-C B+A-C

1
TRIAL BULK SSD (S/B+S-C) BULK A/B+S-C APPARENT A/B+A-C

1
Post-lab exercises
1. What is the purpose of conducting water absorption test?
2. What are the limitations in determination of specific gravity using pycnometer?
3. Define unit weight, bulk density?
4. Provide proofs of equations 1, 2 and 3.
24
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
DETERMINING OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF FINE AGGREGATES

Reference Standards
ASTM C70 – 13
AASHTO T -84
SCOPE
This method describes several procedures for determining free moisture and
absorption of aggregates.
PROCEDURE B – FREE MOISTURE IN AGGREGATE BY MASS (WEIGHT) DIFFERENCE

This procedure is an alternate to using pycnometer and is also intended for determining
the moisture content for Portland Cement Concrete.
A. Apparatus
1. Balance having a capacity at least 5, 000 grams and accurate to 0.5 gram
B. Preparation of Sample
1. Obtain a test sample of about 1000 grams of fine aggregate or about 2000
grams of coarse aggregate by the following method:
Place the field sample on a clean, hard non-absorbent surface. Mix the sample
thoroughly, form a miniature stockpile and obtain small increments of
materials from random locations from the stockpile until the desired sample
size is obtained.
NOTE: The moisture test should be completed as soon as possible after
obtaining the field sample to avoid moisture loss due to evaporation.
2. Weigh to the nearest 0.5-gram, a 1000-gram sample of fine aggregate,
or 2000-gram. Sample of coarse aggregate. To avoid moisture loss due to
evaporation the weighing should be done immediately after obtaining the
test sample. Also avoid any excessive manipulation of the aggregate, prior to
weighing, which could cause a loss of moisture.
25
C. Test Procedure
1. Bring the weighed wet sample to a saturated-surface-dry condition in the
manner described in Materials IM 307 and weigh to the nearest 0.5 gram.
D. Calculation
1. Calculate the moisture content, based on wet mass (weight), to the nearest
0.1% as follows:
Wt .as received−Wt . SSD

Percent Moisture= X 100
Wt . as received
*A negative result is due to absorption of the aggregate rather than free

moisture.
2. The percent of moisture, based on saturated-surface-dry mass (weight), is

calculated to the nearest 0.1 percent as follows:
% Moisture as received
% Moisture SSD= X 100
100−% Moisture by wet mass ( weight ) as received
Or
wet mass ( weight )−SSD mass(weight )

Percent Moisture( SSD)= X 100
SSD mass( weight)
Mass (gram)
Mass of fine aggregate oven dry
Mass of fine aggregate in SSD
Mass of fine aggregate as receive
CALCULATIONS:
26
Post-lab Questions:
1. What is moisture content of fine aggregates?
2. How do you measure moisture content of aggregates?
3. What is free moisture?
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
Determination of Unit Weight and Voids of Coarse Aggregates
27
Reference Standards
ASTM C 29/29M-91a
Introduction
The unit weight of an aggregate gives a measure of its weight per unit volume.
Unit weight may also be used to determine mass-volume relationships and in selection
proportions for a mix design. This test method determines the unit weight of an
aggregate on a dry basis. The voids are empty spaces between particles of aggregates.
Voids depend upon many factors. Among them are size, sjape and surface texture of
aggregate, gradation, moisture content and compaction.
Objectives:
1. To determine the unit weight of an air-dry mixed aggregate
2. To visualize how some certain aggregate properties influence the voids in

aggregates
3. To learn the importance of the capacity of the measure required for a given
aggregate size for testing
Apparatus/ Materials:
A. Calibration of the Measure

1. Select an appropriate measure according to the nominal size of the
aggregate sample
2. Weigh the empty measure.
3. Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a glass
plate to exclude air bubbles and to remove excess water.
4. Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a glass
plate to exclude air bubbles and to remove excess water.
5. Compute the volume of the measure by dividing the mass of the water
required to fill the measure by its density
6. If there is a reason to question the accuracy of the measure, recalibrate or
replace the water as needed.
B. Unit Weight Determination
28
1. Select a sample of oven-dry mixed aggregate approximately 125% to
200% of the volume of the measure.
For aggregates <= 37.5 mm use the rodding procedure and for aggregates > 37.5 mm
but <150 mm, used the jigging procedure.
2. Fill the measure one-third full, level and apply 25 strokes tamping
evenly over the surface.
3. Fill the measure two-thirds full. Level and tamp as in step2. Only
enough force should be used to cause the tamping rod to just penetrate
the last layer of aggregate placed in the measure.
4. Fill to overflowing, tamp as before and strike off the surplus by rolling
the tamping rod over the surface or level off using a straight edge. Do
not compress the aggregates.
5. Determine the net weight of the aggregate in the measure and compute
the unit weight. Make at least two trials. Results should agree within
one percent.
Table 1
Capacity of Measures
Nominal Size of Aggregates (mm) Capacity of Measure (m3)
12.5 0.0028
25.0 0.0093
37.5 0.0140
75.0 0.0280
112.0 0.0700
150.0 0.1000
The indicated size of container may be used to test aggregates of a maximum
nominal size equal to or smaller than that listed.
Table 2
Unit Weight of Water
29
Temperature (oC) Unit Weight (kN/m3) Density (kg/m3)
0 9.805 999.490
5 9.807 999.694
10 9.804 999.388
15 9.798 998.776
20 9.789 997.860
30 9.764 995.311
40 9.730 991.845
Source: de La Fuente (1991)
Drawing:
Observations:
Total
Item
1 2 3 4
Nominal Max. Aggregate Size
Total Weight (measure + sample)
Mass of Measure
Mass of Aggregates
Volume of Measure
Data Analysis
1. Density
M= MT - M m
V
Where: P = unit weight of the aggregate (kg/m3)
MT = combined mass of the aggregate and the measure (kg)
Mm =mass of the measure (kg)
V = volume of the measure (m3)
2. Unit Weight
Y= WT - Wm
30
V
Where: Y = unit weight of aggregate (kN/m3)
WT = total weight of aggregate and measure (kN)
Wm = weight of measure (kN)
3. Void Content
% Voids = [Gs(dry) x Pw – Pagg ] x 100
Gs(Dry)(Pw)
Where:
Pagg = density of aggregate (kg/m3)
Pw = density of water (kg/m3)
Gs(dry) = bulk of specific gravity on the dry basis
Note: Use Gs (dry) of Expt. 2
Calculations:
Results
Total
Item
coarse Fine 3 4
Total Weight
(measure +sample)
Measure Weight
Weight of aggregates
Measure Volume
Unit Weight
Density
% Voids
Average unit Weight: For Coarse:

For fine:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
31
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-Lab Questions:
1. What conditions call for recalibration and replacement of the measure?
2. If the unit weight in the SSD condition is needed, what test should be used and
how is YSSD calculated?
3. What makes the oven-dry unit weight distinct from the saturated-surface-dry
unit weight?
Experiment NO. 8
Determination of Unit Weight and Voids of Fine Aggregates
Reference Standard:
32
ASTM C29 / C29M
AASHTO T 19M/T 19
Introduction:
Determination of the unit weight of fine aggregates in a compacted condition.
The unit weight so determined is necessary for the design of a concrete mixture by the
absolute value method. The unit weight of an aggregate gives a measure of its weight
per unit volume. Unit weight may also use to determine mass-volume relationships and
in selecting proportions for a mix design. This test method determines the unit weight
of an aggregate on a dry basis. The voids are empty spaces between particles of
aggregates. Voids depend upon many factors. Among them are size, shape and surface
texture of aggregate, gradation, moisture content, and compaction.
Objectives:
1. To determine the unit weight of an air-dry mixed aggregate
2. To visualize how some certain aggregate properties influence the voids in
aggregates
3. To learn the importance of the capacity of the measure required for a given
aggregate size for testing.
Apparatus or Materials:
Tamping Rod Straight Edge
Cylindrical Metal Measure Shovel or Scoop
Weighing Balance
Procedure:
A. Calibration of the Measure
1. Select an appropriate measure according to the nominal size of the aggregate
sample.
2. Weigh the empty measure.
3. Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a glass plate
to exclude air bubbles and to remove excess water.
4. Weigh the measure filled with water. Make the necessary calculations to
determine the mass of the water that filled the entire volume of the measure.
The actual volume of the measure shall be at least 95% of the nominal
volume in the table.
5. Take the temperature reading of the water used to fill the measure and
determine its density using Table 2. Interpolate as necessary.
6. Compute the volume of the measure by dividing the mass of the water
required to fill the measure by its density.
7. If there is a reason to question the accuracy of the measure, recalibrate or
replace the water as needed.
B. Unit Weight Determination
33
1. Select a sample of oven-dry mixed aggregate approximately 125% to 200% of
the volume of the measure.
For aggregates < 37.5 mm use the rodding procedure and for aggregates >
37.5 mm but < 150 mm, use the jigging procedure.
2. Fill the measure one-third full, level and apply 25 strokes tamping evenly
over the surface.
3. Fill the measure two-thirds full. Level and tamp as in step 2. Only enough
force should be used to cause the tamping rod to just penetrate the last layer
of aggregate placed in the measure.
4. Fill to overflowing, tamp as before and strike off the surplus by rolling the
tamping rod over the surface or level off using a straight edge. Do not
compress the aggregates.
5. Determine the net weight of the aggregate in the measure and compute the
unit weight. Make at least two trials. Results should agree within one %.
Nominal size of Aggregates Capacity of Measure

(mm) (m3)
12.5 0.0028
25 0.0093
37.5 0.0140
75 0.0280
112 0.0700
150 0.1000
The indicated size of container may be used to test aggregate of a maximum

nominal size equal to or smaller than that listed.
Temperature Unit Weight Density
0
C (kN/m) (kg/m)
0 9.805 999.490
5 9.807 999.694
10 9.804 999.388
15 9.798 998.776
20 9.789 997.860
30 9.764 995.311
40 9.730 991.845
Drawing:
34
Observation:
Nominal Max. Aggregate Size 1 2 3 4
Total Weight (measure +
sample)
Mass of Measure
Mass of Aggregates
Volume of Measure
Data Analysis
1. Density
MT - Mmm
M = -----------------------------------
V
Where:
P = unit weight of the aggregate
MT = combined mass of the aggregate and the measure (kg)
Mmm= mass of the measure (kg)
2. Unit Weight
WT – Wmm
ɣ = ---------------------------------
V
Where:
ɣ = unit weight of aggregate (kN/m3)
MT = total weight of aggregate and measure (kN)
Wmm = weight of measure (kN)
3. Void Content
35
[Gsgdry x рw – рagg]
%Voids = -------------------------------------------
Gsgdry(рw)
Where:
Рw = density of water (kg/m3)
рagg = density of aggregate (kg/m3)
Gsgdry = bulk of specific gravity on the dry basis
Calculations:
Results:
Total Weight(measure + sample) 1 2 3 4
Measure weight
Weight of Aggregates
Measure volume
Unit weight
Density
%Voids
Average unit weight: _________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
36
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab questions:
1. What is concrete and how it is made?
2. What is the fineness modulus value of a fine sand?
3. If the unit weight in the SSD condition is needed, what test should be used and
how is ɣ calculated?
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
SOUNDNESS TEST OF AGGREGATES

37
ASTM C 88
OBJECTIVE:
This test is intended to study the resistance of coarse and fine aggregates to weathering
action and to judge the durability of the coarse aggregate.
APPARATUS:
WIEGHING SCALE Sieves Container

Microwave Oven Wire Mesh Basket
CHEMICAL SOLUTION
1. Sodium Sulphate Solution

2. Magnesium Sulphate Solution
PROCEDURE
1. Take individual samples in a wire mesh basket and immerse it in the solution of
sodium sulphate or magnesium sulphate for not less than 16 hours nor more than
18 hours, in such a manner that the solution covers them to a depth of at least 15
mm.
2. After completion of the immersion period, remove the samples from solution and
allow it to drain for 15 minutes and place it in drying oven.
3. Dry the sample until it attains a constant mass and then remove it from oven and
cool it to room temperature.
4. After cooling again immerse it in the solution as described in step-1.
5. The process of alternate immersion and drying is repeated until the specified
number of cycles as agreed between the purchaser and the vendor is obtained.
6. After completion of the final cycle and after the sample has been cooled, wash it
to free from sodium sulphate or magnesium sulphate solution. This may be
determined when there is no reaction of the wash water with barium chloride.
7. Then dry each fraction of the sample to constant temp of 105 to 110 0C and weigh
it.
38
8. Sieve the fine aggregates over the same sieve on which it was retained before
test.
PREPARATION OF TEST SAMPLE FOR FINE AGGREGATES
1. Wet sieve the sample through a nest of IS sieves, the lower being 300 micron and
the upper being 10 mm size.
2. The material passing 10 mm sieve and retained on 300 micron sieve is then
dried and taken for the test.
3. The sample collected as above is again sieved through a series of sieves such as
10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron and 300 micron.
4. The amount of sample to be taken for sieving is such that, it will yield not less
than 100 g of each of the following sizes.
Passing Retained
10 mm 4.75 mm
4.75 mm 2.36 mm
2.36 mm 1.18 mm
1.18 mm 600 micron
600 micron 300 cron
5. Weigh 100 g of sample from each of the separated fraction and place it in
separate containers for the test.
Note - Fine aggregates sticking in the meshes of the sieves is not used in preparing
the sample.
39
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab questions:
1. What is soundness of cement?
2. Why do we need to find the soundness of the cement?
EXPERIMENT NO. 10
40
Test for Organic Impurities
Referenced Standard
ASTM C 40 / C40M
AASHTO T 21
Introduction:
Use this method to determine the presence of organic compounds in fine

aggregates intended for use in cement mortar or concrete. The test provides a quick,
relative measure to determine if further tests of the fine aggregate are necessary before
approval for use 1.2 The values given in parentheses (if provided) are not standard and
may not be exact mathematical conversions. Use each system of units separately.
Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
standard.
Apparatus:
(a) Glass bottles, 355–473 mL (12–16 fl. oz.), clear glass, graduated in milliliters
(ounces), with screw type caps or rubber stoppers.
(b) Glass color standard, mounted in a plastic holder with five organic color
numbers, one through five (Gardner Color Standard Numbers 5, 8, 11, 14, and 16,
ASTM D 1544 [06.01]). Sodium hydroxide solution, 3%, prepared by dissolving
30 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) crystals in 970 mL (33 fl. oz.) of distilled water.
Procedure:
1. Obtain a 300 g air-dried sample in accordance with Tex-400-A.

2. If the fine aggregate consists of a combination of sands, combine the sands in the
proportions by mass in which they are to be used.
3. Fill the glass bottle to the 133 mL (4.5 fl. oz.) mark with the material to be tested.
4. Add enough NaOH solution to the bottle to cover the sample. Place cap or
stopper on jar and shake jar vigorously to remove air bubbles.
5. Bring the solution level up to the 207 mL (7 fl. oz.) mark, stopper, and shake
again.
6. Allow the bottle and contents to stand undisturbed for 24 hours.
7. At the end of the 24-hour standing period, compare the color of the supernatant
liquid above the test sample with that of the Glass Color Standard, Organic Color
No. 3 (Gardner No. 11), as described under Section 2. Note 1—Do not disturb the
41
contents while handling the bottles to make the color comparison, since this
could cause the liquid to become cloudy.
8. Report results as lighter, darker, or equal to the standard. Test samples rated
darker than the standard in accordance with AASHTO T 71. Compressive
strength at 7 days should not be less than 95%.
Observation:
Test Samples Mass

1
2
3
Result:
Test Sample Result (Color)

1
2
3
Drawing:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
42
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab questions:
1. What is an organic impurity?
2. What properties should a solvent have to be well suited for recrystallization?
3. How do you calculate assay on a dry basis?
EXPERIMENT NO. 11
Abrasion Test of Coarse Aggregate in the Micro-Deval Apparatus

Referenced Standard
43
AASHTO T 327-06.
Introduction:
The Micro-Deval Test is a measure of abrasion resistance and durability of

mineral aggregates resulting from a combination of actions including abrasion and
grinding with steel balls in the presence of water. A sample with standard grading is
initially soaked in water for 15 to 19 hours. The sample is then placed in a jar mill with
2.0 liters of water and an abrasive charge consisting of 5000 grams of 9.5 mm diameter
steel balls. The jar, aggregate, water, and charge are revolved at 100 rpm for 2 hours.
The sample is then washed and oven dried. The loss is the amount of material passing
the 1.18 mm sieve expressed as a percent by mass of the original sample.
Objectives:
1. To determine abrasion loss in the presence of water and an abrasive charge.
1. Micro-Deval Abrasion Machine - A jar rolling mill capable of running at 100

± 5 rpm.
2. Containers - Stainless steel Micro-Deval abrasion jars having a 5-liter
capacity with a rubber ring in the rotary locking cover. External diameter is
194 202 mm, internal height is 170 to 177 mm. The inside and outside
surfaces of the jars shall be smooth and have no observable ridges or
indentations.
3. Abrasion Charge - Magnetic stainless steel balls are required. These shall
have a diameter of 9.5 ± 0.5 mm. Each jar requires a charge of 5000 ± 5 g of
balls.
4. Sieves - Sieves with square openings and of the following sizes conforming to
AASHTO M 92 specifications: 19.0 mm, 16.0 mm, 12.5 mm, 9.5 mm, 9.0 mm,
6.3 mm, 4.75 mm, and 1.18 mm.
5. Oven - The oven shall be capable of maintaining a temperature of 110°C ± 5°.
6. Balance - A balance or scale accurate to 1.0 g.
I. TEST SAMPLE FOR INDIVIDUAL STOCKPILES
44
1. The test sample shall be washed and oven-dried at 110°C ± 5° to constant mass,
separated into individual size fractions in accordance with CP 31, and recombined to
meet the grading as shown in Subsection 7.2 below.
2. Gradation A. This gradation is to be used when the nominal maximum aggregate size
is 16.0 mm or greater. An oven-dried sample of 1500 ± 5 g shall be prepared as follows:
Passing Retained Mass

19.0mm 16.0mm 375g
16.0mm 12.5mm 375g
12.5mm 9.5mm 750g
3. Gradation B. This gradation is to be used when the nominal maximum aggregate size
is 12.5 mm or greater, but less than 16.0 mm. An oven-dried sample of 1500 ± 5g shall
be prepared as follows:

12.5mm 9.5mm 750g
9.5mm 6.3mm 375g
6.3mm 4.75mm 375g
4. Gradation C. This gradation is to be used when the nominal maximum aggregate size
is less than 12.5 mm. An oven-dried sample of 1500 ± 5 g shall be prepared as follows:

9.5mm 6.3mm 750g
6.3mm 4.75mm 750g
II. TEST SAMPLE FOR COMBINED SPECIMENS
1. This gradation is used when a combined gradation is to be tested. The test

sample shall be washed and oven-dried at 110°C ± 5° to constant mass,
separated into individual size fractions in accordance with CP 31, and
recombined to meet the grading as shown in Subsection 8.2 or 8.3.
2. Gradation D. An oven-dried sample of 1500 ± 5 g shall be prepared as follows:
45
19.0 mm 16.0 mm 250g
6.3mm 12.5mm 250g
12.5mm 905mm 500g
9.5mm 6.3mm 250g
6.3mm 4.75mm 250g
* If the top size isn’t a part of the mix gradation, add the mass to the 16.0 mm to 12.5
mm mass.
3. If the top size of the combined gradation is less than 12.5 mm, then Gradation B shall
be used.
III. TEST PROCEDURE
1. Prepare a representative 1500 ± 5 g sample. Record the Mass ‘A’ to the nearest 1.g.
2. Saturate the sample in 2.0 ± 0.05 liters of tap water (temperature 20°C ± 5°) for 15 to
19hours. This may be done in the Micro-Deval container or some other suitable
container.
3. Place the sample in the Micro-Deval abrasion container with 5000 ± 5g of steel
ballsand the water used in Subsection 9.2 to saturate the sample. Place the Micro-Deval
container on the machine.
4. For Gradation A run the machine at 100 ± 5 rpm for 2 hours ± 1 minute or 12,000 ±
100 revolutions. For Gradation B run the machine for 105 ± 1 minutes or 10,500 ± 100
revolutions. For Gradation C run the machine for 95 ± 1 minutes or 9,500 ± 100
revolutions. For Gradation D run the machine for 105 ± 1 minutes or 10,500 ± 100
revolutions.
5. Carefully pour the sample over two superimposed sieves: 4.75 mm and 1.18 mm.
Take care to remove the entire sample from the stainless steel jar. Wash and manipulate
the retained material with water, using a hand held water hose, and your hand until the
washings are clear and all material smaller than 1.18 mm passes the sieve. Remove the
stainless steel balls using a magnet or other suitable means. Discard material smaller
than 1.18 mm.
46
6. Combine the material retained on the 4.75 mm and 1.18 mm sieves, being careful not
to lose any material.
7. Oven dry the sample to constant mass at 110°C ± 5°.
8. Weigh the sample to the nearest 1.0g. Record the Mass ‘B’.
Drawing:
Observation:
Weight of Sample Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

A
B
Calculations:
Calculate the Micro-Deval abrasion loss to the nearest 0.1%.
Percent Loss = ( (A – B)/A ) x 100
Where:
A = initial dry weight of the test sample before testing, g
B = final dry weight of the test sample after testing, g.
Results:
Trials Percent Loss

1
2
47
3
Average
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab questions:
1. What is meant by abrasion resistance?
2. What is abrasion resistance concrete?
EXPIREMENT NO. 12
Determination of Setting Time of Hydraulic Cement
Reference Standard
ASTM C 191-42
AASHTO T 131-93
Introduction:
48
There are several factors that control the setting time of concrete. These are its
chemical composition the amount of water used to make the concrete and the prevailing
temperature during the mixing process. When cement is hydrated it sets and hardens
gradually until it attains sufficient strength and is able to support pressure.
The Vicat apparatus can be used to determine the rate at which the cement paste
can remain plastic to allow proper placement before it hardens.
The initial set is a stage in the process of hardening. After this stage cracks that
may occur will not reunite. The final stage when concrete has attained sufficient
strength and hardness.
Using the Vicat test. Type I Portland Cement has a standard initial set of not less
than 45 minutes while its standard final set is not less than 37.5 minutes.
Objective:
1. To determine time of set of hydraulic cement using Vicat Apparatus
2. To evaluate the setting of the tested Portland cement based on the
required initial setting time.
Portland Cement Sample Balance Sensitive to 0.1 gm

Vicat Apparatus #200 Sieve
Mixing Container Spatula
Procedure:
1. Weight about 300 gm of cement accurately and make a paste 0.85 times
the water required to make pastes of normal consistency.
2. Place the plastic in the rubber mold. Place the paste into the apparatus
then remove the excess paste.
3. Bring the small end of the rod of the vicat apparatus on the surface of the
paste and then quickly release the needle to allow it to penetrate the
paste.
4. Read the penetration of the needle registered on the dials. Removed the
paste and place back into the apparatus. The initial set is said to have
occurred when the needle ceases to pass a point 5 mm above the bottom
of the mold.
49
5. The time taken from the instant of adding water to the cement up to the
moment when the needle ceases to penetrate a point 5 mm the bottom of
the mold is known as the initial setting time of the cement. For ordinary
Portland cement the initial set should be not less than 30 minutes.
Drawing:
Observation:
Trial No. Penetration Reading Time

1
2
3
4
5
Result and Discussion:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Initial setting time:
50
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post lab question:
1. Are there differences in the standard setting time of the various types of Portland
cement? Why or Why not?
2. Relate cement fineness to its time of setting and the development of its strength.
EXPERIMENT NO. 13
CONCRETE MIX DESIGNING AND PROPORTIONING
Reference Standard:
ASTM C-150
Introduction
51
Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate, water, and possibly an
admixture.
Proportions of each ingredient are adjusted to produce a well-balanced mix. Concrete
Sets in as few as 10 hours and continues to harden and cure as long as moisture and
Anhydrate cement are present. However, most of the increase in strength occurs
Within a few weeks. Usually the concrete mixture is cast with steel reinforcing,
Forming a composite material called reinforced concrete. The reinforcing steel is
Designed to resist tensile stresses, and the concrete resists the compressive stresses
Within the structure.
Objective:
To produce concrete of the specified properties
Materials/Apparatus:
Sample Aggregates Slump Cone
Cement Base Plate
Tamping Rod Graduated Scale
Mixing Pan Shovel
Procedures:
1. * Choice of Slump = 75 to 100 mm
*Design Strength = 20 Mpa or 3000 psi @ 28 days
2. *Choice of Nominal Size (MSA)

MSA = 1 ½ in or 37.5 mm
3. Estimating of Mixing Water and Air Content
From Table 2 (Table 1 and 2.pdf)
* Non-Air Entrained
52
Per 1 m3 of concrete = 1%
Water = 181 kg
Illustration:
Cement -
Water 181 Kg
1½ -
¾ -
Sand -
Air 1%
4. Selection of Water-Cement Ratio
Compute the require average compressive strength on concrete (MPa or psi), f cr’
fcr’ = fc’ + ps
53
Where:
fc’ = specified compressive strength of concrete (MPa or psi)
s = standard deviation
Standards of Concrete Control, choose the standard.
Choose value of ps from value of ps
54
For water-cement ratio,
5. Calculation of Cement Content

Water = 181 kg
W/C = (from water cement ratio)
181/ 𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.596
6. Estimation of Coarse Aggregate Content
Fine Modulus of the sand = (from lab result)
55
For Blending of Aggregates
CA = Volume of Dry-Rodded CA per unit volume ( 0.5 (dry rodded unit weight of
1 ½ Coarse Aggregates) + 0.5 (dry rodded unit weight of ¾ Fine
Aggregates) )
7. Estimation of Fine Aggregates Content (FA)
By Weight (dry rodded)
Water (net mixing) =
Cement =
CA (1 ½ and ¾) =
Total =
From Table 4 and 5.
Fresh Unit Weight of Concrete – Fine Aggregates Content = Fine Aggregates (dry)
8. Adjustment of Aggregate Moisture
Free moisture Content = Moisture content - Absorption
56
Water = Water - (Dry Rodded 1 ½ CA) (Free Moisture Content) - (Dry Rodded ¾ CA)
(Free Moisture Content) - (Dry Rodded FA) (Free Moisture Content)
Adjusted: Moist Condition
9. Concrete Proportion at Moist Condition
Cement = Cement/ Specific Gravity
Water =
Coarse Aggregates = (1 ½ CA)/ Specific Gravity + (3/4 CA)/Specific Gravity
Fine Aggregates = FA / Specific Gravity
10. Start the mixer.
11. Carefully add all the cement with the mixer running. Try not to make a lot of dust!
12. Mix until all the cement is blended in.
13. Mix for three minutes, followed by a three-minute rest, followed by a two-minute
final mixing.
14. Perform a slump test using the procedure given below. If results are satisfactory,
skip to the next step.
Drawing:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
57
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab Questions:
1. What is concrete mix proportioning?
2. What is water cement ratio calculation?
3. What is the best ratio for concrete mix?
EXPERIMENT NO. 14
Fabricating Concrete Specimen for Tests
ASTM C 192-90a ASMT C 143-90a
AASHTO T 126-93 AASHTO T 119-93
Introduction
The production of quality concrete involves the preparation of the adequate

proportion of its component materials. Proper handling and the use of appropriate
mixing methods. Proper proportioning and mixing methods result to workable mix,
adequate properties and concrete strength. Since cement achieves its strength through
hydration, water-cements ratio is the principal factor that controls the compressive
strength of concrete. Concrete ingredients are proportioned according to standard
58
structural requirements. For accuracy, the ingredients are weighed and combined
rather than using the volumetric method. It is therefore necessary to design the trial mix
before the manufacture of concrete.
Objectives:
1. To use the trial mix method to determine optimum proportion of aggregates, cement,
and water for a design concrete strength
2. To learn concreting practice in laboratory
3. To observe the characteristic properties of the fresh concrete
3 - 6” x 6” x 18” Beam Molds Two Trowels

3 - 6” x 12” Cylindrical Molds Containers for aggregates
Tamping Rod Large Mixing Pan
12” Ruler Scale Sensitive to 0.01 lb.
Stump Cone Apparatus
Procedure:
1. Consult your laboratory instructor for specifications.
2. Use the Trial Mix Method to calculate the proportions of cement, coarse
aggregates, fine aggregates and water. Results of the mix design must be submitted to
the laboratory instructor for approval.
3. Weigh and record the amount of coarse aggregate determined in Step 2 then
place in a container. Add the amount of water for effective absorption to the aggregate
and mix thoroughly.
4. Weigh and record the fine aggregate then store in a container. Add the amount of
water for absorption then mix thoroughly.
59
5. Weigh and record the quantity of cement determined in Step 2. Put it in large
mixing pan.
6. Mix the aggregates of Step 3 and 4 with the cement in Step 5. Form a mound of
the mixture and make a hole in the middle of the mound.
7. Weigh and record the amount of water in Step 2 for hydration then pour into the
middle of the mound in Step 6. Thoroughly mix the cement and water into a
uniform paste. To produce a concrete mix with the desired slump of 3 to 4 inches and
with good workability, first use only 2/3 of the coarse and fine aggregates and
thoroughly mixing the aggregates with the paste. Then test the slump (Step 8). At
this point, the slump of the mixture should be greater than 4”. Gradually add small
quantities of fine or coarse aggregate (or both) and thoroughly remix the concrete and
test the slump. Repeat this process until the mix reaches the desire slump. Refer to
prescribed water-cement ration for classes of concrete.
8. In testing the slump, the mold shall be firmly held down against the pan. Fill the
slump cone with concrete in three layers, each approximately one-third of the volume
of the mold. Each layer shall be rod with 25 strokes, distributed uniformly over the
cross-section of the cone. The rod shall lightly penetrate the previous layer. After the
top layer has been rodded, the surface of concrete shall be struck off with a trowel so
that the cone is exactly filled. Raise the cone carefully within 3-7 seconds. Slump
test must be done within. 2.5 minutes. Refers to table 1 for slump requirements.
9. Before filling the concrete into a cylinder mold, determine the weight of each
cylinder mold and record the weight. Line the interior surface of the mold with
used oil. The cylindrical concrete specimen shall be formed by placing the concrete in
the cylinder mold in three layers of approximately equal volumes. Consolidate the
concrete and expel air bubbles by tamping and rodding. Each layer should be
rodded with 25 strokes using a tamping rod. The strokes should be distributed
uniformly over the cross-section of the mold. Using trowel strike out the surface of
the concrete.
10. Measure the weight of each cylinder mold filled with concrete and records the
weights. Using a greased flat plate cover each of the filled cylindrical molds.
60
11. Coat the interior surface of the beam mold with used oil before placing the
concrete.
12. The beam specimen shall be formed by placing the concrete in a steel beam
mold in two layers of approximately equal volume. Each layer shall be rodded with
one stroke per two square inch of beam surface. After filling the beam mold
completely with the mixed concrete, cover the top with a greased flat plate.
13. After 24 hours, test specimen shall be removed from the molds and stored in the
curing room. Make sure the specimens are protected from moisture loss. This can be
accomplished by continually wetting the specimens during the curing period.
14. Compute the weight of materials for making one cubic yard of concrete and the
“cement factor” for the concrete mix. Determine the unit weight of the
concrete.
Table 1
Composition and Strength of Concrete for Use in Structures
61
Class of Cement Water- Consistency Coarse Compressive
Concrete Content Cement Range in Aggregate Size Strength
per m2 Ratio Slump (std. Sq. Opening) 6”x12”
(min.) (max) (mm) (mm) Cylinder
(kg/kg) (28 days)
360 kg 20.7 MPa

A (9 bags) 0.53 50-100 37.5 - 4.75 (3000 psi)
320 kg 16.5 MPa

B (9 bags) 0.53 50-100 50 - 4. 75 (2500 psi)
380 kg 20.7 MPa

C (9.5 bags) 0.55 50-100 12.5 - 4.75 (3000 psi)
440 kg 37.7 MPa

P (11 bags) 0.49 100 max 19 - 4.75 (5000 psi)
380 kg 20.7 Mpa

Seal (9.5 bags) 0.58 100-200 25 - 4.75 (3000 psi)
Source: ACI Standard 211
Drawing:
Observation:
Exposure Conditions: ___________________________________
Proportion/Mixture used: ________________________________
Type of water used: ____________________________________
62
Size of Fine Aggregates: _________________________________
Type of Cement used: ___________________________________
Water/Cement Ratio used: ________________________________
Weight Weight Weight Weight Wt. of Wt. of

Type Of Of Of Of Water to Water to
Specimen of Cement Sand Gravel Water bring FA bring FA
Specimen Mold
No. Type used Weight
usedof Weight ofused for
used to Volume
SSD ofto SSD
No. of Empty(Mold
( kg) kg) Mold
( kg)with concrete
hydration Mold condition
condition
Mold ( kg) ( kg) ( kg) (kg)( m3) (kg)
1
21
32
43
54
65
6
Calculations:
Results:
Measured Slump________________________ Workability Description __________________
Cement Factor _________________________ Total Water Content______________________
Unit Weight of Concrete________________________________________________________
Percentage of Fine Aggregate to total Aggregate_____________________________________
Weight of Cement in the batch __________________________________________________
Weight of Sand in the batch _____________________________________________________
Weight of Gravel in the batch ___________________________________________________
Discussion of Result:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
63
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab question:
Given the following conditions, determine the design mix proportions and the corrected
weights of fine and coarse aggregate, and the corrected weight of water.
Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Superstructure
Slump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.2 mm
Maximum size of aggregates . . . . . . . . 37.5 mm
Maximum net water content . . . . . . . . 21.20 li/bag
Maximum Compressive Strength . . . . 20.7 MPa
Bulk Specific Gravity (FA) . . . . . . . . 2.65 (SSD)
Use Type 1 Portland Cement
EXPERIMENT NO. 15
Test for Unit Weight and Yield of Concrete
(Gravimetric Method)
Referenced Standard
ASTMC 138-92
AASHTO T 121-86
Introduction
This rest covers the determination of the weight per cubic foot of freshly mixed
concrete and gives formulas for calculating the yield, cement content, and the air content of
the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from the mixture of
known Quantities of the component materials.
Objectives:
64
1. To determine the unit weight of a freshly mixed concrete specimen by gravimetric
method.
2. To calculate the yield, cement content and air content of the freshly mixed concrete
specimen by gravimetric method.
Apparatus/Materials
Weighing Balance Tamping Rod
Measure Strike-off plate
Calibration Equipment
Procedure:
1. Obtain a sample of freshly mixed concrete prepared in accordance with the
procedure of concrete.
2. Choose a measure according to the size of aggregate used (Table 1)
3. Place the concrete in the measures in layers of three equal volumes. Rod each
layer uniformly with 25 strokes over the cross section of the measure. For samples with
25mm - 75mm slump, compact the concrete by rodding. Vibrate concrete if it has a
slump less than 25mm. After rodding each layer, tap the sides of the measure to close
voids. Tap ten times or more.
4. Add concrete approximately 3mm above the top of the mold. Scoop or trowel excess
concrete immediately after final consolidation and before striking off the measure.
5. Press the flat plate against the top surface of the measure. Move the plate in sawing
motion. Produce a smooth finish.
6. The measure of excess concrete and determine the net mass of the concrete in the
measure.
Table 1
Capacity of Measures
Nominal Maximum Capacity of Measure

Size of Aggregate (liters)
(mm)
25 6
37.5 11
50 14
75 28
112 70
150 100
Source: ASTM C 138-92
65
Drawing:
Observations:
Weight of the Weight of the Volume of Actual Conc.

Test No. Empty Measure Measure + Concrete Volume Used in
(kg) Concrete Produced the batch
(kg) (m3) (m3)
5
Analysis of Data:
1. Unit Weight or density
Weight of concrete = (Weight of concrete + measure) - (Weight of measure)

Unit weight = Weight of concrete x Calibration factor of the measure used
2. Yield
Total mass of the batch

Yield=
Density of concrete
3. Relative Yield
Y
Ry=
Ya
Where:
Y = Yield, volume of concrete produced per batch
Ry = relative yield
66
Ya = volume of concrete which the batch was designed to produce (m2)
4. Cement Content
N1
N=
Y
Where:
N = actual cement content (kg/m2)
N1= mass of cement in the batch (kg)
Calculations:
Results:
Unit weight________________________________ Yield______________________________
Relative yield_______________________________ Cement content_____________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
67
Post-lab questions
1. How is the absolute volume of a concrete ingredient determined?
2. What is the possible result of over-vibration?
3. Tabulate the capacity of measure according to the maximum size of aggregates.
EXPERIMENT NO. 16
Determination of the Air-Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete
(Volumetric Method)
ASTM C 173-94a
AASHTO T 196-94
Introduction:
This method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed
concrete containing any type of aggregate, whether it be dense, cellular, or lightweight.
This test is one of the essential test in the preparation of a concrete test specimen.
Objectives:
1. To determine the air content of a freshly mixed concrete specimen containing

any type of aggregate by volumetric method.
2. To understand the significance of this test in the preparation of a concrete test
specimen
68
*Air meter *Bowl *Top Section
*Funnel *Tamping Rod *Strike-off Bar
*Calibrated Cup *Syringe *Trowel
*Pouring Vessel *Scoop *Isopropyl Alcohol
Procedure:
1. Obtain a sample at a maximum of 2 liters. The sample should be prepared

in 15 minutes or less. For samples containing 37.5mm coarse aggregates,
wet sieving should be done on 25mm sieve. Do not wipe out mortar
sticking on the coarse aggregate.
2. Scoop an amount of the freshly mixed concrete, working one-third of the
total volume at a time. Fill the bowl with first one-third part of the
concrete and tamp 25times.
3. Using a mallet, tap the sides of the measure 10 to 15 times to rid the
concrete of voids.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the bowl is filled beyond the surface. Strike off
excess concrete using strike off bar. Clean the flange of the bowl.
5. Position the top section of the apparatus on top of the bowl. Add water
using the funnel until the water level appears in the neck. Remove the
funnel and using the syringe, continue to add water until the lower
meniscus reaches the zero mark. Attach and tighten the screw cap.
6. Agitate and invert the apparatus to remove air and until the water column
remains constant. Do not keep the unit inverted for more than five
seconds at a time.
7. Allow the air to rise to the top of the apparatus. Remove the screw cap.
Remove the foamy mass on the surface of the water by adding one cup
increments of isopropyl alcohol using the syringe.
8. Read the level of the lower meniscus of the liquid in the neck to the
nearest 0.1%.
69
Drawing:
Observations:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Analysis of Data:
Calculate the air content (in %) of the concrete in the measuring bowl by adding
the reading from in Step 6 above to the amount of alcohol used in accordance with Steps
4 and 5 above. This is the air content of the concrete sample to the nearest 0.25%.
Calculation:
Result and Discussion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
70
Conclusion
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab questions:
1. What is the purpose of wet sieving in air content determination? How is it

performed?
2. What are the effects of air in hardened concrete?
EXPERIMENT NO.17
Determination of Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen

Referenced Standard
ASTM C39-94
AASHTO T22-92
Introduction:
Compression test of concrete is used to determine the hardened strength of

concrete and to evaluate the mix design for actual use. Compressive strength of concrete
depends on a number of factors, namely: a) properties and grading of aggregates, b)
correct mix proportion, c) suitability or quality of material used, d) water/cement ratio,
e) temperature, f) proper mixing method, g) proper placement inside the form and e)
adequate protection during the curing period 70% of concrete strength is reached at the
end of the first week. The common failure/fracture types of test cylinders include the
cone, the cone and split, the cone and shear, the shear and the columnar.
Objectives:
To determine the compressive strength of the concrete
71
To observe the behavior of concrete under compressive loading
To identify the type of fracture in the tested cylinder
Universal Testing Machine Capping Apparatus
Concrete Cylinder Ruler
Procedure:
1. Remove the concrete cylinder from the curing tank and let it dry. Specimens shall
be tested in the moist condition. See permissible breaking time according to age
of specimen in Table 1.
2. Cap both ends of the concrete cylinder.
3. Wipe clean the bearing surfaces of the testing machine.
4. Place the specimen in the testing machine. Align the specimen with the center of
the loading head.
5. Set the load needle to zero. Adjust the loading head until approximately a 50-
pound load is applied to the cylinder.
6. At a constant rate of 30 to 50 psi per second, apply the compressive load until
failure is reached. During the test, record the load and corresponding deflection
readings at intervals as directed by the instructor.
Failure of the test specimen occurs when the load indicator slows down and
finally stop and while the deformations shown through the deflection gage continues in
an increase rate.
7. When the load indicator drops, stop the loading then release the compressive
load then raise the loading head.
8. Record the maximum load. Examine and sketch the mode of failure of the tested
specimen.
Table 1
Permissible Time Tolerance
Test Age Permissible Tolerance

24 hours ± 0.5 hours
72
3 days 2 hours
7 days 6 hours
28 days 20 hours
90 days 2 days
Source: ASTM
Drawing:
Observations:
Cylinder No. Age Diameter Length Cross-Sectional

(days) (mm) (mm) Area
(mm2)
1
2
3
Test Run No. Applied Load Deformation

(kg) (mm)
73
Cylinder No. Age Maximum Maximum Type of Failure
(days) Compressive Deformation
Load (mm)
(kg)
1
2
3
Data Analysis:
1. Stress
τ = ---------------
Where:
τ = stress (kg/mm2 or MPa)
P = maximum compressive load (kg or MN)
A = cross-sectional area (mm2 or m2)
2. Strain
σ = --------------
74
L
Where:
σ = strain (mm/mm)
δ = maximum deformation or decrease in length (mm)
L = gage length (mm)
3. Percent Failure
Actual Stress kg/mm2
ε = ------------------------------------------ x 100%
Desired Strength kg/mm2
Calculations:
Results:
Cylinder No. Age Maximum Maximum Percent Failure

(days) Stress Strain (%)
(kg/mm2) (mm/mm)
1
2
3
75
Water/Cement Ratio:_______________________________________
Curing Conditions:__________________________________________
Stress-Strain Diagram:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab questions:
1. Give the possible causes of each of the types of fractures of tested concrete
cylinders.
2. What is meant by bleeding in poured concrete?
76
3. Sketch the common types of fractures of tested concrete cylinders.
EXPERIMENT NO. 18
Determination of Tensile Strength of Concrete Cylinder
ASTM C 496-96
AASHTO T 198-93
Introduction:
Concrete is strong in compression but weak in resisting tensile forces. The split
cylinder test of concrete can be used to evaluate its ability to resist shear. It determines
the splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens such as molded cylinders
and drilled cases.
Objectives:
1. To determine the splitting tensile strength of a cylindrical concrete specimen
2. To compare the splitting tensile strength to compressive strength

3.
*Universal Testing Machine *Plywood Strips
*Bearing Bar *Cured Concrete Cylinders
Procedure:
1. Obtain a cylindrical concrete specimen. Draw diametrical lines on each end of the
cylindrical
2. Position the bearing block of the testing machine. Place one plywood strip along the
center of the lower bearing block.
3. Lay the cylinder on the plywood strip and align the cylinder on the strip using the
lines on the cylinder as a guide.
4. Place the second plywood lengthwise on the concrete cylinder and place a flat bar
over the plywood strip.
5. Lower the loading head until the assembly is secured in place and ready for testing.
6. Apply the compressive load slowly and continuously until an indication of failure is
shown on the gage. Record the maximum applied load and examine the type of failure.
77
Drawing:
Observations:

(kg) (mm)
Cylinder No. Age Diameter Length

(days) (mm) (mm)
1
2
3
Cylinder No. Age Maximum Type

(days) Applied Load of
(kg) Failure
78
1
2
3
Data Analysis:
Splitting tensile strength
2P
St = -------------
πDL
Where:
S= Splitting tensile strength (kPa) P= Maximum load applied (kN)
L= Length of concrete sample (m) D= Diameter of concrete sample (m)
Calculations:
Results:
Cylinder No. Age Splitting Type

(days) Tensile Stress of
(Mpa) Failure
1
2
3
Type of specimen _______________________________________________________________
Proportion of Coarse Aggregates fractured during test _________________________________
Curing history __________________________________________________________________
Defects in specimen _____________________________________________________________
79
Type of fracture ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab questions:
1. Distinguish between direct tensile strength and splitting tensile strength.
2. By how much does the tensile strength of concrete differ from its compressive
strength?
EXPERIMENT NO. 19
Standard Test Method for

Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with
Third-Point Loading)
Referenced Standard
ASTM C 78 – 02
80
Introduction:
When concrete is subjected to bending, tensile and bending compressive stresses

and in many cases, direct shear stresses are developed. The most common plain
concrete structure subjected to flexure is a highway pavement and the strength of
concrete for pavements is commonly evaluated by means of bending test. Flexural test
intended to give the flexural strength of concrete in tension. The flexural test is also
more easily carried out and may even be more convenient than the crushing test use in
field, since in this test much smaller loads are required.
Objectives:
1. To determine the flexural strength of concrete by the use of a simple beam with
third-point loading.
Testing Machine
Loading Apparatus
Concrete Specimen
Procedure:
1. Place the specimen in the flex apparatus as described in the standard.
2. Apply a load between 3 and 6% of the estimated ultimate load. Make sure the gap
between the specimen and the supports is not any greater than 0.10 mm (0.004 in).
3. Make sure the load indicator is set to zero prior to starting the test.
4. Apply load continuously, at a constant rate, without shock until failure.
5. Record the maximum load carried by the specimen during the test.
Drawing:
81
Observation:
No. of Specimen 1 2 3 Average

(P) Max. Load
in Newton
(L) Span Length
(b) Average
width
(d) Average
depth
(a)
Average width to the nearest 0.05 in. (1 mm),
Average depth to the nearest 0.05 in. (1 mm),
Span length in inches (or millimeters),
Maximum applied load in pound-force (or newtons).
Modulus of rupture calculated to the nearest 5 psi (0.05 MPa),
Calculations:
1. If the fracture initiates in the tension surface within the middle third of the span
length, calculate the modulus of rupture as follows:
R= PL/bd2 (2) where:
R = modulus of rupture, psi, or MPa,
P = maximum applied load indicated by the testing machine, lbf, or N,
L = span length, in., or mm,
b = average width of specimen, in., or mm, at the fracture, and
d = average depth of specimen, in., or mm, at the fracture
82
2. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of the middle third of the span
length by not more than 5 % of the span length, calculate the modulus of rupture as
follows:
R= 3Pa/bd 2 (3) where:
a = average distance between line of fracture and the nearest support measured on the
tension surface of the beam, in., (or mm). Note that the weight of the beam is not
included in the above calculation.
3. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of the middle third of the span
length by more than 5 % of the span length, discard the results of the test.
Results:
No. of Specimen (R) Modulus of Rupture

1
2
3
Average
Discussion of Result:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab questions:
83
1. What is meant by modulus of rupture?
2. What is the difference between tensile strength and flexural strength?
EXPERIMENT NO. 20
Test for Compressive Strength of Concrete Hollow Blocks
Reference standard:
ASTM C652-17a
Introduction
84
Masonry blocks are designed for architectural, structural and other special
purposes. These blocks are either load-learning or non-load-bearing. The former come
in 7.5 cm – 10 cm thick while the latter has a thickness ranging from 15 cm – 20 cm.
Non-load-bearing blocks have strength ranging from (4” x 8” x 16”. For e.g.) can have a
strength of 350 psi while load-bearing blocks have strength ranging from 700 psi to
1000 psi. this test seeks to determine the ultimate compressive strength of concrete
hollow blocks.
Objectives:
1. To calculate the ultimate compressive strength of a concrete hollow block
2. To examine the pattern of failure in the tested specimen
3. To evaluate the strength of the tested blocks against the standards
Apparatus/Materials
Universal Testing Machine 1” thick Plywood
Concrete Hollow Blocks
Procedure:
1. Fabricate the concrete hollow blocks at proportions specified buy the lad
instructor. Cure. Record the dimensions of the concrete hollow block samples.
2. When dry, place the bottom of a concrete hollow block on a compression block
made of 1 inch plywood.
3. Place another 1 inch plywood on top of the concrete hollow block.
4. Apply the compression load slowly on the plywood until failure is attained
5. Test a total of three hollow blocks for each batch.
Drawing
85
Observations:
(kg) (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Specimen No. Block Cross-sectional Applied Load Deformation

Dimensions Area (kg) (mm)
Data Analysis:
1. Ultimate compressive stress of concrete hollow blocks
Maximum compressive load

Ultimate Compressive Stress =
Area of hollow block
Where
P = maximum compressive load (kg)
A = area of hollow block (mm²)
2. Strain
δ
ɛ = ------------
L
Where
ɛ = strain
86
δ = deformation (mm)
L = gage length (mm)
Calculations:
Results:
Specimen Block No. of Cells Type of Allowable Actual
No. Dimensions Block Stress (MPa) Stress (MPa)
1
2
3
Specimen No. Block Maximum Maximum Type of Failure

Dimensions stress (MPa) Strain
(mm/mm)
1
2
3
Stress-Strain Diagram:
87
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab Questions:
1. Determine the percentage of failure of the tested blocks
2. What are the attributes to adequate CHB strength for construction use?
3. Will the cell of blocks affect its strength?
EXPERIMENT NO. 21
Determination of the Moisture Content of Wood
ASTM D 143-83
88
Introduction
Moisture content in wood affects its strength. Prior to its use in construction, wood
must be free from objectionable defects and free from moisture that will cause it to
shrink and further develops cracks. Determination of moisture content in wood helps us
qualifying the amount of water in it and helps determine what degree of seasoning is
required to render it suitable for building construction. This test uses drying as a means
to determine the amount of moisture present in a wood sample.
Objectives
1. To determine the moisture content of a wood sample

2. To understand the influence of moisture content to wood strength
Oven
Wood sample
Weighing Balance
Ruler
Procedure:
1. Prepare a sample for moisture content determination.

2. Weigh the sample including its loose splinters.
3. Dry the sample in an oven at a temperature of 103 ± 2°C until it reaches a
constant weigh.
4. Weigh the oven dried sample.
Drawing:
89
Observations:
Kind of wood_____________________________________________________
Weight of the sample before drying__________________________________
Dimensions of the sample before drying ______________________________
Weight of the sample after drying ___________________________________
Dimensions of the sample after drying _______________________________
Data Analysis:
Mw−Md
w= ( 100 %)
Md
Where:
W = moisture content
Mw= mass of the wood before drying (grams)
Md = mass of the wood after drying (grams)
V 1−V 2
Percent Reduction in Volume ¿ (100 %)
V2
Where:
V1 = original Volume (cm 3 ¿
V2 = final volume (cm3 ¿
Calculations:
90
Results:
Moisture Content __________________________________________________________
Percent Reduction in Volume ______________________________________________
Description of Appearance after drying ______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab Questions:
1. All lumber will absorb moisture after it has dried. Briefly explain why this is so.
2. To what percentage moisture content is reduced in lumber by seasoning?
3. A wood sample was found to have a moisture content of 35 % and an oven

weight of 135 grams. Determine its weight before drying.
EXPERIMENT NO. 22
Test for Static Bending of Wood
Reference standard:
ASTM D143-09
For small clear specimen of Timber
91
AASHTO M 168
Standard Specification for Wood Products
Introduction:
Since ancient times, wood and stone have been important building materials. Wood
is an inexpensive material. Nature of wood fiber and wood particle based materials
gives them many of the desired material properties of wood, with a more uniform
structure and more consistent properties. ASTM has published a number of standards,
containing collections of test methods for clear wood and wood based materials,
including fiber board and particle board. Each standard has slightly different
requirements for conducting flexural bend tests, which accommodate the specific wood
material being tested.
Objectives:
1. To know how to determine the static bending of wood through three-Point bending
test.
2. To determine the displacement and failure modes of wood through graph.
Procedure:
Before tests, the wood elements were checked to determine the nominal value of
their real dimension. The moisture content for each specimen has been measured. To
verify the laboratory conditions, humidity and air temperature have been measured in
the room where the tests were conducted, having the values of 60% and 21°C,
respectively. The following are the results of laboratory tests performed on specific
wood specimens subjected to static bending.
Apparatus/materials:
Calliper 12 inch roller 20mmx20mmx380mm wood
UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (THREE POINT BENDING TEST)

92
Procedure:
Seek first the assistance of laboratory personnel to proceed the test.
1. To proceed to test, you must have 10 specimen with different characteristics to

consider. Having the dimension of 20mmx20mm in cross section 380mm in length
according to standard.
2. Put the specimen in the machine ( together with the assistance of laboratory
personnel). The specimen were simply supported, the distance (L) between
supports was 240mm, and the load was applied midway(the mid-span of
240mm),on the radial surfaces.
3. Continue to apply the load with constant test speed of 0.85 MPa/s, providing a
break for specimens in 102 s (about 1.7 min) (Budescu et al., 1982).
TABLE 1
Static Bending(Flexural) Test data on small specimen
Specime Ρrel W Pmax δmax S δmax,real ƠbW EL
3
g/m % N mm mm mm MPa MPa
n
number
1
93
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mean
Value
Where:
ρrel – relative density of specimens [g/m3 ]
W – specimens moisture content according to ISO SR EN 13183-1, [g/m3 ] (SR EN
13183-1, 2003)
Pmax – failure load, [N]
δmax – apparent deflection at failure, [mm]
S – total crushing, taking into account local crushing of the load application and the
bearing areas, [mm]
δmax, real – failure deflection, also considering local crushing, [mm]
EL – elasticity modulus, [MPa]
σbW – static bending strength for W moisture content during the test, calculated with
the relation.
L
Pmax
M Z , max 2 3P
σ bw = = 2 = max2 ,
WZ bh /6 2 bh
Modified Static Bending(Flexural) Test Data to 12% MC

Specimen W σbW σb12 EL EL12
number % MPa MPa MPa MPa
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
94
9
10
Mean Value
GRAPH :
Static Bending test: force vs displacement graph and failure modes of wood specimens.
OBSERVATION:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Analysis of Data:
Calculate the mean elasticity modulus for moisture content of 12%, determined the
relationship by the formula.
CALCULATIONS:
95
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab Questions:
1. How to determine the static bending of wood through three-Point bending test?
2. Determine the displacement and failure modes of wood through graph.
EXPEREMENT NO.23
Test for Compressive Strength of Wood Perpendicular to Grain
Referenced Standards:
ASTM Standards:
D 143
AASHTO: M168
Introduction:
This experiment provides fundamental knowledge on compression behavior of
96
materials specially wood/timber, test procedure, universal testing machine and its
working principal, compression specimens, failure pattern etc.
OBJECTIVE:
-To perform compression test of timber block on UTM.
-To observe the effect of slenderness ratio.
-To study the effects of perpendicular loading.
-To evaluate the failure patterns based on slenderness ratio and loading direction
APPARATUS AND MACHINE:
Digital Universal testing machine (UTM), digital slide calipers, steel tape, stop watch and
computer.
SPECIMEN:
2”x2”x6” (perpendicular loading)
THEORY STRESS:
Strain relationship for timber is exceedingly complex, resulting from the facts that, (a)
Timber does not behave in a truly elastic mode; rather is behavior is time dependent.
(b) The magnitude of strain is influenced by a wide range of factors; some of those are
property dependent, such as density of the timber, angle of grain relative to direction of
load application, angle of the micro-fibrils within the cell wall; others are
environmentally dependent, such as temperature and relative humidity. There are
several limitations to the compression test to which attention should be directed: (1)
The difficulty of applying a truly concentric or axial load. (2) The relatively unstable
character of this type of loading as contrasted to the tensile loading. There is always a
tendency for bending stresses to be set up and for the effect of accidental irregularities
in alignment with the specimen to be accentuated as loading proceeds. (3) Friction
between the heads of the testing machine or bearing plates and the end surface of the
specimen due to lateral expansion of the specimen. This may alter considerably the
results that would be obtained if such a condition of test were not present. (4) The
relatively larger cross – sectional areas of the compression test specimen, in order to
obtain a proper degree of stability of the piece.
97
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the size of the specimen with a slide caliper.

2. Place the block on the proper position of the testing machine.
3. Apply load continuously on the specimen until failure.
4. Record the maximum load at failure.
5. Note the characteristics of the fractured surfaces and show the failure plane.
CALCULATIONS:
1. Draw stress-strain curve in compression.
2. Determine Modulus of Elasticity in compression.

E STRESS/STRAIN
3. Determine proportional limit, PL, ultimate (max.) compressive strength, ult, and
strain at PL, ultimate strain ult from graph.
4. Determine percentage reduction in length (or height) to the specimen.

% REDUCTION OF LENGTH = (HI-HF/HI) X100%
5. Determine Poisson’s ratio.

V=LATERAL STRAIN/AXIAL STRAIN
6. Observe failure patterns and failure location w.r.t. loading direction.
GRAPH:
1. Compressive stress vs. Strain for parallel loading.

2. Combined Compressive stress vs. Strain for all specimens.
RESULT:
(Perpendicular loading)
P (N)
E (MPa)
98
ult (MPa)
% Reduction in length
Poisson’s ratio, ν
ult
G=0.5 PLPL (MPa)
Failure pattern
Failure location
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab Questions:
1) Discuss the relative toughness and hardness values obtained for all materials tested.
2) What is the necessity of making a notch in impact test specimen?
3) Describe the fracture surface of the different materials tested.
99
4) If the sharpness of V-notch is more in one specimen than the other, what will be its
effect on the test result?
5) What is the effect of temperature on the values of rupture energy and notch impact
strength?
EXPEREMENT NO.24
Test for Compressive Strength of Wood parallel to Grain
Referenced Standards
ASTM Standards:
D 143-14
AASHTO: M168
Introduction:
This section outlines the steps necessary to perform the Wood Flexural Strength lab
experiment. The purpose of the lab is to determine the Modulus of Elasticity, E, and the
Shear Modulus, G, of a given sample of wood using static bending. This lab test generally
follows procedures in ASTM D 143 “Standard Methods of Testing Small Clear Specimens
of Timber”. Using the Tinius Olson 5000 load frame, we will deflect two wood samples
100
to specified rate while load and beam deflection measurements are recorded using a
computer-based data acquisition system. With this data the modulus of elasticity and
shear modulus can be found using deflection equations. Only one sample of wood will
be tested to failure.
OBJECTIVE:
-To perform compression test of timber block on UTM.
-To observe the effect of slenderness ratio.
-To study the effects of parallel loading.
-To evaluate the failure patterns based on slenderness ratio and loading direction
APPARATUS AND MACHINE:
Digital Universal testing machine (UTM), digital slide calipers, steel tape, stop watch and
computer.
SPECIMEN:
2”x2”x8” (parallel loading)
THEORY STRESS:
Strain relationship for timber is exceedingly complex, resulting from the facts that, (a)
Timber does not behave in a truly elastic mode; rather is behavior is time dependent.
(b) The magnitude of strain is influenced by a wide range of factors; some of those are
property dependent, such as density of the timber, angle of grain relative to direction of
load application, angle of the micro-fibrils within the cell wall; others are
environmentally dependent, such as temperature and relative humidity. There are
several limitations to the compression test to which attention should be directed: (1)
The difficulty of applying a truly concentric or axial load. (2) The relatively unstable
character of this type of loading as contrasted to the tensile loading. There is always a
tendency for bending stresses to be set up and for the effect of accidental irregularities
in alignment with the specimen to be accentuated as loading proceeds. (3) Friction
between the heads of the testing machine or bearing plates and the end surface of the
specimen due to lateral expansion of the specimen. This may alter considerably the
results that would be obtained if such a condition of test were not present. (4) The
101
relatively larger cross – sectional areas of the compression test specimen, in order to
obtain a proper degree of stability of the piece.
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the size of the specimen with a slide caliper.

2. Place the block on the proper position of the testing machine.
3. Apply load continuously on the specimen until failure.
4. Record the maximum load at failure.
5. Note the characteristics of the fractured surfaces and show the failure plane.
CALCULATIONS:
1. Draw stress-strain curve in compression.
2. Determine Modulus of Elasticity in compression.

E STRESS/STRAIN
3. Determine proportional limit, PL, ultimate (max.) compressive strength, ult, and
strain at PL, ultimate strain ult from graph.
4. Determine percentage reduction in length (or height) to the specimen.

% REDUCTION OF LENGTH = (HI-HF/HI) X100%
102
5. Determine Poisson’s ratio.
V=LATERAL STRAIN/AXIAL STRAIN
6. Observe failure patterns and failure location w.r.t. loading direction.
GRAPH:
3. Compressive stress vs. Strain for parallel loading.

4. Combined Compressive stress vs. Strain for all specimens.
RESULT:
(Parallel loading)
P (N)
E (MPa)
ult (MPa)
% Reduction in length
Poisson’s ratio, ν
ult
G=0.5 PLPL (MPa)
Failure pattern
Failure location
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab Questions:
1) Discuss the relative toughness and hardness values obtained for all materials tested.
103
2) What is the necessity of making a notch in impact test specimen?
3) Describe the fracture surface of the different materials tested.
4) If the sharpness of V-notch is more in one specimen than the other, what will be its
effect on the test result?
5) What is the effect of temperature on the values of rupture energy and notch impact
strength?
EXPERIMENT NO.25
Test for Shear stress of Wood Parallel to the Grain
ASTM D 143-83
Introduction:
Shearing of wood is common in wood subjected to loads along it grain. This
test is used to determine the shear of a wood section subjected to a load applied along
the direction of its grain.
Objectives:
1. To determine the shear strength of a wood sample
2. To evaluate the test result of the sample against the given allowable shear
stress of the same type of a wood
104
3. To examine and describe the type and pattern of failure
Compression Machine
Shear Apparatus
Wood section
Procedure:
1. Assemble the shear apparatus and the compression machine.
2. Prepare the wood specimen. Record its dimensions
3. Place the wood section in the shear apparatus.
4. Apply the load at a continuous rate. Observe the wood section at each
increment of load. Sketch the failure pattern.
Drawing:
Observations:
Type of wood___________________________________________________________
Wood dimensions_______________________________________________________
Visible defects__________________________________________________________
Test Run No. Load Deformation

(kg) (mm)
Data Analysis:
t- P/A
Where:
t= shear stress ( Mpa)
105
P= applied maximum load (kg)
A= area of shear plane (mm)^2
Calculations:
Results:
Test Run No Load Deformation Stress
(kg) (mm) (Mpa)
Type of wood_______________________________________________________________
Allowable shear stress Parallel to the grain_________________________________________
Wood dimensions______________________________________________________________
Visible defects_________________________________________________________________
Maximum deformation__________________________________________________________
Maximum shear stress parallel to the grain___________________________________________
Percentage failure_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab Questions:
106
1. What is the minimum shear strength of the wood?
2. What is the maximum shear strength of the wood?
3. Evaluate the test result of the sample against the given allowable shear stress of the
same type of a wood.
EXPERIMENT 26
TENSION TEST OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
Referenced Standard
ASTM E8-94
AASHTO T68-94
INTRODUCTION
For building construction steel is manufactured to withstand stresses caused by
building loads and other forces. Steel is strong, rigid and lightweight and versatile as a
construction material. Since steel is strong in tension than in compression it has found
its utility in structures as a tensile member. The purpose of this experiment is to
determine the tensile strength, elastic and inelastic behavior of steel.
OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the tensile strength of a steel sample.
2. To examine/evaluate the elastic and inelastic behavior of the tested steel under
given load conditions.
3. To describe the pattern of failure of the tested steel.
4. To plot the stress-strain diagram for tested specimens.
107
APPARATUS/MATERIALS
Universal testing machine Micrometer
Mechanical and Electronic extensometer
PROCEDURE
1. Measure the dimensions of the specimen. Mark each quarter point along the
length of the steel bar.
2. Determine and record the average cross-sectional dimensions of the specimen
with a micrometer.
3. Secure the ends of the specimen in the UTM.
4. Switch on the UTM. Set gage dials to zero. Apply increments of load slowly until
the specimen fails. Record the applied load and corresponding elongation for
each increment of load.
5. Remove the failed section. Measure, observe the fracture pattern. Put the broken
parts together and measure the dimensions of the tested specimen.
DRAWING
OBSERVATIONS:
Before the test

Specimen no. Bar Diameter Length (mm) Area (mm^2)
designation (mm)
108
1
2
3
After test
Specimen no. Bar Diameter Length (mm) Area (mm^2)
designation (mm)
1
2
3
Test run no. Load (kg) Elongation (mm)
DATA ANALYSIS
1. Stress
P
ԏ=
A
Where:
ԏ = stress (MPa)
P = load (kg)
A = cross-sectional area (mm^2)
2. Strain
δ
ԑ=
L
Where:
ԑ = strain
δ = elongation (mm)
L = original gage length (mm)
109
3. Modulus of Elasticity
ԏ
E=
ԑ
Where:
E = modulus of elasticity
ԑ = strain
ԏ = stress
original area−final area

5. Percentage Reduction in Area = x 100%
final area
CALCULATIONS:
RESULTS:
Material:__________________________ Type of Bar:__________________
Gage length:________________________ Diameter:____________________
Specimen no.:__________________________________
Test run no. Load (kg) Elongation Stress Strain Young’s
(mm) (kg/mm^2) (mm/mm) Modulus
(MPa)
Percent Elongation:+___________________________
Percent Reduction in area:__________________________
Stress strain diagram:________________________
110
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab Questions:
1. Sketch and label the different types of failure of steel bars under tension.
2. How are reinforcing steel bars designed?
3. Determine the maximum tensile strength of the steel bar described by the
following data:
Initial diameter 12mm final diameter 6.5 mm

Initial length 60 cm final length 86 cm
Ultimate load 5000kgf
111
EXPERIMENT NO. 27
Penetration of Bituminous Materials
ASTM D 5-86
AASHTO T 49-93
Introduction:
Bituminous materials are viscous liquid which are found to be applicable and
popular in road construction. When adequately prepared for a specific use, asphalt is
strong but is weak against heavy blows under extremely low temperature. In road
construction, asphalt must be mixed with the essential quantities of ingredients, such as
aggregates and binders, in order to withstand traffic load and other forces. This test is
used to determine the penetration resistance of solid and semi-solid bituminous
materials.
Objectives:
1. To determine the penetration of semi-solid and solid bituminous materials.

2. To understand the influence of temperature change to the test sample.
Penetration Apparatus Penetration Needle
112
Sample Container Water bath
Transfer Dish Stopwatch
Thermometers
Procedure:
1. Heat the sample with care, stirring when possible to prevent local overheating,
until it has become sufficiently fluid to pour.
2. Pour the sample into the sample container to a depth such that, when cooled to
the temperature test, the depth of the sample is at least 10 mm greater than that
of the depth to which the needle is expected to penetrate.
3. Pour two separate portions for each variation in test conditions.
4. Loosely cover each container as a protection against dust and allow to cool in an
atmosphere at a temperature between 15° and 30°C for 1 to 1 ½ hr for the small
container and 1 ½ to 2 hr for larger.
5. Place the two samples together with the transfer dish is used in the water bath
maintained at the prescribed temperature of test. Allow the smaller (3 oz)
container to remain for 1 to 1 ½ hr and the larger (6 oz) container to remain for
1 ½ to 2 hr.
6. Clean the penetration needle with a suitable solvent, dry with a clean cloth, and
insert the needle in the penetrometer. Unless otherwise specified, place the 50 g
weight above the needle. Making it total load of 100 grams for needle and
attachment.
7. If the tests are made with the penetrometer outside the bath, place the sample
container in the transfer dish, cover the container completely with the water
from the constant temperature bath and place the transfer dish on the stand of
the penetrometer.
8. In either case, position the needle by slowly lowering it until its tip just makes
contact with the surface of the sample. This is accomplished by bringing the
actual needle tip into contact with its image reflected by the surface of the
sample from a property placed source of light.
113
9. Quickly released the needle holder for the specified period of time and adjust the
instrument to measure the distance penetrated in tenths of millimeter. If the
container moves ignore the result.
10. Make at least determination of points on the surface of the sample not less than
10 mm apart. If the transfer dish is used, return the sample and transfer dish to
the constant temperature bath between determinations.
Drawing:
Observations:
Sample no. Temperature Time Penetration

(°C) ( sec ) ( mm )
1
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
114
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab Questions:
1. What are bituminous materials?
2. What is penetration of bitumen?
3. Why bitumen used in road construction?
EXPERIMENT NO. 28
MARSHALL STABILITY TEST FOR ASPHALT
Reference Standard:
ASTM D6927 -15
AASHTO T 245
Objectives:
To prepare standard specimens of asphalt concrete for measurement of stability
and flow in the Marshall apparatus and to determine density, percentage air voids, and
percentage of aggregate voids filled with binder.
Background:
The requirements of an asphalt concrete paving mix are many:
·Stability
· Durability
· Flexibility
·Fatigue Resistance: Thick Layers; Thin Layers
· Fracture Strength: Overload Conditions; Thermal Conditions
· Skid Resistance
· Impermeability
· Workability.
115
All these properties are governed to some extent by binder type and content, degree of
compaction, aggregate gradation and shape. It is clearly impossible for one single test to
cover all these factors but the Marshall Test gives the engineer considerable help. The
complete test reveals:
· Stability
· Flow
· Density
· Voids in Total Mix (VTM)
· Voids in the Mineral Aggregate (VMA)
· Voids Filled with Binder (VFB)
These parameters plotted against binder content enable optima to be obtained for
specific applications of the asphalt concrete or provide guidance for a change in the
aggregate composition.
Apparatus/Materials
Aggregates Oven
Mold Filter Paper
Asphalt
Procedures:
1. The aggregate, graded according to LTA (formerly PWD) W3B road mix , is dried at
105-110C and sufficient amount is weighed (about 1200 g) to give a height of 63.5 + 1.3
mm when compacted in the mold.
2. The required quantity of bitumen is weighed out and heated to a temperature which
will give a viscosity of 170 + 20 mm2/s (cSt).
3. The aggregate is heated in the oven to a temperature not higher than 28⁰ C above the
binder temperature.
4. A crater is formed in the aggregate contained in a heated mixing bowl, the binder
poured in and mixing carried out until all the aggregate is coated. The mixing
temperature shall be within the limit set for the binder temperature.
5. A thoroughly cleaned mold is heated on a hot plate or in an oven to a temperature
between 93 and 149 C. The mold is 101.6 mm diameter by 76.2 mm high and provided
with base plate and extension collar.
116
6. A piece of filter paper is fitted in the bottom of the mold and the whole mix poured in.
The mix is then vigorously trowelled 15 times round the perimeter and 10 times in the
centre leaving a slightly rounded surface.
7. The mold assembly is placed on the compaction pedestal and given 75 blows of the
4536 g compacting hammer falling a height of 457.2 mm. The specimen in its mold is
then reversed and given the same treatment on the other side. (The number of
compaction blows could be 35, 50 or 75, depending on traffic loading condition in
service; LTA specifies 75 blows each face).
8. The specimen is then carefully extruded from the mold, transferred to a smooth flat
surface and allowed to cool to room temperature. 9. Finally, the specimen is measured
and weighed in air and water (for volume determination). If the asphalt mix has an open
(porous) texture the weighing in water will lead to error in the volume and so the
specimen must be coated with a measured mass of paraffin wax. The specimen is then
marked and stored for stability and flow measurements.
Drawing:
Specimen
M Mass of specimen (=MB+MG)
V Bulk volume of specimen
VMM Volume of void-less mix
VA Volume of air between coated aggregates particles in the mix
Binder
MBA, VBA Mass & volume of absorbed binder specimen (within surface of pores of
aggregates particles)
MBE, VBE Mass & volume of effective binder
MB Mass of constituent binder (=MBE+MBA)
VB Volume of constituent binder (=VBE+VBA)
117
Aggregate
MG Mass of aggregate
VG Bulk volume of aggregate (inclusive of all surface pores)
VGE Effective volume of aggregate (=VG-VBA)
(1) Mass & volume of Marshall specimen

If the specimen has smooth compact surface, i.e. fairly impermeable, its bulk
volume V is simply determined by weighing in air and submerged in water.
Then:
V = (Wa-Ww) /ρ w
Where
Wa = weight of specimen in air (kg)
Ww = weight of specimen in water (kg)
ρ w = density of water ( = 1000 kg/m3 )
If the specimen is porous, its surface should be sealed with paraffin wax before
being weigh in water. Then:
V = {Wpa –Wpw - [(Wpa - Wa/Gp)] } /ρ w
Where
Wpa = weight of specimen and paraffin wax coating in air (kg)
Wpw = weight of specimen and paraffin wax coating in water (kg)
Gp = relative density of paraffin wax
The mass of the specimen is given by

M = Wa
(2) Mass and volume of binder

MB = MxPB /100
MG = M – M B
MBA = MG x PBAG /100
MBE = MB - MBA
VB = MB / ρ B
VBA = MB / ρ B
VBE = MBE / ρ B = VB - V - V BA
Where
PBAG = binder absorption, % of mass of aggregate (=100xM BA/MG)
118
PB = bonder content, % of total mass of specimen (=100xM B/M)
ρB = density of binder (1.01 – 1.11 g/cm3)
(3) Mass and volume of binder

MG = M - MB
VG = MG / PB
VGE = VG - VBA
Where
PG = Bulk density of aggregate (=MG / VG)
(4) Volume of air in total mix
VA = V - VBE – VG = V - VB – VGE
(5) Volume of void-less mix
VMM = V – VA = VBE + VG = VB + VGE
(6) Binder contents
Effective binder content is given by:
PBE =100 x MBE / M (%)
(7) Bulk density, d
Bulk density of specimen is given by:
d=M/V
(8) Maximum theoretical density, D

Maximum theoretical density of specimen is given by:
D = M / VMM
(9) Void in total mix, VTM
Void in total mix is given by:
VTM = 100xVA / V (%)
(10) Void in mineral aggregate, VMA

Void in mineral aggregate is given by:
VMA = 100x(VBE + VA)/ V (%)
(11) Void filled with binder, VFB

Void in total mix is given by:
VFB = 100x VBE (VBE + VA) (%)

Calculations:
119
DISCUSSION (to be included in a later report on Marshall Stability & flow)
(a) Report the followings: · the source and type (including geological
descriptions) of the aggregate. · The source, type and percentage (by mass) of
the binder. · The mixing temperature, and number of blows of the compaction
hammer.
(b) Calculate d, D, VTM, VMA and VFB (see Sample Calculations).
(c) Collect results for the other specimens (containing different binder
percentages), and plot graphs of d, D, VTM, VMA, VFB against binder content
(see Figure 3).
Type of mix W3B Wearing Course
Thickness of course 45-65 mm
Sieve size (mm) % Passing Mid-value
% of Soluble bitumen (60/70 penetration

grade)(% by mass of total mix)
Table 1. LTA W3B Mix Specification
120
Figure 2. LTA W3B Gradiation Envelope
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post-lab Questions:
1. What is the significance of flow value in Marshall Test?
2. What is filler?
121
3. What are the essential properties of bituminous mixes?
122

Ce 435 Compilation of Expirement

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Ce 435 Compilation of Expirement

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Reducing Field Sample of Aggregates to Testing Size

Approximate Minimum Mass of Field

Sieve Analysis of Aggregates

Sieving consists of shaking a sample through a stack of sieves arranged in

Suitable gradation of an aggregate in a concrete mix is desirable in order to

Set of sieves Mechanical Shaker (optional)

5. Assemble the sieves in the order presented in the Table 1.

6. Obtain and prepare a representative sample according to the sample

7. Dry the sample to a constant mass at a controlled temperature.

US Standard Sieve Sizes Clear Opening (mm)

Particle Size Minimum Sample Size (kg)

Initial Weight: 5000g

Weight of Sieve with

1. Percentage retained on each sieve:

Massratained on theindividual sieve

2. Percentage passing ( finer):

Total mass−Cumulative mass retained

3. Coefficient of Uniformity, Cu:

Weight Cumulative Weight

Determination of Fineness Modulus of Aggregates

2. Then divide by 100 (remember to report answer to the nearest 0.01)

Example: average cumulative retained = 2.96

#100 #50 #30 #16 #8 #4 3/8” 3/4" etc

Aggregate for different fineness muduli of fine aggregates

2. Determine the coefficient of curvature for samples 1a and 1b above. Infer

3. What are the main purposes of Sieve Analysis of Aggregates?

4. What is the difference between coarse and fine aggregates?

Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregates Minimum Mass of Test Sample

2. Bulk Specific Gravity

3. Derive the formula:

MT = Mass of Sample in air

B. Free moisture content of coarse aggregate in the SSD condition

Mass of the oven-dry sample, grams

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF FINE AGGREGATES

Where: A=Oven dry wt B= SSD wt. C=wt. in water

TRIAL S A B C B+S-C B+A-C

TRIAL BULK SSD (S/B+S-C) BULK A/B+S-C APPARENT A/B+A-C

1. What is the purpose of conducting water absorption test?

2. What are the limitations in determination of specific gravity using pycnometer?

3. Define unit weight, bulk density?

4. Provide proofs of equations 1, 2 and 3.

DETERMINING OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF FINE AGGREGATES

PROCEDURE B – FREE MOISTURE IN AGGREGATE BY MASS (WEIGHT) DIFFERENCE

Wt .as received−Wt . SSD

*A negative result is due to absorption of the aggregate rather than free

2. The percent of moisture, based on saturated-surface-dry mass (weight), is

wet mass ( weight )−SSD mass(weight )

2. How do you measure moisture content of aggregates?

3. What is free moisture?

Determination of Unit Weight and Voids of Coarse Aggregates

1. To determine the unit weight of an air-dry mixed aggregate

2. To visualize how some certain aggregate properties influence the voids in

A. Calibration of the Measure

B. Unit Weight Determination

Average unit Weight: For Coarse:

1. What conditions call for recalibration and replacement of the measure?

Nominal size of Aggregates Capacity of Measure

The indicated size of container may be used to test aggregate of a maximum

Average unit weight: _________________________

2. What is the fineness modulus value of a fine sand?

SOUNDNESS TEST OF AGGREGATES

WIEGHING SCALE Sieves Container