This experiment is to study the effect of the spear valve setting under varied load

conditions by using Impulse (Pelton) Turbine. Spear valve consists of three opening valve
which are fully opening, medium opening and small opening. SOLTEQ® Multi Turbine Test
Set (Model: FM 46) is used in this experiment to demonstrate the operation and performance
characteristics of the turbine. In principle, the impulse steam turbine consists of a casing
containing stationary steam nozzles and a rotor with moving or rotating buckets. When the
steam passes through the stationary nozzles and is directed at high velocity against the rotor
buckets. The rotor buckets start to rotate at high speed.

The experiment started with ensure no air contained inside the tube by opened the
bleeding valve and closed it immediately if the air is released. The spear valve was set to be
fully opened and turn off all the load switch. The system was allowed to be stabilized about 1
minutes before the experiment were started. All the parameter needed in this experiment were
recorded after 1 minutes. Turn on the load switch according to lab manual and observed the
changes and recorded all the result inside the table provided inside the lab manual. The step
was repeated for other different opening valve position that were small opening, middle
opening and large opening by refer to the marking at the spear knob.

Power Generated against Turbine Speed

90
80
Power Generated (W)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1485 1441 856 837 577 571 462 1393 260
Turbine Speed (Rpm)

Graph 1.0 Power generated versus turbine speed for fully opening
 Power Generated against Turbine Speed
120

Power Generated (W)

100
80
60
40
20
0
1770 1709 269 950 841 630 507 1644 286
Turbine Speed (Rpm)

Graph 2.0 Power generated versus turbine speed for middle opening

Power Generated against Turbine Speed

35
30
Power Generated (W)

25
20
15
10
5
0
1690 1569 551 536 340 331 263 1347 149
Turbine Speed (Rpm)

Graph 3.0 Power generated versus turbine speed for small opening

Graph 1.0 above show that the power generated (W) versus turbine speed (Rpm) for
fully opening valve. Based on the result it can be observed that the power generated at the
highest value is 78.925W at 856 Rpm while the lowest power value is 11.456W is generated
at 1441 Rpm. Not much different from graph 2.0 for middle opening valve, it can be
observed that the highest and lowest power generated are 100.023W and 16.98W at 269 Rpm
and 1709 Rpm respectively. While for graph 3.0 that stand for small opening valve, it can be
seen that the highest and lowest power generated are 30.848W and 6.052W at 551 Rpm and
149 Rpm respectively. From the data that had been tabulated in the graph, it can be noticed
that to produce high power generated from impulse turbine, the middle opening turbine must
be used and should be running at 269 Rpm.

Turbine Motor Efficiency against Turbine Speed

Turbine Motor Efficiency (%)

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1485 1441 856 837 577 571 462 1393 260
Turbine Speed (Rpm)

Graph 1.1 Turbine motor efficiency versus turbine speed for fully opening

Turbine Motor Efficiency against Turbine Speed

60
Turbine Motor Efficiency (%)

50
40
30
20
10
0
1770 1709 269 950 841 630 507 1644 286
Turbine Speed (Rpm)

Graph 2.1 Turbine motor efficiency versus turbine speed for middle opening
 Turbine Motor Efficiency against Turbine Speed
30

Turbine Motor Efficiency (%)

25
20
15
10
5
0
1690 1569 551 536 340 331 263 1347 149
Turbine Speed (Rpm)

Graph 3.1 Turbine motor efficiency versus turbine speed for small opening

Graph above shows Turbine Motor Efficiency (%) against Turbine Speed (Rpm).
Based on Graph 1.1 for fully opening valve, it can be shown that the highest and lowest
turbine motor efficiency are 45.23% and 13.37% with 837 Rpm and 1485 Rpm respectively.
While Graph 2.1 for middle opening valve shows that the highest and lowest turbine motor
efficiency are 47.86% and 13.67% for 950 Rpm and 1770 Rpm respectively. Another valve
tasted is small opening valve stated the highest and lowest turbine motor efficiency value are
24.32% and 8.19% for 551 Rpm and 149 Rpm respectively. As can be observed, by running
turbine using middle opening valve at 950 Rpm can produce high efficiency of motor in
turbine.

Turbine Overall Efficiency against Turbine Speed

40
Turbine Overall Efficiency (%)

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1485 1441 856 837 577 571 462 1393 260
Turbine Speed (Rpm)

Graph 1.2 shows turbine overall efficiency versus turbine speed for fully opening
 Turbine Overall Efficiency against Turbine Speed
40
Turbine Overall Efficiency (%) 35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1770 1709 269 950 841 630 507 1644 286
Turbine Speed (Rpm)

Graph 2.2 shows turbine overall efficiency versus turbine speed for middle opening

Turbine Motor Efficiency against Turbine Speed

18
Turbine Overall Efficiency (%)

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1690 1569 551 536 340 331 263 1347 149
Turbine Speed (Rpm)

Graph 3.2 shows turbine overall efficiency versus turbine speed for small opening

Graph above shows Turbine overall Efficiency (%) versus Turbine Speed (Rpm).
Based on the Graph 1.2 for fully opening valve, it can be seen that the highest overall
efficiency is 34.39% while for other two different graph that are Graph 2.2 for middle
opening valve and Graph 3.2 for small opening valve shows the highest overall efficiency are
36.85% and 16.25% respectively. From the data tabulated inside the graph, it can be observed
that the medium opening has the highest overall efficiency value compared to another
opening valve. So medium opening valve must be used instead of another opening valve to
make sure the impulse turbine runs smoothly and efficiently.