TRRIGATION ENGINEERING he jprecess F axtPerally Supplying. watey Es soil Pon wasing Crops Called Drngeton. a) Surface rmmgeton 69 Flow i*rigaton woke is Cuppiea Dreckly fe Soil SorPite bg oSchan nl [ecatea at hisxhe Elevation of Ben Cre by gravity) [eee | By Whttng were, Rom the avevleble ata lower level Ci-e bog Miochines ) EfRriercics : Waker ciCtue lly. ve lee by groviig “Coops 9) Demgobon Efficerey = eee ae Water delivned from the Source = wata ute efhrcensy Cw by tgerter Canveyence/Transit EpRcerey (2c) We _ Wwotes delivered to the form Ti Gamnideluemthe m Beecouree: 6) web applicaron ePhctency (a) Wer _ Wata Stored in tye Fook Zone WE Userter defiverea E+ Che form 1 a) wor Storage Efficiengy ( Cs) Mise. _ Wate Stored in the Pet Zone chr in ieriyotey Wns Woter Needed in tre 20t Some pror nor & Ferigeal “> saute, Needed in The gbok Bone youror be PrrGehoo Wey 2 Fela Capacdsy — Avetbble moifture ) Solte Presene in Woke, ore Gfeful Pin Cultivation Pur pete D Sodium Carbonace LK) Petacsum Sulphate <) Calum culphate .Classificatoo of Sor Wotan ! Capillary Wot; A port of Weta enicly tn The porour Spoce of the So'l by molecules abbots + > Useful Wota fon the Growth of plonts Q Grrovitationch Ustc 1 er) Superflevous Wate : A fot of wot move out of Soil Cue t Prey Prope drtanage . > Not uceful Fox growth eb Plenty fie Carrot be abrorbe by Ook “TZone- Eich | ores e mer vt ae wyoingall Ove? dried Soil Doecent tn Ob mafohere absorhs Chet Wotan. [neces (& SEOpPe And Ol rately Plenty ore dead, > Growth ef Plenty Terms uted in Turigotion + |. Saturation Capactiy, €) Total Capacity ©) Mevimumn held Copacs “Tre amount of Wot meguired Ee fill up all Pore Cpocy in Gol Pantcle . Q. Fieve Copacity the moisture Contere Ff the Soil, after Lee viene hos Demons mest of tre Growty Canter Cie Max writer obsorhs by land Withont Standing om land), B> Pex meinent _Wsithieg point The water Content prerent Soi Cae were er Eransit) a¢ which = Plenty Can ho forge, extract Sufficient woes from Soil Pon (Ef Growth. -¥F >t depeny Lpco Gponty of Coil, ©) Deptry =f reot Done 4 4) Warr holding. 4 Ayoslable Mmotcenres The wotn Centeme worn from Sort for its Growty . Present in Gor ot whch Phatr Can ext rOck Re Pyolele motte = Rela Copacity ~ Perment wilBay dot iba pote. redfe ree RS The Pies woterign given te the Crp - ie helps te Grown a Feu Camtrmebery » Optimum cleptn sp fear woterng Pn Rise - 1907 Sugar Cane - 16-Sem 6- pales 6) paleva wheat - 13°5 cm the frst wotereg before Sowing (tv Seed) Ere Crop. fowsen ce + Tp overlap ol not Pilly motured at due erct of Searen) me Crop of woder Supplied Pon (when The extent One Seaton maturing a PohHeulor erp From to Gnothea Seecen , gS. Crop wako: Crp area in One Season Cea, En Crop area tn canotme. Secon Cer: Rabi) Common ses Areas |. Gress Commandea Ata re & Ge tobel of. wakes aveslable . wif) trrpgakea nea UiTH out Cenc? dening_ the imitators Commarded Area! Prrea in WHR Crop 1S Frows Per avilable ween . Q. Cultusable Possible 60) Crop Season ~ Culbveked Aveo: done nA ae 0 Pomtculan Eine ao) Culavable Avea of culbvateo oncullevates Arter: 5) Culturable Culbiveskion if poacsible Area of teat not clone due to (Phe economic, frolibead «+ etc) Some —BWeasons. 4) Tnteas'th fryggecon . Calvotes lane! Re a porticulon Crop Gultureble Commanded Arvea“Boce period, Delta ont Duty Sowing = Put Seed tote bre ground (Bey Aor 40) Heevestiag = BSipened CzOps are Joatreved ( d&0bs Bodst00) > Cxop_fpevied + | Time from Sewing - Hosvertng | | 2) Race pested(py( water aren) Cin doys ) Time fom Preparation growrd & leet woodering. befare (Some days) howvestog » Cxop period > Reve period Bs Duty (D): C hectares /cumec ) Amount of Wwoten required, for the Area of Crop frrigetee , during, (E'S EaBee Period of growtn, Crem Shee $ dschese Sq Bie m hectary thrugtwe bese period) te) Dette CA) Cmecers) [ivory JF usedn Cm) > Aree af landima) © Perth of uamter on] *. Detta = Tete depty

Loge qorbsy ef Wooten Woke > Feu i§ tvdea toe 9) Stall Sized pratt = 2) hterek Giiearey a) Dnundat'on Chish Beingell) Irxtgation Sys tem ) Where steep Chich gradient) fond ¥ verlatle, = Used in 2) Check flooding faxpgetion + TT Y™ |S Te levees Chee 2S | ey Chee) webu) be Some Gf Free Plootag bur Feld es divides into level plots Suarounia ky Checly er levees (hap). be Equolly Uckibues in entire Feld lese > Watkase ef woter > Suitable Pr foermesie Soi! > ucea be fon Crops WHCh Cn “Stork tun dabon (ire often Camplettly Penetration of waster jen Beteese) af ores for Some time“ tom 29m 3) Rorder Flood'ag Teom fom Free divides ints Moef looy poreitel Crips Glled Roardem. > used for Cored growing Crops, Such oF wheat, foader +» ec Rut not fn Rie. Uy) Faeroe _ fe rigabon s mee eee EE LesieeecsGrwenche) orn daelp edna Cote nPocst stoble Por inrigatay Pelt crops plontea in Fos. > S4 a i nee 5) Spuinkler ipigaton % reiteney Ay PerPacates Pi Py Girdunaique ArbRcital Fan Created B) Pa'p rigakon: Urcter Supplied throwgh Fflexiple pipe ling Cvater berbey) D Contour Forming. Tn hily aveq bowing” Steep Slopey with quickly Fail eeleS eae a ee a Hydoliy : D-Geteree— D Hydvolagy = Stience deals With Occurence, dxtribubon £ Cixeulation of warn D Wy swography = Science eats coith Physical featury R Concdittong of water on the Carty Surface. 3) Hytvomebry = Ccience deals sith mecsurement of Wate Forth Wedty Circulokng Syctem W) [dyerolagical Cycle Ss a to Fnol Tetum Cie From the Stage of Evoporation from ocean Precipitakor = Evaporation + Run-cft © Precipitabon ; Fail of movictore from the atmatphere bo the @artn Surface in any form Cltke ain, Snow, hol, Sleet... etc) , > Precipitation i generally meacuns by Rain gouje &) Runoff - Armount of wate, which Plows over tne Surface f eoxth afte. Che aif lesser Cire €¥aperoton, Plant usege .. etc) Catchment Area; Area WwWth Contributy Bun-oft. O) Morimum Flood Dischage Dicken Formula Q=cAn% YW Ryvels formula @ =CA~ asca% Fanning'¢ formulaDorjgaton _ Canale ) TWpe of Soil llavial Canoh = Corals WhUn poss through ailuviel CEransport fy way Soil. Nen-atluviel Genet = Canely pose through non-alluvielGe Yeck plein) Soils. D Nature of sete Supply Perennial Gr) ppermant Conal = Flows throwheut Yeor Non- perennial 6r) Fnundation Cole = Nee Riou throughout Year BD Funds avollable Protectve Canale = In the inkerest of public without ony Wevenue expect Producthve Canals = Vohch Ore Constructed fon Yerenue » Coral Alignment : Alignment Shoulé be Such thet Prvggoee moodmum aren >It Can number of Cross cdtangge works 2 Te ensure minimum ©) Contour Conall > Aligned Porciich te the Contours ef Bre Country aoe Cred sagole only ane Side ef. Che Conat, Cre Sow value Contour Side > Mase Suitable in hilly avear. by) Lwatershed 6) Ridge Canal. rience watershed C highest level) fine > Con frigate both Sidlg of the Conat 2 Trrjgabion Conols ore genesnily aligned along wabn-ched, © Side Slope Conal 2 Alignes at Right -apgky te the Contours of the Country > unc Spprnivately Posallep to Natural dmongge oe Country 2 Cress-aleionaye Wworky are Completely eliminated 5) Layout of Canal Syctem i Co ne ce ti + Main Components of Construction warty tq Canet System 9 Correct Sequence are a Poljows Conat heas Works > Heed Besuiseer — Miown Cone = Branch Canal > DiSty'buboriey (Moser £ Miner) > Fete Chonnel 69 wate CoursesCRess-Secton ef Trrgeten nel Conak Sectn tm Pull Culbrg \) Free boerd | Fst — Top of Rank (unlined Conate) | Fs:L - Top of lintag C Lined Gate) Free beard = O'2O4+ O15 QE C Locey's TeCommendation) 2) Resm “Land Left at the Git between Fanex bee of the bonke and top edge of Culrgy 276 protect the benk fiom erosion becauye of Wore action > Sometime Provide an Additonal inspeckon path > Scope for future widening of Canal >,Rying Tre Satirabten Moe bartryn embankment fain Rerm width = o5 +t Cwidtn of Combined Slopgy cutt Bn) Mex Berm Cidth = 0:5 +s Cuwidan 20 Combine Sopcs ) D Recombensabone “PUES ome -1898 Po, berry careap Rerm width = 2D (Canal ' Culbray 69 portly cultrny f Biting) 23D (Corot ts buholly Frttrey) ae \= 3) Dowla 6 Powel Riced Porton Provided on the Canal Side of Geavice toad > Also act gy benk > Fax Safety of Vehicle 4 hey act y Kerbr > Weigh above wood lel = Bocm Top wsklin = Boom ~ GoemExtea eae ee eorth depasitee of additonal benly. > provided on one Side 6 boty Side, >= 1S Parallel te mein bank > Should be discontinued at Crofs-drianase voor - 3) Ralencng Depth @9 Economical dep Quenbty ef excevetea earth Can be forg Ctrbres bg moteing, Che banks. > [possible only wohen the Canet Secton Esper Gig cstC ay £ portly Porites. 6) Borrow pe Pst Extra earth n¢eded foe eee Filing banky » The eorth 1 = eae borne a ake freer pi, acne oie = Inside ex) outside the Canck * 4) Taside borrow pret u beprn Sim * Width t %& ele Gopst pis 4% 8) outsree berrew pis Cioepth % 2m) D Reck Berm 6) Counter Rerm Asai Leonot bern provide adqucent bo bank & Cover (Protect) Ene Satuvakion Ine. Covered by O'Fm — 016m &) Sexvice @1) Tnspectton Wd . Level of Cervice rood = O-um ~ OF m 9) Canel Linteg: “aging, of impesvious ley Side Slopy of tre Canak. 5 Te prevtoe eration of bed BRE Nee Bs > Di'schorge @ cb) hrphen then FOL en &© protect Me bed and > Ts increase Velo * To Teterd Growin f weeds = Mort €conamicat Secin of lined Canoly @) Thierguten Wy Cisuulen bolton (Smut dschorgy) ©) Traperoidal with Founded Corney ( hizh Hechoryey)Silt Theorrey D kennedy 's SilE Theory : Tavectigatent on Uppes Bari Deab > Aordae & kennedy Channel tS one WWM Nether Serr Scours nor Silks Comal Syctenn Regime > He mode Polfeust ng observations a) Site Sediment t¢ Suspension because of edces generates from the soghner of bed only. Side Stepep ce not hove SuPfroient Sit Supper bing power, > Ide Concludea trot Sele Supperbing power Channel L Red widtn L Chonnel £ Net be Flr Woettcd prerimerey ial. | ] Criticot velocty |(Vve) = 055m be ey where, p= Dept «f wor oven bea frorbion of Chonnet | Critcat Velocity Por Ory Gone Sistem vccal Velocity Ration) = 4 4 (Crees Vetevay fox UPR Bapntcane Canck System ) > kennedy Ld not gre his oun Ftoe equation te ucca yailiers Prove equation, be Prt (Depty co) f Wd st caret) by Treal 4 cmon ‘puters Plows eqvaton Neeser | meted Q Locey's Theory According be Wen Chenrel is Said te be Regime State when D Flowing SHE % Some Choracten thot of Eronctported motcaah b) oft grade £ Sril- Choe are Constant OD The Lschage Conctant- These Condor an Berely (Leldom) met. Hence he sealizea 4 Stoty Tnital wegime = Chonnel form Cectton onfy but note longitudinal Stone | Final wegime = Chennet feron FE® Cection and fongrtudenal Sfope > ‘ 2 ® Lacey's site fen lCf) > oe | [* Ve mean regime velo’ ty —— i R= Hydric meoe dopty =A = -76om { er ap: 00 Per ticle cla Com) % Regime flow Veloody (Vv) = log Rs % (28) Ons 2 15S ») Scour Pepty = OF ar #) Wweltcs perme ter Cp)oe re I eee eae Water esi Tre air Circuletoy § Stopped in the 300k one of the Pent dee te ~ Rite in Wroten tabk ” > res ePlecty Procsctivity or Rreitiey is Planks Deptr -f wots table volth affects growth of SHerent Crops Sugar Gone = 013m Rroe. ao wheat + 0-9 & 12m Fooden Crop - 2m Cotton - b5B & hem Lucetne - Bim & Bum Canal Regulotog _Loorles The work) 6) Structury Conctructea $7 ry acrers fre Canal in orden t© Control and wegulate cisthagy, Veloubsy — clepine-.ete . Tey are UReguloters 4) Escapy <)Falls Moutlets ¢rMedaly @ Regulators Conserctad for regulating (se distributing the wate at Sprites Gme by lock Bty) tre Swepy of Irngoton Liodey G@ Distribute head eeguloters Constouctea ot Ge heod of the oft. babes. er) Aistritasterg Ce Reach Cnet) HR ot provided > Contral Sippies te Abele) Groh one PT Contra) Cie ents eels Gen 2 Aer Secs eT meow Sechoge Gi) Cross~ Regulators Sa Constructed in The Moin Canad Che Downstream cteeree cae: CR at provides ©3 Gra) 7 Te Bise Urta Joh in Core of low Sechogg, > To absorb Pluctugters in fs > Also hows the Some Punctins op HRb) Escapes, 6) Safety Valves Conseructes for Westig Excess woren Cin cose +P hath tesnfai) in te the Neturol daranage. (he Sone ef Rronch Conk but ib S not Comectea te Feld Chemnal) > Mininuinn Copocity $ Scape Shoud be Proviciea = Soy, ©) Canal Fars. Mosonyy Styuctry Conctctea be provide design bed Slope & Pang, wroder from Vis © Dir @ Rensq speed Canal Ralig an neccessary | 2 When the Slepe Suddunty Chomyes to Stee per 7 Greer/lecs then Permissible bed Slope 7 More / jes Uniform bed Slope > Fy Cro-derenase Works Fie of Conol o& abowe tre bed feveh f SD ogee, Ratt ae Aroinage, PB Combinaten of Convex & Concave Curie 5) Rapie fall shinee 2o Nery Sobsfackory bak entraensive ore rees Z ound Sur foc even £ (ony) ) Shorda fall @y Vverbtsl dvop fil ©) When Uschege ¥ < tu Camecg ? Rectenguior Cress USed ? Width = o55 SS" Aischogea) = (e235 L wec aye @) vahen Ascherge > 14 Carmecy — > Trapereidal Crest Used 2a Wédty = OSS IH+S (0 ahs @) 1 Gi Raffle pa Bishege @)= faq cae ceye o Conn Me ® Ghee Fat ees ” St ighecis a | Poroboite. dkcig BaPfte wet Sviteoble fox © Mentage fal Salt dschogy > Drops 1S m \eee a nl EE 4) Gnat. outlets 69 Modules (outtety = Wey of Passage - Gereraty ppg) An outlet ts a Smoil Ctructure ohith Admrly Wau From dostribating Chenneh b Ficla Chenret. > Should be cesign thet tre Farmen Con Costly Opesate &) Non Medulew outle— Dischoge depenely ypen SHerewte iq water lewleCH) in Aistribubyy £ Reid Chomnel , J. Submerged Pipe outlee Crmck famous) Chen b) Semi - modulas @y -Flewible meodu-celk outlet piseherge melt Waka jeved 19 distal batory Chonned £3: pipe cuttlee, Kennedy'c gauge ourler, 92> Flume, aie fre Com O Rigid Mode 6) Modular outler Sy meee Wrscmege doer not depo vpeg worter fev en _ e§. Gibbs Module. Peschoge depency YpPer Only on Ehe te He Fi) Weir ©7 Rewrage Weir! congtructed acerosy fre Biv $e We wee, level £ ivert wocittn Inte Conaly Cony obftmcten, ne gary) Rewsae To AdTUse Woy levek be different levey oy os different Emey (Cobctructon with gery) 2 weir ov Rarrage may fail che bs > Rupture = Plor due be upyte > Rupture f Floos due be Suctsr Couses by Stendas wave 7 Sous on ‘the Upstream & downSbeam of fe weir, Teligh's Creep Theory we ee 4d 4 Percolatrg, wok Creeps (frermecble Pessoge ) SSS tons tre bare Profile sf Oe apron ort Sub-9}/-—— 6 — 4 Creep leggtn: lenges -$ Creep parsse > Uygdrovlic Goefcents grovel 6 Perclaben Cue fficent c= + > f2lighs Creep Coc fttient tet ceGenereily Regrrer don Ri Ne sot a Usorke ( Meonaeriey Wee vows) Alluwel givey ow Chssifes ay 2) Meandering : ia Bie Meancen longa > — (aadey + TTangentiel Aistence bf Srececeiye ae oS) Prints of meander PMendan lero Meaney siden or bel = Tromsvece Urtane b/, eipen ef one Cone de Seccessi ve Reverre Curve Sinwosity = Curved lenpda Straight carat Lstenc, Spc 05 1 ee a ESO e ANS) Stresgtt awol drtone Alay te Trey ) Agoredig type tr bate up es bed by leying chown of Sedmentotion Crue be obstructea by Weir, borseye . dom. etc) D Degradiay Eype Biven wear don jets bed Conc bantely Cou te No obstruchin Groyres Strackire Constuctes from bank bo er ven Upts Certoin limit bo braasvense. Se —— the river Plow + P Protece Biv bank, by keeping cues? i cs “As i ViCmity (Trey remove oPtey 7 SHE up bre Owen in es as x ee : i ~ a ia \epe Wey Greayne DeFleck yy Groyre. (Protas kovery Yc) ieee ie & Hockey Goune TShope ay Denehy's Groyne , Atbrecte Girayne C Printing been Dg)CSs- Drainaje Works Woorly — Canceructea at the Coassing Pein of Canal 4 Droinape OD Aqueduct 6) Syphon aqueduct 7 Rea lent of Canct 4% higher Bron HEL of Drain = Red lek of Conca es helow the HEL 8 Orein Fo) safeties = 4) Carat Sy Phen ca 1 Ee Den [ Canch : => 7 Bea lel of drains hishes Men Foc of Cane = Rea level of Drein i Aoetong the FEL *f Camah